AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE EIIEOAO ?INNEENEIE OAAeA?AOeEE II AUNOAIO IA?ACIAAIETH
IINEIANEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE CAI*IUE EINOEOOO IEUAAIE I?IIUOEAIIINOE
Oaeoeueoao yeiiiieee e i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
Eaoaae?a aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa e oeiainia
Aeiiouai e caueoa
Caaaaeothuee eaoaae?ie,
Eaiaeeaeao yeiiiie/aneeo iaoe
I?eia A.E.
AeEIEIIIAss ?AAIOA
Oaia: O/ao e aiaeec ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe e oeiainiaie onoie/eainoe
i?aaei?eyoey.
?ac?aaioae: Nooaeaio a?. 1432-A91 A?oeiia TH.A.
?oeiaiaeeoaeue: e.y.i. aeioeaio Aiaueaaa A.C.
Iineaa 1996 a.
Aeaoa caueou_________________
I?ioieie AYE_______________
Ioeaiea AYE_________________
Nae?aoa?ue AYE_______________
Caaeaiea
O/ao e aiaeec ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe e oeiainiaie onoie/eainoe
i?aaei?eyoey.
Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa auiieiaia ia 61 no?aieoea,
niaea?aeeo 8 oaaeeoe
e 2 noaiu.
A?aoe/aneay /anoue ia 4 eenoao.
Niaea?aeaiea.
Aaaaeaiea__________________________________________5
Aeaaa 1. Iniaaiiinoe ninoiyiey yeiiiieee a ?innee_______7
1.1.Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneay neooaoeey a ?innee_____7
1.2.Ianooaau e oi?iu i?iyaeaiey nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai
e?ecena_____________________7
1.3.I?iaeaiu noaaeeecaoeee. Noaaeeecaoeey oeiainia e aeaiaaeiiai
ia?auaiey___________________________9
1.4.I?aiaeieaiea e?eieiaeecaoeee yeiiiieee________12
1.5.Oi?aaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiii oaoiieiae/aneeie
eiiieaenaie_______________________________14
Aeaaa 2.Oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea inoaieeineiai caaiaea
aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee___________________16
2.1.Enoi?e/aneay ni?aaea caaiaea_________________16
2.2.I?iecaiaenoaaiiay iiuiinoue caaiaea____________16
2.3.Ninoaa ia?niiaea e e?aoeia iienaiea iniiaiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey_______________17
2.4.No?oeoo?a oi?aaeaiey caaiaeii________________20
Aeaaa 3.Oeaee e cia/aiey oeiainiaiai aiaeeca_____________22
3.1. Enoi/ieee eioi?iaoeee e cia/aiea oeiainiaiai
aiaeeca____________________________________22
3.2.Oeaee e iaoiaeu oeiainiaiai aiaeeca____________24
3.3.Niaea?aeaiea oeiainiaiai aiaeeca______________26
Aeaaa 4.Aiaeec iniiaiuo iieacaoaeae, oa?aeoa?ecothueo oeiainiai
yeiiiie/aneia ninoiyiea ICAE
4.1.Io?aaeaiea oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoia a aooaaeoa?neii
o/aoa_______________________________________29
4.2.Aiaeec ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe e eeeaeaeiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey_________________________________31
4.3.Aiaeec no?oeoo?u enoi/ieeia n?aaenoa e eo
eniieueciaaiey_______________________________39
4.4. Aiaeec iai?a/eaaaiinoe iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa______43
4.5. Oaaeeoeu ?an/aoia yeiiiie/aneeo ii?iaoeaia_____51
Caeeth/aiea__________________________________________59
Eeoa?aoo?a___________________________________________61
I?eeiaeaiey__________________________________________62
A?aoe/aneay /anoue niioaaonoaoao eenoai:
Eeno 1. – no?. 21
Eeno 2. – no?. 51
Eeno 3. – no?. 52
Eeno 4. – no?. 55
AAAAeAIEA
Oa?iei Aiaeec aoeaaeueii icia/aao ?an/eaiaiea, ?aceiaeaiea eco/aaiiai
iauaeoa ia /anoe , yeaiaiou, ia aioo?aiiea i?enouea yoiio iauaeoo
ninoaaeythuea (iuneaiua eee ?aaeueiua). Aiaeec aunooiaao a
aeeaeaeoe/aneii , i?ioeai?a/eaii aaeeinoaa n iiiyoeai “neioac” –
niaaeeiaiea ?aiaa ?aiaa ?an/eaiaiiuo yeaiaioia eco/aaiiai iauaeoa a
aaeeiia oeaeia.
Aeeaeaeoe/aneee oaiaeai aiaeec-neioac iiieiaaony eae neiiiei anyeiai
iao/iiai enneaaeiaaiey. A ethaie io?anee iao/iuo ciaiee, a ethaie noa?a
/aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe (iieeoe/aneie, iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiie,
iauanoaaiiie, nioeeaeueiie, yeieiae/aneie e ae?.) iaieoenue aac
aiaeeca-neioaca iaaiciiaeii.
Ii iniaia cia/aiea aiaeec e neioac i?eia?aee a yeiiiieea, yaeythuaeny,
eae ecaanoii, iniiaie anaai nouaai ia ieaiaoa; ia?aoaiiinoue
yeiiiie/aneeo caaea/ (aioo?aiieo e aiaoieo) ia?aeatho ia iaoaea/o ai
anao inoaeueiuo noa?ao. Anoanoaaiiii, /oi oniaoiia ?acaeoea yeiiiieee
caaeneo, a naith i/a?aaeue, io ninoiyiey anaai niaaeiiai n iae
(iieeoeee, yeieiaee, nioeeieiaee, eoeueoo?u e o.ae.).
Aiaeec-neioac eae nooue, eae niaea?aeaiea e oi?ia /aeiaa/aneiai
iuoeaiey eiiieaenii eco/aaony ai iiiaeanoaaiiii ecia?aiee e iiiaeie
iaoeaie. Ii aiaeec yeiiiieee, aiaeec oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e aa
eiia/iuo ?acoeueoaoia (ai anao io?aneyo, ai anao i?iyaeaieyo) – iaeanoue
eneeth/eoaeueii yeiiiie/aneiai aiaeeca. Aiaeecii a aieaa oe?ieii niunea
caieiaaony oai?ey yeiiiie/aneiai aiaeeca; a i?ioanneiiaeueiii-
yeiiiie/aneee aiaeec oeiainiai-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe a
niioaaonoaothueo io?aneyo: a i?iiuoeaiinoe, naeueneii oicyenoaa,
no?ieoaeuenoaa, oi?aiaea, iauanoaaiiii ieoaiee e noa?a auoiauo oneoa.
Oi?ie?iaaiea ?uii/iie yeiiiieee iaoneiaeeaaao ?acaeoea aiaeeca a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ia iee?io?iaia- ia o?iaia ioaeaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee e
eo aioo?aiieo no?oeoo?iuo iiae?acaeaeaiee, iineieueeo yoe ieciaua
caaiuey ( i?e ethaie oi?ia nianoaaiiinoe) ninoaaeytho iniiao ?uii/iie
yeiiiieee. Ii yoi ia eneeth/aao, a nei?aa, iaiai?io, i?aaeiieaaaao e
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aiciiaeiiai ia?aoiaea aiaeeca ia iee?io?iaia ia “naa?oo
aiec”, ea neeaaeuaaeinue i?e eiiaiaeii-aaeieieno?aoeaiie nenoaia, a
“nieco aaa?o”. Ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey e iaiauaiey aiana ia
i?ioeaiiieacaiu eiiia?/aneei ioiioaieyi, i?eioeeiai e o?aaiaaieyi
naiaiaeiiai ?uiea.
Aiaeec ia iee?io?iaia iaiieiyaony niaa?oaiii eiie?aoiui niaea?aeaieai,
naycaiiie n iianaaeiaaiie oeiainiai-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiiyoueth
i?aaei?eyoee, eo eieeaeoeaia, iaiaaeaea?ia, aeaaeaeueoeaa-nianoaaiieeia.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaiaoiaeeii i?iaiaeeoue aiaeec iainiiaaiey e
auiieiaiey aecian-ieaiia, n?aaieoaeueiue aiaeec ia?eaoeiaiauo
i?aaei?eyoee, aiaeec aiciiaeiinoae i?iecaiaenoaa e nauoa, auyniaiea
aioo?aiieo e aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo neooaoeee, aeeythueo ia i?iecaiaenoai e
nauo, aiaeec niioiioaiey ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey, aiaeec eiie?aoiuo
iio?aaeoaeae e ioeaiee iineaaeieie ea/anoaa auioneathueony ecaeaeee,
aiaeec cao?ao aeeaiai e iaauanoaeaiiiai o?oaea n iaiaoiaeeiie eo
aeaoaeecaoeeae, aiaeec eiia/iuo oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoia
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie, nauoiaie, ia?eaoeiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe (i?eaueue,
oauoie), aiaeec eiiia?/aneiai ?enea n neacuaaaiui ia iaai aeeyieai
?acee/iuo oaeoi?ia. A ?aaioa iaeaieueoaa aieiaiea aoaeao oaeaeaii
aiaeeco oeiainiai-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Aeaaa 1
INIAAIIINOE NIA?AIAIIIAI NINOIssIEss ?UII*IIE YEIIIIEEE ?INNEE
1.1.NIOeEAEUeII-YEIIIIE*ANEAss NEOOAOeEss A ?INNEE
Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneay neooaoeey, neiaeeaoayny a ?innee a
?acoeueoaoainouanoaeaiey yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i, oa?aeoa?ecoaony niaaeii
i?iecaiaenoaa ai iiiaeo io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iaieuaieai
ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoe ianaeaiey, oo?aoie ii?aaeaeaiiuo eaeaaeia,
ia?ooaieai i?aanoaaiiuo onoiaa iauanoaa. Ii iiaieth o/aiuo einoeoooa
yeiiiieee ?YE, iaaei /aoei ?acee/aoue aii?in i iaiaoiaeeiinoe
yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu, aa eiaeee e yoaiao, n iaeiie noi?iiu, e aii?in i
no?aoaaee e oaeoeee aa inouanoaeaiey n ae?oaie.
?inneeneay ?aoi?ia ei?iyie ooiaeeo a enoi?eth ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa,
yaeyaony caeiiiia?iui yoaiii a aai aeaeaeaiee e iino?iaieth
aunieiyooaeoeaiie aeeiaie/iie yeiiiieee, iaania/eaathuae aunieee
o?iaaiue e ea/anoaa aeecie. Aac ea?aeeiaeueiiai i?aia?aciaaiey
neiaeeaoaeny nenoaiu nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ono?ienoaa ?inney ia
iiaeao aic?iaeeoueny eae aaeeeay aea?aeaaa.
1.2. IANOOAAU E OI?IU I?IssAEAIEss NIOeEAEUeII-YEIIIIE*ANEIAI E?ECENA.
Nia?aiaiiue nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen iineo anaioaaouaathuee
oa?aeoa?, iaeiaei aai “aieaaua oi/ee” ni a?aiaiai niauathony. Naaiaeiy
n?aaee anao iiiaiia?aciuo oi?i e i?iyaeaiee e?ecena ia ia?aue ieai
auaeaeaathony iaieuaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo neiaa ianaeaiey, aicieeiiaaiea
oa?icu ?ac?ooaiey aaiioiiaea ?inneeneiai iauanoaa.
Ia?anoatho ianooaau niaaea iaeio?uo io?aneae i?iecaiaenoaae aai
?ac?ooeoaeueiua iineaaenoaey. Iaaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaa ia?aoiaeeo a
ea/anoaaiii iiaoth noaaeeth. Inoaiaaeeaathony i?iecaiaenoaa,
ii?aaeaeythuea oaoieei-oaoiieiae/aneee o?iaaiue aeeciaiii aaaeiuo
io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Niaae aaaeao e aeaa?aaeaoeee io?aneaaie
no?oeoo?u i?iiuoeaiinoe i?eiaieoaeueii ia oieueei e niioiioaieth
io?aneae, i?iecaiaeyueo i?iiaaeooi/ioth e eiia/ioth i?iaeoeoeeth, ii e e
nu?ueaaui io?aneyi, aaea ai ana aieueoae noaiaie ia/eiatho i?aiaeaaeaoue
aeiau/a e ia?aue ia?aaeae. Iaiauathuee iieacaoaeue ninoiyiey yeiiiieee –
iauai aaeiaiai aioo?aiiaai i?iaeoeoa – nieceeny ii n?aaiaieth n
aeie?eceniui ia?eiaeii ia 39.2%. Oaeiai nieaeaiey a oneiaeyo ie?iiai
a?aiaie enoi?ey ia ciaao.
I?iaeieaeaaony niaae ai iiiaeo io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. I?aaaea
aai oaiiu a 1995 aiaeo ai iiiaeo neo/ayo auee iaiueoa, /ai a
i?aaeuaeouai aiaeo, ii yoi iauyniyaony ?acee/eai a enoiaeiie aaca e ia
iaiyao auaiaea i oii, /oi e?ecen oaeoaeyaony. Iaeaieueoea i?e?inou
iauaiia aaiaea a aeaenoaea aeeeuo aeiiia ia ainiieiytho niaaea a
i?aaeoanoaothuea aiaeu.
Niaae i?iecaiaenoaa, iiieii oi?ioi ecaanoiuo iaaaoeaiuo noi?ii, eiaao
iaeii aanueia aaaeiia iineaaenoaea, eioi?ia ia anaaaea o/eouaaaony a
yeiiiie/aneii aiaeeca: a oneiaeyo ana aieueoae ioe?uoinoe ?inneeneie
yeiiiieee ii iai?a/eaaaony iioa?ae ?uiea (ioa/anoaaiiiai eee ie?iaiai).
Aaeooia caeanue ia auaaao, e inaiaiaeeaoaany ianoi iaiaaeeaiii caieiaao
eiieo?aio. Aa?iooueny ia oaea caiyoue ?uiie noaiiaeony ia i?inoi
o?oaeii, ii?ie iaaiciiaeii. A yoi cia/eo, /oi niaae i?iecaiaenoaaiiaeao
i?eaanoe e iaia?aoeiui yeiiiie/aneei ?ac?ooaieyi.
?acei oooaeoeeenue ana iieacaoaee yooaeoeaiinoe iauanoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ua a iineaaeiaa a?aiy ii/oe auiaee ec noa?u
yeiiiie/aneiai aiaeeca e eioi?ui i?aaeoaeuenoai ia oaeaeyei aieiaiey. Ii
o?iaith i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea no?aia ieacaeanue ioa?ioaiiie ia
ianeieueei aeanyoeeaoee iacaae.
*?acau/aeii iianiie oi?iie i?iyaeaiey e?ecena noaiiayony aeaoi?iaoeey
aini?iecaiaenoaaiiie no?oeoo?u yeiiiieee, ?ac?ooaiea iioaioeeaea aa
aic?iaeaeaiey. Aicieeee e oaeoaeythony aeeni?iii?oeee iaaeaeo
iaoa?eaeueii-aauanoaaiiuie e oeiainiai-noieiinoiuie oaeoi?aie
aini?iecaiaenoaa.
Aanueia iianiui yaeyaony i?ioeann iinoiyiiiai iaanoeaiaiey e
“i?iaaeaiey” iniiaiiai eaieoaea. A ?acoeueoaoa i?ienoiaeeo eneonoaaiiia
caauoaiea i?eauee, a /a?ac aa ?ani?aaeaeaiea- oeacaiiia auoa
“i?iaaeaiea” iniiaiiai eaieoaea. Iioiee oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoia
io?uaathony io ?aaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey iniiaiiai eaieoaea. Nicaeaaony
iaiai/eaay aeaeeiinoue en/aciiaaiey aioo?aiieo enoi/ieeia iaeiieaiey.
Iaeaieaa na?ueaciui ii naiei aeieaia?aiaiiui iineaaenoaeyi yaeyaony
niaae eiaanoeoeee. Eo eaoano?ioe/aneia nie?auaiea (i?eaeeceoaeueii a 2.5
?aca ii n?aaiaieth n aeie?eceniui o?iaiai) ia iaania/eaaao oneiaee
aeaaea aeey i?inoiai aini?iecaiaenoaa, ia aiai?y oaea ia yeiiiie/aneii
?inoa e no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieea yeiiiieee.
Na?ueaciuie i?iyaeaieyie e?ecena yaeythony aeaci?aaiecaoeey oeiainiaie
nenoaiu e iioa?y eiio?iey ca aeaiaaeiui ia?auaieai.
*?acau/aeii iianiie oi?iie nia?aiaiiiiai e?ecena yaeyaony ii/oe iieiay
iioa?y oi?aaeyaiinoe a yeiiiieea. Yoi ?acei iaanoeaieaaao ?ac?aaioeo
ethauo i?ia?aii e ia? ii ai?ueaa n e?ecenii, noaaeeecaoeee yeiiiie/aneie
e nioeeaeueiie neooaoeee. E?ecen oi?aaeaiey ai iiiaii io?aaeaao
i?eieoeaiua i?aaenoaaeaiey ia ioeaca ainoaea?noaa io o/anoey a
?aaoee?iaaiee yeiiiieee, /o i?ioeai?a/eo ie?iaiio iiuoo e i?aeoeea no?ai
n aunieiyooaeoeaiie ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie.
Ioee/eoaeueiie /a?oie e?ecena oi?aaeaiey yaeyaony oi, /oi ii
?acai?a/eaaaony ia oiia ?aceiai oaaee/aiey /eneaiiinoe aiia?aoa
oi?aaeaiey, io?uaa o?iaiy aai iieaou io ca?aaioiie ieaou a aaaeiaeoeo
io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, oneeaiey ath?ie?aoecia a iiaeaioiaea e
i?eiyoee ?aoaiee.
1.3. I?IAEAIU NOAAEEECAOeEE. NOAAEEECAOeEss OEIAINIA E AeAIAAEIIAI
IA?AUAIEss.
Aeinoeaeaiea oeiainiaie noaaeeecaoeee yeiiiieee e onoie/eainoe
aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey no?aiu i?aaeiieaaaao ?aaeecaoeeth aeaoc
acaeiinaycaiiuo caaea/: icaei?iaeaiea oeiainia i?aaei?eyoee e
noaaeeecaoeee iauayeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee, a oaeaea aeaiaaeiiai
ia?auaiey a oeaeii. Iiiuoee ?aoeoue yoe caaea/e eciee?iaaiii ae?oa io
ae?oaa ia?a/aiu ia i?iaae. I?iaiaeeaoayny iieeoeea ia?aie/aiey
athaeaeaoiuo ?anoiaeia e iauaiia e?aaeeoiaaiey, ii?aaaeaiiay n oi/ee
c?aiey iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo caaea/ noaaeeecaoeee, ia aeinoeaea ?acoeueoaoa
i?aaeaea anaai ec-ca iaaaeaeaaoiie ?aaeoeee ia yoe ia?u ni noi?iiu
i?aaei?eyoee.
E?aaeeoiua aeeyiey e ia?aueaaiea athaeaeaoiuo aeioaoeee iiaoo aeaoue
yooaeo eeoue a aeaoo neo/ayo: anee ia i?e?ino e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia
i?aaei?eyoey ?aaao?otho oaaee/aieai eiaanoeoeee, a ia ?inoii ca?aaioiie
ieaou; anee eioeyoeeiiiue nea/ie, aucaaiiue e?aaeeoaie, ia iia?aaeaao
inouanoaeaiey eiaanoeoeee. Aeey auiieiaiey yoeo oneiaee iaiaoiaeeii
aeiaeoueny iiauoaiey yeanoe/iinoe yeiiiieee, /oi i?aaeiieaaaao
inouanoaeaiea ia?, iaania/eaathueo niioaaonoaothuoth ii iai?aaeaieth e
nei?inoe ?aaeoeeth i?aaei?eyoee ia athaeaeaoiua e e?aaeeoiua
eioa?aaioeee.
I?iaeaia eioeyoeee ia naiaeeony eneeth/eoaeueii e iae?iyeiiiie/aneie
noa?a. Ia o?iaia iee?iyeiiiieee aa i?iyaeaiea iineo iaeaieaa
?ac?ooeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?: aea/ao ca niaie onei?aiiia iaanoeaiaiea
iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa, a eo iaaeinoaoie- ?ino i?in?i/aiiie caaeieaeaiiinoe.
