Noaoenoeea
Aiia Aeaenaaaia Iiiiaa
Oaia ?1: Aaiae a eo?n
1). I?aaeiao e iaoiae nioeeaeueii- yeiiiie/aneie noaoenoeee.
I?aaeiaoii nioeeaeueii- yeiiiie/aneie noaoenoeee yaeyaony eiee/anoaaiiay
noi?iia ianniauo yeiiiie/aneeo e nioeeaeueiuo yaeaiee, iaoiaeu ecia?aiey
e aiaeeca iauaeoeaii nouanoaothueo ?acia?ia, o?iaiae e caeiiiia?iinoae
eo ecia?aiey. Iia ecia?yao eiee/anoaaiioth noi?iio yaeaiee ia?ac?uaii n
ea/anoaaiiie.
Ana ianniaua yaeaiey eiatho eiee/anoaaiioth e ea/anoaaiioth
oa?aeoa?enoeeo. Iaa yoe oa?aeoa?enoeee acaeiinaycaiu.
I?ioeann aini?iecaiaenoaa iauanoaaiiiai i?iaeoeoa eco/aaony
yeiiiie/aneie noaoenoeeie. I?ioeann aini?iecaiaenoaa ianaeaiey-
aeaiia?aoe/aneie noaoenoeeie. I?ioeann aini?iecaiaenoaa iaoa?eaeueiiai e
eoeueoo?iiai aeaaininoiyiey- nioeeaeueiie noaoenoeeie.
2. Iniaaiiinoe noaoenoe/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia.
Iaoiae nioeeaeueii- yeiiiie/aneie noaoenoeee- iaoiae noaoenoe/aneiai
enneaaeiaaiey. Ninoieo ec yoaiia iaaethaeaiey, nai?a, eeanneoeeaoeee e
noaoenoe/aneiai aiaeeca.
1) Yoai iieo/aiey (nai?a) noaoenoe/aneeo aeaiiuo.
Oi?iu iaaethaeaiey:
io/aoiinoue (eaaeaeay oicyenoaaiiay aaeeieoea ia?eiaee/anee
i?aaeinoaaeyao io/ao)
niaoeeoe/aneea (niaoeeaeueiua iaaethaeaiey)
?aiueoa a ioa/anoaaiiie noaoenoeea i?aaei?eyoey auee iaycaiu
i?aaeinoaaeyoue eioi?iaoeeth iai anai. Nae/an yoa i?aeoeea i?ae?auaia.
*anoiua i?aaei?eyoey eiatho i?aai ia i?aaeinoaaeyoue iieioth
eioi?iaoeeth. A ?uii/iie yeiiiieea- yoi auai?i/iia iaaethaeaiea.
Oeaeue noaoenoeee: nai? iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo aeaiiuo e i?aaeinoaaeaiea eo
anai ioaeaeathueiny (i?aaei?eyoeyi e oi).
2) Yoai naiaeee aeaiiuo, eo iaiauaiey e ia?aaioee.
Iiaua oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe iaoneaaeeaatho iiaua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe, /oi
aucuaaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eiaiaiey iiauo eeanneoeeaoi?ia. Anee ?aiueoa
noaoenoeea auea iniiaaia ia ia?ainoaiaiiie ?iee iaoa?eaeueiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, ana i?iecaiaenoai aeaeeeinue ia iaoa?eaeueiia e
iaiaoa?eaeueiia, oi nae/an ethaay aeayoaeueiinoue ?anniao?eaaaony eae
i?iecaiaenoai i?iaeoeoa. Oaia?ue nouanoaotho eeanneoeeaoi?u aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe.
3) Aiaeec.
Iiaua nenoaiu iieacaoaeae, iiaay iaoiaeieiaey eo ?an/aoia.
3). Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey ?ai?aaiecaoeee noaoenoeee.
I?ia?aiia ia?aoiaea ?innee ia i?eiyooth a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea
nenoaio o/aoa e noaoenoeee ?ann/eoaia ia 1995- 1997 aiaeu. A yoii
aeieoiaioa i?ineaaeeaathony aeaa iniiaiuo iai?aaeaiey:
caiaia iieacaoaeae ieaiiaie yeiiiieee iieacaoaeyie ?acaeoie ?uii/iie
yeiiiieee;
iiaua oi?iu nai?a eioi?iaoeee.
