ii aeenoeeieeia
“Iieeoe/aneay yeiiiiey”
A?oiia IY-91-1
Nooaeaio Aieeooei N. N.
I?aiiaeaaaoaeue Iineaei Ae. Ae.
Oaia: Nenoaia oeaiiia?aciaaiey e iieeoeea oeai
a nenoaia ia?eaoeiaa.
Iineaa, 1993 a.
IEAI
1. Aaaaeaiea
2. Oeaiiia?aciaaiea ia ?acee/iuo oeiao ?uieia
3. Iinoaiiaea caaea/ oeaiiia?aciaaiey
4. Ii?aaeaeaiea ni?ina
5. Ioeaiea ecaea?aeae
6 Aiaeec oeai e oiaa?ia eiieo?aioia
7. Auai? iaoiaea oeaiiia?aciaaiey
8. Onoaiiaeaiea ieii/aoaeueiie oeaiu
9. Iiaeoiaeu e i?iaeaia oeaiiia?aciaaiey
10. Eieoeeaoeaiia eciaiaiea oeai
11. ?aaeoeey oe?iu ia eciaiaiea oeai eiieo?aioaie.
1. Aaaaeaiea
Ia?aae anaie eiiia?/aneeie e iiiaeie iaeiiia?/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie
anoaao caaea/a iacia/aiey oeaiu ia naie oiaa?u e oneoae. A oneiaeyo
?uiea oeaiiia?aciaaiea yaeyaony aanueia neiaeiui i?ioeannii,
iiaeaa?aeaii aicaeaenoaeth iiiaeo oaeoi?ia e, eiia/ii, aace?oaony ia
oieueei ia ?aeiiaiaeaoeeyo ia?eaoeiaa. Ii auai? iauaai iai?aaeaiey a
oeaiiia?aciaaiee, iiaeoiaeia e ii?aaeaeaieth oeai ia iiaua e oaea
auioneaaiua ecaeaeey e oneoae aeey oaaee/aiey iauaiia ?aaeecaoeee,
oiaa?iiai?ioa, iiauoaiey i?iecaiaenoaa e oe?aieaiey ?uii/iuo iiceoeee
i?aaei?eyoey yaeyaony ooieoeeae ia?eaoeiaa. Oeaiu e oeaiiaay iieeoeea –
iaeia ec aeaaiuo ninoaaeythueo ia?eaoeiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, ?ieue
eioi?ie ana aieaa aic?anoaao. Oeaiu iaoiaeyony a oaniie caaeneiinoe n
ae?oaeie ia?aiaiiuie ia?eaoeiaa e aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu. Io oeai ai
iiiaii caaenyo aeinoeaiooua eiiia?/aneea ?acoeueoaou, a aa?iay eee
ioeai/iay oeaiiaay iieeoeea ieacuaaao aeieaia?aiaiiia (iieiaeeoaeueiia
eee io?eoeaoaeueiia) aicaeaenueaea ia anth aeayoaeueiinoue oe?iu. Nooue
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie oeaiiaie iieeoeee a ia?eaoeiaa caeeth/aaony a oii,
/oiau onoaiaaeeaaoue ia oiaa?u oe?iu oaeea oeaiu e oae aa?uee?iaaoue eie
a caaeneiinoe io iieiaeaiey ia ?uiea, /oiau iaeaaeaoue aai ii?aaeaeaiiie
aeieae, iaania/eoue iaia/aiiue iauai i?eauee e ?aoaoue ae?oaea
no?aoaae/aneea e iia?aoeaiua caaea/e. I?e ii?aaeaeaiee iauae oeaiiaie
iieeoeee ioaeaeueiua ?aoaiey (acaeiinaycue oeai ia oiaa?u a ?aieao
anni?oeiaioa, eniieueciaaiea niaoeeaeueiuo neeaeie e eciaiaiee oeai,
niioiioaiea naieo oeai e oeai eiieo?aioia, iaoiae oi?ie?iaaiey oeai ia
iiaua oiaa?u) oaycuaathony a eioaa?e?iaaiioth nenoaio.
Onoaiiaeaiea aaeeiie oeaiu aeey anao iieoiaoaeae – eaeay n?aaieoaeueii
iiaay. Enoi?e/anee neiaeeeinue, /oi oeaiu onoaiaaeeaaee i?iaeaaoeu e
iieoiaoaee a oiaea ia?aaiai?ia ae?oa n ae?oaii. I?iaeaaoeu iau/ii
cai?aoeaaee oeaio auoa oie, /oi iaaeayeenue iieo/eoue, a iieoiaoaee –
ieaea oie, /oi ?ann/eouaaee caieaoeoue. Iioi?aiaaaoenue, iie a eiioea
eiioeia noiaeeeenue ia acaeii i?eaieaiie oeaia. Aaeeiua oeaiu iieo/eee
?ani?ino?aiaiea oieueei a eiioea XIX a. n aicieeiiaaieai e?oiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee ?icie/iie oi?aiaee, eioi?ua ?aeeaie?iaaee “no?iaoth
iieeoeeo aaeeiuo oeai”, iioiio /oi i?aaeeaaaee aieueoia ?aciiia?acea
oiaa?ia e aea?aeaee aieueoia eiee/anoai iaaiiuo ?aaioieeia.
Enoi?e/anee oeaia anaaaea auea iniiaiui oaeoi?ii, ii?aaeaeythuei auai?
iieoiaoaey. Yoi iieiaeaiea aei neo ii? ni?aaaaeeeai a aaaeiuo no?aiao
n?aaee iaeioueo a?oii ianaeaiey i?eiaieoaeueii e i?iaeoeoai oeia oiaa?ia
oe?ieiai iio?aaeaiey. Iaeiaei a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey ia
iieoiaoaeueneii auai?a ioiineoaeueii neeueiaa noaee neacuaaoueny
oeaiiaua oaeoi?u, oaeea, eae noeioee?iaaiea nauoa, i?aaiecaoeey
?ani?aaeaeaiey oiaa?a e oneoa aeey eeeaioia.
Oe?iu iiaeoiaeyo e i?iaeaiai oeaiiia?aciaaiey ii-?aciiio. A iaeeeo
oe?iao oeaiu /anoi onoaiaaeeaathony aunoei ?oeiaiaenoaii. A e?oiiuo
eiiiaieyo i?iaeaiaie oeaiiia?aciaaiey iau/ii caieiathony oi?aaeythuea
ioaeaeaiee e oi?aaeythuea ii oiaa?iui anni?oeiaioai. Ii e caeanue aunoaa
?oeiaiaenoai ii?aaeaeyao iauea onoaiiaee e oeaee iieeoeee oeai e
ia?aaeei ooaa?aeaeaao oeaiu, i?aaeeiaeaiiua ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie iecoeo
yoaeiiia. A io?aneyo aeayoaeueiinoe, aaea oaeoi?u oeaiiia?aciaaiey
ea?atho ?aoathuoth ?ieue (ay?ieinie/aneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, aeaeaciua
aei?iae, iaooyiua eiiiaiee), oe?iu /anoi o/?aaeaeatho o naay ioaeaeu
oeai, eioi?ua eeai naie ?ac?aaaouaatho oeaiu, eeai iiiiaatho aeaeaoue
yoi ae?oaei iiae?acaeaeaieyi. N?aaee oao, /uea aeeyiea oaeaea
neacuaaaony ia iieeoeea oeai, oi?aaeythuea neoaeaie nauoa, caaaaeothuea
i?iecaiaenoaii, oi?aaeythuea neoaeaie oeiainia, aooaaeoa?u.