O/eouaay iaeiinoi?iithth yeanoe/iinoue ?inneeneie yeiiiieee
(ioiineoaeueioth aeanoeinoue ia iiieaeaiea oeai e ioiineoaeueioth
aeaeinoue ia iiauoaiea), oaeoe/aneia iiauoaiea noaaee IAeN a 1994 aiaeo
ia o?e i?ioeaioiuo ioieoa (a oi?ia aaaaeaiey niaoeeaeueiiai iaeiaa aeey
oeiainiaie iiaeaea?aeee aaaeiaeoeo io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa)
iiaenoaaiao eioeyoeeiiiua i?ioeannu, ii ia eiiiaine?oao aa?iyoiiai
i?iaaea aeioiaeiuo iinooieaiee ii iaeiao ia i?eaueue. Iiauoaiea noaaee
iaeiaa ia eiouanoai i?aaei?eyoee e niaieoiiie (oaaea?aeueiie e
oa??eoi?eaeueiie) noaaee iaeiaa ia i?eaueue, ianiio?y ia iaeioi?ia
?anoe?aiea iaeiaiauo eueaio, nei?aa anaai i?eaaaeao e ?inoo oaeoe/aneie
ii?iu ecuyoey i?eauee i?aaei?eyoee, ieaaeao oaiaoathuaa aicaeaenoaea ia
yeiiiieeo.
Aeey noaaeeecaoeee oeiainiaie neooaoeee iaiaoiaeeii inouanoaeoue ?yae
ia?. A iaeanoe noaaeeecaoeee athaeaeaoiiai i?ioeanna e aai aeeyiey ia
iauoth oeiainiaoth neooaoeeth a yeiiiieea:
– iaiaoiaeeii iaeaaeeoue o/ao e eiio?ieue ?aaeueiie aaee/eiu aeaoeoeeoa
athaeaeaoa (aeeth/ay ?anoiaeu ii e?aaeeoiaaieth no?ai-/eaiia NIA, ii
eueaioiiio e?aaeeoiaaieth i?aaei?eyoee, ii aeioe?iaaieth
oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai eiii?oa e ae?., ia io?aaeaaiua a ianoiyuaa a?aiy a
ioeoeeaeueiii ?acia?a aeaoeoeeoa).
– iniiaiia aieiaiea aeieaeii auoue oaeaeaii aeaeueiaeoaio nie?auaieth
?anoiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiai athaeaeaoa, ia eiathueo yeno?aiiiai
nioeeaeueiiai cia/aiey (?anoiaeia ia oi?aaeaiea, a /anoiinoe).
Iaiaoiaeeiu ?ac?aaioea e caeiiiaeaoaeueiia ioi?ieaiea i?ia?aiiu
iiyoaiiiai nie?auaiey athaeaeaoiuo aeioaoeee ?acee/iui io?aneyi e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiui eiiieaenai (oaeaaeiauaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue,
naeueneia oicyenoai);
– i?e i?iaaaeaiee iieeoeee yeiiiiee athaeaeaoiuo ?anoiaeia neaaeoao
iaeaaeeoue naiaa?aiaiiia iinooieaiea auaeaeaiiuo n?aaenoa ia n/aoa
iieo/aoaeae. Aii?in i niaethaeaiee oeiainiaie aeenoeeieeiu Ieienoa?noaii
oeiainia e aai iiae?acaeaeaieyie i?eia?aoaao ia?ainoaiaiiia cia/aiea;
iaiaoiaeeii ?ac?aaioaoue e aaanoe a aeaenoaea caeiiiaeaoaeueii
ioi?ieaiiue iaoaieci auaeaeaiey noaaaioeee e aeioaoeee noauaeoai
Oaaea?aoeee ec Oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa e aiaathaeaeaoiuo oiiaeia, ia
ouaieythuee eioa?ani eiuo noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee, aunooiathueo oaeoe/anee
oeiainiauie aeiii?aie.
A iaeanoe ii?iaeecaoeee oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey i?aaei?eyoee n oeaeueth
i?ae?auaiey ecuyoee a athaeaeao a aeaea aeiaa ia i?eaueue nianoaaiiuo
iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoee iaiaoiaeeii io?aaeaoue a aooaaeoa?neie
io/aoiinoe caianu oiaa?ii-iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiinoae e iniiaiua n?aaenoaa,
nienuaaaiua ia ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa a niioaaonoaee n eo ?uii/ie
oeaiie, oi anoue aaanoe eiaeaene?iaaiea noieiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
caiania e iniiaiuo oiiaeia ii oaiiai eioeyoeee. Aeey i?aiaeieaiey
ieaoaaeiiai e?ecena iaaei iaania/eoue eiaeaene?iaaiea aeieaia a
niioaaonoaee ni noaaeie ?aoeiaine?iaaiey OeA, a /anoiinoe n iiiiuueth
aaenaeueiiai (ia n?ie) ioi?ieaiey caaeieaeaiiinoe.
A i?iaaaeaiee aeoeaiie e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee iniiaiiieaaathuae yaeyaony
i?eaioaoeey ia noeioee?iaaiea e ?ino?aaeueiuo iaeiieaiee, /oi aeieaeii
noaoue iniiaiie oeaeueth oeiainiaie iieeoeee. Ia?aee/ neeiiiinoe e
iaeiieaieyi e enoiuaiea eiaanoeoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia, niioaaonoaaiii ?aceay
aeaoi?iaoeey no?oeoo?u aaieianeeo ianneaia e aeoeaia o?aaoao
niaoeeaeueiuo ia? ii noeioee?iaaieth iaeiieaiee i?aaei?eyoee e
ianaeaiey, iaania/aiey eo i?aaiauo aa?aioee.
Iniaia aeeyiea aeoeee “aeanoeeo” oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiuo ia?aie/aiee
ieacaee ia ieaoaaeii-?an/aoiua ioiioaiey, ii?iaeea aani?aoeaiaeaioiue ii
ianooaaai e ?ac?ooeoaeueiiio aicaeaenoaeth ia yeiiiieeo ieaoaaeiue
e?ecen. Iiieiaiea oiai, /oi ieaoaaeiue e?ecen aucaai ?ac?aaoee?iaaieai
oeiainiauo ioiioaiee e iaaaeaeaaoiinoueth iieeoeee oeiainiaie
noaaeeecaoeee ?aaeeyi ia?aoiaeiie yeiiiieee, iaoneiaeeaaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue oaycaoue i?aiaeieaiea e?ecena n ?aaeecaoeeae oe?ieiai
eiiieaena ia? ii noaaeeecaoeee oeiainia e aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey.
I?aiaeieaiea e?ecena ieaoaaeae ia?yaeo n iauae noaaeeecaoeeae oeiainia
e aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey i?aaeiieaaaao oaeaea inouanoaeaiea niaoeeaeueiuo
ia?, aeeth/athueo:
– nicaeaiea aaeeiie yeaeo?iiiie nenoaiu iaaeaaieianeeo ?an/aoia ia
o?iaia iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo noaiaea?oia;
– ioaaonoaaiiinoue Oeaio?aeueiiai Aaiea (a oii /enea ia?niiaeueioth) ca
ninoiyiea ieaoaaeii?an/aoiie nenoaiu e iaania/aiea aania?aaieiinoe
ieaoaaeiiai iai?ioa, iaaeaeaiea OeA niioaaonoaoueie aaeieieno?aoeaiuie e
yeiiiie/aneeie iieiiiiieyie;
– aaaaeaiea a ia?auaiea aaenaeae n oeaeueth iinoaaeoue eiiia?/aneee
e?aaeeo a i?aaiaua ?aiee e naeaeaoue aai oi?aaeyaiui; iiauoaiea
yooaeoeaiinoe aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia e nei?inoe eo inouanoaeaiey.
1.4.I?AIAeIEAIEA E?EIEIAEECAOeEE YEIIIIEEE
Oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie ?acaeoey nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee a
no?aia noae ?ino ianooaaia yeiiiie/aneie i?anooiiinoe. I?e/ai iaeaieaa
iianiui yaeyaony ia nai oaii ?inoa ?acee/iiai ?iaea yeiiiie/aneeo
i?anooieaiee, a ia?aoiae yeiiiie/aneie i?anooiiinoe a iaia ea/anoai- a
e?eieiaeecaoeeth anae yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu ainoaea?noaa. E?eieiaeueiia
yeiiiie/aneia iiaaaeaiea noauaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey noaiiaeony oneiaeai eo
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey. A yoii neo/aa oa?yao niune auaeaeaiea oae iacuaaaiie
oaiaaie yeiiiieee eae niaoeeoe/aneie noi?iiu yeiiiie/aneie aeecie
iauanoaa, iineieueeo e?eieiaeecaoeey i?ienoiaeeo ai anae nenoaia
yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee. Yoi naaiaeiy au?aaeaaony a e?eieiaeecaoeee:
– noa?u aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey. Iiaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue au?inooth
e?eieiaeecaoeeth aaieianeiai aeaea, nenoaiu aeaiaaeiuo ?an/aoia
(i?aaeaea anaai a ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiii iaiaee/eaaiee aaciaee/iuo
aeaiaa), ?ino /enea oaeueoeaiiiiao/eeia, aaiaeyueo a iai?io ia oieueei
oaeueoeaua aeaiueae, ii e oeaiiua aoiaae, aaieianeea aeieoiaiou. Ii
ioeaiea yenia?oia IAAe, ia iaiaa o?aoe anae noiiu aeieea?ia,
?aaeeciaaiiuo /a?ac IIAA a 1992 aiaeo, i?eia?aoaii n eniieueciaaieai
iiaeeiaeiuo aaeci, i?e yoii eo iai?ioa ecuiaaony ia aieaa 10 %
oaeueoeaie;
– ioiioaiee nianoaaiiinoe, ?aoi?ie?iaaiea eioi?uo naaeinue, ii
nouanoao, i?aaeaeo eiio?iey iaae ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoueth.
Oieueei ca ia?aia iieoaiaeea 1993 aiaea auyaeaii ieiei 3 oun.
i?anooieaiee, niaa?oaiiuo a oiaea i?eaaoecaoeee;
– aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee, eniieuecoaiuo iaoieueei aeey auno?iai
iaeiieaiey eaieoaea ( ii yenia?oiui ioeaieai, a 1992 aiaeo auei
iacaeiiii yenii?oe?iaaii 39% iaoaeea, 20% yia?aiiineoaeae, 21% nu?ueaauo
iaoa?eaeia e 11% eiie i?iaeoeoeee, i?iecaaaeaiiie ia ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoeyo), ii e aeey aai iacaeiiiiai yenii?oa;
– iio?aaeoaeueneiai ?uiea, o?aaeeoeeiiii yaeythuaainy e?eieiiaaiiie
yeiiiie/aneie ciiie. Naaiaeiy yoio ?uiie i?aeoe/anee iieiinoueth
eiio?iee?oaony e?eieiaeueiuie no?oeoo?aie, aeanoei eaioe?othueie aeieth
i?iaeaae, ?aaeaiaioe?othueie oeaiu e aceiathueie “iaeiae”.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iiaeii aiai?eoue i e?eieiaeecaoeee anao noaaeee
aini?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna: i?iecaiaenoaa, ?ani?aaeaeaiey, iaiaia e
iio?aaeaiey. I?e/eiie oaeiai iieiaeaiey yaeyaony ia noieueei ioia/aaiay
iiiaeie niaoeeaeenoaie “aaiaoe/aneay” ?aniieiaeaiiinoue yeiiiie/aneie
nenoaiu auaoaai NNN? e e?eieiaeueiiio yeiiiie/aneiio iiaaaeaieth,
neieueei eiie?aoiua aeaenoaey a iieeoe/aneie e nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie
noa?ao ?inneeneiai iauanoaa, i?aaei?eiyoua a oiaea inouanoaeaiey
yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu.
Niaea?aeaiea eiie?aoiuo ia?ii?eyoee, niinianoaothueo aeae?eieiaeecaoeee
yeiiiieee, aeieaeii ?ac?aaaouaaoueny niaoeeaeenoaie. Caeanue iiaeii
oeacaoue eeoue ia iaeaieaa aaaeiua ia?aii/a?aaeiua iai?aaeaiey oaeeo
ia?ii?eyoee:
– iaania/aiea yeaiaioa?iiai i?aaiii?yaeea a iauaeaiiie aeecie
a?aaeaeai. A?aaeaeaia aeieaeiu aii/eth oaaaeeoueny, /oi o ainoaea?noaa
eiaaony aeinoaoi/i nee, n?aaenoa e aiee aeey caueou ianaeaiey io
i?anooiiuo iinyaaoaeuenoa ia eo caei?iauea e eiouanoai;
– ia?aniio? nouanoaothuae ii?iaoeaiie aacu, iaania/eaathuae
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu n oi/ee c?aiey aa
e?eieiieiae/aneie ioeaiee. I?e yoii ia?aii/a?aaeiiai aieiaiey o?aaoao
i?aaiaay aaca oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoueth e aa
i?eaaoecaoeee;
– ?ac?aaioea e aiaae?aiea eiio?ieueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo iaoaieciia
(ia/eiay n nenoaiu aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa), aaeaeaaoiuo nia?aiaiiui
?uii/iui ioiioaieyi;
– nicaeaiea ii?i ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca e?eieiaeueioth yeiiiie/aneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue, aaeaeaaoiuo nia?aiaiiui yeiiiie/aneei ?aaeeyi ?innee.
Caeanue a iieiie ia?a neaaeoao eniieueciaaoue ca?oaaaeiue iiuo ni/aoaiey
oaieiaiie e a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe;
– nicaeaiea iaoaieciia, i?aiyonoaothueo “ioiuaaieth” iacaeiiii
i?eia?aoaiiuo eaieoaeia;
– aiaae?aiea nia?aiaiiuo nenoai iiaeai?a, ?annoaiiaee o ?ioaoeee
eaae?ia ainaiia?aoa (n eniieueciaaieai iaeiieaiiiai a yoie noa?a
ca?oueaaeiiai iiuoa).
1.5.OI?AAEAIEA I?IECAIAeNOAAIII-OAOIIEIAE*ANEEIE EIIIEAENAIE
Iaeiie ec noa?aeoeo caaea/ oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie noaiiaeony naaiaeiy
nio?aiaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai iioaioeeaea no?aiu n
aai onoaiiaeaoeieny oaoiieiae/aneeie, oicyenoaaiiuie e eiuie naycyie. E
ie?iaie iiuo, e enneaaeiaaiey, e n aieueoei o?oaeii neeaaeuaathuayny
i?aeoeea naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi iaeaieaa aaeaeaaoiuie oi?iaie
yaeythny oeiainiai-i?iiuoeaiiua a?oiiu, oicyenoaaiiua annioeeaoeee,
eiini?oeeoiu n eieoeeaoeaiie e aaaeouae ?ieueth ainoaea?noaa. Iniaoth
?ieue aeieaeiu ea?aoue oieaeeiaiaua eiiiaiee n eiio?ieueiuie iaeaoaie
aeoeee ae?oaeo i?aaei?eyoee.
Aianoa n oai na?ueaciua i?aiyonoaey nicaeaieth oeiainiai-i?iiuoeaiiuo
a?oii a oi?ia oieaeeiaiauo eiiiaiee nicaeaao aaaaeaiiay a aeaenoaea n 1
yiaa?y 1994 aiaea “Ainoaea?noaaiiay i?ia?aiia i?eaaoecaoeee
anoaea?noaaiiuo e ieieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee”. Ath cai?auaaony oi?ie?iaaiea aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa (a oii
/enea oieaeeiaiauo eiiiaiee) ia iniiaa eiioea?iia, nithcia, annioeeaoeee
e eiuo iauaaeeiaiee i?aaei?eyoee, a /enei o/anoieeia eioi?uo aoiaeyo
ainoaea?noaaiiua e (eee) ioieoeeiaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey.
E?iia oiai, ia aeiioneaaony aianaiea a onoaaiue eaieoae nicaeaaaaiuo
i?e o/anoee ainoaea?noaa aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa (a oii /enea oieaeeiaiauo
eiiiaiee) aieaa 10% aeoeee ethaiai aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa, ia?acoaiiai a
ii?yaeea i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai (ioieoeeiaeueiiai)
i?aaei?eyoey. I?iiaaaiaee?oaony oi/ea c?aiey, niaeanii eioi?ie
aoiaeaeaiea a oieaeeiaiaoth eiiiaieth ia?ooaao eioa?anu aeoeeiia?a,
ieaaee?oao aai aeieth.
Oaeea onoaiiaee ia i?eaaoecaoeeth ii/oe iieiinoueth iono?aiytho
ainoaea?noai io ?aaoee?iaaiey e oi?aaeaiey ?acaeoeai i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
iiiu?ytho ae?iaeaiea e eeeaeaeaoeeth e?oiiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiuo eiiieaenia. Iiaeiaiua ii?iaoeaiua
iieiaeaiey, i?aeoeea i?eaaoecaoeee e ia?ano?ieee oi?aaeaiey yaeythony
iaii?aaaeaiiuie e iaiinyo ia?iiiue oua?a. A neiaeeaoeony oneiaeyo a
iniiao i?iaaaeaiey eo?na a yoie iaeanoe aeieaeiu auoue iieiaeaiu
neaaeothuea iai?aaeaiey:
– oi?ie?iaaiea aeoeeiia?iuo oeiainiai-i?iiuoeaiiuo e i?iiuoeaiiuo a?oii
(oieaeeiaiauo eiiiaiee) neaaeoao inouanoaeyoue a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ia
iniiaa nouanoaothueo eiioea?iia, nithcia, annioeeaoeee e eiuo
iauaaeeiaiee i?aaei?eyoee n oai, /oiau ia ?ac?ooaoue oaoiieiae/aneeo,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e oicyenoaaiiuo naycae;
– iaiaoiaeeii niyoue aeanoeea ia?aie/aiey aeiee ainoaea?noaa a onoaaiii
eaieoaea aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa, ia?acothueo oieaeeiaiaua eiiiaiee, ia
aeiioneay i?e yoii eneonoaaiiai, iaiainiiaaiiiai ia?aie/aiey
aiciiaeiinoae ainoaea?noaa i?eieiaoue o/anoea a oi?aaeaiee
i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?iecaiaenoaaii-oicyenoaaiiuie eiiieaenaie iiaiai oeia
e ia iiauo oneiaeyo;
– aaaeii iaania/eaaoue naycue iaaeaeo i?ia?aiiaie i?eaaoecaoeee
i?aaei?eyoee e oeaeyie no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieee yeiiiieee e oeiainiaie
noaaeeecaoeee n o/aoii niaoeeoeee io?aneae e i?aaeinoaaeaieai
ainoaea?noaaiiuo eueaio i?eaaoece?iaaiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi a niioaaonoaee
naeaeoeaiie no?oeoo?iie iieeoeeie.
Aeaaa 2
OAOIEEI-YEIIIIE*ANEAss OA?AEOA?ENOEEA INOAIEEINEIAI CAAIAeA AA?AII*IUO
ECAeAEEE
EIIOeA?IA “IINOEAA”
2.1. ENOI?E*ANEAss NI?AAEA I CAAIAeA
TH?eaee/aneee aae?an caaiaea : a. Iineaa Iai?iaeiue i?iacae, ae.11
Iiuoiue caaiae aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee yaeyaony niaoeeaeece?iaaiiui
i?aaei?eyoeai ii au?aaioea ?acee/iuo ni?oia aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee.
Iino?iai a 1966 aiaeo, caieiaao ieiuaaeue 1,7 aa. Caaiae iniauai 8-th
eiiieaenii- iaoaiece?iaaiiuie iioi/iuie eeieyie:
– 2 eeiee ii auioneo oeaaiuo iaei/ae (Eoaeey).
– 1 eeiey ii au?aaioea ?iaeeia naeiaiuo,
– 5 eeiee ii au?aaioea nooee.
Eiaaony o/anoie ii au?aaioea aeeiiie ioee e iaea?iy i?e aoei/iie N 608.
2.2. I?IECAIAeNOAAIIAss IIUIINOUe CAAIAeA
I?iaiaeece?oai aaeain i?iecaiaenoaaiiie iiuiinoe caaiaea ca aeaa
io/aoiuo aiaea: 1994 e 1995 aiae.
Ia 01.01.1994 i?iecaiaenoaaiay iiuiinoue caaiaea ninoaaeyea 45.3,
oaaee/aiea iiuiinoe i?iecioei ia 5.4 (a iniiaiii ia eeieyo NN 5,6,8 ca
n/ao oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey ia ieo). Oiaiueoaiea iiuiinoe
i?iecioei ia 8.6 a oeaeii ii caaiaeo, a eiaiii: ia eeiee N 5 ca n/ao
auauoey aneaaenoaee aaooinoe e en/a?iaiey caiania ia 5.8; ia eeiee N 6
ia 7.2, a oii /enea ia 1.4 aneaaenoaee eciaiaiey iiiaieeaoo?u
i?iaeoeoeee (oaaee/aiey o?oaeiaieinoe) e ia 5.8 aneaaenoaee auauoey
(aaooinoe, en/a?iaiey caiania); ia eeiee N 8 nieaeaiea iiuiinoe
i?iecioei ia 8.3, a oii /enea ia 2.5 ec-ca eciaiaiey iiiaieeaoo?u
i?iaeoeoeee e ia 5.8 ec-ca auauoey (aaooinoe, en/a?iaiey caiania).