Ae?oaei aeieoiaioii yaeyaony eiioeaioeey ?aoi?iu iaoeeiiaeueiie
noaoenoeee aei 2000 aiaea. I?aaeoniao?eaaao:
nenoaiaoecaoeey iaaethaeaiey,
iaoiaeieiaey iaaethaeaiey ?aciuo oeiia i?aaei?eyoee,
eciaiaiea oi?i nai?a eioi?iaoeee,
oi?ie?iaaiea iioeiaeueiie nenoaiu iieacaoaeae.
Oaia ?2: Noaoenoeea ianaeaiey. Aeaiia?aoe/aneay noaoenoeea.
1). Caaea/e aeaiia?aoe/aneie noaoenoeee.
Aeaiia?aoey- iaoea i ia?iaeiianaeaiee.
Aeaiia?aoe/aneay noaoenoeea- /anoue aeaiia?aoee, iaoea, caieiathuayny
nai?ii, ia?aaioeie e aiaeecii eioi?iaoeee i aini?iecaiaenoaa ianaeaiey.
Enoi/ieee noaoenoe/aneie eioi?iaoeee – ia?aiene ianaeaiey ii aic?anoo e
i?i/ei i?eciaeai. Aua nouanoaotho auai?i/iua ianeaaeiaaiey.
2). Iieacaoaee /eneaiiinoe e ninoaaa ianaeaiey.
Iinoiyiiia ianaeaiea- ianaeaiea, iinoiyiii i?iaeeaathuaa ia aeaiiie
oa??eoi?ee.
Iaee/iia ianaeaiea- ianaeaiea, iaoiaeyuaany ia aeaiiie oa??eoi?ee a
iiiaio ia?aiene.
A?aiaiii ionoonoaothuaa e a?aiaiii i?iaeeaathuaa- niioaaonoaaiii.
Iinoiyiiia ianaeaiea = Iaee/iia + A?aiaiii ionoonoaothuaa – A?aiaiii
i?iaeeaathuaa.
Ia iniiaa yoeo aeaiiuo ii?aaeaeyaony /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey. Ii aeaiiui
i /eneaiiinoe ca ?yae eao iiaeii ?ann/eoaoue aaniethoiue i?e?ino, oaiiu
?inoa e n?aaeithth /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey.
*eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey: L..
– aeaiiua ia ia/aei e eiiaoe aiaea
i?e ?aaiuo eioa?aaeao (ia iniiaa eaa?oaeueiuo aeaiiuo) – yoa oi?ioea
n?aaeiae o?iiieiae/aneie.
aeey ia?aaiuo eioa?aaeia – yoi oi?ioea n?aaeiae acaaoaiiie.
Nouanoaotho oaeaea ae?oaea iieacaoaee:
ieioiinoe ianaeaiey;
naiaeiiai iieiaeaiey e o.i.
3). Iieacaoaee iaoaie/aneiai aeaeaeaiey. Iea?aoeey.
Iea?aoeey- yoi iaoaie/aneia ia?aiauaiea ianaeaiey ii oa??eoi?ee no?aiu
eee iaaeaeo no?aiaie. Iayoieeiaay iea?aoeey- nenoaiaoe/aneia
ia?aaeaeaeaiea ec ai?iaea a ai?iae (o/aaa e oi).
I- /enei i?eauaoeo ia aeaiioth oa??eoi?eth,
A- /enei auauaoeo n aeaiiie oa??eoi?ee.
(iao = I – A
Ii yoei iieacaoaeyi iiaeii ?an/eoaoue eiaoeoeeaiou i?eauoey e oauoey:
,
– n?aaeiaaiaeiaay /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey.
4. Anoanoaaiiia aeaeaeaiea ianaeaiey.
Yoi eciaiaiea /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey a nayce n i?ioeannaie ?iaeaeaiey e
nia?oe.
N- eiee/anoai ?iaeeaoeony,
M- eiee/anoai oia?oeo.
(a = N – M
.
Iauee i?e?ino ianaeaiey- yoi noiia (a e (iao:
( = (a + (iao,
.
E?iia iaueo iieacaoaeae aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee anoanoaaiiiai aeaeaeaiey
ianaeaiey nouanoaotho /anoiua eiyooeoeeaiou, io?aaeathuea aioo?aiiea
i?ioeannu, ?iaeaeaiea, nia?oue.