2. Oeaiiia?aciaaiea ia ?acee/iuo oeiao ?uieia.
Ia?aae ?anniio?aieai iaoiaeee oeaiiia?aciaaiey ?anniio?ei /aou?a oeia
?uieia, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo noaaeo naie i?iaeaiu a iaeanoe
oeaiiia?aciaaiey e io eioi?uo caaeneo oeaiiaay iieeoeea i?iaeaaoea.
*enoay eiieo?aioeey.
?uiie /enoie eiieo?aioeee ninoieo ec iiiaeanoaa i?iaeaaoeia e
iieoiaoaeae eaeiai-eeai noiaeaai oiaa?iiai i?iaeoeoa. Ie iaeei
ioaeaeueiue iieoiaoaeue eee i?iaeaaaoe ia ieacuaaao aieueoiai aeeyiey ia
o?iaaiue oaeoueo ?uii/iuo oeai oiaa?a. I?iaeaaaoe ia a ninoiyiee
cai?ineoue oeaio auoa ?uii/iie, iineieueeo iieoiaoaee iiaoo naiaiaeii
i?eia?anoe ethaia iaiaoiaeeiia ei eiee/anoai oiaa?a ii yoie ?uii/iie
oeaia. Ia aoaeoo i?iaeaaoeu cai?aoeaaoue e oeaio ieaea ?uii/iie,
iineieueeo iiaoo i?iaeaoue an?, /oi ioaeii, ii nouanoaothuae ?uii/iie
oeaia. I?iaeaaoeu ia yoeo ?uieao ia o?aoyo iiiai a?aiaie ia ?ac?aaioeo
no?aoaaee ia?eaoeiaa, eai aei oao ii?, iiea ?uiie inoa?ony ?uieii /enoie
eiieo?aioeee, ?ieue ia?eaoeiaiauo enneaaeiaaiee, aeayoaeueiinoe ii
?ac?aaioea oiaa?a, iieeoeea oeai, ?aeeaiu, noeioee?iaaiey nauoa e i?i/eo
ia?ii?eyoee ieieiaeueia.
Iiiiiieenoe/aneay eiieo?aioeey.
?uiie iiiiiieeoe/aneie eiieo?aioeee ninoieo ec iiiaeanoaa iieoiaoaeae e
i?iaeaaoeia, niaa?oathueo naeaeee ia ii aaeeiie ?uii/iie oeaia, a a
oe?ieii aeeaiaciia oeai. Iaee/ea aeeaiaciia oeai iauyniyaony
niiniaiinoueth i?iaeaaoeia i?aaeeiaeeoue iieoiaoaeyi ?aciua aa?eaiou
oiaa?ia. ?aaeueiua ecaeaeey iiaoo ioee/aoueny ae?oa io ae?oaa ea/anoaii,
naienoaaie, aiaoiei ioi?ieaieai. ?acee/ey iiaoo caeeth/aoueny e a
niioonoaothueo oiaa?ai oneoaao. Iieoiaoaee aeaeyo ?acieoeo a
i?aaeeiaeaieyo e aioiau ieaoeoue ca oiaa?u ii-?aciiio. *oiau
auaeaeeoueny /ai-oi, iiieii oeaiu, i?iaeaaoeu no?aiyony ?ac?aaioaoue
?aciua i?aaeeiaeaiey aeey ?aciuo iio?aaeoaeueneeo naaiaioia e oe?iei
iieuecothony i?aeoeeie i?enaiaiey oiaa?ai ia?i/iuo iacaaiee, ?aeeaiie e
iaoiaeaie ee/iie i?iaeaaee. A nayce n iaee/eai aieueoiai /enea
eiieo?aioia no?aoaaee eo ia?eaoeiaa ieacuaatho ia eaaeaeoth ioaeaeueioth
oe?io iaiueoa aeeyiey, /ai a oneiaeyo ieeaiiieenoe/aneiai ?uiea.
Ieeaiiieenoe/aneay eiieo?aioeey.
Ieeaiiieenoe/anaee ?uiie ninoieo ec iaaieueoiai /enea i?iaeaaoeia,
aanueia /oanoaeoaeueiuo e iieeoeea oeaiiia?aciaaiey e ia?eaoeiaiaui
no?aoaaeyi ae?oa ae?oaa. Oiaa?u iiaoo auoue noiaeeie (noaeue,
aethieiee), a iiaoo auoue e ianoiaeeie (aaoiiiaeee, eiiiuethoa?u).
Iaaieueoia eiee/anoai i?iaeaaoeia iauyniyaony oai, /oi iiaui
i?aoaiaeaioai o?oaeii i?iieeiooue ia yoio ?uiie. Eaaeaeue i?iaeaaaoe
/ooei ?aaae?oao ia no?aoaaeth e aeaenoaey eiieo?aioia. Anee eaeay-oi
noaeaeeoaeiay eiiiaiey nieceo naie oeaiu ia 10%, iieoiaoaee auno?i
ia?aeeth/aony ia yoiai iinoaaueea. Ae?oaei i?iecaiaeeoaeyi noaee
i?eae?ony ?aaae?iaaoue eeai oiaea nieaeaieai oeai, eeai i?aaeeiaeaieai
aieueoaai /enea eee iau?ia oneoa. Ieeaiiieeno ieeiaaea ia eniuouaaao
oaa?aiiinoe, /oi iiaeao aeiaeoueny eaeiai-oi aeieaia?aiaiiiai
?acoeueoaoa ca n/?o nieaeaiey oeai. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, anee ieeaiiieeno
iiauneo oeaiu, eiieo?aiou iiaoo ia iineaaeiaaoue aai i?eia?o. E oiaaea
aio i?eae?ony eeai aica?auaoueny e i?aaeiei oeaiai, eeai ?eneiaaoue
iioa?ae eeeaioo?u a iieueco eiieo?aioia.
*enoay iiiiiieey.