I?iecaiaenoaaiiay iiuiinoue a oeaeii ca aiae ii caaiaeo nieceeanue e
ninoaaeea ia 01.01.95 – 42.1. N?aaeiaaiaeiaay iiuiinoue, aeaenoaiaaaoay
a 1994 aiaeo ninoaaeea 9514.0, auione i?iaeoeoeee (eiee/anoai
ia?a?aaioaiiiai nu?uey) 7459.2, a eniieueciaaiea n?aaeiaaiaeiaie
iiuiinoe a 1994 aiaeo ninoaaeei78.4%.
A 1995 aiaeo iaaethaeaaony aeaeueiaeoay oaiaeaioeey nieaeaiey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie iiuiinoe caaiaea. Oaaee/aiea ca aiae i?iecioei oieueei
ia 0.8 ia eeieyo NN 5,6,8 , a nieceeanue iiuiinoue ii caaiaeo a oeaeii
ia 2.5 ec-ce oaaee/aiey o?oaeiaieinoe. Aneaaenoaee yoiai iiuiinoue
ninoaaeee ia 01.01.96- 40.4. N?aaeiaaiaeiaay iiuiinoue nieceeanue ia
198.2 e ninoaaeea 9315.8, auione i?iaeoeoeee oiaiueoeeny ia 786 e
ninoaaee 6673.2. Eniieueciaaiea n?aaeiaaiaeiaie iiuiinoe a 1995 aiaeo
ninoaaeei 71.6%.
I?iecaiaenoaaiiay iiuiinoue caaiaea ninoaaeyao:
Aa?aii/iua ecaeaeey – 8880 oi.
Iaeeiooo/iua ecaeaeey – 1700 oi.
Aeeiiay ioea – 2110 oi.
Iaea?iy – 350 oi.
EOIAI: 12950 oi.
Eniieueciaaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiie iiuiinoe aeinoeaei 95%. Noaiaiue
iaoaiecaoeee iniiaiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ninoaaeyao 94%, aniiiiaaoaeueiiai
-31.4%, oaeaeueiue aan ?o/iiai o?oaea -17%.
Caaiae ?aaioaao a o?e niaiu, iyoue aeiae a iaaeaeth. No?oeoo?a
i?aaei?eyoey – aanoeaoiaay. 70 % i?iaeoeoeee auioneaaony a oiaeiaaiiii
aeaea. Iniiaiia e aeiiieieoaeueiia nu?uea iinooiaao aanoa?iui niiniaii,
50% i?iaeoeoeee ioi?aaeyaony a eiioaeia?ao. Ia?yaeo n o?aaeeoeeiiiuie
aeaeaie nu?uey i?eiaiyaony aoi?e/iia nu?uea- iiei/iay nuai?ioea.
2.3. NINOAA E NO?OEOO?A IA?NIIAEA, E E?AOEIA IIENAIEA INIIAIIAI
I?IECAIAeNOAAIIIAI IAI?OAeIAAIEss.
Aic?anoiie ninoaa ?aaioathueo ia i?aaei?eyoee io 18-24 eao- 17%, 25-35
eao -33%, 35-50 eao 19%, 50 e noa?oa 31%. N?aaeianieni/iay /eneaiiinoue
?aaioieeia ninoaaeea ca 1994 aiae 354 /aeiaaea, a oii /enea
i?iiuoeaiii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiue ia?niiae 345 /ae., ec ieo ?aai/ea 302
/ae., neoaeauea 43 /ae. (24 ?oeiaiaeeoaey e 17 niaoeeaeenoia). A 1995
aiaeo n?aaeianieni/iay /eneaiiinoue ?aaioieeia ninoaaeea 350 /aeiaae , a
oii /enea 342 /aeiaaea- i?iiuoeaii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiue ia?niiae, ec ieo
299 ?aai/eo e 43 /aeiaaea neoaeauea. A 1995 aiaeo i?eiyoi ia ?aaioo 52
/aeiaaea e auauei 49 /aeiaae (ana ii nianoaaiiiio aeaeaieth).
Ninoaa oiiaea iieaou o?oaea a 1994 aiaeo ninoaaee o ?aai/eo 1076861
oun.?oaeae, o neoaeaueo 304986 oun.?oaeae, A 1995 aiaeo
oiiae ca?aaioiie ieaou oaaee/eeny e ninoaaee o ?aai/eo- 1440872
oun.?oaeae, o neoaeaueo 390220 oun.?oaeae. Ia caaiaea i?iecaiaeeony
auieaoa aiciaa?aaeaeaiee ca auneoao eao, ca noaae ?aaiou ia aeaiiii
i?aaei?eyoee.
Caaiae iinoaaeyao i?iaeoeoeeth ai ana ?aeiiu ai?iaea Iineau e
ianeoaeeaaao aieaa 600 oi?aiauo i?aaei?eyoee.
Iiuoiue caaiae aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee iniauai neaaeothuei iai?oaeiaaieai:
– aeaa eiii?oiua eeiee ii au?aaioea oeaaiuo iaei/ae (?aaioaao n 1979
aiaea a o?e niaiu);
– iyoue eiiieaenii- iaoaiece?iaaiiuo eeiee ii au?aaioea nooae
(ianoaiaea?oiia iai?oaeiaaiea, iai?oaeiaaiea o?ao iaoaiece?iaaiiuo eeiee
?ac?aaioaii caaiaeii);
– eeiey ii aau?aaioea ?iaeeia (ianoaiaea?oiia iai?oaeiaaiea);
– iaoaiece?iaaiiue o/anoie ii au?aaioea aeeiiie ioee (ianoaiaea?oiia
iai?oaeiaaiea).
Nauoa 80% iai?oaeiaaiea caaiaea ianoaiaea?oiia, iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuie
caaiaeaie ia auioneaaony, /oi naea?aeeaaao iaiiaeaiea.
I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea auoa n?aaeiaio?aneaaie a aeaa ?aca,
aunaiaiaeaeaii /eneaiiinoe i?iiuoeaiii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ia?niiaea
aei 30%.
Caaiae iniauai aaoiiaoece?iaaiiui neeaaeii aanoa?iiai o?aiaiey ioee.
Iniiaiia e aeiiieieoaeueiia nu?uea aeinoaaeyaony aanoa?ii.
A oiaea ?aaio i?aaei?eyoey auea i?iaaaeaia ?aeiino?oeoeey o?ao eeiee ii
au?aaioea aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee, /oi iicaieeei ia nouanoaothueo ieiuaaeyo
iaania/eoue ?ino iauaia aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee ia 30% e aunaiaiaeeoue 18
/aeiaae. ?ac?aaioaiu e onoaiiaeaiu o?ainii?oa?u ?acaea/e oanoa ii
aa?aii/iui iaoeiai a 5-oe eeieyo, /oi iicaieeei iaoaiece?iaaoue o?oae 20
?aai/eo. ?ac?aaioai e onoaiiaeai ia iaea?ia iiaue aeaeeoaeue n
iiaaiaoe/aneei iaaiaoaieai oanoa. Ii, ianiio?y ia i?iaeaeaiioth ?aaioo
ii oaoie/aneiio ia?aaii?oaeaieth i?aaei?eyoey, ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi
i?aaei?eyoeth ia oaaoaao nia?aiaiiiai niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey.
A ianoiyua a?aiy i?iaiaeyony iiuoiua ?aaiou ii iaoaiecaoeee ioi?ieaiey
aeieoiaioaoeee e yeniaaeeoeee ia aaca i?eiaiaiey YAI.
Aaaeoony ?aaiou ii nicaeaieth iiaiai ni?oa ecaeaeee- ei?ioeeo oeaaiuo
iaei/ae n eniieueciaaieai i?e eo auionea nouanoaothuaai iai?oaeiaaiey.
A neo/aa auaeaeaiey n??aaenoa ii eiii?oo caaiae ieaie?oao i?iecaanoe
caiaio aeaoo eeiee ii au?aaioea oeaaiuo iaei/ae, eioi?ua ?aaioatho n
o/aoii o?aoniaiiie ?aaiou ii 50 eao. Onoaiiaeoue aeiiieieoaeueii
?anoaniai/ii-oiaeiai/iue aaoiiao aeey ei?ioeeo oeaaiuo iaei/ae,
i?iecaanoe caiaio auoaaeoae ec no?iy eiii?oiie oiaeiai/iie oaoieee.
Ianiio?y ia aieueooth i?iaiaeeioth ?aaioo ii oaoie/aneiio
ia?aaii?oaeaieth i?aaei?eyoey e inaiaiaeaeaiea /eneaiiinoe, caaiae
iinoiyiii eniuouaaao iaaeinoaoie a ?aai/ae neea. I?e/eiie yoiai
yaeyaony: o?aoniaiiue ?aaeei ?aaiou, 75% ?aaioathueo- aeaiueiu,
?aaioathuae iieiaeaaee aei 30 eao- 129 /aeiaae, ec ieo eiatho iaeieaoieo
aeaoae ieieii 100 /aeiaae.
Aeey cae?aieaiey eaae?ia ia caaiaea oaeaeyaony aieiaiea
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie ?aaioa. Eiaaony aeaaiono?iaiiia iauaaeeoea
aeey iaeeii/ae ia 100 iano, iaania/aiu aeaoneeie naaeaie e
ieiia?eaaa?ai, eiaaony noieiaay ia 40 iinaaei/iuo iano, e?aniue oaieie.
I?aaieciaaii ai?y/aa ieoaiea a 3-e niaia, a ii/ioth niaio aanieaoii,
?aaioathuea iaania/eaathony i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuie caeacaie, aeaiueiai,
eiathuei iaeieaoieo aeaoae, i?aaeinoaaeyaony a?aoee ?aaiou n iaiieiui
?aai/ei aeiai, iieiaeai naiueyi auaeaeythony nnoaeu. Nioeeaeueiiai
?acaeoey, ioaa/athuaai nia?aiaiiui o?aaiaaieyi, eieeaeoea ia eiaao ii
i?e/eia ieceiai ii?iaoeaa io/eneaiee a oiiae nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey io
i?eauee.
Io/eneyaony 1.5 %, ec eioi?uo aieueoay /anoue eaeao ia ieiia?eaaa?ue,
aeioaoeeth ia ai?y/aa ieoaiea ii/iie niaiu e aeinoaaeo ?aaioathueo aei
iauaaeeoey e ia?aoii.
I?iaiaeeony ?aaioa ii oi?ie?iaaieth ?aca?aia ia ?oeiaiaeyuea
aeieaeiinoe ia auaeaeaeaiea. Iao/aiea ?aca?aa ?oeiaiaeyueo ?aaioieeia
i?ioiaeeo a o/aaii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiii eiiaeiaoa i?e i?iecaiaenoaaiiii
iauaaeeiaiee Iinai?oeaai?ii. Eeoea, ca/eneaiiua a ?aca?a ia
auaeaeaeaiea, iinoiyiii o/anoaotho a ?aaioa iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo
niaauaiee, naieia?ia, eiioa?aioeee aeey iciaeiieaieyie n iiaaeoeie
aeinoeaeaieyie iaoee e oaoieee.
Caaiae i?aeoe/anee ia eiaao aeeeuey, ieceee ii?iaoeaiue o?iaaiue
io/eneaiee io i?eauee a oiiae nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey. Yoi ia aeaao
aiciiaeiinoe i?eieiaoue o/anoea a aeieaaii no?ieoaeuenoaa.
2.4. NO?OEOO?A OI?AAEAIEss CAAIAeII
Noaia oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii Inoaieeineiai caaiaea aa?aii/iuo
ecaeaeee i?aaenoaaeaia ia noaia ?1.
Noaia ? 1.
N O A I A O I ? A A E A I E ss I ? I E C A I Ae N O A I I I C A E
Aee?aeoi?
Caianoeoaeue aee?aeoi?a
Ieaiiaue ioaeae
Ioaeae eaae?ia
Aeaaiue eiaeaia?
Ioaeae o?oaea
Iauaaeeoea
Ia/aeueiee ION
Nauo yeniaaee- oeey
EA
I?ieca. eaai?aoi?ey
Eiaeaia? ii oao.aac-oe
Iao.neeaae
Neeaae nu?uey
Aeaaiue iaoaiee
Aeaaiue iao?ieia
Caaaae. i?iecaiaenoaii
Aeaaiue yia?aaoee
Iaoaie/. ianoa?neay
Ia/-iee INO caaiaea
Eioaeueiay
Iauea oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee caaiaea i?eaaaeaiu a oaaeeoea ?1.
Oaaeeoea ?1
Iniiaiua oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee
Inoaieeineiai caaiaea aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee
ca 1994-1995 aiaeu
Iiia? Iieacaoaee 1994 aiae 1995 aiae 1995 e 1994 a %
1 I?iecaiaenoaaiiay iiuiinoue (oiii/aiae) 9,514
9,315.8 97.9%
2 Auione i?iaeoeoeee 7,459 6,673 89.5%
3 Eiyooeoeeaio eniieueciaaiey i?ieca. iiuiinoe 78.4
71.6 91.3%
4 Iauai i?iaeaae (iei.?oa) 10,183 32,905 323.1%
5 Iniiaiua i?ieca. oiiaeu 748 3,629 485.2%
6 Iauai i?iaeaae ia ?oaeue noieiinoe ini. oiiaeia 13,614
9,067 66.6%
7 *eneaiiinoue ?aaioathueo (/ae.) 354 350
98.9%
8 Iauai i?iaeaae ia iaeiiai ?aaioathuaai (oun.?oa) 28,766
94,014 326.8%
9 Iai?aaeaii ia iieaoo o?oaea (oun.?oa) 1,401,041 1,898,389
135.5%
10 N?aaeiaiany/iay iieaoa o?oaea (?oa) 329,812 451,997
137.0%
11 Iieiay naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee (oun.?oa) 6,143,000
20,255,188 329.7%
12 Aaeainiaay i?eaueue (oun.?oa) 2,697,535 8,954,965 332.0%
13 I?eaueue io i?iaeaae 2,771,000 9,165,992 330.8%
14 Cao?aou ia ?oaeue iauaia i?iaeaae 0.60 0.62
102.0%
15 ?aioaaaeueiinoue i?iaeoeoeee a oeaeii % 27.2% 27.9% 102.4%
Aeaaa 3
OeAEE E CIA*AIEA OEIAINIAIAI AIAEECA
3.1. CIA*AIEA E ENOI*IEEE EIOI?IAOeEE AeEss OEIAINIAIAI AIAEECA.
Oeiainiaue aiaeec yaeyaony nouanoaaiiui yeaiaioii oeiainiaiai
iaiaaeaeiaioa e aoaeeoa, I?aeoe/anee ana iieueciaaoaee oeiainiauo
io/aoia i?aaei?eyoee eniieuecotho iaoiaeu oeiainiaiai aiaeeca aeey
i?eiyoey ?aoaiee ii iioeiecaoeee naieo eioa?ania.
Nianoaaiieee aiaeece?otho oeiainiaua io/aou aeey iiauoaiey aeioiaeiinoe
eaieoaea, iaania/aiey noaaeeueiinoe iiauoaiey oe?iu. E?aaeeoi?u e
eiaanoi?u aiaeece?otho oeiainiaua io/aou, /oiau ieieiece?iaaoue naie
?enee ii caeiai e aeeaaeai. Iiaeii oaa?aei aiai?eoue, /oi ea/anoai
i?eieiaaiuo ?aoaiee oeaeeeii caaeneo io ea/anoaa aiaeeoe/aneiai
iainiiaaiey ?aoaiey. A iineaaeiea aiaeu iiyaeeinue aeinoaoi/ii iiiai
na?ueaciuo e aeooaeueiuo ioaeeeaoeee, iinayuaiiuo oeiainiaiio aiaeeco.
Aeoeaii inaaeaaaony ca?oaaaeiue iiuo oeiainiaiai aiaeeca e oi?aaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoeyie, aaieaie, no?aoiauie i?aaiecaoeeyie e o.ae. Aianoa n oai
neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iaee/ea aieueoiai /enea eioa?aniuo e
i?eaeiaeueiuo ecaeaiee ii ?acee/iui aniaeoai oeiainiaiai aiaeeca ia
nieaeaao iio?aaiinoe e ni?ina ia niaoeeaeueioth iaoiaee/aneoth
eeoa?aoo?o, a eioi?ie iineaaeiaaoaeueii, oaa ca oaaii aini?iecaiaeeeanue
au eiiieaeniay eiae/anee oeaeinoiay i?ioeaaeo?a oeiainiaiai aiaeeca.
Aaaaeaiea iiaiai ieaia n/aoia aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa, i?eaaaeaiea oi?i
aooaaeoa?neie io/aoiinoe a aieueoaa niioaaonoaea n o?aaiaaieyie
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo noaiaea?oia aucuaaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue eniieueciaaiey
iiaie iaoiaeeee oeiainiaiai aiaeeca, niioaaonoaothuae oneiaeyi ?uii/iie
yeiiiieee. Oaeay iaoiaeeea ioaeia aeey iainiiaaiiiai auai?a aeaeiaiai
ia?oia?a, ii?aaeaeaiey noaiaie oeiainiaie onoie/eainoe i?aaei?eyoey,
ioeaiee aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe e yooaeoeaiinoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iniiaiui (a a ?yaea neo/aaa e aaeeinoaaiiui) enoi/ieeii eioi?iaoeee i
oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoe aeaeiaiai ia?oia?a yaeyaony aooaaeoa?neay
io/aoiinoue, eioi?ay noaea ioaee/iie. Io/aoiinoue i?aaei?eyoey a
?uii/iie yeiiiieea aace?oaony ia iaiauaiee aeaiiuo oeiainiaiai o/aoa e
yaeyaony eioi?iaoeeiiiui caaiii, naycuaathuei i?aaei?eyoea n iauanoaii e
aeaeiauie ia?oia?aie- iieueciaaoaeyie eioi?iaoeee i aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey.
Noauaeoaie aiaeeca aunooiaao, eae iaiin?aaenoaaiii, oae e
iiin?aaeiaaiii, caeioa?aniaaiiua a aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoeyy
iieueciaaoaee eioi?iaoeee. E ia?aie a?oiia iieueciaaoaeae ioiinyony
nianoaaiieee n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoey, caeiiaeaaoeu (aaiee e ae?.),
iinoaaueee, eeeaiou (iieoiaoaee), iaeiaiaua i?aaiu, ia?niiae
i?aaei?eyoey e ?oeiaiaenoai. Eaaeaeue noauaeo aiaeeca eco/aao
eioi?iaoeeth enoiaey ec naieo eioa?ania. Oae, nianoaaiieeai iaiaoiaeeii
ii?aaeaeeoue oaaee/aiea eee oiaiueoaiea aeiee nianoaaiiiai eaieoaea e
ioeaieoue yooaeoeaiinoue eniieueciaaiey ?ano?nia aaeieieno?aoeeae
i?aaei?eyoey; e?aaeeoi?ai e iinoaaueeai- oeaeaniia?aciinoue i?iaeeaiey
e?aaeeoa, oneiaey e?aaeeoiaaiey, aa?aioee aica?aoa e?aaeeoa;
iioaioeeaeueiui nianoaaiieeai e e?aaeeoi?ai- auaiaeiinoue iiiauaiey a
i?aaei?eyoea naieo eaieoaeia e o.ae. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi oieueei
?oeiaiaenoai (aaeieieno?aoeey) i?aaei?eyoey iiaeao oaeoaeoue aiaeec
io/aoiinoe, eniieuecoy aeaiiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai o/aoa a ?aieao
oi?aaeai/aneiai aiaeeca, i?iaiaeeiiai aeey oeaeae oi?aaeaiey.
Aoi?ay a?oiia iieueciaaoaeae oeiainiaie io/aoiinoe- yoi noauaeou
aiaeeca, eioi?ua oioy iaiino?aaenoaaiii e ia caeioa?aniaaiu a
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey, ii aeieaeiu ii aeiaiai?o caueuaoue ia?aie
a?oiiu iieueciaaoaeae io/aoiinoe. Yoi aoaeeoi?neea oe?iu, eiinoeueoaiou,
ae?aee th?enou, i?anna, annioeeaoeee, i?ionithcu.
A ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo aeey ?aaeecaoeee oeaeae oeiainiaiai aiaeeca
auaaao iaaeinoaoi/ii eniieueciaaoue eeoue aooaaeoa?neoth io/aoiinoue.
