I?aia?aciaaiey ieineinoe
Ioia?aaeaiea ieineinoe ia naay
Ioia?aaeaiai ieininoe ia naay iacuaaaony oaeia i?aia?iciaaiea, /oi
eaaeaeie oi/ea enoiaeiie ieineinoe niiinoaaeyaony eaeay-oi oi/ea yoie
aea ieineinoe, i?e/ai ethaay ethaay oi/ea ieineinoe ieacuaaaony
niiinoaaeaiie ae?oaie oi/ea. Anee i?e ioia?aaeaiee ieineinoe ia naay
oeao?a F i?aia?aciauaaaony a oeao?o F’, oi aiai?yo, /oi oeao?a F’ –
ia?ac oeao?u F, a oeao?a F – i?iia?ac oeao?u F’. Anee iaeiei
ioia?aaeaieai oeao?a F ia?aaiaeeony a oeao?o F’, a caoai oeao?a F’
ia?aaiaeeony a oeao?o F”, oi ioia?aaeaiea, ia?aaiaeyuaa F a F”
iacuaaaony eiiiiceoeeae aeaoo ioia?aaeaiee. Iaiiaeaeaeiie oi/eie
ioia?aaeaiey iacuaaaony oaeay oi/ea A eioi?ay yoei ioia?aaeaieai
ia?aaiaeeony naia a naay. Ioia?aaeaiea, ana oi/ee eioi?iai iaiiaeaeaeiua
iacuaaaony oiaeaeanoaaiiui ioia?aaeaieai. Anee i?e aeaiiii ioia?aaeaiee
?aciui oi/eai oeao?u niioaaonoaotho ?aciua ia?acu, oi oaeia ioia?aaeaiea
iacuaaaony acaeiii iaeiicia/iui. Ionoue oeao?a F’ iieo/aia ec oeao?u F
acaeiii iaeiicia/iui ioia?aaeaieai f, oi iiaeii caaeaoue ioia?aaeaiea
ia?aoiia ioia?aaeaieth f, eioi?ia ii?aaeaeyaony oae: eiiiiceoeey
ioia?aaeaiey f e ioia?aaeaiey, ia?aoiiai f yaeyaony oiaeaeanoaaiiui
ioia?aaeaieai. Nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai aeaeia ioia?aaeaiey ieineinoe ia
naay, ?anniio?ei iaeioi?ua ec ieo:
Aeaeaeaiey
Ia?aeeaeueiue ia?aiin
Inaaay neiiao?ey
Iiai?io aie?oa oi/ee
Oeaio?aeueiay neiiao?ey
Iiaeiaea
Aiiioaoey
Aeaeaeaiea
Aeaeaeaieai iacuaaaony ioia?aaeaiea ieineinoe ia naay i?e eioi??ii
nio?aiaythony ana ?annoiyiey iaaeaeo oi/eaie. Aeaeaeaiea eiaao ?yae
aaaeiuo naienoa:
O?e oi/ee, eaaeauea ia iaeiie i?yiie, i?e aeaeaeaiee ia?aoiaeyo a o?e
oi/ee, eaaeauea ia iaeiie i?yiie, e o?e oi/ee, ia eaaeauea ia iaeiie
i?yiie, ia?aoiaeyo a o?e oi/ee, ia eaaeauea ia iaeiie i?yiie.
Aeieicaoaeuenoai: ionoue aeaeaeaiea ia?aaiaeeo oi/ee A, B, C a oi/ee A’,
B’, C’. Oiaaea auiieiythony ?aaainoaa
A’B’=AB , A’C’=AC , B’C’=BC (1)
Anee oi/ee A, B, C eaaeao ia iaeiie i?yiie, oi iaeia ec ieo, iai?eia?
oi/ea B eaaeeo iaaeaeo aeaoiy ae?oaeie. A yoii neo/aa AB+BC=AC, e ec
?aaainoa (1) neaaeoao, /oi A’C’+B’C’=A’C’. A ec yoiai neaaeoao, /oi
oi/ea B’ eaaeeo iaaeaeo oi/eaie A’ e C’. Ia?aia ooaa?aeaeaiea aeieacaii.
Aoi?ia ooaa?aeaeaiea aeieaaeai iaoiaeii io i?ioeaiiai: I?aaeiieiaeei,
/oi oi/ee A’, B’, C’ eaaeao ia iaeiie i?yiie aeaaea a oii neo/aa, anee
oi/ee A, B, C ia eaaeao ia iaeiie i?yiie, oi anoue yaeythony aa?oeiaie
o?aoaieueieea. Oiaaea aeieaeiu auiieiyony ia?aaainoaa o?aoaieueieea:
AB
eioi?ii ethaui aeaoiy oi/eai X e Y niioaaonaotho oaeea oi/ee X’ e Y’,
/oi X’Y’=kXY.
Ioiaoei, /oi i?e k=1 iiaeiaea yaeyaony aeaeaeaieai, oi anoue aeaeaeaiea
anoue /anoiue neo/ae iiaeiaey.
Oeao?a F iacuaaaony iiaeiaiie oeao?a F’ n eiyooeoeeaioii k, anee
nouanoaoao iiaeiaea n eiyooeoeeaioii k, ia?aaiaeyuaa F a F’.
I?inoaeoei, ii aaaeiui i?eia?ii iiaeiaey yaeyaony aiiioaoey
Aiiioaoey
Aiiioaoeae n oeaio?ii a oi/ea O e eiyooeoeeaioii k iacuaaaony oaeia
ioia?aaeaiea ieineinoe, i?e eioi?ii eaaeaeie oi/ea X niiinoaaeyaony
oaeay oi/ea X’, /oi OX’ = kOX, i?e/ai ia eneth/aaony e aiciiaeiinoue
k
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