I?e /enoie iiiiiieee ia ?uiea anaai iaeei i?iaeaaaoe. Yoi iiaeao auoue
ainoaea?noaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey, /anoiay ?aaoee?oaiay iiiiiieey eee
/anoiay ia?aaoee?oaiay iiiiiieey. A eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii neo/aa
oeaiiia?aciaaiea neeaaeuaaaony ii-?aciiio. Ainoaea?noaaiiay iiiiiieey
iiaeao n iiiiuueth iieeoeee oeai i?aneaaeiaaoue aeinoeaeaiea naiuo
?aciuo oeaeae. Iia iiaeao onoaiiaeoue oeaio ieaea naaanoieiinoe, anee
oiaa? eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey iieoiaoaeae, eioi?ua ia a ninoiyiee
i?eia?aoaoue aai ca iieioth noieiinoue. Oeaia iiaeao auoue ninoaaeaia n
?an/?oii ia iie?uoea ecaea?aeae eee iieo/aiea oi?ioeo aeioiaeia. A
iiaeao auoue e oae, /oi oeaia iacia/aaony i/aiue aunieie aeey anaia?iiai
nie?auaiey iio?aaeaiey. A neo/aa ?aaoee?oaiie iiiiiieee ainoaea?noai
?ac?aoaao eiiiaiee onoaiaaeeaaoue ?anoeaiee, iaania/eaathuea iieo/aiea
“ni?aaaaeeeaie ii?iu i?eauee”, eioi?ay aeano i?aaiecaoeee aiciiaeiinoue
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue i?iecaiaenoai, a i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?anoe?youe aai. E
iaiai?io, a neo/aa ia?aaoee?oaiie iiiiiieee oe?ia naia aieueia
onoaiaaeeaaoue ethaoth oeaio, eaeoth oieueei auaea?aeeo ?uiie. E oai ia
iaiaa ii ?yaeo i?e/ei oe?iu ia anaaaea cai?aoeaatho iaeneiaeueii
aiciiaeioth oeaio. Caeanue iiaeao ea?aoue ?ieue aiyciue aaaaeaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai eaaoee?iaaiey, iaaeaeaiea i?eaeaeaoue eiieo?aioia eee
no?aieaiea auno?aa i?iieeiooue – aeaaiaea?y iaaunieei oeaiai – ia anth
aeoaeio ?uiea.
Ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa ?aaiou ia ?uieao /enoie eiieo?aioeee, oe?iai
iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue oii?yaei/aiioth iaoiaeeeo onoaiiaeaiey enoiaeiie
oeaiu ia naie oiaa?u. Ia ?enoiea 1 i?aaenoaaeaia iaoiaeeea ?an/?oa oeai,
ninoiyuay ec oanoe yoaiia, eioi?ua aoaeoo ?anniio?aiu ieaea.
3. Iinoaiiaea caaea/ oeaiiia?aciaaiess
I?aaeaea anaai oe?ia i?aaenoieo ?aoeoue, eaeeo eiaiii oeaeae iia
no?aieony aeinoe/ue n iiiiuueth eiie?aoiiai oiaa?a. Anee auai? oeaeaaiai
?uiea e ?uii/iia iiceoeeiie?iaaiey ouaoaeueii i?iaeoiaiu, oiaaea
iiaeoiae e oi?ie?iaaieth eiiieaena ia?eaoeiaa, aeeth/ay e i?iaeaio
oeaiu, aeiaieueii ynai. Aaaeue no?aoaaey oeaiiia?aciaaiey a iniiaiii
ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaeaa?eoaeueii i?eiyouie ?aoaieyie ioiineoaeueii
iiceoeeiie?iaaiey ia ?uiea. A oi aea a?aiy oe?ia iiaeao i?aneaaeiaaoue e
ae?oaea oeaee. *ai yniaa i?aaenoaaeaiea i ieo, oai eaa/a onoaiaaeeaaoue
oeaio. I?eia?aie oaeeo /anoi ano?a/athueony a i?aeoeea oeaeae iiaoo
auoue: iaania/aiea auaeeaaaiinoe, iaeneiaeecaoeey oaeouae i?eauee,
caaiaaaiea eeaea?noaa ii iieacaoaeyi aeiee ?uiea eee ii iieacaoaeyi
ea/anoaa oiaa?a.
Iaania/aiea auaeeaaaiinoe noaiiaeony iniiaiie oeaeueth oe?iu a oao
neo/ayo, eiaaea ia ?uiea neeoeii iiiai i?iecaiaeeoaeae e oea?eo ino?ay
eiieo?aioeey eee ?acei iaiythony iio?aaiinoe eeeaioia. *oiau iaania/eoue
?aaioo i?aaei?eyoee e nauo naieo oiaa?ia, oe?iu auioaeaeaiu
onoaiaaeeaaoue ieceea oeaiu a iaaeaaeaea ia aeaaiaeaeaoaeueioth
ioaaoioth ?aaeoeeth iio?aaeoaeae. Auaeeaaiea aaaeiaa i?eauee. Aei oao
ii?, iiea nieaeaiiua oeaiu iie?uaatho ecaea?aeee, iiiaaoea a o?oaeiia
iieiaeaiea oe?iu iiaoo aua iaeioi?ia a?aiy i?iaeieaeaoue eiiia?/aneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue.
Iiiaea oe?iu no?aiyony iaeneiece?iaaoue oaeouoth i?eaueue. Iie
i?iecaiaeyo ioeaieo ni?ina e ecaea?aeae i?eiaieoaeueii e ?aciui o?iaiyi
oeai e auae?atho oaeoth oeaio, eioi?ay iaania/eo iaeneiaeueiia
iinooieaiea oaeouae i?eauee e iaee/iinoe e iaeneiaeueiia aiciauaiea
cao?ao. Ai anao iiaeiaiuo neo/ayo oaeouea oeiainiaua iieacaoaee aeey
oe?iu aaaeiaa aeieaia?aiaiiuo.
Ae?oaea oe?iu oioyo auoue eeaea?aie ii iieacaoaeyi aeiee ?uiea ec
niia?aaeaiey, /oi eiiiaiey, eioi?ie i?eiaaeeaaeeo naiay aieueoay aeiey
?uiea, aoaeao eiaoue naiua ieceea ecaea?aeee e naiua aunieea
aeieaia?aiaiiua i?eauee. Aeiaeaaynue eeaea?noaa ii iieacaoaeyi aeiee
?uiea, iie eaeoo ia iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiia nieaeaiea oeai. Aa?eaioii
yoie oeaee yaeyaony no?aieaiea aeiaeoueny eiie?aoiiai i?e?auaiey aeiee
?uiea.
Oe?ia iiaeao iinoaaeoue naaa oeaeueth aeiaeoueny, /oiau a? oiaa? aue
naiui aunieiea/anoaaiiui ec anao i?aaeeaaaaiuo ia ?uiea. Iau/ii yoi
o?aaoao onoaiiaeaiey ia iaai aunieie oeaiu, /oiau iie?uoue ecaea?aeee ia
aeinoeaeaiea aunieiai ea/anoaa e i?iaaaeaiea aei?iainoiyueo IEIE?.
4. Ii?aaeaeaiea ni?ina
Ethaay oeaia, iacia/aiiay oe?iie, oae eee eia/a neaaeaony ia o?iaia
ni?ina ia oiaa?. Caaeneiinoue iaaeaeo oeaiie e neiaeeaoeiny a
?acoeueoaoa yoiai o?iaiai ni?ina i?aaenoaaeaia e?eaie ni?ina (ni. ?en.