Ioaeaeueiua a?oiiu iieueciaaoaeae, iai?eia? ?oeiaiaenoai e aoaeeoi?u,
eiatho aiciiaeiinoue i?eaeaeaoue aeiiieieoaeueiua enoi/ieee (aeaiiua
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e oeiainiaiai o/aoa). Oai ia iaiaa /aua anaai
aiaeiaay e eaa?oaeueiay io/aoiinoue yaeythony aaeeinoaaiiui enoi/ieeii
aiaoiaai oeiainiaiai aiaeeca.
Iaoiaeeea oeiainiaiai aiaeeca ninoieo ec o?ao acaeiinaycaiiuo aeieia:
1. aiaeeca oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoia aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey;
2. aiaeeca oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey;
3. aiaeeca yooaeoeaiinoe oeiainiai-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iniiaiui enoi/ieeii eioi?iaoeee aeey aiaeeca oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey
neoaeeo aooaaeoa?neee aaeain i?aaei?eyoey (oi?ia N1 aiaeiaie e
eaa?oaeueiie io/aoiinoe). Aai cia/aiea ianoieueei aaeeei, /oi aiaeec
oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey ia?aaeei iacuaatho aiaeecii aaeaina. Enoi/ieeii
aeaiiuo aeey aiaeeca oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoia yaeyaony io/ao i oeiainiauo
?acoeueoaoao e eo eniieueciaaiee (oi?ia N 2 aiaeiaie e eaa?oaeueiie
io/aoiinoe). Enoi/ieeii aeiiieieoaeueiie eioi?iaoeee aeey eaaeaeiai ec
aeieia oeiainiaiai aiaeeca neoaeeo i?eeiaeaiea e aaeaino (oi?ia N 5
aiaeiaie io/aoiinoe). Oeacaiiua oi?io ooaa?aeaeaiu aeey aiaeiaiai
aooaaeoa?neiai io/aoa ca 1994 aiae, a oi?ia N1 e N2- e aeey eaa?oaeueiie
io/aoiinoe 1995 aiaea. Ianeieueei eiay io/aoiinoue ooaa?aeaeaia aeey
i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo oe?i.
Iniau oi?iu i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey io/aoiinoe aaieia, no?aoiauo eiiiaiee,
athaeaeaoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee, eiaanoeoeeiiiuo oiiaeia.
3.2. OeAEE E IAOIAeU OEIAINIAIAI AIAEECA
Iniiaiie oeaeueth oeiainiaiai aiaeeca yaeyaony iieo/aiea iaaieueoiai
/enea eeth/aauo (iaeaieaa eioi?iaoeaiuo) ia?aiao?ia, aeathueo
iauaeoeaioth e oi/ioth ea?oeio oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey i?aaei?eyoey, aai
i?eaueae e oauoeia, eciaiaiee a no?oeoo?a aeoeaia e ianneaia, a ?an/aoao
n aeaaeoi?aie e e?aaeeoi?aie. i?e yoii aiaeeoeea e oi?aaeythuaai
(iaiaaeaea?a) iiaeao eioa?aniaaoue eae oaeouaa oeiainiaia ninoiyiea
i?aaei?eyoey, oae e aai i?iaeoeey ia aeeaeaeooth eee aieaa ioaeaeaiioth
ia?niaeoeao, o.a. iaeeaeaaiua ia?aiao?u oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey.
Ii ia oieueei a?aiaiiua a?aieoeu ii?aaeaeytho aeueoa?iaoeaiinoue oeaeae
oeiainiaiai aiaeeca. Iie caaenyo oaeaea io oeaeae noauaeoia oeiainiaiai
aiaeeca, o.a. eiie?aoiuo iieueciaaoaeae oeiainiaie eioi?iaoeee.
Oeaee aiaeeca aeinoeaathony a ?acoeueoaoa ?aoaiey ii?aaeaeaiiiai
acaeiinaycaiiiai iaai?a aiaeeoe/aneeo caaea/. Aiaeeoe/aneay caaea/a
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eiie?aoecaoeeth oeaeae aiaeeca n o/aoii
i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo, eioi?iaoeeiiiuo, oaoie/aneeo e iaoiaee/aneeo
aiciiaeiinoae i?iaaaeaiey aiaeeca. Iniiaiui oaeoi?ii a eiia/iii n/aoa
yaeyaony iauai e ea/anoai enoiaeiie eioi?iaoeee. I?e yoii iaaei eiaoue a
aeaeo, /oi ia?eiaee/aneay aooaaeoa?neay eee oeiainiaay io/aoiinoue
i?aaei?eyoey -yoi eeoue “nu?ay eioi?iaoeey”, iiaeaioiaeaiiay a oiaea
auiieiaiey ia i?aaei?eyoee o/aoiuo i?ioeaaeo?.
*oiau i?eieiaoue ?aoaiey ii oi?aaeaieth a iaeanoe i?iecaiaenoaa, nauoa,
oeiainia, eiaanoeoeee e iiaiaaaaeaiee ?oeiaiaenoao ioaeia iinoiyiiay
aeaeiaay inaaaeiieaiiinoue ii niioaaonoaothuei aii?inai, eioi?ay
yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii ioai?a,aiaeeca, ioeaiee e eiioeaio?aoeee enoiaeiie
nu?ie eioi?iaoeee. iaiaoiaeeii aiaeeoe/aneia i?i/oaiea enoiaeiuo aeaiiuo
enoiaey ec oeaeae aiaeeca e oi?aaeaiey.
Iniiaiie i?eioeei aiaeeoe/aneiai /oaiey oeiainiauo io/aoia- yoi
aeaaeoeoeaiue iaoiae, o.a. io iauaai e /anoiiio, Ii ii aeieaeai
i?eiaiyoueny iiiaie?aoii. A oiaea oaeiai aiaeeca eae au aini?iecaiaeeony
enoi?e/aneay e eiae/aneay iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue oicyenoaaiuo oaeoia e
niauoee, iai?aaeaiiinoue e neea aeeyiey eo ia ?acoeueoaou
aeayoaeueiinoe.
I?aeoeea oeiainiaiai aiaeeca oaea au?aaioaea iniiaiua i?aaeea /oaiey
(iaoiaeeeo aiaeeca) oeiainiauo io/aoia. N?aaee ieo iiaeii auaeaeeoue 6
iniiaiuo iaiaeia:
ai?eciioaeueiue (a?aiaiie) aiaeec – n?aaiaiea eaaeaeie iiceoeee
io/aoiinoe n i?aaeuaeouei ia?eiaeii;
aa?oeeaeueiue (no?oeoo?iue) aiaeec – ii?aaeaeaiea no?oeoo?u eoiaiauo
oeiainiauo iieacaoaeae n auyaeaieai aeeyiey eaaeaeie iiceoeee io/aoiinoe
ia ?acoeueoao a oeaeii;
o?aiaeiaue aiaeec – n?aaiaiea eaaeaeie iiceoeee io/aoiinoe n ?yaeii
i?aaeoanoaothueo ia?eiaeia e ii?aaeaeaiea o?aiaea, o.a iniiaiie
oaiaeaioeee aeeiaieee iieacaoaey, i/euaiiie io neo/aeiuo aeeyiee e
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae ioaeaeueiuo ia?eiaeia. N iiiiuueth
o?aiaea oi?ie?otho aiciiaeiua cia/aiey iieacaoaeae a aoaeouai, a
neaaeiaaoaeueii, aaaeaony ia?niaeoeaiue i?iaiiciue aiaeec;
aiaeec ioiineoaeueiuo iieacaoaeae (eiyooeoeeaioia) – ?an/ao ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie iiceoeeyie io/aoa eee iiceoeeyie ?aciuo oi?i
io/aoiinoe, ii?aaeaeaiea acaeiinaycae iieacaoaeae;
n?aaieoaeueiue (i?ino?ainoaaiiue) aiaeec – yoi eae aioo?eoicyenoaaiiue
aiaeec naiaeiuo iieacaoaeae io/aoiinoe ii ioaeaeueiui iieacaoaeyi oe?iu,
aei/a?ieo oe?i, iiae?acaeaeaiee, oeaoia, oae e iaaeoicyenoaaiiue aiaeec
iieacaoaeae aeaiiie oe?iu n iieacaoaeyie eiieo?aioia, ni
n?aaeiaio?aneaauie e n?aaeieie oicyenoaaiiuie aeaiiuie;
oaeoi?iue aiaeec – aiaeec aeeyiey ioaeaeueiuo oaeoi?ia (i?e/ei) ia
?acoeueoaoeaiue iieacaoaeue n iiiiuueth aeaoa?ieie?iaaiiuo eee
noioanoe/aneeo i?eaiia enneaaeiaaiey. I?e/ai oaeoi?iue aiaeec iiaeao
auoue eae i?yiui (nianoaaiii aiaeec), eiaaea ae?iayo ia ninoaaiua /anoe,
oae e ia?aoiui (neioac), eiaaea aai ioaeaeueiua yeaiaiou niaaeeiytho a
iauee ?acoeueoaoeaiue iieacaoaeue.
3.3.NIAeA?AEAIEA OEIAINIAIAI AIAEECA
Oeiainiaue aiaeec yaeyaony /anoueth iauaai, iieiiai aiaeeca
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ue ninoieo ec aeaoo oanii
acaeiinaycaiiuo ?acaeaeia: oeiainiaiai aiaeeca e i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
oi?aaeai/aneiai aiaeeca (noaia 2).
?acaeaeaiea aiaeeca ia oeiainiaue e oi?aaeai/aneee iaoneiaeaiii
neiaeeaoeiny ia i?aeoeea ?acaeaeaieai nenoaiu aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa a
ianooaaa i?aaei?eyoey ia oeiainiaue o/ao e oi?aaeai/aneee o/ao. Oaeia
?acaeaeaiea aiaeeca ianeieueei oneiaii, iioiio /oi aioo?aiiee aiaeec
iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae i?iaeieaeaiea aiaoiaai aiaeeca e iaiai?io. A
eioa?anao aeaea iaa aeaea aiaeecaiiaeieouaatho ae?oa ae?oaa
eioi?iaoeeae.
Iniaaiiinoyie aiaoiaai oeiainiaiai aiaeeca yaeythony:
– iiiaeanoaaiiinoue noauaeoia aiaeeca, iieueciaaoaeae eioi?iaoeee i
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey;
– ?aciiia?acea oeaeae e eioa?ania noauaeoia aiaeeca;
– iaee/ea oeiiauo iaoiaeee aiaeeca, noaiaea?oia o/aoa e io/aoiinoe;
– i?eaioaoeey aiaeeca oieueei ia ioaee/ioth, aiaoithth io/aoiinoue
i?aaei?eyoey;
– ia?aie/aiinoue caaea/ aiaeeca eae neaaenoaea i?aaeuaeouaai oaeoi?a;
– iaeneiaeueiay ioe?uoinoue ?acoeueoaoia aiaeeca aeey iieueciaaoaeae
eioi?iaoeee i aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey.
Oeiainiaue aiaeec, iniiauaathueeny ia aeaiiuo oieueei aooaaeoa?neie
io/aoiinoe, i?eia?aoaao oa?aeoa? aiaoiaai aiaeeca, o.a. aiaeeca,
i?iaiaeeiiai ca i?aaeaeaie i?aaei?eyoey aai caeioa?aniaaiiuie
eiio?aaaioaie, nianoaaiieeaie eee ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie. Yoio
aiaeec ia iniiaa oieueei io/aoiuo aeaiiuo, eioi?ua niaea?aeao eeoue
aanueia ia?aie/aiioth /anoue eioi?iaoeee i aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey,
ia iicaieyao ?ane?uoue anao nae?aoia oniaoa oe?iu.
Iniiaiia niaea?aeaiea aiaoiaai oeiainiaiai aiaeeca, inouanoaeyaiiai
ia?oia?aiei?aaei?eyoey ii aeaiiui ioaee/iie oeiainiaie io/aoiinoe,
ninoaaeytho:
– aiaeec aaniethoiuo iieacaoaeae i?eauee;
– aiaeec ioiineoaeueiuo iieacaoaeae ?aioaaaeueiinoe;
– aiaeec oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey, ?uii/iie onoie/eainoe, eeeaeaeiinoe
aaeaina, ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe i?aaei?eyoey;
– aiaeec yooaeoeaiinoe eniieueciaaiey caaiiiai eaieoaea;
– yeiiiie/aneay aeeaaiinoeea oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey i?aaei?eyoey e
?aeoeiaiaay ioeaiea yieoaioia.
Nouanoaoao iiiaiia?aciay yeiiiie/aneay eioi?iaoeey i aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee e iiiaeanoai niiniaia aiaeeca yoie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Oeiainiaue aiaeec ii aeaiiui oeiainiaie io/aoiinoe iacuaatho
eeanne/aneei niiniaii aiaeeca. Aioo?eoicyenoaaiiue oeiainiaue aiaeec
eniieuecoao a ea/anoaa enoi/ieea eioi?iaoeee e ae?oaea aeaiua nenoaiiiai
aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa, aeaiiua i oaoie/aneie iiaeaioiaea i?iecaiaenoaa,
ii?iaoeaioth e ieaiiaoth eioi?iaoeeth e i?.
Iniiaiia niaea?aeaiea aioo?eoicyenoaaiiiai oeiainiaiai aiaeeca iiaeao
auoue aeiiieiaii e ae?oaeie aniaeoaie, eiathueie cia/aiea aeey
iioeiecaoeee oi?aaeaiey, iai?eia? oaeeie, eae aiaeec yooaeoeaiinoe
aaaine?iaaiey eaieoaea, aiaeec acaeiinayce ecaea?aeae, iai?ioa e
i?eauee. A nenoaia aioo?eoicyenoaaiiiai oi?aaeai/aneiai aiaeeca anoue
aiciiaeiinoue oaeoaeaiey oeiainiaiai aiaeeca ca n/ao i?eaea/aiey
aeaiiuo- oi?aaeai/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai o/aoa, eiuie neiaaie,
eiaaony aiciiaeiinoue i?iaaaeaiey eiiieaeniiai yeiiiie/aneiai aiaeeca e
ioeaiee yooaeoeaiinoe oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aii?inu oeiainiaiai
e i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai aiaeeca acaeiinaycaiu i?e iainiiaaiee
aecianieaiia, i?e eiio?iea ca eo ?aaeecaoeeae, a nenoaia ia?eaoeiaa,
o.a. a nenoaia oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii e ?aaeecaoeeae i?iaeoeoeee,
?aaio e oneoa, i?eaioe?iaaiiie ia ?uiie.
Iniaaiiinoyie oi?aeai/aneiai aiaeeca yaeythony:
– i?eaioaoeey ?acoeueoaoia aiaeeca ia naia ?oeiaiaenoai;
– eniieueciaaiea anao enoi/ieeia eioi?iaoeee aeey aiaeeca;
– ionoonoaea ?aaeaiaioaoeee aiaeeca ni noi?iiu;
– eiiieaeniinoue aiaeeca, eco/aiea anao noi?ii aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey;
– eioaa?aoeey o/aoa, aiaeeca, ieaie?iaaiey e i?eiyoey ?aoaiey;
– iaeneiaeueiay cae?uoinoue ?acoeueoaoia aiaeeca a oeaeyo nio?aiaiey
eiiia?/aneie oaeiu.
Noaia ?2
I?eia?iay noaia oeiainiaiai e oi?aaeai/aneiai aiaeeca
Aiaeec oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
Oeiainiaue aiaeec
Oi?aaeai/aneee aiaeec
Aiaoiee oeiainiaue aiaeec ii aeaiiui ioaee/iie oeiainiaie
(aooaaeoa?neie) io/aoiinoe
Aioo?eoicyenoaaiiue oeiainiaue aiaeec ii aeaiiui aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa e
io/aoiinoe
Aioo?eoicyenoaaiiue i?iecaiaenoaaiiue aiaeec ii aeaiiui oi?aaeai/aneiai
o/aoa
Aeaaa 4
AIAEEC INIIAIUO IIEACAOAEAE, OA?AEOA?ECOTHUEO OEIAINIAI – YEIIIIE*ANEIA
INOAIEEINEIAI CAAIAeA AA?AII*IUO ECAeAEEE
4.1. IO?AAEAIEA OEIAINIAUO ?ACOEUeOAOIA A AOOAAEOA?NEII O*AOA
Oeiainiaue ?acoeueoao – eiia/iue yeiiiie/aneee eoia oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey, au?aaeaiiue a oi?ia i?eauee. I?eaueue –
aaaeiaeoee iieacaoaeue, oa?aeoa?ecothuee aeayoaeueiinoue anaai
eieeaeoeaa i?aaei?eyoey.
Ia i?iuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo i?eaueue ia?acoaony aeaaiui ia?acii a
i?ioeanna ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee eae ?acieoea iaaeaeo au?o/eie io
?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee e iieiie oaeoe/aneie naaanoieiinoueth aeaiiie
?aaeeciaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee e noiiie IAeN e aeoeeca (anee i?iaeoeoeey
i?aaei?eyoey yaeyaony iiaeaeoeeciie). Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a iniiaa
oic?an/aoiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey eaaeeo i?eaueue. Iia auiieiyao
aeaa aaaeiaeoea ooieoeee:
1) oa?aeoa?ecoao eiia/iua oeiainiaua ?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey, ?acia? aai aeaiaaeiuo iaeiieaiee. Aaee/eia i?eauee
caaeneo: io iauaia ?aaeeciaaiii e i?iaeoeoeee, io ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee
(iiiu?eoaeueiua iaaeaaaee), io ?aoeeiiaeueiiai e yooaeoeaiiai
eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia, iaoa?eaeueiuo e o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia
(nieaeaiea naaanoieiinoe), io ea/anoaa ?aaiou i?aaei?eyoey (auiieiaiea
iaycaoaeuenoa ia?aae iinoaaueeaie, iieoiaoaeyie, aaieii);
2) i?eaueue yaeyaony aeaaiui enoi/ieeii oeiaine?iaaiey cao?ao ia
i?iecaiaenoaaiiia e nioeeaeueiia ?acaeoea i?aaei?eyoey, a ieaoaaee a
athaeaeao ec i?eauee – aaaeiaeoei yeaiaioii aeioiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai
athaeaeaoa.
Yoi cia/eo, /oi aeioiaeu i?aaei?eyoey aeieaeiu oaeiaeaoai?youe ia
oieueei aai oeiainiaua iio?aaiinoe, ii e iio?aaiinoe ainoaea?noaa ia
oeiaine?iaaiea iauanoaaiiuo oiiaeia iio?aaeaiey, ?acaeoea iaoee,
cae?aaiio?aiaiey, ia?aciaaiey, iai?iiu no?aiu.
Eniieuecoaony i?eaueue /a?ac ca?aiaa onoaiiaeaiiua noaaee, aeaaiaea?y
/aio e aicieeatho oeiainiaua ioiioaiey i?aaei?eyoey:
1) n athaeaeaoii;
2) n o/?aaeeoaeyie.
A ?acoeueoaoa i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoea
iieo/aao oaeaea aia?aaeecaoeeiiiua aeioiaeu e ianao iioa?e,
oiaiueoathuea eee oaaee/eaathuea i?eaueue.
E aia?aaeecaoeeiiiui aeioiaeai, iioa?yi e ?anoiaea, ia aeeth/aaiuia
naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee, ioiinyony i?eaueue io yenieoaoaoeee aeeeeuii
– eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa, oauoee io nienaiey aeieaia ca
aaciaaeaaeiinoueth e enoa/aieai n?ieia eneiaie aeaaiinoe, oauoee io
noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee e ae?. Oaeei ia?acii, oeiainiaue ?acoeueoao
i?aaei?eyoey aeaeeony ia ?aaeecaoeeiiiue e aia?aaeecaoeeiiiue.
?aaeecaoeeiiiue oeiainiaue ?acoeueoao ieaie?oaony e o/eouaaaony ia n/aoa
46 “?aaeecaoeey i?iaeoeoeee” ii iai?aaeaieyi ?aaeecaoeee, aeaeai eee
a?oiiai ?aaeecoaiie i?iaeoeoeee e o.i. A iineaaeothuai ?aaeecaoeeiiiue
oeiainiaue ?acoeueoao ia?a/eneyaony ni n/aoa 46 ia n/ao 80 “I?eauee e
oauoee”.