Iiaic?anoiua eiaooeoeeaiou ?iaeaeaaiinoe e nia?oiinoe:
– /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey a aeaiiii aic?anoa.
Eiao aeaoneie nia?oiinoe (aei 1 aiaea):
– n?aaeiaa /enei aeaoae aei iaeiiai aiaea.
, aaea N0- a i?ioeii aiaeo, a N1- a aeaiiii.
Yoio eiao io?aaeaao caei?iauea iaoeee, ninoiyiea iaaeeoeeiu.
Eiao Iie?ianeiai:
, aaea t- ia?eiae.
5. En/eneaiea ia?niaeoeaiie /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey.
Naiui i?inoui yaeyaony niinia n i?eiaiaieai E( e E(IAO:
, aaea E( = const.
?an/ao /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey ia iniiaa i?iaiice?oaiiai aeeiaie/aneiai
?yaea /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey: anee nouanoaoao /aoeay oaiaeaioeey, oi aa
iiaeii i?iaeeeoue ia ia?niaeoeao.
?an/ao /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey ia iniiaa oaaeeoeu nia?oiinoe.
Oaaeeoea nia?oiinoe- yoi nenoaia acaeiinaycaiiuo iieacaoaeae, iniiaaiiay
ia aa?iyoiinoue aeiaeeoey aei neaaeothuaai aiaea eaaeaeie aic?anoiie
a?oiiu. Iieacaoaee aeiaeeoey o?aaotho aieueoiai iauaia noaoenoe/aneie
eioi?iaoeee.
Aeey eaaeaeiai iieieaiey ?an/eouaaaony naie eiaooeoeeaio.
?an/aou /eneaiiinoe a yoii neo/aa aaaeoony ioaeaeueii aeey eaaeaeiai
iieieaiey. Iauay /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey a aeaiiii aiaeo ?aaia noiia
/eneaiiinoe anao iieieaiee, aeeaoueo a yoii aiaeo.
Oaia ?3. Noaoenoeea o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia. Noaoenoeea ?uiea o?oaea.
1. Iieacaoaee noaoenoeee o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia.
*eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey no?aiu.
Ianaeaiea a iao?oaeiniiniaiii aic?anoa (aeaoe e iaineiia?u).
Ianaeaiea o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa.
Eiaaeeaeu.
Oaeoe/anee ia?aaioathuaa ianaeaiea.
Oaeoe/anee ?aaioathuaa ianaeaiea iao?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa.
Naeueaei iea?aoeee.
O?oaeiaua ?ano?nu no?aiu.
Caiyoua a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa.*
Aac?aaioiua.
Ia?aaioathuaa ianaeaiea a o?oaeiniiniaiii aic?anoa (iai?eia?, o/aueany n
io?uaii io i?iecaiaenoaa, aeiiioicyeee) – yeiiiie/anee iaaeoeaiay
eaoaai?ey.
Yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiia ianaeaiea.
Iaaiiua ?aaioieee.
Eeoea, naiinoiyoaeueii iaania/eaathuea naay ?aaioie.
A?aaeaeaineia ianaeaiea.
Aiaiiineoaeauea.
?aaioieee ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie iniiaa (iai?eia?, /aeiiee).
?aaioiaeaoaee.
Iaiiea/eaaaiay ?aai/ay neea ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo.
*eaiu eieeaeoeaiuo i?aaei?eyoee.
*- ia/eiay n ?9- iiaua iiiyoey.
Iieacaoaee no?oeoo?u o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia:
Iieacaoaeue yeiiiie/aneie aeoeaiinoe ianaeaiey- aeiey yeiiiie/anee
aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey a iauae /eneaiiinoe.
O?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu- aeiey aac?aaioiuo a iauae /eneaiiinoe
yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey.
O?iaaiue yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiiai o?oaeiniiniaiiai ianaeaiey- aeiey
yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa e iauae
/enaeiiinoe o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia.
Eiaooeoeeaio o?oaeiniiniaiinoe ianaeaiey- ioiioaiea ianaeaiey
o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa e iauae /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey.
Eiaooeoeeaio caiyoinoe anaai ianaeaiey- ioiioaiea caiyouo e iauae
/eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey.