2). E?eaay iieacuaaao, eaeia eiee/anoai oiaa?a aoaeao i?iaeaii ia ?uiea
a oa/aiea eiie?aoiiai io?acea a?aiaie. A iau/iie neooaoeee ni?in e oeaia
iaoiaeyony a ia?aoii i?iii?oeeiiaeueiie caaeneiinoe. Oae /oi, iiaeiya
oeaio n Oe1 aei Oe2 oe?ia i?iaea?o iaiueoaa eiee/anoai oiaa?a. Aa?iyoii,
iio?aaeoaee n ia?aie/aiiui athaeaeaoii, noieeioaoenue n auai?ii
aeueoa?iaoeaiuo oiaa?ia, noaioo iieoiaoue iaiueoa oao, oeaiu eioi?uo
ieacuaathony aeey ieo neeoeii aunieeie. Aieueoeinoai e?eauo ni?ina
no?aieony aiec ii i?yiie eee eciaiooie eeiee, eae ia ?enoiea 2a. Iaeiaei
a neo/ayo n i?anoeaeiuie oiaa?aie e?eaay ni?ina eiiaaea eiaao
iieiaeeoaeueiue iaeeii oeia i?aaenoaaeaiiiai ia ?enoiea 2a. Iio?aaeoaee
iin/eoaee aieaa aunieoth oeaio iieacaoaeai aieaa aunieiai ea/anoaa eee
aieueoae aeaeaoaeueiinoe oiaa?a. Iaeiaei i?e neeoeii aunieie oeaia (Oe3)
o?iaaiue ni?ina ieacuaaaony ieaea, /ai i?e oeaia Oe2.
Iaoiaeu ioeaiee e?eauo ni?ina
Aieueoeinoai oe?i oae eee eia/a no?aiyony i?iaiaeeoue caia?u eciaiaiee
ni?ina. ?acee/ey a iiaeoiaeao e caia?ai aeeeoothony oeiii ?uiea. A
oneiaeyo /enoie iiiiiieee e?eaay ni?ina naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi
ni?in ia oiaa? iainiiaai oeaiie, eioi?oth oe?ia ca iaai cai?aoeaaao.
Iaeiaei n iiyaeaieai iaeiiai eee aieaa eiieo?aioia e?eaay ni?ina aoaeao
iaiyoueny a caaeneiinoe io oiai, inoathony ee oeaiu eiieo?aioia
iinoiyiiuie eee iaiythony. A aeaiiii neo/aa iu aoaeai n/eoaoue, /oi iie
inoathony iaeciaiiuie (i oii, /oi auaaao, eiaaea oeaiu eiieo?aioia
iaiythony, ?a/ue iieaeao ieaea). Aeey caia?a ni?ina iaiaoiaeeii i?iaanoe
aai ioeaieo i?e ?aciuo oeaiao. I?e yoii iaaei iiiieoue, /oi ia ni?ina
iiaoo neacaoueny, iiieii oeaiu, e ae?oaea oaeoi?u, iai?eia? oaaee/aiea
?aeeaiu, e noaiiaeony iaaiciiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue, eaeay /anoue oaaee/aiey
ni?ina iauyniyaony nieaeaieai oeaiu, a eaeay – oaaee/aieai ?aeeaiu. Iiae
aeeyieai iaoeaiiauo oaeoi?ia i?ienoiaeeo naeaea e?eaie ni?ina, a ia
eciaiaiea aa oi?iu. Anee ia/aeueiue o?iaaiue ni?ina i?aaenoaaeai e?eaie
N1 (?enoiie 3), i?e iai ii oeaia Oe i?iaeaaony E1 oooe oiaa?a, e
aiacaiii oeo/oeeinue iieiaeaiea yeiiiieee eee i?iaeaaaoe oaeaiee
?aeeaio, oi iiauneaoeeny a nayce n yoei o?iaaiue ni?ina io?aaeaaony a
aeaea naeaeaa aaa?o e?eaie ni?ina ec iieiaeaiey N1 a iieiaeaiea N2. Ia
iaiyy oeaiu, i?iaeaaaoe noae oaia?ue i?iaeaaaoue E2 oooe oiaa?a.
5. Ioeaiea ecaea?aeae
Ni?in, eae i?aaeei, ii?aaeaeyao iaeneiaeueioth oeaio, eioi?oth oe?ia
iiaeao cai?ineoue ca naie oiaa?, a ieieiaeueiay oeaia ii?aaeaeyaony
ecaea?aeeaie oe?iu. Eiiiaiey no?aieony iacia/eoue ia oiaa? oaeoth oeaio,
/oiau iia iieiinoueth iie?uaaea ana ecaea?aeee ii aai i?iecaiaenoao,
?ani?aaeaeaieth e nauoo, aeeth/ay ii?io i?eauee.
Ecaea?aeee oe?iu auaatho aeaoo aeaeia – iinoiyiiua e ia?aiaiiua.
Iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee (iacuaaaiua oaeaea “iaeeaaeiua ?anoiaeu”) – yoi
?anoiaeu, eioi?ua inoathony iaeciaiiuie. Oae, oe?ia aeieaeia aaeaiany/ii
ieaoeoue ca a?aiaeo iiiauaiey, oaieiniaaaeaiea, auiea/eaaoue i?ioeaiou,
aeaeiaaiuea neoaeauei e o. ae. Iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee i?enoonoaotho
anaaaea, iacaaeneii io o?iaiy i?iecaiaenoaa.
Ia?aiaiiua ecaea?aeee iaiythony a i?yiie caaeneiinoe io o?iaiy
i?iecaiaenoaa. A ?an/?oa ia aaeeieoeo i?iaeoeoeee yoe ecaea?aeee iau/ii
inoathony iaeciaiiuie. A ia?aiaiiuie eo iacuaatho iioiio, /oi eo iauay
noiia iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io /enea i?iecaaae?iiuo aaeeieoe oiaa?a.
Aaeiaua ecaea?aeee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie noiio iinoiyiiuo e ia?aiaiiuo
ecaea?aeae i?e eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii o?iaia i?iecaiaenoaa. ?oeiaiaenoai
no?aieony aceiaoue ca oiaa? oaeoth oeaio, eioi?ay eae ieieioi iie?uaaea
au ana aaeiaua ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa.
6. Aiaeec oeai e oiaa?ia eiieo?aioia.
Oioy iaeneiaeueiay oeaia iiaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny ni?inii, a ieieiaeueiay –
ecaea?aeeaie, ia onoaiiaeaiea oe?iie n?aaeiaai aeeaiaciia oeai aeeytho
oeaiu eiieo?aioia e eo ?uii/iua ?aaeoeee. Oe?ia iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue oeaiu
e ea/anoai oiaa?ia naieo eiieo?aioia. Yoiai iiaeii aeiaeoueny
ianeieueeeie niiniaaie. Oe?ia iiaeao ii?o/eoue naiei i?aaenoaaeoaeyi
i?iecaanoe n?aaieoaeueiua iieoiee, /oiau niiinoaaeoue oeaiu e naie
oiaa?u iaaeaeo niaie. Iia iiaeao caiieo/eoue i?aeneo?aiou eiieo?aioia,
caeoieoue eo iai?oaeiaaiea e ?acia?aoue aai. Iia iiaeao oaeaea
iii?ineoue iieoiaoaeae auneacaoueny ii iiaiaeo oiai, eae iie
aini?eieiatho oeaiu e ea/anoai oiaa?ia eiieo?aioia.