Aia?aaeecaoeeiiiua aeioiaeu e iioa?e o/eouaathony iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia
n/aoa 80. Ii ia?a aicieeiiaaiey iie caienuaathony a aeaaao eee e?aaeeo
yoiai n/aoa a ei??aniiiaeaioeee ni n/aoaie 51, 76, 29 e ae?. I?e yoii
aiaeeoe/aneee o/ao aia?aaeecaoeeiiiuo aeioiaeia e iioa?ue i?aaiecoaony
ii noaoueyi, onoaiiaeaiiui io/aoiinoueth.
Oaeei ia?acii, oeiainiaua ?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey
o/eouaathony ia aeoeaii-ianneaiii n/aoa 80. Ii aeaaaoo n/aoa
caienuaathony oauoee e iioa?e, ii e?aaeeoo – i?eaueue e aeioiaeu.
Naeueaei eae ?acieoea iaaeaeo noiiaie iai?ioia iiaeao auoue aeaaaoiaui
(eiia/iue oeiainiaue ?acoeueoao – oauoie) eee e?aaeeoiaui (/enoay
i?eaueue). A aaeaina naeueaei caienuaaaony a aeoea (oauoie) eee a iannea
(i?eaueue).
Neioaoe/aneee e aiaeeoe/aneee o/ao ii n/aoo 80 inouanoaeyaony a
aeo?iaea-i?aea?a ?15. Iniiaaieai aeey caiieiaiey yoiai aeo?iaea neoaeao
ni?aaee aooaaeoa?ee, aaieianeee auienee n ?an/aoiiai e ae?oaeo n/aoia e
ae?.
Iai?iou ii aeaaaoo e e?aaeeoo n/aoa 80 a aeo?iaea i?aea?a ?15
caienuaathony eae ca io/aoiue ianyoe, oae e n ia/aea aiaea ia?anoathuei
eoiaii a ?ac?aca noaoae aiaeeoe/aneiai o/aoa. Ii ieii/aiee eaa?oaea e
aiaea iieacaoaee aeo?iaea-i?aea?a neoaeao iniiaaieai aeey caiieiaiey
oi?iu aiaeiaiai eee eaa?oaeueiiai io/aoa. A oa/aiea io/aoiiai aiaea
i?aaei?eyoey eniieuecotho i?eaueue ia ?acee/iua oeaee, /oi e iacuaaaony
ioaea/aieai n?aaenoa. Ioaea/aiiua n?aaenoaa ia o/anoaotho a iniiaiie
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey. *a?ac ioaea/aiiua n?aaenoaa
i?aaei?eyoea auiieiyao naie iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?aae athaeaeaoii, aaieii,
auoanoiyueie i?aaiaie, ?aai/eie e neoaeaueie; i?iecaiaeeo
?aeiino?oeoeeth e iaiiaeaiea iniiaiuo n?aaenoa; aaaeao aeeeeuiia
no?ieoaeuenoai, no?ieoaeuenoai aeaoneeo o/?aaeaeaiee e ae?.
Iacaaeneii io oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoey ieaoyo iaeia ia i?eaueue.
Inoaieeineee caaiae aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee, eae i?aaei?eyoea oeaaiie
io?anee, inaiaiaeaeai io oieaou iaeiaa a ianoiue athaeaeao, e ieaoeo n
i?eauee oieueei oaaea?aeueiue iaeia.
Iiaeeaaeeo iaeiaeaieth iaeiaii i?eaueue, iieo/aiiay io ?aaeecaoeee
i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio, oneoa, e eiuo iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae, eae ?acieoea
iaaeaeo au?o/eie io ?aaeecaoeee e noiiie ?anoiaeia eee naaanoieiinoueth
?aaeeciaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee , ?aaio, oneoa, iaoa?eaeia;
naeueaei aia?aaeecaoeeiiiuo aeioiaeia (?anoiaeia). Nthaea aeeth/athony
naieoeee: aciinu a athaeaeao i?eauee, iieo/aiiie a ?acoeueoaoa
ianiaethaeaiey noaiaea?oia e oaoie/aneeo oneiaee; i?eauee, iieo/aiiie a
?acoeueoaoa ia?ooaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie aeenoeeieeiu oeai; oo?aou a
?acia?a iacaeiiii iieo/aiiie i?eauee, a oaeaea oeiainiaua naieoeee,
acuneeaaaiua iaeiaiauie i?aaiaie. Ana iie iiaaoathony ca n/ao i?eauee,
inoathuaeny a ?anii?yaeaiee i?aaei?eyoey, iiyoiio iaeaaathony iaeiaii.
Ia noiio iaeiaa ia i?eaueue a aooaaeoa?ee aeaeaaony caienue:
Ae-o n/. 81 “Eniieueciaaiea i?eauee”
E-o n/. 68 “?an/aou n athaeaeaoii”
Ii ia?a ia?a/eneaiey noii iaeiaa aooaaeoa?ey i?iecaiaeeo caienue:
Ae-o n/. 68 “?an/aou n athaeaeaoii”
E-o n/. 51 “?an/aoiue n/ao”.
4.2. AIAEEC IEAOAAEANIINIAIINOE E EEEAEAeIINOE I?AAeI?EssOEss.
4.2.1. I?aaeaa?eoaeueiay ioeaiea ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe e eeeaeaeiinoe.
I?aaeaa?eoaeueiay ioeaiea oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey
inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaaiee aeaiiuo aooaaeoa?neiai aaeaina, “Io/aoa i
oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoao e eo eniieueciaaiee “, a oaeaea ” I?eeiaeaiey e
aaeaino i?aaei?eyoey “.
Ia aeaiiie noaaeee aiaeeca oi?ie?oaony ia?aiia/aeueiia i?aaenoaaeaiea i
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey, auyaeythony eciaiaiey a ninoaaa eiouanoaa
i?aaei?eyoey e eo enoi/ieeao, onoaiaaeeaathony acaeiinayce iaaeaeo
iieacaoaeyie.
Aeey oaeianoaa i?iaaaeaiey oaeiai aiaeeca oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue
oae iacuaaaiue oieioiaiiue aiaeeoe/aneee aaeain – iaooi, oi?ie?othuaany
iooai neiaeaiey iaeii?iaeiuo ii naiaio ninoaao yeaiaioia aaeainiauo
noaoae a iaiaoiaeeiuo aiaeeoe/aneeo ?ac?acao (iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai,
oaeouea aeoeau e o. ae.), eae yoi iieacaii ia oaaeeoea:
Oaaeeoea ?2
Oieioiaiiue aiaeeoe/aneee aaeain
Iieacaoaee Ia ia/aei aiaea, oun. ?oa. A % e aaethoa aaeaina Ia eiiaoe
aiaea, oun. ?oa. A % e aaethoa aaeaina Ioeeiiaiea
(a?.4 – a?.2)
AEOEA
Iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai 3079589 65.2 3287453 37.1 -28.1
Oaeouea aeoeau, anaai
a oii /enea: 1645115 34.8 5571658 62.9 +28.1
– i?iecaiaenoaaiiua caianu 361018 7.6 1677601 18.9 +11.3
– aioiaay i?iaeoeoeey 94761 2.0 541936 6.1 +4.1
– aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa e e?aoein?i/iua oeiainiaua aeiaeaiey 900778 19.1
2692387 30.4 +11.3
– aeaaeoi?neay caaeieaeaiiinoue 186924 4.0 256681 2.9 -1.1
IANNEA
Enoi/ieee nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa 3632033 76.9 5562033 62.8 -14.1
Caaiiua n?aaenoaa – anaai
E?aoein?i/iua nnoaeu aaieia
E?aoein?i/iua caeiu
?an/aou n e?aaeeoi?aie 199292 4.2 628146 7.1 +2.9
Iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo e?eoa?eaa oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey
yaeyaony ioeaiea aai ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe, iiae eioi?ie i?eiyoi iiieiaoue
niiniaiinoue i?aaei?eyoey ?ann/eouaaoueny ii naiei aeieain?i/iui
iaycaoaeuenoaai. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ieaoaaeaniiniaiui yaeyaony oi
i?aaei?eyoea, o eioi?iai aeoeau aieueoa, /ai aiaoiea iaycaoaeuenoaa.
Niiniaiinoue i?aaei?eyoey ieaoeoue ii naiei e?aoein?i/iui
iaycaoaeuenoaai iacuaaaony eeeaeaeiinoueth. Eia/a aiai?y, i?aaei?eyoea
n/eoaaony eeeaeaeiui, anee iii a ninoiyiee auiieieoue naie e?aoein?i/iua
iaycaoaeuenoaa, ?aaeecoy oaeouea aeoeau.
Enoiaey ec neacaiiiai, a i?aeoeea aiaeeoe/aneie ?aaiou eniieuecotho
oeaeoth nenoaio iieacaoaeae eeeaeaeiinoe (ni. oaaeeoeo a eiioea aeaau).
?anniio?ei aaaeiaeoea ec ieo.
Eiyooeoeeaio aaniethoiie eeeaeaeiinoe (eiyooeoeeaio n?i/iinoe)
en/eneyaony eae aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa e auno?i?aaeecoaiuo oeaiiuo
aoiaa(III ?acaeae aeoeaa) e e?aoein?i/iui iaycaoaeuenoaai. E?aoein?i/iua
iaycaoaeuenoaa i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaenoaaeaiiua noiiie iaeaieaa n?i/iuo
iaycaoaeuenoa e e?aoein?i/iuo ianneaia, aeeth/atho: e?aaeeoi?neoth
caaeieaeaiiinoue e i?i/ea ianneau (n o/aoii caia/aiey e eiyooeoeeaioo
e?aaeeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe e i?i/eo ianneaia; yoi caia/aiea ioiineony
oaeaea e eiyooeoeeaioo e?aoein?i/iie caaeieaeaiiinoe); nnoaeu ia
iiaaoaiiua a n?ie; e?aoein?i/iua e?aaeeou e caaiiua n?aaenoaa.
Eiyooeoeeaio aaniethoiie eeeaieaeiinoe iieacuaaao, eaeoth /anoue
e?aoein?i/iie caaeieaeaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoea iiaeao iiaaneoue a aeeaeaeoaa
a?aiy. Ii?iaeueiia ia?aie/aiea yoiai eiyooeoeeaioa neaaeothuaa: Eae (
0.2 : 0.5
Ii aeaiiui iaoaai i?eia?a niioiioaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa e
e?aoein?i/iuo iaycaoaeuenoa ninoaaeyao 0.92 : 0.5 ia ia/aei aiaea e 1.61
: 0.5 ia eiiaoe. Yoi aiai?eo i oii, /oi, Inoaieeineee caaiae aa?aii/iuo
ecaeaeee iiaeao ia eniuouaay o?oaeiinoae iiaaneoue naith e?aoein?i/ioth
caaeieaeaiiinoue ca n/ao auno?i?aaeecoaiuo aeoeaia, aeaaea a neo/aa
i?aaeuyaeaiey e iaio o?aaiaaiee ni noi?iiu anao e?aaeeoi?ia
(iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?aae eioi?uie enoaeatho a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy)
iaeiia?aiaiii. O.a. i?aaeaa?eoaeueii iiaeii neacaoue, /oi i?aaei?eyoea
iaoiaeeony a onoie/eaii oeiainiaii ninoiyiee.
Eiyooeoeeaio e?eoe/aneie eeeaeaeiinoe (i?iiaaeooi/iue eiyooeoeeaio
iie?uoey) – ii?aaeaeyaony eae ioiioaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, oeaiiuo
aoiaa e aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe (III ?acaeae aeoeaa) e
e?aoein?i/iui iaycaoaeuenoaai (eoia II ?acaeaea ianneaa ca au/aoii 730 e
740 no?iee aaeaina aeey iaoaai i?eia?a). Yoio iieacaoaeue oa?aeoa?ecoao,
eaeay /anoue oaeoueo iaycaoaeuenoa iiaeao auoue iiaaoaia ia oieueei ca
n/ao iaee/iinoe, ii e ca n/ao iaeeaeaaiuo iinooieaiee ca ioa?oaeaiioth
i?iaeoeoeeth, auiieiaiiua ?aaiou eee ieacaiiua oneoae. Ii?iaoeaiia
ia?aie/aiea aeey eiyooeoeeaioa e?eoe/aneie eeeaeaeiinoe Eee(1. Aeey
iaoaai i?eia?a yoi niioiioaiea ninoaaeei ia ia/aei aiaea 2.08 e ia
eiiaoe aiaea 3.20, o.a. aic?inei ia 65%. Eiyooeoeeaio e?eoe/aneie
eeeaeaeiinoe oa?aeoa?ecoao iaeeaeaaioth ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoue
i?aaei?eyoey ia ia?eiae, ?aaiue n?aaeiae i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe iaeiiai
iai?ioa aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe, o.a. 2-3 aeiy (ni. Oaaeeoeo ?7).
Eiyooeoeeaio oaeouae eeeaeaeiinoe (eiyooeoeeaio iie?uoey) i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie ioiioaiea anao oaeoueo aeoeaia (eoia II ?acaeeea + eoia III
?acaeaea aeoeaa) e e?aoein?i/iui iaycaoaeuenoaai (eoia II ?acaeaea
ianneaa ca au/aoii 735 e 740 no?iee aaeaina). Ii iicaieyao onoaiiaeoue,
a eaeie e?aoiinoe oaeouea aeoeau iie?uaatho e?aoein?i/iua
iaycaoaeuenoaa. A iauai neo/aa ii?iaeueiuie n/eoathony cia/aiey yoiai
iieacaoaey, iaoiaeyueany a i?aaeaeao 2.
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi anee ioiioaiea oaeoueo aeoeaia e
e?aoein?i/iuo iaycaoaeuenoa ieaea, /ai 1 : 1, oi iiaeii aiai?eoue i
aunieii oeiainiaii ?enea, naycaiiii n oai, /oi i?aaei?eyoea ia a
ninoiyiee iieaoeoue naie n/aoa.
Niioiioaiea 1 : 1 i?aaeiieaaaao ?aaainoai oaeoueo aeoeaia e
e?aoein?i/iuo iaycaoaeuenoa. I?eieiay ai aieiaiea ?acee/ioth noaiaiue
eeeaeaeiinoe aeoeaia, iiaeii n oaa?aiiinoueth i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi ia
ana aeoeau aoaeoo ?aaeeciaaiu a n?i/iii ii?yaeea, a, neaaeiaaoaeueii, e
a aeaiiie neooaoeee aicieeaao oa?ica oeiainiaie noaaeeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey.
Anee aea cia/aiea eiyooeoeeaioa iie?uoey cia/eoaeueii i?aauoaao
niioiioaiea 1 : 1, oi iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae i oii, /oi i?aaei?eyoea
?aniieaaaao cia/eoaeueiui iauaiii naiaiaeiuo ?ano?nia, oi?ie?oaiuo ca
n/ao nianoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia.
Ae?oaei iieacaoaeai, oa?aeoa?ecothuei eeeaeaeiinoue i?aaei?eyoey,
yaeyaony iai?ioiue eaieoae, eioi?ue ii?aaeaeyaony eae ?aciinoue oaeoueo
?anoiaeia e e?aoein?i/iuo iaycaoaeuenoa. Eiuie neiaaie, i?aaei?eyoea
eiaao iai?ioiue eaieoae aei oao ii?, iiea Oaeouea aeoeau i?aauoatho
e?aoein?i/iua iaycaoaeuenoaa (eee a oeaeii aei oao ii?, iiea iii
eeeaeaeii).
A yoie nayce iieacii ii?aaeaeeoue, eaeay /anoue nianoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia
n?aaenoa aeiaeaia a iaeaieaa iiaeeueiua aeoeau. Aeey yoiai
?ann/eouaaaony oae iacuaaaiue eiyooeoeeaio iaiaa?aiiinoe.
A iaoai i?eia?a eiyooeoeeaio iaiaa?aiiinoe ninoaaeyao 0.453 a ia/aea
aiaea e 1.001 a eiioea. (ni Oaaeeoeo ?5) Aunieea cia/aiey eiyooeoeeaioa
iaiaa?aiiinoe iieiaeeoaeueii oa?aeoa?ecotho oeiainiaia ninoiyiea ,
iaeiaei eaeeo-eeai onoiyaoeony a i?aeoeea ii?iaeueiuo cia/aiee ia
nouanoaoao. Eiiaaea a niaoeeaeueiie eeoa?aoo?a a ea/anoaa iioeiaeueiie
aaee/eiu eiyooeoeeaioa ?aeiiaiaeoaony 0.5.
A neo/aa n Inoaieeineei caaiaeii aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee iiaeoaa?aeaeaao
?aiaa naeaeaiiua auaiaeu ioiineoaeueii no?oeoo?u enoi/ieeia oi?ie?iaaiey
oaeoueo aeoeaia ia i?aaei?eyoee.
Oaeaea, ia?yaeo n eiyooeoeeaioii iaiaa?aiiinoe oeaeaniia?acii
eniieueciaaoue Eiyooeoeeaio niioiioaiey nianoaaiiuo e caaiiuo n?aaenoa.
Ii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie /anoiia io aeaeaiey anae noiiu iaycaoaeuenoa ii
i?eaea/aiiui caaiiui n?aaenoaai e noiia nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa. Ii
oeacuaaao, neieueei caaiiuo n?aaenoa i?eaeaeei i?aaei?eyoea ia iaeei
?oaeue aeiaeaiiuo a aeoeau nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa.
Ecn= Noiia caaiiuo n?aaenoa ____________________ Noiia nianoaaiiuo
n?aaenoa
Ia ia/aei 1995 aiaea Ecn=0.301
Ia eiiaoe 1995 aiaea Ecn=0.593 (ni Oaaeeoeo ?5)
Yoi aiai?eo, /oi a ia/aea 1995 aiaea ia 1 ?oaeue nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa
i?eoiaeeeinue 30 eiiaae caaiiuo, a a eiioea 1995 aiaea 60 eiiaae.
Ii?iaoeaiia cia/aiea yoiai eiyooeoeeaioa ia aeieaeii i?aauoaoue 1,
iaeiaei, yoi oieueei oai?aoe/aneay oeeo?a, ia i?aeoeea eiyooeoeeaio
ioiioaiey nianoaaiiuo e caaiiuo n?aaenoa caaeneo io aeaea oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey e nei?inoe iai?ioa iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa. I?e
aunieeo iieacaoaeyo iai?a/eaaaiinoe e?eoe/aneia cia/aiea eiyooeoeeaioa
iiaeao iaiiiai i?aauoaoue aaeaieoeo aac nouanoaaiiuo iineaaenoaee aeey
aeey oeiainiaie aaoiiiiiinoe i?aaei?eyoey.
Ca 1995 aiae cia/aiea eiyooeoeeaioa eciaieeinue i?eia?ii a 2 ?aca ca
n/ao ?aceiai ?inoa oiiaeia iio?aaeaiey, /oi ia neacuaaaony ia oeiainiaie
onoie/eainoe i?aaei?eyoey, o.e. iii ai?aaa ?anii?yaeaoueny oiiaeaie
iio?aaeaiey ii nianoaaiiiio oniio?aieth.
Iai?a/eaaaiinoue iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa iiaeii au/eneeoue ii oi?ioeai:
E2A= ? I
aaea ?- au?o/ea io ?aaeecaoeee ca aiaeece?oaiue ia?eiae,
I- n?aaeiyy noieiinoue iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa.
E2A=9.12, Yoa nei?inoue iai?ioa iieacuaaao, /oi a oa/aiea aiaea
iaoa?eaeueiua iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa niaa?oeee 9 iieiuo iai?ioia. Oaia?ue
iiaeii au/eneeoue a?aiy iaeiiai iai?ioa ii oi?ioea:
O= I*365 ?
Aeey iaoaai neo/ay yoio ia?eiae O=40.01 aeaiue.
N?aaeiee n?ie iiaaoaiey aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe aeey iaoaai
i?aaei?eyoey ?aaai 2.46 aeiy (ni. i?eeiaeaiea 2 eiyooeoeeaio E6a.) Yoi a
16.3 ?aca iaiueoa /ai a?aiy iai?ioa iaoa?eaeueiuo iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa.
Eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe ii
Inoaieeineiio caaiaeo aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee E5A=148.36. A oa/aiea 1995
aiaea yoe n?aaenoaa niaa?oeee 148 iai?ioia.
4.2.2. Aioo?aiiee aiaeec ninoiyiey aeoeaia.
A oeaeyo oaeoaeaiiiai aiaeeca oeaeaniia?acii na?oiie?iaaoue ana
iai?ioiua aeoeau ii eaoaai?eyi ?enea. E i?eia?o, eiaaony aieueoay
aa?iyoiinoue oiai, /oi aeaaeoi?neoth caaeieaeaiiinoue aoaeao eaa/a
?aaeeciaaoue, /ai iacaaa?oaiiia i?iecaiaenoai, eee ?anoiaeu aoaeoueo
ia?eiaeia.