Eiaooeoeeaio iioaioeeaeueiiai caiauaiey- ioiioaiea /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey
a aei?aai/ai aic?anoa (0-15 eao) e /eneaiiinoe o?oaeiniiniaiiai
ianaeaiey.
Eiaooeoeeaio iaineiiiie iaa?ocee- ioiioaiea /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey
iaineiiiiai aic?anoa e /eneaiiinoe o?oaeiniiniaiiai ianaeaiey.
2. Aaeain o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia.
Oaaeeoea, n iaeiie noi?iiu eioi?ie iieacaiu enoi/ieee oi?ie?iaaiey
o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia, a n ae?oaie- iai?aaeaiey eo ?ani?aaeaeaiey. Yoio
aaeain no?ieony ia iniiaa noaoenoeee o?oaea e caiyoinoe.
I. Enoi/ieee.
Anaai o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia, a o/:
O?oaeiniiniaiia ianaeaiea o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa.
?aaioieee noa?oa e iieiaea o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa, caiyoua a
yeiiiieea eee i?eciaiiua aac?aaioiuie, a o/:
Eeoea noa?oeo aic?anoia.
Iiae?inoee.
Aaaeaioeu e auioaeaeaiiua ia?anaeaioeu.
Naeueaei iayoieeiaie iea?aoeee.
II. ?ani?aaeaeaiea o?oaeiniiniaiuo ?ano?nia ii aeaeai caiyoinoe:
Yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiia ianaeaiea.
Ianaeaiea, caiyoia a yeiiiieea.
?aaioathuea ii iaeio, ec ieo:
?aaioathuea a ainoaea?noaaiiii naeoi?a.
?aaioathuea a /anoiii naeoi?a.
?aaioathuea a iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo e oiiaeao.
?aaioathuea ia NI.
?aaioathuea ia i?aaei?eyoeyo ni niaoaiiie oi?iie nianoaaiiinoe e ae?.
?aaioathuea ia ii iaeio:
?aaioiaeaoaee.
Eeoea, ?aaioathuea ca naie n/ao.
*eaiu i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiiia?aoeaia, aeeth/ay eieoicieeia.
Iiiiaathuea /eaiu naiuee.
Neoaeeoaee ?aeeaeiciiai eoeueoa.
Aiaiiineoaeauea.
Aac?aaioiua.
Yeiiiie/anee iaaeoeaiia ianaeaiea a o?oaeiniiniaiii aic?anoa, a o/:
Iao/athueany n io?uaii io i?iecaiaenoaa.
O/aueany, i?eciaiiua aac?aaioiuie.
Ana inoaeueiua, eoi ia ?aaioaao, iacaaeneii io enoi/ieea aeioiaeia.
Oaia ?4. Noaoenoeea iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa.
Iaoeeiiaeueiia aiaaonoai- yoi niaieoiiinoue iaoa?eaeueiuo e aeooiaiuo
aeaa (?ano?nia), iaeiieaiiuo a no?aia a ?acoeueoaoa i?ioeiai o?oaea, a
oaeaea o/oaiiuo e aiaea/aiiuo a yeiiiie/aneee iai?io i?e?iaeiuo
?ano?nia, eioi?uie iauanoai ?aniieaaaao a ii?aaeaeaiiue iiiaio a?aiaie.
Iaoeeiiaeueiia aiaaonoai ninoieo ec o?ao i?eioeeieaeueii ?acee/iuo
/anoae:
I?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu, o/oaiiua e aiaea/aiiua a iai?io. Yoi
iaaini?iecaiaeeiua aeaaa.
Caiey.
Iieaciua eneiiaaiua – ieia?aeueiua ?ano?nu.
Aiaea – yia?aaoe/aneea ?ano?nu.
Ean e aeeaioiue ie?.
Iaoa?eaeueiua ?ano?nu, iieo/aiiua a ?acoeueoaoa iaeiieaiiiai o?oaea.
Aini?iecaiaeeiua ?ano?nu.
Eioaeeaeooaeueiue iioaioeeae iauanoaa eee iaeiieaiiue iao/ii-
oaoie/aneee iioaioeeae.
Iaoeeiiaeueiia eiouanoai (aeaiaaeiay e iaoo?aeueiay oi?iu o/aoa).
Iniiaiua oiiaeu.
Iai?ioiua oiiaeu.
Ee/iia eiouanoai.