Ciaieyie i oeaiao e oiaa?ao eiieo?aioia oe?ia iiaeao ainiieueciaaoueny a
ea/anoaa ioi?aaiie oi/ee aeey ioaeae nianoaaiiiai oeaiiia?aciaaiey. Anee
a? oiaa? aiaeiae/ai oiaa?ai iniiaiiai eiieo?aioa, iia auioaeaeaia aoaeao
iacia/eoue oeaio, aeeceoth e oeaia oiaa?a yoiai eiieo?aioa. A i?ioeaiii
neo/aa iia iiaeao iioa?youe nauo. Anee oiaa? ieaea ii ea/anoao, oe?ia ia
niiaeao cai?ineoue ca iaai oeaio oaeoth aea, eae o eiieo?aioa.
Cai?ineoue aieueoa, /ai eiieo?aio, oe?ia iiaeao oiaaea, eiaaea a? oiaa?
auoa ii ea/anoao. Ii nouanoao, oe?ia iieuecoaony oeaiie aeey
iiceoeeiie?iaaiey naiaai i?aaeeiaeaiey ioiineoaeueii i?aaeeiaeaiey
eiieo?aioia.
7. Auai? iaoiaea oeaiiia?aciaaiess
Ciay a?aoee ni?ina, ?an/?oioth noiio ecaea?aeae e oeaiu eiieo?aioia,
oe?ia aioiaa e auai?o oeaiu nianoaaiiiai oiaa?a. Oeaia yoa aoaeao
aaea-oi a i?iiaaeooea iaaeaeo neeoeii ieceie, ia iaania/eaathuae
i?eauee, e neeoeii aunieie, i?aiyonoaothuae oi?ie?iaaieth ni?ina.
Ieieiaeueii aiciiaeiay oeaia, eae oaea auei ioia/aii auoa, ii?aaeaeyaony
naaanoieiinoueth i?iaeoeoeee, iaeneiaeueiay – iaee/eai eaeeo-oi
oieeaeueiuo aeinoieinoa a oiaa?a oe?iu. Oeaiu oiaa?ia eiieo?aioia e
oiaa?ia-caiaieoaeae aeatho n?aaeiee o?iaaiue, eioi?iai oe?ia e neaaeoao
i?eaea?aeeaaoueny i?e iacia/aiee oeaiu.
Oe?iu ?aoatho i?iaeaio oeaiiia?aciaaiey, auae?ay naaa iaoiaeeeo ?an/?oa
oeai, a eioi?ie o/eouaaaony eae ieieioi iaeii ec yoeo o??o niia?aaeaiee.
Oe?ia iaaeaaony, /oi eca?aiiue iaoiae iicaieeo i?aaeeueii ?ann/eoaoue
eiie?aoioth oeaio. Aeaeaa ?anniio?ei neaaeothuea iaoiaeu
oeaiiia?aciaaiey: “n?aaeiea ecaea?aeee iethn i?eaueue”; aiaeec
aacoauoi/iinoe e iaania/aiey oeaeaaie i?eauee; onoaiiaeaiea oeaiu,
enoiaey ec iuouaaiie oeaiiinoe oiaa?a; onoaiiaeaiea oeaiu, enoiaey ec
iuouaaiie oeaiiinoe oiaa?a; onoaiiaeaiea oeaiu ia iniiaa o?iaiy oaeoueo
oeai; onoaiiaeaiea oeaiu ia iniiaa cae?uouo oi?aia.
?an/ao oeaiu ii iaoiaeo “n?aaeiea ecaea?aeee iethn i?eaueue”
Naiue i?inoie niinia oeaiiia?aciaaiey caeeth/aaony a ia/eneaiee
ii?aaeaeaiiie iaoeaiee ia naaanoieiinoue oiaa?a. Yoio niinia oe?iei
eniieuecoaony eae a ?uii/iuo, oae e a ia?uii/iuo naeoi?ao yeiiiieee.
Noaiaea?oiuie iaoeaieaie iieueciaaoueny eae i?aaeei iaeiae/ii, aeey
onoaiiaeaiey iioeiaeueiie oeaiu iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue iniaaiiinoe
oaeouaai ni?ina e eiieo?aioeee.
E an? aea iaoiaeeea ?an/aoa oeai ia iniiaa iaoeaiie inoa?ony iiioey?iie
ii ?yaeo i?e/ei. Ai-ia?auo, i?iaeaaoeu aieueoa ciatho ia ecaea?aeeao,
/ai i ni?ina. I?eaycuaay oeaio e ecaea?aeeai, i?iaeaaaoe oi?iuaao aeey
naay i?iaeaio oeaiiia?aciaaiey. Aio ia i?eoiaeeony neeoeii /anoi
ei??aeoe?iaaoue oeaiu a caaeneiinoe io ni?ina. Ai-aoi?uo, anee yoei
iaoiaeii oeaiiia?aciaaiey iieuecothony ana oe?iu io?anee, eo oeaiu
nei?aa anaai aoaeoo noiaeeie. Iiyoiio oeaiiaay eiieo?aioeey naiaeeony e
ieieioio. A-o?aoueeo, iiiaea n/eoatho iaoiaeeeo ?an/aoa “n?aaeiea
ecaea?aeee iethn i?eaueue” aieaa ni?aaaaeeeaie ii ioiioaieth e e
iieoiaoaeyi, e e i?iaeaaoeai. I?e aunieii ni?ina i?iaeaaoeu ia
iaaeeaathony ca n/ao iieoiaoaeae e aianoa n oai eiatho aiciiaeiinoue
iieo/eoue ni?aaaaeeeaoth ii?io i?eauee ia aeiaeaiiue eaieoae.
?an/ao oeaiu ia iniiaa aiaeeca aacoauoi/iinoe e iaania/aiey oeaeaaie
i?eauee
Yoi aua iaeei iaoiae oeaiiia?aciaaiey ia iniiaa ecaea?aeae. Oe?ia
no?aieony onoaiiaeoue oeaio, eioi?ay iaania/eo ae aeaeaaiue iauai
i?eauee.
Oaeay iaoiaeeea oeaiiia?aciaaiey iniiauaaaony ia a?aoeea aacoauoi/iinoe.
Ia iai i?aaenoaaeaiu iauea ecaea?aeee e iaeeaeaaiua iauea iinooieaiey
i?e ?aciuo o?iaiyo iauaia i?iaeaae. Aeiioaoe/aneee a?aoee iieacai ia
?enoiea 4:
Iacaaeneii io iauaia nauoa iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee ?aaiythony $6 iei.