I?eia?iay eeanneoeeaoeey oaeoueo aeoeaia ii eaoaai?eyi ?enea
i?aaenoaaeaia a oaaeeoea ?3:
Oaaeeoea ?3
Eeanneoeeaoeey oaeoueo aeoeaia
Aeiey o?oiiu a iauai iauaia oaeoueo aeoeaia, %
Ioeeiiaiea(a?.2-a?.4)
Noaiaiue ?enea A?oiia oaeoueo aeoeaia ia ia/aei aiaea ia eiiaoe aiaea
Ieieia-eueiay Iaee/iua aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, eaaei?aaeecoaiua
e?aoei-n?i/iua oeaiiua aoiaae. 8.98 8.05 -0.93
Iaeay Aeaaeoi?neay caaeieaeaiiinoue n ii?iaeueiui oeiainiaui iieiaeaieai
+ caianu (eneeth-
/ay caeaaeaeua) + aioiaay i?i-
aeoeoeey, iieuecothuayny ni?inii. 79.26 80.21 +0.95
N?aaeiyy I?iaeoeoeey i?iecaiaenoaaiii-
oaoie/aneiai iacia/aiey, iacaaa?oaiiia no?ieoaeuenoai,
?anoiaeu aoaeoueo ia?eiaeia. 3.15 3.70 +0.55
Aunieay Aeaaeoi?neay caaeieaeaiiinoue
i?aaei?eyoee, iaoiaeyueony a oyaeaeii oeiainiaii iieiaea-iee, caianu
aioiaie i?iaeoe-
oeee, auoaaeoae ec oiio?aa-eaiey, caeaaeaeua caianu, ia-
eeeaeaeu. 3.9 8.01 +4.1
A ?acaeoea i?iaaaeaiiiai aiaeeca oeaeaniia?acii ioeaieoue oaiaeaioeeth
eciaiaiey niioiioaiee o?oaeii?aaeecoaiuo aeoeaia e iauae aaee/eiu
aeoeaia, a oaeaea o?oaeii?aaeecoaiuo e eaaei?aaeecoaiuo aeoeaia.
Oaiaeaioeey e ?inoo iacaaiiuo niioiioaiee oeacuaaao ia nieaeaiea
eeeaeaeiinoe. Iaeiaei, ?ino ieceieeeaeaeiuo aeoeaia, noaey ec aaeainiauo
aeaiiuo i?iecioae oieueei ca n/ao IAeN ii i?eia?aoaiiui iaoa?eaeueiui
oeaiiinoyi, a ia ca n/ao caoa?eaaiey i?iaeoeoeee ia neeaaea e
aaciaaeaaeiie aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe, e a iauai aana oaeoueo
aeoeaia o?oaeii?aaeecoaiua aeoeau caieiatho iacia/eoaeueioth /anoue. Oi
anoue iacia/eoaeueiui oaaee/aieai aeiee ieceieeeaeaeiuo aeoeaia a
aeaiiii neo/aa iiaeii i?aiaa?a/ue i?e ioeaiea oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey
i?aaei?eyoey.
Naiaeiua iaiauathuea aeaiiua i ninoiyiee oaeoueo aeoeaia ia i?aaei?eyoee
i?aaenoaaeaiu a oaaeeoea:
Oaaeeoea ?4
Iaiauathuea aeaiiua i oaeoueo aeoeaao
Ia ia/aeiaiaea
Ia eiiaoe aiaea
Eciaiaiey ca aiae
A?oiia oaeoueo aeoeaia iei.?oa. a % e aaee-/eia oaeo-ueo aeoe-aia
iei.?oa. a % e aaee-/eia oaeo-ueo aeoe-aia iei.?oa. ioieo.(a?.4 —
a?.2)
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. I?iecaiaenoaaiiua caianu, 361.0 22.0 1677.6 30.1 1316.6 8.2
2. Iacaaa?oaiiia i?iecaiaenoai 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3. Aioiaay i?iaeoeoeey, 94.8 5.8 541.9 9.7 447.1 4.0
4. ?anoiaeu aoaeoueo ia?eiaeia 1.0 0.1 3.3 0.1 2.3 0.0
5. Aeaaeoi?neay caaeieaeaiiinoue 186.9 11.4 256.7 4.6 69.8 -6.8
6. Aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa 147.6 9.0 448.7 8.1 301.1 -0.9
7. Anaai o?oaeii?aaeecoaiua aeoeau 63.4 3.9 446.3 8.0 382.9 4.2
8. Anaai oaeouea aeoeau 1644.2 100.0 5570.2 100.0 3926.0 0.0
4.3. AIAEEC NO?OEOO?U ENOI*IEEIA N?AAeNOA E EO ENIIEUeCIAAIEss.
Aioo?aiiee aiaeec no?oeoo?u enoi/ieeia eiouanoaa naycai n ioeaieie
aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aa?eaioia oeiaine?iaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey.
I?e yoii iniiaiuie e?eoa?eyie auai?a yaeythony oneiaey i?eaea/aiey
caaiiuo n?aaenoa, eo “oeaia”, noaiaiue ?enea, aiciiaeiua iai?aaeaiey
eniieueciaaiey e o. ae.
A iauai neo/aa aia caaeneiinoe io i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiauo aeaeia e
oi?i nianoaaiiinoe enoi/ieeaie oi?ie?iaaiey eiouanoaa ethaiai
i?aaei?eyoey yaeythony nianoaaiiua e caaiiua n?aaenoaa.
A oeaeii eioi?iaoeey i aaee/eia nianoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia i?aaenoaaeaia a
I ?acaeaea ianneaa aaeaina. E iei, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, ioiinyony:
onoaaiue eaieoae – noieiinoiia io?aaeaiea niaieoiiiai aeeaaea
o/?aaeeoaeae (nianoaaiieeia) a eiouanoai i?aaei?eyoey i?e aai nicaeaiee.
?acia? onoaaiiai eaieoaea ii?aaeaeyaony o/?aaeeoaeueiuie aeieoiaioaie e
iiaeao auoue eciaiai oieueei ii ?aoaieth o/?aaeeoaeae i?aaei?eyoey e
aianaieth niioaaonoaothueo eciaiaiee a o/?aaeeoaeueiua aeieoiaiou;
?aca?aiue oiiae – enoi/iee nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa, nicaeaaaaiue
i?aaei?eyoeai, a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, iooai io/eneaiee io
i?eauee. ?aca?aiue oiiae eiaao no?iai oeaeaaia iacia/aiea –
eniieuecoaony ia auieaoo aeioiaeia o/?aaeeoaeyi i?e ionoonoaee eee
iaaeinoaoi/iinoe i?eauee io/aoiiai aiaea, ia iie?uoea oauoeia
i?aaei?eyoey ca io/aoiue aiae e ae?.;
oiiaeu niaoeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey – enoi/ieee nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa
i?aaei?eyoey, ia?acoaiua ca n/ao io/eneaiee io i?eauee, inoathuaeny a
?anii?yaeaiee i?aaei?eyoey;
ia?ani?aaeaeaiiay i?eaueue – /anoue /enoie i?eauee, eioi?ay ia auea
?ani?aaeaeaia i?aaei?eyoeai ii ninoiyieth ia aeaoo ninoaaeaiey io/aoa.
Aeaiiua i ninoaaa e aeeiaieea caaiiuo n?aaenoa io?aaeathony ai II
?acaeaea ianneaa. E iei ioiinyony:
e?aoein?i/iua e?aaeeou aaieia – nnoaeu aaieia, iaoiaeyueony eae aioo?e
no?aiu, oae e ca ?oaaaeii, iieo/aiiua ia n?ie aei iaeiiai aiaea;
aeieain?i/iua e?aaeeou aaieia – nnoaeu aaieia, iieo/aiiua ia n?ie aieaa
iaeiiai aiaea;
e?aoein?i/iua caeiu – nnoaeu caeiiaeaaoeaa (e?iia aaieia), iaoiaeyueony
eae aioo?e no?aiu, oae e ca ?oaaaeii, iieo/aiiua ia n?ie ia aieaa
iaeiiai aiaea;
aeieain?i/iua caeiu – nnoaeu caeiiaeaaoeaa (e?iia aaieia), iieo/aiiua ia
n?ie aieaa iaeiiai aiaea;
e?aaeeoi?neay caaeieaeaiiinoue i?aaei?eyoey iinoaaueeai e
iiae?yae/eeai, ia?aciaaaoayny a ?acoeueoaoa ?ac?uaa iaaeaeo a?aiaiai
iieo/aiey oiaa?ii-iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae eee iio?aaeaieai oneoa e aai
oaeoe/aneie iieaou;
caaeieaeaiiinoue ii ?an/aoai n athaeaeaoii, aicieeoay aneaaenoaea
?ac?uaa iaaeaeo a?aiaiai ia/eneaiey e aeaoie ieaoaaea;
aeieaiaua iaycaoaeuenoaa i?aaei?eyoey ia?aae naieie ?aaioieeaie ii
iieaoa eo o?oaea;
caaeieaeaiiinoue i?aaiai nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey e iaania/aiey,
ia?aciaaaoayny aaeaeo ?ac?uaa iaaeaeo a?aiaiai aicieeiiaaiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa e aeaoie ieaoaaea;
caaeieaeaiiinoue i?aaei?eyoey i?i/ei oicyenoaaiiui eiio?aaaioai.
4.3.1. Aiaeec nianoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia oeaeaniia?acii ia/eiaoue n ioeaiee
eo no?oeoo?u e ninoaaa ii aeaiiui aaeaina e ?anoeo?iaie e iaio. Neaaeoao
eco/eoue, /ai i?aaenoaaeaiu enoi/ieee nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa, iauai
oiiaeia niaoeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey, eioi?iaoeeth i ia?ani?aaeaeaiiie
i?eauee.
Caoai ia?aoiaeyo e iiyeaiaioiiio eco/aieth eaaeaeiai enoi/ieea, eiay a
aeaeo eo ?acee/ioth ?ieue a ooieoeeiie?iaaiee i?aaei?eyoey.
Oae, i?e aiaeeca onoaaiiai eaieoaea i?aaeaea anaai ioeaieaatho iieiioo
aai oi?ie?iaaiey, auyniyy, a neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe, eoi ec o/?aaeeoaeae
ia auiieiee (/anoe/ii auiieiee) naie iaycaoaeuenoaa ii aeeaaeo a
onoaaiie eaieoae. O Inoaieeineiai caaiaea aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee onoaaiue
eaieoae ia i?ioyaeaiee n ia/aea 1994 ii eiiaoe 1995 aiaea iaoiaeeony ia
o?iaia 15 ieeeeiiia ?oaeae e iiea/ai iieiinoueth. A 1996 aiaeo caaiae
i?aaeiieaaaao oaaee/eoue naie onoaaiue eaieoae.
Aeaeaa neaaeoao oaaaeeoueny a noaaeeueiinoe aaee/eiu onoaaiiai eaieoaea
a oa/aiea io/aoiiai ia?eiaea e a? niioaaonoaee aeaiiui, caoeene?iaaiiui
a o/?aaeeoaeueiuo aeieoiaioao. I/aaeaeii, /oi aiaeec onoaaiiai eaieoaea
eiaao naith niaoeeoeeo a caaeneiinoe io i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaie oi?iu
nicaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey. Inoaieeineee caaiae aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee yaeyaony
aeoeeiia?iui iauanoaii cae?uoiai oeia, i?e/ai ana aeoeee caaiaea
aueoieaiu o?oaeiaui eieeaeoeaii. Ana aeoeee yaeythony i?inouie e
aeaaeaeueoeu aeoeee ia eiatho i?aaa ia?aaeaaaoue eee i?iaeaaaoue naie
aeoeee ae?oaei eeoeai.
Aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey ioeaee yooaeoeaiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey
eiaao aeeiaieea aaee/eiu oiiaeia niaoeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey (iaeiieaiey e
iio?aaeaiey). I?e yoii aiaeec aeieaeai o/eouaaoue ?acee/ioth
ooieoeeiiaeueioth ?ieue oeacaiiuo oiiaeia a iaoaieea oeiaine?iaaiey
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey. Iiyoiio aiaeec neaaeoao aanoe ?acaeaeueii a
/anoe n?aaenoa, iai?aaeyaiua ia i?icaiaenoaaiiua ioaeaeu (eiaanoe?iaaiea
e iiiieiaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa) e ioaeaeu iio?aaeaiey.
Ca 1995 aiae i?aaei?eyoea ia?a/eneeei a oiiae iaeiieaiey 1 ieeeea?ae
?oaeae, a oiiae iio?aaeaiey auei ia?a/eneaii 4.718.645 ouny/ ?oaeae. Ia
oeiaine?iaaiea eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e
iai?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey ec iieo/aiiie i?eauee auei ioaea/aii
207.864 ouny/e ?oaeae. Anee n?aaieoue noiio, iai?aaeaiioth a oiiae
iaeiieaiey, n ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoueth iniiaiuo n?aaenoa, oi
aeaeii, /oi i?aaei?eyoea ieaie?oao iinoaiaiiia ia?aiai?oaeiaaiea
i?iecaiaenoaa. Iaeiaei y n/eoath, /oi Inoaieeineiio caaiaeo aa?aii/iuo
ecaeaeee iaiaoiaeeii io/eneyoue aieueoa n?aaenoa a oiiaeu iio?aaeaiey,
oae eae eiyooeoeeaio eciina iniiaiuo n?aaenoa ii aiaeai nieaeaaony
iaaunieeie oaiiaie, oae ia ia/aei 1994 aiaea ii ninoaaeye 57%, ia ia/aei
1995 aiaea – 56% ia ia/aei 1996 aiaea ninoaae 55%.
Aaaeiui aii?inii a aiaeeca no?oeoo?u enoi/ieeia n?aaenoa yaeyaony
ioeaiea ?aoeeiiaeueiinoe niioiioaiey nianoaaiiuo e caaiiuo n?aaenoa.
I?eaea/aiea caaiiuo n?aaenoa iicaieyao i?aaei?eyoeth iieaoeoue n?i/iua
iaycaoaeuenoaa, a oaeaea yaeyaony niiniaii ?anoe?aiey naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe. I?e yoii neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi eniieueciaaiea
ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia caaiiuo n?aaenoa (nnoaeu aaiea, caeiu, e?aaeeoi?neay
caaeieaeaiiinoue iinoaaueeai eo.ae.) eiatho aeey i?aaei?eyoey ?acee/ioth
noieiinoue. A iaycaoaeueiii ii?yaeea i?ioeaiou ca iieueciaaiea caaiiuie
n?aaenoaaie auiea/eaathony ii nnoaeai aaiea. Ieaoa ii aaieianeei
i?ioeaioai ioiineony ia naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee e ia /enooth
i?eaueue.
I?e ?an/aoao n iinoaueeaie e iiae?yae/eeaie ieaoa ca a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea n?aaenoaaie e?aaeeoi?ia, eae i?aaeei, ia acuiaaony, oioy a
neo/aa ianaiaa?aiaiiie iieaou i?aaei?eyoeth i?eaeaony caieaoeoue iaie (a
i?ioeaioao io noiiu aeiaiai?a) ca eaaeaeue aeaiue i?in?i/ee. A oneiaeyo
oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiiai a iaoae no?aia ii?yaeea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie
iieaou i?iaeoeoeee aeiiieieoaeueiui aanieaoiui enoi/ieeii oeiaine?iaaiey
iiiaeo i?aaei?eeyoee-oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae noaee noiiu n?aaenoa,
iinooiathuea io eo iieoiaoaeae. I?e yoii i?aeoeea iieacuaaao, /oi ?ac?ua
iaaeaeo a?aiaiai iinooieaiey aeaiaa ia ?an/aoiue n/ao i?aaei?eyoey e
a?aiaie ioa?ocee ai iiiaeo neo/ayo ecia?ythony ianyoeaie.
Oaaeeoea ?5
Eiyooeoeeaiou onoie/eainoe i?aaei?eyoey
Iieacaoaeue Iacia/aiea ?an/aoiay oi?ioea e enoi/ieee eioi?iaoeee
1. Eiyooeoeeaio iacaaeneiinoe Oa?aeoa?ecoao aeieth niano-aaiiuo
enoi/ieeia a iauai iauaia enoi/ieeia Enoi/ieee nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa
(eoia I ?acaeaea ianneaa) * 100 / Aaethoa aaeaina-iaooi
2. Eiyooeoeeaio oeiainiaie onoie/eainoe Iieacuaaao oaeaeueiue aan oao
enoi/ieeia oeiaine?i-aaiey, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu
aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy Enoi/ieee nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa + aeieain?i/iua
caaiiua n?aaenoaa (eoia I + 735 e 740 no?iee ianneaa) * 100 / Aaethoa
aaeaina-iaooi
3. Eiyooeoeeaio oeiaine?iaaiey Iieacuaaao, eaeay /anoue aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey oeiaine?oaony ca n/ao nia-noaaiiuo n?aaenoa Nianoaaiiua
enoi/ieee / caaiiua enoi/ieee
4. Eiyooeoeeaio eiaanoe?iaaiey (nianoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia) Iieacuaaao, a
eaeie noaia-ie enoi/ieee nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa iie?uaatho i?iec-aaaeaiiua
eiaanoeoeee Enoi/ieee nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa * 100 / Iniiaiua n?aaenoaa
e i?i/ea aeiaeaiey (eoia I ?acaeaea aeoeaa aaeaina-iaooi)
5. Eiyooeoeeaio eiaanoe?iaaiey ( nianoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia e aeieain?i/iuo
e?aaeeoia) Oeacuaaao, ianeieueei nia-noaaiiua enoi/ieee e aeieai-n?i/iua
e?aaeeou oi?ie?otho eiaanoeoeee i?aaei?eyoey Enoi/ieee nianoaaiiuo
n?aaenoa + aeieain?i/iua e?aaeeou (eoia I + 735 e 740 no? ianneaa ) *
100 / Iniiaiua n?aaenoaa e i?i/ea aeiaeaiey (eoia I ?acaeaea aeoeaa
aaeaina-iaooi)
Ii eoiaai yoie oaaeeoeu (ni i?eeiaeaiea) iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiaeu i oii,
/oi i?aaei?eyoea i?aeoe/anee ia i?eaaaaao e eniieueciaaieth caaiiuo
n?aaenoa, a ai II ?acaeaea ianneaa cia/eoaeueii i?aiaeaaeatho oiiaeu
iio?aaeaiey. Oaeaeueiue aan enoi/ieeia oeiaine?iaaiey, eioi?ua iiaoo
eniieueciaaoueny aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy ninoaaeyao 90% io anao enoi/ieeia
oeiaine?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoey. Eiyooeoeeaio eiaanoe?iaaiey nianoaaiiuo
enoi/ieeia ?aaai 169%, yoi cia/eo, /oi i?aaei?eyoea iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoue
caiaio iai?oaeiaaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e iai?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
iacia/aiey ia i?eaaaay e eniieueciaaieth caaiiuo n?aaenoa.
No?oeoo?a ianneaia Inoaieeineiai caaiaea aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi i?aaei?eyoea iiaeao onoie/eai ?aaioaoue
iacaaeneii io eiiuthieoo?u ?uiea e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia, oae eae iii iiaeao
oeiaine?iaaoue anth naith oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue ec nianoaaiiuo
enoi/ieeia n?aaenoa e “aanieaoiuo” i?eaea/aiiuo n?aaenoa o.a.
e?aaeeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe.
4.4. AIAEEC IAI?A*EAAAIINOE IAI?IOIUO N?AAeNOA.
4.4.1. Iauay ioeaiea iai?a/eaaaiinoe aeoeaia i?aaei?eyoey.
Oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoey iaoiaeeony a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie
caaeneiinoe io oiai, ianeieueei auno?i n?aaenoaa, aeiaeaiiua a aeoeau,
i?aa?auathony a ?aaeueiua aeaiueae.
A iauai neo/aa nei?inoue iai?ioa aeoeaia i?aaei?eyoey i?eiyoi
?ann/eouaaoue n iiiiuueth oi?ioeu:
Niioaaonoaaiii, iai?a/eaaaiinoue oaeoueo aeoeaia aoaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny
eae:
N?aaeiyy aaee/eia aeoeaia ii aeaiiui aaeaina ii?aaeaeyaony ii oi?ioea:
aaea Ii, Ie – aaee/eia aeoeaia ia ia/aei e ia eiiaoe ia?eiaea.