No?aoaae/aneea ?ano?nu.
Eioaeaeooaeueiue iioaioeeae.
Caaea/e noaoenoeee iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa: oa?aeoa?enoeea iauaia,
no?oeoo?u, aeeiaieee e yooaeoeaiinoe eniieueciaaiey anaai
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa e aai ninoaaiuo /anoae; ii?aaeaeaiea iauaia
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa ia iniiaa iaoiaea i?yiiai n/aoa.
Oaia ?4.1. Noaoenoeea i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia.
Aaaeiui yeaiaioii iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa (IA) e oneiaeai ?acaeoey
iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa neoaeao i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu. Cao?aou o?oaea
ia eo iiaeaea?aeaiea, i?aia?aciaaiea e i?eoiiiaeaiea i?aa?auatho
i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu a yeaiaio nicaeaiiiai o?oaeii IA.
I?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu (I?) – yoi anoanoaaiiua i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu no?aiu,
iaeii ec oneiaee iaania/aiey iaoa?eaeueiie aeecie iauanoaa, iiauoaiey
aeaaininoiyiey ia?iaea. A ninoaa I? aeeth/atho caiaeueiua oiiaeu, eaniua
oiiaeu, caianu iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, aiaeiua ?ano?nu,
aeae?iyia?aaoe/aneea ?ano?nu, ?uaiua aiaaonoaa e o.ae.
I? iiae?acaeaeythony ia aiaea/aiiua e ia aiaea/aiiua a i?ioeann
iauanoaaiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa. Aiaea/aiiua a yeiiiie/aneee iai?io I?
aeeth/athony a ninoaa IA e noaiiayony aaaeiui yeaiaioii
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee no?aiu. I?e?iaea a oie aea ia?a enoi/iee
iio?aaeoaeueiuo noieiinoae, a ec ieo e ninoieo IA, eae e o?oae.
Aiaea/aiiua a i?ioeann iauanoaaiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa eee yeiiiie/aneee
iai?io i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu aunooiatho, n iaeiie noi?iiu, a ea/anoaa
ooieoeeiie?othueo n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa, a n ae?oaie – eniieuecothony
ia iai?iecaiaenoaaiiua ioaeaeu. Ia aiaea/aiiua a i?eoeann iauanoaaiiiai
aini?iecaiaenoaa I? ioiinyony e iioaioeeaeueiiio aiaaonoao.
I? o/eouaathony a iaoo?aeueiii au?aaeaiee, a iaeioi?ua aeaeu I? e a
aeaiaaeiie ioeaiea.
Noaoenoeea i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia ?ac?aaaouaaao naith niaoeeoe/aneoth
nenoaio iieacaoaeae. Yoa nenoaia iicaieyao io?aceoue iaee/ea, ninoaa I?,
aeeiaieeo e eo eniieueciaaiea. Iniiaiuie ninoaaiuie /anoyie noaoenoeee
I? yaeythony noaoenoeea caiaeueiuo oiiaeia, eaniuo ?ano?nia, iieaciuo
eneiiaaiuo, aiaeiuo ?ano?nia, aeae?iyia?aaoe/aneeo ?ano?nia e o.ae.
Caaea/e noaoenoeee I?:
Eiio?ieue ca oiaeii auiieiaiey ieaia eco/aiey I?, eo nio?aiaiey e
ainiieiaiey.
Ii?aaeaeyao iauai caiania I? ii noaiaie eco/aiiinoe e aiciiaeiinoe
aiaea/aiey eo a yeiiiie/aneee iai?io. Eco/aao ?aciauaiea I? ii no?aia,
oa?aeoa?ecoao aeeiaieeo e i?e?ino auyaeaiuo caiania I?.
I?ecaaia iinoiyiii niaa?oainoaiaaoue e oeo/oaoue nenoaio iieacaoaeae e
iaoiaeieiaeth eo en/eneaiey, /oi iicaieeo ananoi?iiia e iieii
ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue I?.
Aieaa yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea I?. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue oneeaiey io?aiu
i?e?iaeu.
Iaania/aiea ?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey e aini?iecaiaenoaa I?.