Aaeiaua ecaea?aeee ?anooo iaeiia?aiaiii n ?inoii nauoa. E?eaay aaeiauo
iinooieaiee ia/eiaaony a ia/aea eii?aeeiao e aic?anoaao ii ia?a
oaaee/aiey /enea i?iaeaiiuo aaeeieoe oiaa?a. A aeaiiii i?eia?a oeaia
oiaa?iie aaeeieoeu ?aaia $15 ( e 800 oun. oo. noiyo $12 iei.). I?e oaeie
oeaia aeey iaania/aiey aacoauoi/iinoe, o. a. aeey iie?uoey aaeiauo
ecaea?aeae iinooieaieyie, oe?ia aeieaeia i?iaeaoue eae ieieioi 600 oun.
oiaa?iuo aaeeieoe. Anee iia no?aieony e iieo/aieth aaeiaie i?eauee a
?acia?a $2 iei., ae ioaeii i?iaeaoue eae ieieioi 800 oun. oiaa?iuo
aaeeieoe ii oeaia $15 ca oooeo. Anee oe?ia aioiaa aceiaoue ca naie oiaa?
aieaa aunieoth oeaio, oi aeey iieo/aiey oeaeaaie i?eauee ae ia
iaycaoaeueii i?iaeaaaoue oae iiiai aaeeieoe oiaa?a. Iaeiaei i?e yoie
aieaa aunieie oeaia ?uiie, aiciiaeii, ia iiaeioeo aeaaea iaiueoaa
eiee/anoai oiaa?a. Iiiaia caaeneo io yeanoe/iinoe ni?ina ii oeaiai, /aai
a?aoee aacoauoi/iinoe ia io?aaeaao. Oaeie iaoiae oeaiiia?aciaaiey
o?aaoao io oe?iu ?anniio?aiey ?aciuo aa?eaioia oeai, eo aeeyiey ia iauai
nauoa, iaiaoiaeeiue aeey i?aiaeieaiey o?iaiy aacoauoi/iinoe e iieo/aiey
oeaeaaie i?eauee e iieo/aiey oeaeaaie i?eauee, a oaeaea aiaeeca
aa?iyoiinoe aeinoeaeaiey anaai yoiai i?e eaaeaeie aiciiaeiie oeaia
oiaa?a.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeaiu ia iniiaa iuouaaiie oeaiiinoe oiaa?a.
Ana aieueoaa /enei oe?i i?e ?an/aoa oeaiu ia/eiatho enoiaeeoue ec
iuouaaiie oeaiiinoe naieo oiaa?ia. Iniiaiui oaeoi?ii oeaiiia?aciaaiey
iie n/eoatho ia ecaea?aeee i?iaeaaoea, a aini?eyoea oiaa?a iieoiaoaeyie.
Aeey oi?ie?iaaiey a niciaiee iio?aaeoaeae i?aaenoaaeaiey i oeaiiinoe
oiaa?a a eiiieaenao ia?eaoeiaa eniieuecothony iaoeaiiaua niiniau
aicaeaenoaey. Oeaia a yoii neo/aa i?ecaaia niioaaonoaiaaoue iuouaaiie
oeaiiinoiie cia/eiinoe oiaa?a. Yoi iaaethaeaaony, iai?eia?, a oii, /oi
iiiaea eaeaioe/iua oiaa?u a ?aciuo ianoao noiyo ii-?aciiio (iai?eia?, a
caaeneiinoe io o?iaiy na?aena). Oe?ia iaiaoiaeeii auyaeoue, eaeea
oeaiiinoiua i?aaenoaaeaiey eiathony a niciaiee iio?aaeoaeae i oiaa?ao
eiieo?aioia e eae iiiai iie aioiau caieaoeoue ca eaaeaeoth auaiaeo,
i?eniaieoieaiioth e i?aaeeiaeaieth. Anee i?iaeaaaoe cai?ineo aieueoa
i?eciaaaaiie iieoiaoaeai oeaiiinoiie cia/eiinoe oiaa?a, nauo oe?iu
ieaaeaony ieaea, /ai iia au auoue. Iiiaea eiiiaiee caauoatho oeaiu naieo
oiaa?ia, e oa ieioi eaeoo ia ?uiea. Ae?oaea oe?iu, iaiai?io, iacia/atho
ia naie oiaa?u neeoeii ieceea oeaiu. Oiaaea yoe oiaa?u i?ae?anii eaeoo
ia ?uiea, ii i?eiinyo oe?ia iaiueoa iinooieaiee, /ai iiaee au i?e oeaia,
iiauoaiiie aei o?iaiy eo oeaiiinoiie cia/eiinoe a i?aaenoaaeaiee
iieoiaoaeae.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeaiu ia iniiaa o?iaiy oaeoueo oeai
Iacia/ay oeaio n o/aoii o?iaiy oaeoueo oeai, oe?ia a iniiaiii
iooaeeeaaaony io oeai eiieo?aioia e iaiueoa aieiaiey ia?auaao ia
iieacaoaee nianoaaiiuo ecaea?aeae eee ni?ina. Iia iiaeao iacia/eoue
oeaio ia o?iaia, auoa eee ieaea o?iaiy oeai naieo eiieo?aioia. A
ieeaiiieeioe/aneeo noa?ao aeayoaeueiinoe ana oe?iu iau/ii cai?aoeaatho
iaeio e oo aea oeaio. Aieaa iaeeea oe?iu “neaaeotho ca eeaea?ii”,
eciaiyy oeaiu, eiaaea eo iaiyao ?uii/iue eeaea?, a ia a caaeneiinoe io
eieaaaiey ni?ina ia naie oiaa?u eee nianoaaiiuo ecaea?aeae. Iaeioi?ua
oe?iu iiaoo aceiaoue iaaieueooth i?aieaeueioth iaoeaieo eee
i?aaeinoaaeyoue iaaieueooth neeaeeo, nio?aiyy yoo ?acieoeo a oeaia
iinoiyiiie.
Oaeie iaoiae oeaiiia?aciaaiey aeiaieueii iiioey?ai. A neo/ayo, eiaaea
yeanoe/iinoue ni?ina n o?oaeii iiaeaeaaony caia?o, oe?iai eaaeaony, /oi
o?iaaiue oaeoueo oeai ieeoeaoai?yao niaie eieeaeoeaioth ioae?inoue
io?anee, caeia iieo/aiey ni?aaaaeeeaie ii?iu i?eauee. E e?iia oiai, iie
/oanoaotho, /oi i?eaea?aeeaaoueny o?iaiy oaeoueo oeai – cia/eo
nio?aiyoue ii?iaeueiia ?aaiiaanea a ?aieao io?anee.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeaiu ia iniiaa cae?uouo oi?aia
Eiieo?aioiia oeaiiia?aciaaiea i?eiaiyaony e a neo/ayo ai?ueau oe?i ca
iiae?yaeu a oiaea oi?aia. A iiaeiaiuo neooaoeeyo i?e iacia/aiee naiae
oeaiu oe?ia iooaeeeaaaony io iaeeaeaaiuo oeaiiauo i?aaeeiaeaiee
eiieo?aioia, a ia io acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo yoie oeaiie e iieacaoaeyie
nianoaaiiuo ecaea?aeae eee ni?ina. Oe?ia oi/aony caaiaaaoue eiio?aeo, a
aeey yoiai ioaeii cai?ineoue oeaio ieaea, /ai o ae?oaeo. Iaeiaei oeaia
yoa ia iiaeao auoue ieaea naaanoieiinoe, eia/a oe?ia iaianao naia naaa
oeiainiaue o?ii.