Ii aeaiiui aaeainia Inoaieeineiai caaiaea aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee ca 1994 e
1995 aiaea ia ia/aei 1995 aiaea eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe aeoeaia
(E1a) aue ?aaai 4.95, a ia ia/aei 1996 aiaea ii aue ?aaai 4.84;
eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe oaeoueo aeoeaia (E2a) ia ia/aei 1995 aiaea
aue ?aaai 9.28, a ia ia/aei 1996 aiaea ii aue ?aaai 9.12. (Ni Oaaeeoeu
??7 e 8) Iacia/eoaeueiia nieaeaiea yoeo eiyooeoeeaioia i?iecioei ec-ca
cia/eoaeueiiai oaaee/aiey noieiinoe iniiaiuo n?aaenoa, a oaeaea ca n/ao
oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo caiania e iaiiaaoaiiie caaeieaeaiiinoe ca
ioa?oaeaiiua oiaa?u.
Caoai ii?aaeaeyaony i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue iaeiiai iai?ioa a aeiyo:
aaea iai?a/eaaaiinoue aeoeaia /eneaiii ?aaia eiyooeoeeaioo
iai?a/eaaaiinoe oaeoueo aeoeaia.
Ii aaeainiaui aeaiiui caaiaea a 1994 aiaeo n?aaeiyy
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue iai?ioa auea ?aaia 38.8 aeiae, a a 1995 aiaeo
n?aaeiyy i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue iai?ioa auea ?aaia 39.4 aeiy, oi anoue
inoaeanue i?aeoe/anee ia oii aea o?iaia.
4.4.2. Aiaeec aeaeaeaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa.
Iniaia cia/aiea aeey noaaeeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey eiaao
nei?inoue aeaeaeaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa. Iaeiei ec iniiaiuo oneiaee
oeiainiaiai aeaaiiieo/ey i?aaei?eyoey yaeyaony i?eoie aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa, iaania/eaathuee iie?uoea aai oaeoueo iaycaoaeuenoa.
Iaeiei ec niiniaia ioeaiee aeinoaoi/iinoe aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa yaeyaony
ii?aaeaeaiea aeeeoaeueiinoe ia?eiaea iai?ioa. N yoie oeaeueth
eniieuecoaony oi?ioea:
Aeey ?an/aoa n?aaeieo inoaoeia aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa i?eaeaeathony
aioo?aiiea o/aoiua aeaiiua (IAen – inoaoee ia ia/aei n-ai ianyoea) e
oi?ioea:
aaea n – eiee/anoai ianyoeaa a ia?eiaea.
Ii aeaiiui aaieianeeo auienie e eanniaie eieae Inoaieeineiai caaiaea
aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee n?aaeiea inoaoee aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ca 1995 aiae
ninoaaeee ieiei 300 ieeeeiiia ?oaeae. Oiaaea ia?eiae iai?ioa aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa ninoaaee i?eaeeceoaeueii 3 aeiy.
Aeey oiai, /oiau ?ane?uoue ?aaeueiia aeaeaeaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia
i?aaei?eyoee, ioeaieoue neio?iiiinoue iinooieaiey e ?anoiaeiaaiey
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, a oaeaea oaycaoue aaee/eio iieo/aiiiai oeiainiaiai
?acoeueoaoa n ninoiyieai aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia i?aaei?eyoee, neaaeoao
auaeaeeoue e i?iaiaeece?iaaoue ana iai?aaeaiey iinooieaiey (i?eoiea)
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, a oaeaea eo auauoey (iooiea).
Oeacaiiua iai?aaeaiey aeaeaeaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa i?eiyoi
?anniao?eaaoue ioaeaeueii a ?ac?aca oaeouae, eiaanoeoeeiiiie e
oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoe.
I?eoie aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa a ?aieao oaeouae aeayoaeueiinoe naycai n
iieo/aieai au?o/ee io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee, auiieiaiey ?aaio e
ieacaiey oneoa, a oaeaea aaainia io iieoiaoaeae e caeac/eeia; iooie – n
oieaoie ii n/aoai iinoaaueeia e i?i/eo eiio?aaaioia, auieaoie ca?aaioiie
ieaou ?aaioieeai, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie io/eneaieyie a oiiaeu nioeeaeueiiai
no?aoiaaiey e iaania/aiey, ?an/aoaie n athaeaeaoii ii i?e/eoathueiny e
oieaoa iaeiaai.
Aeaeaeaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa a ?ac?aca eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
naycaii n i?eia?aoaieai (?aaeecaoeeae) eiouanoaa, eiathuaai
aeieain?i/iia eniieueciaaiea (a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue – iinooieaiea
(auauoea) iniiaiuo n?aaenoa e iaiaoa?eaeueiuo aeoeaia).
A ioee/ea io ae?oaeo iiaeoiaeia e ioeaiea oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey, aiaeec
aeaeaeaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa aeaao aiciiaeiinoue naeaeaoue aieaa
iainiiaaiiua auaiaeu i oii, a eaeii iauaia e ec eaeeo enoi/ieeia auee
iieo/aiu iinooieaoea ia i?aaei?eyoea aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa e eaeiau
iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey eo eniieueciaaiey; aeinoaoi/ii ee nianoaaiiuo
n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoey aeey inouanoaeaiey eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe;
/ai iauyniythony ?anoiaeaeaiey aaee/eiu iieo/aiiie i?eauee e iaee/ey
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa e o.ae.
Ii aeaiiui 3 ?acaeaea oi?iu ?2 ca 1995 aiae iniiaiua iinooieaiey
i?aaei?eyoey ninoaaeee iinooieaiey io ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia – 32.9
ieeeea?aea ?oaeae ec ieo iaee/iuie auei iieo/aii 17.7 ieeeea?aea ?oaeae.
Iniiaiuie iai?aaeaieyie iooiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa auee caeoiee oiaa?ia
(nu?uey), iaeiaiaua ieaoaaee a athaeaeao e iieaoa o?oaea nio?oaeieeia
i?aaei?eyoey (15.4, 3.7 e 1.9 ieeeea?aeia ?oaeae niioaaonoaaiii). Oaeea
enoi/ieee iinooieaiey e iai?aaeaiey iooiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa yaeythony
oa?aeoa?iuie aeey ii?iaeueii ?aaioathuaai i?iiuoeaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey.
Anaai iinooieaiee ca 1995 aiae auei aieueoa /ai iio?a/aii i?aaei?eyoeai
ia 301 ouny/o ?oaeae.
4.4.3. Aiaeec aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe.
Aeey ioeaiee iai?a/eaaaiinoe aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe eniieuecoaony
neaaeothuay a?oiia iieacaoaeae.
1. Iai?a/eaaaiinoue aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe.
aaea:
2. Ia?eiae iiaaoaiey aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe.
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi /ai aieueoa ia?eiae i?in?i/ee
caaeieaeaiiinoe, oai auoa ?ene a? iaiiaaoaiey.
Ii aeaiiui iaoaai i?aaei?eyoey eiyooeoeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe aeaaeoi?neie
caaeieaeaiiinoe (E5a) ca 1994 aiae ninoaaee 102.56, a ca 1995 aiae
148.36. N?aaeiee n?ie iai?ioa (ia?eiae iiaaoaiey) aeaaeoi?neie
caaeieaeaiiinoe a 1994 aiaeo ninoaaee 3.56 aeiy, a a 1995 aiaeo 2.46
aeiy. Yoi iiaei auoue aucaaii oai, /oi a 1995 aiaeo i?aaei?eyoea aieueoa
?aaeeciauaaei iaeeea ia?oee oiaa?ia ca iaee/iue ?an/ao, a oaeaea ?ino
e?aaeeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i aieaa aeanoeie
?aaeecaoeeiiiie iieeoeea (i?aaeiieaoa).
Aeiey aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe a iauai iauaia oaeoueo aeoeaia.
Ii aeaiiui aaeaina Inoaieeineiai caaiaea aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee aeiey
aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe a oaeoueo aeoeaao ninoaaeea ia ia/aei 1994
aiaea 2.1%, ia ia/aei 1995 aiaea 11.3%, ia ia/aei 1996 aiaea 4.6%. Yoe
cia/aiey naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi a 1995 aiaeo i?aaei?eyoea aieaa
oniaoii ?aaoee?iaaei naith aeaaeoi?neoth caaeieaeaiiinoue, a oaeaea oi,
/oi oaeouea aeoeau ?inee auno?aa /ai aeaaeoi?neay caaeieaeaiiinoue.
Nouanoaotho iaeioi?ua iauea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee, iicaieythuea oi?aaeyoue
aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoueth:
– eiio?iee?iaaoue ninoiyiea ?an/aoia n iieoiaoaeyie ii ion?i/aiiui
(i?in?i/aiiui) caaeieaeaiiinoyi;
– ii aiciiaeiinoe i?eaioe?iaaoueny ia aieueoaa /enei iieoiaoaeae n
oeaeueth oiaiueoaiey ?enea iaoieaou iaeiei eee ianeieueeeie e?oiiuie
iieoiaoaeyie;
– neaaeeoue ca niioiioaieai aeaaeoi?neie e e?aaeeoi?neie
caaeieaeaiiinoe: cia/eoaeueiia i?aauoaiea aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe
nicaeaao oa?ico oeiainiaie onoie/eainoe i?aaei?eyoey e aeaeaao
iaiaoiaeeiui i?eaea/aiea aeiiieieoaeueiuo (eae i?aaeei, aei?iainoiyueo)
enoi/ieeia oeiaine?iaaiey;
– eniieueciaaoue niinia i?aaeinoaaeaiey neeaeie i?e aein?i/iie iieaoa.
Aiaeec iai?a/eaaaiinoe oiaa?ii-iaoa?eaeueiuo caiania.
Ioeaiea iai?a/eaaaiinoe oiaa?ii-iaoa?eaeueiuo caiania i?iaiaeeony ii
eaaeaeiio eo aeaeo (i?iecaiaenoaaiiua caianu, aioiaay i?iaeoeoeey,
oiaa?u o.ae.). Iineieueeo i?iecaiaenoaaiiua caianu o/eouaathony ii
noieiinoe eo caaioiaeaiey (i?eia?aoaiey), oi aeey ?an/aoa eiyooeoeeaioa
iai?a/eaaaiinoe caiania eniieuecoaony ia au?o/ea io ?aaeecaoeee, a
naaanoieiinoue ?aaeeciaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. Aeey ioeaiee nei?inoe iai?ioa
caiania eniieuecoaony oi?ioea:
I?e yoii:
N?ie o?aiaiey caiania ii?aaeaeyaony ii oi?ioea:
Ii aeaiiui iaoaai i?aaei?eyoey iai?a/eaaaiinoue caiania ca 1994 aiae
ninoaaeea 26.7, a n?ie o?aiaiey caiania ninoaaee 13.5 aeiae, a ca 1995
aiae iai?a/eaaaiinoue caiania ninoaaeea 19.9, a n?aaeiee n?ie o?aiaiey
caiania 18 aeiae. Aeey i?aaei?eyoey oeaaiie io?anee yoi ioiineoaeueii
iaaieueoea n?iee o?aiaiey i?iaeoeoeee oae eae i?e i?iecaiaenoaa
i?iaeoeoeee oaeiai aeaea iaei eniieuecothony nei?iii?oyueany i?iaeoeou.
E a oi aea a?aiy aeaeii, /oi caaiae iiaeao i?i?aaioaoue aac iinooieaiey
iiauo ia?oee nu?uey ieiei iieoianyoea.
Aiaeec yooaeoeaiinoe eniieueciaaiey eiouanoaa.
Ooieoeeiie?iaaiea i?aaei?eyoey caaeneo io aai niiniaiinoe i?eiineoue
iaiaoiaeeioth i?eaueue. I?e yoii neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi
?oeiaiaenoai i?aaei?eyoey eiaao cia/eoaeueioth naiaiaeo a ?aaoee?iaaiee
aaee/eiu oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoia. Oae, enoiaey ec i?eiyoie oeiainiaie
no?aoaaee, i?aaei?eyoea eiaao aiciiaeiinoue oaaee/eaaoue eee oiaiueoaoue
aaee/eio aaeainiaie i?eauee ca n/ao auai?a oiai eee eiiai niiniaa
ioeaiee eiouanoaa, ii?yaeea aai nienaiey, onoaiiaeaiey n?iea
eniieueciaaiey e o.ae.
E aii?inai o/aoiie iieeoeee, ii?aaeaeythuei aaee/eio oeiainiaiai
?acoeueoaoa aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, ioiinyony
neaaeothuea:
– auai? niiniaa ia/eneaiey aii?oecaoeee iniiaiuo n?aaenoa;
-auai? iaoiaea ioeaiee iaoa?eaeia, ioiouaiiuo e ec?anoiaeiaaiiuo ia
i?iecaiaenoai i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio, oneoa;
-ii?aaeaeaiea niiniaa ia/eneaiey eciina ii iaeioeaiiui e
auno?ieciaoeaathueiny i?aaeiaoai i?e eo ioionea a yenieoaoaoeeth;
– ii?yaeie ioianaiey ia naaanoieiinoue ?aaeeciaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee
ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia ?anoiaeia (iooai iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai eo nienaiey ia
naaanoieiinoue ii ia?a niaa?oaiey cao?ao eee n iiiiuueth
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey ?aca?aia i?aaenoiyueo ?anoiaeia e
ieaoaaeae);
– ninoaa cao?ao, ioiineiuo iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia naaanoieiinoue
eiie?aoiiai aeaea i?iaeoeoeee;
– ninoaa einaaiiuo (iaeeaaeiuo) ?anoiaeia e niinia eo ?ani?aaeaeaiey e
ae?.
Aiieia iiiyoii, /oi i?aaei?eyoea, ?ac aua?aa oio eee eiie niinia
oi?ie?iaaiey naaanoieiinoe ?aaeeciaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee e i?eauee, aoaeao
i?eaea?aeeaaoueny aai a oa/aiea anaai io/aoiiai ia?eiaea (ia iaiaa
aiaea), a ana aeaeueiaeoea eciaiaiey a o/aoiie iieeoeea aeieaeiu eiaoue
aaneea iniiaaiey e iai?aiaiii iaiaa?eaaoueny.
A oeaeii, ?acoeueoaoeaiinoue aeayoaeueiinoe ethaiai i?aaei?eyoey iiaeao
ioeaieaaoueny n iiiiuueth aaniethoiuo e ioiineoaeueiuo iieacaoaeae.
Nouanoaoao e eniieuecoaony nenoaia iieacaoaeae yooaeoeaiinoe
aeayoaeueiinoe, n?aaee ieo eiyooeoeeaio ?aioaaaeueiinoe aeoeaia
(eiouanoaa).
Yoio eiyooeoeeaio iieacuaaao, eaeoth i?eaueue iieo/aao i?aaei?eyoea n
eaaeaeiai ?oaey, aeiaeaiiiai a aeoeau. Ii iiei ?an/aoai (ni i?eeiaeaiea)
ii inoaieeineiio caaiaeo aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee eiyooeoeeaio
?aioaaaeueiinoe aeoeaia (ii iaeoi?ui enoi/ieeai ii iacuaaaony –
Eiyooeoeeaio ?aioaaaeueiinoe eaieoaea, ianiio?y ia oi /oi “eaieoae” yoi
ianneau i?aaei?eyoey, ii eo eoiaiaia cia/aiea ?aaii eoiaiaiio cia/aieth
aeoeaia i?aaei?eyoey e ?acoeueoao iieo/aaony iaeeiaeiaue). ?aaai ca 1994
aiae 1.31, a ca 1995 aiae 1.32 o.a. ia eaaeaeue aeiaeaiiue ?oaeue
i?aaei?eyoea iieo/eei i?eaueue ii?yaeea 1/3.
A aiaeeoe/aneeo oeaeyo eae ?aioaaaeueiinoue anae niaieoiiinoe aeoeaia,
oae e ?aioaaaeueiinoue oaeoueo aeoeaia.
Ii aaeainiaui aeaiiui ca 1994 aiae yoio eiyooeoeeaio ninoaaee 2.46, a ca
1995 aiae ii ninoaaee 2.48
Iieacaoaeue i?eauee ia aeiaeaiiue eaieoae, iacuaaaiue oaeaea
?aioaaaeueiinoueth nianoaaiiiai eaieoaea, ii?aaeaeyaony ii oi?ioea:
Ii Inoaieeineiio caaiaeo aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee ii ninoaaee a 1994 aiaeo –
2.13, a a 1995 aiaeo 1.95. Iaeioi?ia nieaeaiea yoiai eiyooeoeeaioa
iiaeii iauynieoue oai, /oi a 1995 aiaeo i?iecioei cia/eoaeueiia
oaaee/aiea aeiaaai/iiai eaieoaea e oiiaeia iaeiieaiey, a o?iaaiue
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie iiuiinoe ianeieueei nieceeny, o.e. i?aaei?eyoea aua ia
i?iecaaei ia?aiai?oaeiaaiea, eioi?ia ieaie?oaony ia 1996-1997 aiaea.
Ae?oaie aaaeiue eiyooeoeeaio – ?aioaaaeueiinoue ?aaeeciaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee – (?aioaaaeueiinoue i?iaeaae) ?ann/eouaaaony ii oi?ioea:
Cia/aiea yoiai eiyooeoeeaioa iieacuaaao, eaeoth i?eaueue eiaao
i?aaei?eyoea n eaaeaeiai ?oaey ?aaeeciaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. Oaiaeaioeey e
aai nieaeaieth iicaieyao i?aaeiieiaeeoue nie?auaiea ni?ina ia
i?iaeoeoeeth i?aaei?eyoey.
Nieaeaiea eiyooeoeeaioa ?aioaaaeueiioe ?aaeeciaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee iiaeao
auoue aucaaii eciaiaieyie a no?oeoo?a ?aaeecaoeee, nieaeaiea
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie ?aioaaaeueiinoe ecaeaeee, aoiaeyueo a ?aaeeciaaiioth
i?iaeoeoeeth, e ae?. Ii a iaoai neo/aa yoio eiyooeoeeaio ca 2 aiaea
i?aeoe/anee ia eciaieeny e ninoaaee 0.27 a 1994 aiaeo e 0.28 a 1995
aiaeo. Yoi aiai?eo i oii, /oi i?iaeoeoeey caaiaea iieuecoaony iinoiyiiui
ni?inii, /oi aiieia iiiyoii, oae eae i?iaeoeoeey oeaaiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
yaeyaony “oiaa?ii ia?aii/a?aaeiie iaiaoiaeeiinoe”.