Noaoenoeea I?, oe?iei eniieuecoy noaoenoe/aneea iaoiaeu, aeieaeia
auyaeyoue ana aiciiaeiinoe yooaeoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey I?,
niinianoaiaaoue inouanoaeaieth ia? ii eiiieaeniiio e ?aoeeiiaeueiiio
eniieueciaaieth e io?aia caiaeueiuo, eaniuo e aiaeiuo ?ano?nia, iieaciuo
eneiiaaiuo. Aaaeiui yoaiii inaiaiey I? yaeythony eo ?acaaaeea, eco/aiea,
ninoaaeaiea eaaeano?ia ii ioaeaeueiui aeaeai (caiaeueiue eaaeano?,
eaniie eaaeano?, aiaeiue eaaeano?, eaaeano? ianoi?iaeaeaiee iieaciuo
eneiiaaiuo) e a oa??eoi?eaeueiii aniaeoa.
Oaia ?5. Noaoenoeea iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
1. Iiiyoea iniiaiuo oiiaeia e aeaeu ioeaiee.
Iniiaiua oiiaeu- yoi niaieoiiinoue iaoa?eaeueii- aauanoaaiiuo
oeaiiinoae i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e iai?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey,
eioi?ua eniieuecothony ia i?ioyaeaiee ?yaea eao e iinoaiaiii
eciaoeaaynue a oa/aiea anaai n?iea neoaeau, ia oa?ytho naiae
iaoo?aeueiie oi?iu.
IIO — yoi caeaiey, nii?oaeaiey,ia?aaeaoi/iua ono?ienoaa, iaoeiu e
iai?oaeiaaiea, o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa, i?iecaiaenoaaiiue eiaaioa?ue e
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, oicyenoaaiiue eiaaioa?ue, ?aai/ee e i?iaeoeoeaiue
neio, iiiaieaoiea naaeu e ianaaeaeaiey, eaieoaeueiua cao?aou ii
oeo/oaieth caiaeue e o.ae.
Aeaeu ioeaiie iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
O/ao i?iecaiaeeony eae a noieiinoiii, oae e a iaoo?aeueiii
au?aaeaiee.
1) Ii ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe — oaeoe/aneea cao?aou ia nicaeaiea eee
i?eia?aoaiea, ia aaiae a aeaenoaea IIO (aaeainiaay noieiinoue). Ii
ia?a eniieueciaaiey oiiaeu eciaoeaathony, a oaeaea iaaethaeathony
eioeyoeeiiiua ecaea?aeee, iiyoiio iaiaoiaeeia ainnoaiiaeoaeueiay
noieiinoue.
2) Ainnoaiiaeoaeueiay noieiinoue — noieiinoue aini?iecaiaenoaa oao aea
IIO a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo. Aaee/eia ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie noieiinoe
ii?aaeaeyaony a i?ioeanna ia?aioeaiee iniiaiuo oiiaeia (inouanoaeyaony
01.01 eaaeaeiai aiaea ia iniiaa onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii eiyooeoeeaioia
ia?aioeaiee). Iniaaiiinoue ia?aioeaiee iineaaeieo aeaoo eao caeeth/aaony
a oii, /oi ainnoaiiaeoaeueiay noieiinoue iiaeao auoue acyoa ii
oaeoe/anee neeaaeuaathueiny oeaiai i?eia?aoaiey.
Iaoiaeu ia?aioeaiee:
a) eiaeaenaoeey. Aaeainiaay noieiinoue IIO oiiiaeaaony ia eiyooeoeeaio
eiaeaenaoeee. A ?acoeueoaoa iieo/aai iiaoth ainnoaiiaeoaeueioth
noieiinoue, eioi?ay n iiaiai aiaea noaiiaeoueny aaeainiaie.
a) ia iniiaa neiaeeaoeony oeai ( /oi io?aaeaaony aeieoiaioaeueii).
Ainnoaiiaeoaeueiay noieiinoue aa?aony ii oeaiai, neiaeeaoeiny ia ?uiea
IIO.
2. Aii?oecaoeey iniiaiuo oiiaeia
IIO a i?ioeanna ooieoeeiie?iaaiey eciaoeaathony, o.a. a i?ioeanna
neoaeau oa?ytho naith oeaio.
Eciin– aeaiaaeiia au?aaeaiea iioa?e ea/anoa iniiaiuo oiiaeia. Eciin-
niinia ainnoaiiaeaiey ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe. Aii?oecaoeey aoiaeeo a
ninoaa cao?ao e en/eneyaony ii onoaiiaeaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
ii?iai aii?oecaoeee.