8. Onoaiiaeaiea ieii/aoaeueiie oeaiu
Oeaeue anao i?aaeuaeoueo iaoiaeee – noceoue aeeaiacii oeai, a ?aieao
eioi?iai e aoaeao aua?aia ieii/aoaeueiay oeaia oiaa?a. Iaeiaei ia?aae
iacia/aieai ieii/aoaeueiie oeaiu oe?ia aeieaeia ?anniio?aoue ?yae
aeiiieieoaeueiuo niia?aaeaiee.
Ineoieiaey oeaiiaini?eyoey
I?iaeaaaoe aeieaeai ia oieueei yeiiiie/aneea, ii e ineoieiae/aneea
oaeoi?u oeaiu. Iiiaea iio?aaeoaee niio?yo ia oeaio eae ia iieacaoaeue
ea/anoaa. Iiiaei oe?iai oaeaaony oaaee/eaaoue nauo naiae i?iaeoeoeee
iiauoaieai oeaiu ia naie oiaa?u e yoe oiaa?u aoaeoo n/eoaoueny
i?anoeaeiuie. Iaoiae onoaiiaeaiey oeaiu n o/aoii i?anoeaeiinoe oiaa?a
ieacuaaaony iniaaiii yooaeoeaiui iai?eia? e aeooai eee aei?iaei
aaoiiiaeeyi, eioi?ua iiaoo noieoue a 10 ?ac aeaoaaea, ii ethaee ieaoyo
ca ieo a 10 ?ac aei?iaea, iineieueeo n/eoatho, /oi oaeay oeaia
i?aaeiieaaaao ia/oi iniaia.
Nouanoaoao aua iaienaiiue caeii, eioi?iai i?eaea?aeeaathony ii/oe ana
i?iaeaaoeu: oeaia iaycaoaeueii aeieaeia au?aaeaoueny ia/aoiui /eneii.
Iai?eia? aianoi oeaiu $200 onoaiaaeeaatho oeaio $199, e oiaaea aeey
iiiaeo iio?aaeoaeae yoio oiaa? aoaeao noieoue $100 n eeoiei, a ia $200 n
eeoiei.
Iieeoeea oeai oe?iu
I?aaeiieaaaaioth oeaio neaaeoao i?iaa?eoue ia niioaaonoaea onoaiiaeai
i?aeoeeoaiie iieeoeee oeai. Iiiaea oe?iu au?aaioaee onoaiiaee
ioiineoaeueii naiaai aeaeaoaeueiiai oeaiiaiai ia?aca, i?aaeinoaaeaiey
neeaeie n oeaiu e i?eiyoey niioaaonoaothueo ia? a ioaao ia oeaiiaoth
aeayoaeueiinoue eiieo?aioia.
Aeeyiea oeaiu ia ae?oaeo o/anoieeia ?uii/iie aeayoaeueiinoe
Iiieii anaai i?i/aai, ?oeiaiaenoai aeieaeii o/eouaaoue ?aaeoeeth ia
i?aaeiieaaaaioth oeaio ni noi?iiu ae?oaeo o/anoieeia ?uii/iie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Eae ioianoony e yoie oeaia aeeno?eauethoi?u e aeeea?u?
Ioioii ee aoaeao oi?aiaue ia?niiae oe?iu i?iaeaaaoue oiaa? ii aeaiiie
oeaia eee i?iaeaaoeu aoaeoo aeaeiaaoueny, /oi iia /a?an/o? auniea? Eae
io?aaae?otho ia iaa eiieo?aiou? Ociaa ia onoaiiaeaiiie oe?iie oeaia, ia
iiaeieioo ee naie oeaiu iinoaaueee? Ia aiaoathony ee ainoaea?noaaiiua
i?aaiu, /oiau aini?aiyonoaiaaoue oi?aiaea ii yoie oeaia? A iineaaeiai
neo/aa iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue caeiiu, eanathueany onoaiiaeaiey oeai, e auoue
oaa?aiiui a “iai?iiiniiniaiinoe” naiae iieeoeee oeaiiia?aciaaiey.
9. Iiaeoiaeu e i?iaeaia oeaiiia?aciaaiess
Oe?ia ia i?inoi iacia/aao oo eee eioth oeaio, iia nicaeaao oeaeoth
nenoaio oeaiiia?aciaaiey, ioaaouaathuoth ?aciua oiaa?u e ecaeaeey a
?aieao oiaa?iiai anni?oeiaioa e o/eouaathuoth ?acee/ey a ecaea?aeeao ii
i?aaiecaoeee nauoa a ?aciuo aaia?aoe/aneeo ?aaeiiao, ?acee/ey a o?iaiyo
ni?ina, ?ani?aaeaeaiee iieoiie ii a?aiaie e i?i/ea oaeoi?u. E?iia oiai,
oe?ia aeaenoaoao a oneiaeyo iinoiyiii iaiythuaainy eiieo?aioiiai
ie?oaeaiey e eiiaaea naia aunooiaao eieoeeaoi?ii eciaiaiey oeai, a
eiiaaea ioaa/aao ia oeaiiaua eieoeeaoeau eiieo?aioia.
Oe?ia onoaiaaeeaaao enoiaeioth oeaio, a caoai ei??aeoe?oao aa n o/aoii
?acee/iuo oaeoi?ia, aeaenoaothueo a ie?oaeathuae n?aaea.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeai ia iiaue oiaa?
No?aoaae/aneee iiaeoiae oe?iu e i?iaeaia oeaiiia?aciaaiey /anoe/ii
caaeneo io yoaiia aeeciaiiiai oeeeea oiaa?a. Iniaaiii aieueoea
o?aaiaaiey i?aaeuyaeyao yoai auaeaeaeaiey ia ?uiie. Iiaeii i?iaanoe
?acee/ea iaaeaeo onoaiiaeaieai oeaiu ia iiaeeeiioth iiaeieo, caueuaiioth
iaoaioii, e onoaiiaeaieai oeaiu ia oiaa?, eieoe?othuee oaea
nouanoaothuea.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeaiu ia iiaeeeiioth iiaeieo.
Oe?ia, auioneathuay ia ?uiie caueuaiioth iaoaioii iiaeieo, i?e
onoaiiaeaiee oeaiu ia iaa iiaeao aua?aoue eeai no?aoaaeth “niyoey
neeaie”, eeai no?aoaaeth i?i/iiai aiaae?aiey ia ?uiie.