4.5. OAAEEOeU ?AN*AOA YEIIIIE*ANEEO II?IAOEAIA
Oaaeeoea ?6
iniiaiua yeiiiie/aneea ii?iaoeau ICAE ca 1995 aiae
ia/aei 1995 aiaea eiiaoe 1995 aiaea
I ?acaeae aeoeaa 3,080,489 3,288,903
II ?acaeae aeoeaa : 556,513 2,621,140
III ?acaeae aeoeaa: 1,087,702 2,949,068
I ?acaeae ianneaa 3,632,033 5,562,033
II?acaeae ianneaa : 1,092,671 3,297,078
aaethoa aaeaina 4,724,704 8,859,111
no?iea 500
no?iea 510
no?iea 730
no?iea 735 498,147 2,382,403
no?iea 740 70,591 68,094
no?iea 020 7,022,078 7,345,602
no?iea 030
no?iea 040
no?iea 100 361,018 1,677,601
no?iea 130
1 Eiyooeoeeaio oaeouae eeeaeaeiinoe
ii?iaoea: ia iaiaa 2
Eiyooeoeeaio E1= 3.138 6.580
2 Eiyooeoeeaio iaania/aiiinoe nianoaaiiuie n?aaenoaaie K2> 0.1
Eiyooeoeeaio E2= 0.335 0.408
3 Eiyooeoeeaio oo?aou ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe ii?iaoea ia iaiaa 1
E1o = E1 a eiioea ia?eiaea 6.580
E1i = E1 a ia/aea ia?eiaea 3.138
E1 ii?i = 2 2
3 = ia?eiae oo?aou ieaoaaeani. 1
O – io/aoiue ia?eiae a ian. 12
Eiyooeoeeaio E3= 3.481
4. Eiyooeoeeaio aaoiiiiee ii?iaoea EA >= 0.5
Eiyooeoeeaio EA= 0.77 0.63
5. Eiyooeoeeaio niioiioaiy caaiiuo e nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa ECN=0.6-0.8
Eiyooeoeeaio EI = 0.991 0.867
9. Eiyooeoeeaio eiouanoaa i?iecaiaenoa. iacia/aiey EE>=0.5
Eiyooeoeeaio EE= 1.486 0.829
Oaaeeoea ?7
?an/ao ii?iaoeaiuo iieacaoaeae ca 1994 aiae
Aaeainiaua aeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey
Eiae no?. Ia/aei ia?eiaea Eiiaoe ia?eiaea
Aaethoa aaeaina 780 1,513,188 2,599,676
Eoia I ?acaeaea aeoeaa 80 962,259 955,461
Eoia II ?acaeaea aeoeaa 180 182,267 556,513
Eoia III ?acaeaea aeoeaa 330 368,662 1,087,702
Eoia I ?acaeaea ianneaa 480 1,027,838 1,507,005
Eoia II ?acaeaea ianneaa 770 485,350 1,092,671
Aeoea
Ia?aiia/. noieiinoue iaiao. aeoeaia 10 –
8,486
eciin iaiao. aeoeaia 11 8,486 8,486
Ia?aiia/. noieiinoue IN 20 2,286,895 2,332,666
Eciin IN 21 1,325,536 1,378,105
Inoaoi/iay noieiinoue IN 22 961,359 954,561
Aeieain?i/iua oei. aeiaeaiey 50 900
900
I?ieca. caianu 100 99,555 361,018
Ia?aiia/. noieiinoue IAI 120 9,283 51,117
Eciin IAI 121 1,635 7,583
Inoaoi/i. noieiinoue IAI 122 7,648 43,534
?anoiaeu aoaeoueo ia?eiaeia 140 93
1,012
Aioiaay i?iaeoeoeey 150 65,089 94,761
IAeN ii i?eia?. oeaiiinoyi 175 9,882 56,188
Oiaa?u ioa?oaeaiiua 199 289,388 745,918
?an/aou n athaeaeaoii 230 6,193 –
?an/aou n ia?niiaeii 240 – 7,210
?an/aou n i?i/. aeaaeoi?aie 250 11,657 186,924
E?aoein?. oei. aeiaeaiey 270
–
Eanna 280 18 1,081
?an/aoiue n/ao 290 61,406 146,569
Iannea
Onoaaiue eaieoae 400 15,000 15,000
Aeiaaai/iue eaieoae 401 970,317 1,242,057
?aca?aiue eaieoae 402 – 3,750
Oiiaeu iaeiieaiey 420 42,521 246,198
I?eaueue io/aoiiai aiaea 470
2,697,535
Eniieueciaaii i?eauee 471
2,697,535
?an/.n e?aaeeoi?aie ca oia. e oneoae 630 168,522
181,657
?an/aou ii iieaoa o?oaea 650 49,162 138,461
?an/aou ii nioe. no?ao. e iaani. 660 31,471
49,165
?an/aou ii aiaathaeae. ieaoaaeai 690 4,075
4,571
?an/aou n athaeaeaoii 700 45,531 132,444
?an/aou n i?i/. e?aaeeoi?aie 710 4,245
17,635
Oiiaeu iio?aaeaiey 735 87,781 498,147
?aca?au i?aaeno. ieaoaaeae 740 94,563 70,591
Aeaiiua ii oi?ia ?2
I?eaueue Oauoee
Au?o/ea io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee 10 10,183,000
IAeN e NI 15
1,268,000
Cao?aou ia i?iecaiaenoai 40
6,143,000
?acoeueoao io ?aaeecaoeee 50 2,771,000
Aeioiaeu e ?anoiaeu ii i?i/. iia?aoe. 70 125,000
198,000
Eoiai i?eaueae e oauoeia 80 2,896,000 198,000
Aaeainiaay i?eaueue/oauoie 90 2,697,000
ia/aei ia?eiaea eiiaoe ia?eiaea
?acaeae I
Eiyooeoeeaiou eeeaeaeiinoe
1.1. Eiyooeoeeaio aaniethoiie eeeaeaeiinoe (Eae)
Eae=(270+280+290)/(770-735-740)
Eae=
0.20 0.28
Ii?iaoeaiia cia/aiea = 0.4
1.2. Eiyooeoeeaio e?eoe/aneie eeeaeaeiinoe (Eee)
Eee=(330-230)/(770-735-740)
Eee=
1.20 2.08
Ii?iaoeaiia cia/aiea (ia iaiaa 1)
1.3 Eiyooeoeeaio oaeouae eeeaeaeiinoe (Eoe)
Eoe=330/(770-735-740)
Eoe=
1.82 3.14
Ii?iaoeaiia cia/aiea (ia iaiaa 2)
?acaeae II
Eiyooeoeeaiou ?aioaaaeueiinoe
2.1. Eiyooeoeeaio ?aioaaaeueiinoe i?iaeaae (E1R)
E1R=(050/010) (oi?ia ?2)
E1R=
0.27
2.2. Eiyooeoeeaio ?aioaaaeueiinoe eaieoaea (E2R)
E2R=(470/780n?aaei.)
E2R=
1.31
2.3 Eiyooeoeeaio ?aioaaaeueiinoe IN e i?i/eo aiaiai?. aeoeaia
E3R=470/IA n?aaei
E3R=
2.81
2.4. Eiyooeoeeaio ?aioaaaeueiinoe nianoaaiiiai eaieoaea E4R
E4R=470/I I n?aaei.
E4R=
2.13
?acaeae III
Eiyooeoeeaiou aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe
3.1. Eiyooeoeeaio iauae iai?a/eaaaiinoe eaieoaea (E1A)
E1A=010(oi?ia ?2)/780 n?aaei
E1A=
4.95
3.2. Eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe iiaeeueiuo n?aaenoa (E2A)
E2A=010(oi?ia ?2)/(IIA+IIIA n?aaei)
E2A=
9.28
3.3. Eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe iao. iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa
E3A=010(oi?ia ?2)/(IIA n?aaei)
E3A=
13.98
3.4. Eiyoeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee (E4A)
E4A=010(oi?ia ?2)/150n?aaei
E4A=
127.41
3.5. Eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe (E5A)
E5A=010(oi?ia ?2)/250 n?aaei.
E5A=
102.56
3.6. n?aaeiee n?ie iai?ioa aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe (E6A)
E6A=365 aeiae/E5A
E6A=
3.56
3.7. Eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe e?aaeeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe (E7A)
E7A=010(oi?ia ?2)/630+710 n?aaei.
E7A=
54.74
3.8. N?aaeiee n?ie iai?ioa e?aaeeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe (E8A)
E8A=365 aeiae/E8A
E8A=
6.67
3.9. Oiiaeiioaea/a IN e i?i/eo aiaiai?ioiuo aeoeaia (E9A)
E9A=010(oi?ia ?2)/080n?aaei.
E9A=
10.62
3.10. Eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe nianoaaiiiai eaieoaea (E10A)
E10A=010(oi?ia ?2)/480
E10A=
8.03
Oaaeeoea ?8
?an/ao ii?iaoeaiuo iieacaoaeae ca 1995 aiae
Aaeainiaua aeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey
Eiae no?. Ia/aei ia?eiaea Eiiaoe ia?eiaea
Aaethoa aaeaina 780 4,724,704 8,859,111
Eoia I ?acaeaea aeoeaa 80 3,080,489 3,288,903
Eoia II ?acaeaea aeoeaa 180 556,513 2,621,140
Eoia III ?acaeaea aeoeaa 330 1,087,702 2,949,068
Eoia I ?acaeaea ianneaa 480 3,632,033 5,562,033
Eoia II ?acaeaea ianneaa 770 1,092,671 3,297,078
Aeoea
Ia?aiia/. noieiinoue iaiao. aeoeaia 10 8,486
26,247
eciin iaiao. aeoeaia 11 8,486 26,247
Ia?aiia/. noieiinoue IN 20 7,022,078 7,345,602
Eciin IN 21 3,942,489 4,058,149
Inoaoi/iay noieiinoue IN 22 3,079,589 3,287,453
Aeieain?i/iua oei. aeiaeaiey 50 900 1,450
I?ieca. caianu 100 361,018 1,677,601
Ia?aiia/. noieiinoue IAI 120 51,117 208,850
Eciin IAI 121 7,583 20,047
Inoaoi/i. noieiinoue IAI 122 43,534 188,003
?anoiaeu aoaeoueo ia?eiaeia 140 1,012 3,257
Aioiaay i?iaeoeoeey 150 94,761 541,936
IAeN ii i?eia?. oeaiiinoyi 175 56,188 209,543
Oiaa?u ioa?oaeaiiua 199 745,918 1,989,911
?an/aou n athaeaeaoii 230
236,847
?an/aou n ia?niiaeii 240 7,210 14,954
?an/aou n i?i/. aeaaeoi?aie 250 186,924 256,681
E?aoein?. oei. aeiaeaiey 270
2,000
Eanna 280 1,081 12
?an/aoiue n/ao 290 146,569 448,663
Iannea
Onoaaiue eaieoae 400 15,000 15,000
Aeiaaai/iue eaieoae 401 3,367,085 4,297,085
?aca?aiue eaieoae 402 3,750 3,750
Oiiaeu iaeiieaiey 420 246,198 1,246,198
I?eaueue io/aoiiai aiaea 470
8,954,965
Eniieueciaaii i?eauee 471
8,954,965
?an/.n e?aaeeoi?aie ca oia. e oneoae 630 181,657
607,404
?an/aou ii iieaoa o?oaea 650 138,461 143,628
?an/aou ii nioe. no?ao. e iaani. 660 52,182
27,578
?an/aou ii aiaathaeae. ieaoaaeai 690 1,554
47,229
?an/aou n athaeaeaoii 700 132,444
?an/aou n i?i/. e?aaeeoi?aie 710 17,635 20,742
Oiiaeu iio?aaeaiey 735 498,147 2,382,403
?aca?au i?aaeno. ieaoaaeae 740 70,591 68,094
Aeaiiua ii oi?ia ?2
I?eaueue Oauoee
Au?o/ea io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee 10 32,905,789
IAeN e NI 15
3,484,607
Cao?aou ia i?iecaiaenoai 40
20,255,188
?acoeueoao io ?aaeecaoeee 50 9,165,992
Aeioiaeu e ?anoiaeu ii i?i/. iia?aoe. 70 498,267
709,204
Eoiai i?eaueae e oauoeia 80 9,664,259 709,204
Aaeainiaay i?eaueue/oauoie 90 8,954,965
ia/aei ia?eiaea eiiaoe ia?eiaea
?acaeae I
Eiyooeoeeaiou eeeaeaeiinoe
1.1. Eiyooeoeeaio aaniethoiie eeeaeaeiinoe (Eae)
Eae=(270+280+290)/(770-735-740)
Eae=
0.28 0.53
Ii?iaoeaiia cia/aiea = 0.4
1.2. Eiyooeoeeaio e?eoe/aneie eeeaeaeiinoe (Eee)
Eee=(330-230)/(770-735-740)
Eee=
2.08 3.20
Ii?iaoeaiia cia/aiea (ia iaiaa 1)
1.3 Eiyooeoeeaio oaeouae eeeaeaeiinoe (Eoe)
Eoe=330/(770-735-740)
Eoe=
3.14 6.58
Ii?iaoeaiia cia/aiea (ia iaiaa 2)
?acaeae II
Eiyooeoeeaiou ?aioaaaeueiinoe
2.1. Eiyooeoeeaio ?aioaaaeueiinoe i?iaeaae (E1R)
E1R=(050/010) (oi?ia ?2)
E1R=
0.28
2.2. Eiyooeoeeaio ?aioaaaeueiinoe eaieoaea (E2R)
E2R=(470/780n?aaei.)
E2R=
1.32
2.3 Eiyooeoeeaio ?aioaaaeueiinoe IN e i?i/eo aiaiai?. aeoeaia
E3R=470/IA n?aaei
E3R=
2.81
2.4. Eiyooeoeeaio ?aioaaaeueiinoe nianoaaiiiai eaieoaea E4R
E4R=470/I I n?aaei.
E4R=
1.95
?acaeae III
Eiyooeoeeaiou aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe
3.1. Eiyooeoeeaio iauae iai?a/eaaaiinoe eaieoaea (E1A)
E1A=010(oi?ia ?2)/780 n?aaei
E1A=
4.84
3.2. Eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe iiaeeueiuo n?aaenoa (E2A)
E2A=010(oi?ia ?2)/(IIA+IIIA n?aaei)
E2A=
9.12
3.3. Eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe iao. iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa
E3A=010(oi?ia ?2)/(IIA n?aaei)
E3A=
16.30
3.4. Eiyoeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee (E4A)
E4A=010(oi?ia ?2)/150n?aaei
E4A=
103.36
3.5. Eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe (E5A)
E5A=010(oi?ia ?2)/250 n?aaei.
E5A=
148.36
3.6. n?aaeiee n?ie iai?ioa aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe (E6A)
E6A=365 aeiae/E5A
E6A=
2.46
3.7. Eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe e?aaeeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe (E7A)
E7A=010(oi?ia ?2)/630+710 n?aaei.
E7A=
79.54
3.8. N?aaeiee n?ie iai?ioa e?aaeeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe (E8A)
E8A=365 aeiae/E8A
E8A=
4.59
3.9. Oiiaeiioaea/a IN e i?i/eo aiaiai?ioiuo aeoeaia (E9A)
E9A=010(oi?ia ?2)/080n?aaei.
E9A=
10.33
3.10. Eiyooeoeeaio iai?a/eaaaiinoe nianoaaiiiai eaieoaea (E10A)
E10A=010(oi?ia ?2)/480
E10A=
7.16
Caeeth/aiea
Iiaeaiaey eoia anaio iaienaiiiio iiaeii naeaeaoue neaaeothuea auaiaeu i
oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey: eiia/iue oeiainiaue
?acoeueoao caaeneo io iiiaeo oaeoi?ia e iieacaoaeae, iaeioi?ua ec ieo
aeeytho ia i?eaueue io?eoeaoaeueii. Oae, ianiio?y ia aieueoie ?ino
auionea i?iaeoeoeee a aeaenoaothueo oeaiao, auione yoie aea i?iaeoeoeee
a iaoo?aeueiii au?aaeaiee ianeieueei nie?aoeeny. I?e/eiie yoiai
nie?auaiey yaeyaony – eciin iniiaiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey.
Ia caaiaea oaeaea iaaethaeaaony oaeo/anoue eaae?ia, ca 1995 aiae n
caaiaea oaieeeinue 53 /aeiaaea e i?eiyoi ia ?aaioo 49, oi anoue 1/7 io
n?aaeianieni/iie /eneaiiinoe ?aaioathueo. Ec-ca yoiai oaeaea nie?auaaony
auione i?iaeoeoeee, o.e. ethaee ono?aeaathueany ia caaiae /anoi ia
eiatho iaiaoiaeeiiai iiuoa ?aaiou e a naiae ?aaioa aeiioneatho a?ae,
anee aea o/anoue, /oi iai?oaeiaaiea ia caaiaea ia noaiaea?oiia, oi anoue
?aaioa n iei ia iao/atho a n?aaeia-niaoeeaeueiuo caaaaeaieyo, oi yoa
i?iaeaia oneeeaaaony. Auaiae ia yoii iiaeii naeaeaoue ec oiai, /oi
auione i?iaeoeoeee a iaoo?aeueiii ecia?aiee nie?aoeeny aieueoa /ai
nie?aoeeanue i?iecaiaenoaaiiay iiuiinoue caaiaea e eiyooeoeeaio
eniieueciaaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiie iiuiinoe oiae n 78% aei 71.6%.
Aaeieieno?aoeey caaiaea aeieaeia i?aaei?eieiaoue aieaa yooaeoeaiua ia?u
ii oaea?aeaieth nio?oaeieeia ia caaiaea. N?aaeiyy ca?ieaoa ii caaiaeo a
1995 aiaeo ninoaaeea 451.997 ?oaeae, yoi ianeieueei ieaea, /ai n?aaeiyy
ca?ieaoa ii Iineaa, oioy i?e ?an/aoa n?aaeiae ca?aaioiie ieaou ia
i?eieiathony ei aieiaieth i?aiee, a oaeaea aeeaeaeaiaeu, iieo/aiiua ii
aeoeeyi caaiaea. I?eieiay ai aieiaiea ae?oaea auieaou e eueaiou
nio?oaeieeai n?aaeiaiany/iue aeioiae ii caaiaeo ninoaaeyao ieiei 1
ieeeeiia ?oaeae, ii ianiio?y ia yoi iaiaoiaeeii i?eieiaoue e ae?oaea
ia?u, ii iiauoaieth nioeeaeueiie caueuaiiinoe ?aai/eo e neoaeaueo
caaiaea.
Caaiae oaeaea ioaeaeaaony a ?aeiino?oeoeee e caiaia noa?iai
iai?oaeiaaiey ia iiaia, ii i?e yoii, eae a noa?ua a?aiaia, ?oeiaiaenoai
caaiaea aeaeao eaeeo-eeai oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo iinooieaiee aeey caeoiee
oaeiai iai?oaeiaaiey. Yeiiiie/aneee aiaeec eeeaeaeiinoe e ninoiyiey
caaiiuo n?aaenoa iicaieyao naeaeaoue auaiae i oii, /oi caaiae
i?aeoe/anee ia i?eaaaaao e eniieueciaaieth ieaoiuo caaiiuo n?aaenoa –
e?aaeeoia, oioy a ianoiyuaa a?aiy noaaee ii oaeei e?aaeeoai iaoiaeyony
ia o?iaia 100-110% aiaeiauo. Caaiae iiaeao naaa iicaieeoue oaeoth oeaio
ca i?eaea/aiiua e?aaeeoiua ?ano?nu.
A oeaeii, onoie/eaia yeiiiie/aneia ninoiyiea inoaieeineiai caaiaea
aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee iiaeii iauynieoue neaaeothueie oaeoi?aie:
1) Caaiae iieuecoaony iaeiaiauie eueaioaie, iaeia ia i?eaueue caaiae
ieaoeo oieueei a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao;
2) I?iaeoeoeey caaiaea iieuecoaony eueaioie ii iaeiaeaieth IAeN, yoio
iaeia ia i?iaeoeoeeth caaiaea ninoaaeyao 10%, /oi aeaaii?eyoii
io?aaeaaony ia oeaia i?iaeoeoeee caaiaea e ni?ino ia iaa.
3) Ca 1995 aiae ?ino oeai ia oeaaioth i?iaeoeoeeth a Iineaa cia/eoaeueii
i?aaunee eioeyoeeth, a oeaiu ia nu?uea e yia?aiiineoaee au?inee iaiueoa
/ai oeaiu ia aioiaoth i?iaeoeoeeth.
Aaeieieno?aoeee caaiaea, ii iiaio iiaieth, iiaeii i?aaeeiaeeoue
neaaeothuea oaae ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
caaiaea:
1) Caeoieoue iiaia aunieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiia iai?oaeiaaiea, eioi?ia
iicaieeo e?iia iiauoaiey iiuiinoe, ?anoe?eoue anni?oeiaio auioneaaiie
i?iaeoeoeee;
2) Ioe?uaaoue auacaeiua oi?aiaua oi/ee naaaeae i?iaeoeoeeae, aeey
iieo/aiey iaee/iuo aeaiaa ca ?aaeeciaaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth, /oi iicaieeo
nie?aoeoue aeaaeoi?neoth caaeieaeaiiinoue, a oaeaea iicaieeo caaiaeo
auoue aieaa eiieo?aioiiniiniaiui;
3) I?iaiaeeoue aieueoa ia?ii?eyoee ii nioeeaeueiie caueuaiiinoe
nio?oaeieeia caaiaea, aaanoe aeaeoth nenoaio iiiu?aiee nio?oaeieeia ii
?acoeueoaoai o?oaea.
NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U
1. Ienueia ec a?oeaa Inoaieeineiai caaiaea aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee.
2. Onoaa Inoaieeineiai caaiaea aa?aii/iuo ecaeaeee.
3. Aaeainu e i?eeiaeaiey e aaeainai ca 1994 e 1995 aiaea.
4. Aaeainu i?iecaiaenoaaiiie iiuiinoe i?aaei?eyoey ca 1994 e 1995 aiaea.
5. Ooaoiia ?anienaiea caaiaea.
6. Io/aou ii o?oaeo ICAE ca 1994 e 1995 aiaea.
7. Oa?aiao A.Ae., Naeooeei ?.N. “Iaoiaeeea oeiainiaiai aiaeeca” Iineaa
“Eio?a-I” 1995
8. A.I. Eiceiaa, I.A. Ia?aoooei, O.I. Aaa/aiei “Aooaaeoa?neee o/ao a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe” Iineaa “Oeiainu e noaoenoeea” 1993 a.
9. Aaeaiia I.E., Oa?aiao A.Ae. “Oai?ey yeiiiie/aneiai aiaeeca” Iineaa
“Oeiainu e noaoenoeea”, 1993 a.
10.?iaeeiiiaa A.I., Oaaeioiaa I.A. “Oeiainiaay onoie/eainoue
i?aaei?eyoey a oneiaeyo eioeyoeee” Iineaa “Ia?niaeoeaa” 1995
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