A=Ii/O, aaea A- ?acia? aiaeiaie aii?oecaoeee, Ii- ia?aiia/aeueiay
noieiinoue IIO, O- n?ie neoaeau.
, aaea Na- ii?ia aii?oecaoeee.
3.Iieacaoaee iaee/ey, aeaeaeaiey, ninoiyiey e eniieueciaaiey IIO.
Oiiae inoaoi/iie noie-oe= ia?aiia/aeueiay noie-oue — noiia
aii?oecaoeee
I?e ia?aioeaiea IIO ia?aioeaieaaaony e eciin(oiiiaeaaony ia eiyo.
ia?aioeaiee). Auaeaeyaony ?acieoea iaaeaeo oiiaeaie ia ia/aei e
eiiaoe aiaea, oae eae aaiaeyony iiaua IIO e auauaatho noa?ua.
Aeey iauae oa?aeoa?enoeee IIO ?ann/eouaaaony n?aaeiaaiaeiaay
noieiinoue IIO ia iniiaa aeaiiuo ii ianyoeai. Iia ?ann/eouaaaony eae
n?aaeiao?iiieiae/aneay eee n?aaeiaacaaoaiiay. Aeey oi/iiai o/aoa
eiee/anoaa IIO eo ia?aaea/a i?ienoiaeeo iaeiia?aiaiii n eciinii. Aeey
yoiai ?ann/eouaaaony eiyooeoeeaio eciina.
Eiyooeoeeaiou ninoiyiey e eciina:
Eiyo eciina = aaee/eia eciina/ ia?aiia/aeueiay noieiinoue
Eiyo aiaeiinoe = inoaoi/iay noieiinoue/ ia?aiia/aeueiay noieiinoue
A noiia yoe aeaa eiyooeoeeaioa aeatho 1.
Iieacaoaee aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee aeaeaeaiey IIO:
Eiyo auauoey = noieiinoue auauaoeo IIO/ noieiinoue IIO ia ia/aei
ia?eiaea
Eiyo iinooieaiey = noieiinoue iinooieaoeo IIO/ noieiinoue IIO ia
eiiaoe ia?eiaea
Eiyo iaiiaeaiey = noieiinoue iiauo IIO/ noieiinoue IIO ia eiiaoe
ia?eiaea
Oaia ?6: Noaoenoeea iai?oaeiaaiey
1. Iiiyoea e eeanneoeeaoeey iai?oaeiaaiey.
Iai?oaeiaaiea — yoi aeoeaiua IIO, oi anoue iaiin?aaenoaaiii o/anoaothuea
a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa.
Aeoeaiay /anoue IIO aeeth/aao a naay:
neeiaua iaoeiu, iai?oaeiaaiea, o.a. ana aa?aaaou, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey
i?iecaiaenoaa ?acee/iuo aeeia yia?aee(ana ia?iaua eioeu,
yeaeo?iaaia?aoi?u);
?aai/ea iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea;
ecia?eoaeueiua e ?aaoee?othuea i?eai?u e ono?ienoaa;
au/eneeoaeueiay oaoieea e o.i.
Yoe a?oiiu auaeaeythony aeey o/aoa e aiaeeca IIO, aeey iiaen/aoa
aii?oecaoeee e aeey i?iaaaeaiey ia?aioeaiee.
2.Iieacaoaee iaee/ey e eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey.
1) Eeanneoeeaoeey iai?oaeiaaiey ii iieacaoaeyi iaee/ey a
i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?ioeanna:
onoaiiaeaiiia iai?oaeiaaiea – oaeoe/anee aeaenoaothuaa, ?aaioathuaa,
iaoiaeyuaany a ieaiiaii ?aiiioa, i?inoieiia, ?aca?aiia.
iaonoaiiaeaiiia – iiaeeaaeauaa onoaiiaea, eceeoiaa, iaaiaeiia,
iiaeeaaeauaa nienaieth
Aeey iai?oaeiaaiey aaiaeeony iiiyoea niaiiinoe eniuoaiey, oae eae iii
iiaeao ?aaioaoue aieaa iaeiie niaiu. Eiyooeoeeaio niaiiinoe
en/eneyaony ia iniiaa iaaethaeaiee.
Eni=(Ni*Lni/(Ni (
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