No?aoaaey niyoey neeaie. Iiiaea oe?iu, nicaeaaoea caueuaiiua iaoaioii
iiaeiee, aace?othueany ia e?oiiuo ecia?aoaieyo eee ?acoeueoaoao
e?oiiiianooaaiuo e iioiio aei?iainoiyueo IEIE?, eiaaea ecaea?aeee
inaiaiey iiaiai ?uiea (?aeeaiu e ae?oaeo n?aaenoa i?iaeaeaeaiey ecaeaeee
e iio?aaeoaeyi) ieacuaathony aeey eiieo?aioia neeoeii aunieeie, eiaaea
iaiaoiaeeiua aeey i?iecaiaenoaa iiaiai i?iaeoeoa nu?uea, iaoa?eaeu e
eiiieaeoothuea ecaeaeey eiathony a ia?aie/aiiii eiee/anoaa eee eiaaea
neeoeii o?oaeiui ieacuaaaony nauo iiauo i?iaeoeoia (a neo/aa anee
neeaaeu oi?aiauo iin?aaeieeia ia?aiieiaiu, oicyenoaaiiay eiiuthieoo?a
ayeay, e i?aaei?eyoey iioiaie e ?icie/iie oi?aiaee iaioioii caeeth/atho
iiaua naeaeee ia i?eia?aoaiea oiaa?ia), iiia/aeo onoaiaaeeaatho ia ieo
naiua aunieea oeaiu, eioi?ua oieueei aiciiaeii cai?ineoue, /oiau “niyoue
neeaee” n ?uiea. I?e yoii iiaue oiaa? aini?eieiatho eeoue iaeioi?ua
naaiaiou ?uiea. Iinea oiai eae ia/aeueiay aieia nauoa caiaaeeyaony,
oe?ia nieaeaao oeaio, /oiau i?eaea/ue neaaeothuee yoaeii eeeaioia,
eioi?uo ono?aeaaao iiaay oeaia. Aeaenoaoy iiaeiaiui ia?acii, oe?ia
nieiaao iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiua oeiainiaua “neeaee” n naiuo ?aciuo
naaiaioia ?uiea. I?e yoii aeaeaoaeueii iaeneiece?iaaoue e?aoein?i/ioth
i?eaueue aei oao ii?, iiea iiaue ?uiie ia noaiao iauaeoii eiieo?aioiie
ai?ueau.
Eniieueciaaiea iaoiaea “niyoey neeaie” n ?uiea eiaao niune i?e
neaaeothueo oneiaeyo: 1) iaaethaeaaony aunieee o?iaaiue oaeouaai ni?ina
ni noi?iiu aeinoaoi/ii aieueoiai /enea iieoiaoaeae; 2) ecaea?aeee
iaeeina?eeiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ia ianoieueei auniee, /oiau naanoe ia iao
oeiainiaua auaiaeu eiiiaiee; 3) aunieay ia/aeueiay oeaia ia aoaeao
i?eaeaeaoue iiauo eiieo?aioia; 4) aunieay oeaia iiaeaea?aeeaaao ia?ac
aunieiai ea/anoaa oiaa?a.
No?aoaaey i?i/iiai aiaae?aiey ia ?uiie. Ae?oaea oe?iu, iaiai?io,
onoaiaaeeaatho ia naith iiaeieo n?aaieoaeueii ieceoth oeaio a iaaeaaeaea
ia i?eaea/aiea aieueoiai /enea iieoiaoaeae e caaiaaaiea aieueoie aeiee
?uiea. I?eia?ii oaeie no?aoaaee iiaeao neoaeeoue iieoiea aieueoiai
caaiaea, onoiiiaeaiea ia oiaa? ieieiaeueii aiciiaeiie oeaiu, caaiaaaiea
aieueoie aeiee ?uiea, nie?auaiea ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa e ii ia?a eo
nie?auaiey i?iaeieaeaiea iinoaiaiiiai nieaeaiey oeaiu. N /enoi
oeiainiaie oi/ee c?aiey iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoey, eniiaaaeothuaai aeaiiue
iiaeoiae, iiaeao oa?aeoa?eciaaoueny eae oaaee/aieai iannu i?eauee e
aeioiaea ia aeiaeaiiue eaieoae, oae e cia/eoaeueiui iaaeaieai
?aioaaaeueiinoe. Iiyoiio i?e eniieueciaaiee iaia?aiii ieceeo oeai
?oeiaiaenoai i?aaei?eyoey aeieaeii eae iiaeii oi/iaa ?ann/eoaoue
aiciiaeiua iineaaenoaey, ii a ethaii neo/aa noaiaiue ?enea i/aiue
aaeeea, o. e. eiieo?aiou iiaoo auno?i i?i?aaae?iaaoue ia oiaiueoaiea
oeai e nouanoaaiii nieceoue oeaiu ia naie ecaeaeey. I?e aiaeeca ?uiea e
ninoaaeaiee i?iaiica nauoa i?aaei?eyoeth, aiaae?ythuaio ia ?uiie iiaoth
i?iaeoeoeeth ii oeaia ieaea n?aaeiae, ioaeii oaeaea o/eouaaoue, /oi
?acia? nieaeaiey oeai ia aai ecaeaeey aeieaeai auoue aanueia
nouanoaaiiui (ia 30-50%). E yoi aeaaea i?e cia/eoaeueii aieaa aunieii
o?iaia ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee, i?e iaee/ee ia eiie?aoiii ?uiea iiiaeanoaa
iio?aaeoaeae, aioiauo caieaoeoue aieaa aunieoth oeaio ca ecaeaeey
oeo/oaiiiai ea/anoaa eee aieaa aunieiai oaoie/aneiai o?iaiy. I?e yoii ia
aaaeii, eaeao ee ?a/ue i auoiaea i?aaei?eyoey ia iiaue aeey naay, ii a
iauai-oi aeaaii noi?ie?iaaaoeeny ?uiie nauoa eee i i?iaeaeaeaiee ia
aeinoaoi/ii ecaanoiii ?uiea iiaiai ecaeaeey. E a oii e a ae?oaii neo/aa
iieeoeea ?oeiaiaenoaa aeieaeia auoue i?eia?ii iaeeiaeiaa – ca n/ao
caiaoii aieaa ieceeo oeai aiaae?eoueny ia ?uiie, i?eo/eoue iio?aaeoaey e
ia?ea naiae oe?iu eee aeaoue aio aiciiaeiinoue iiiyoue i?aeiouanoaa
aaoae i?iaeoeoeee e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaania/eoue naaa aeinoaoi/ioth
aeieth ?uiea e iauai i?iaeaae. Oieueei eiaaea i?iaeoeoeey i?eciaia ia
?uiea e ia/aeanue aa ?aeeaia n?aaee iio?aaeoaeae ii i?eioeeio “ec ono a
onoa”, oe?ia iiaeao ia?aniao?eaaoue eae naie i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
i?ia?aiiu, oae e oeaiu ia ecaeaeey a noi?iio eo oaaee/aiey.
Onoaiiaeaieth ieceie oeaiu aeaaii?eyonoaotho neaaeothuea oneiaey: 1)
?uiie i/aiue /oanoaeoaeai e oeaiai, e ieceay oeaia niinianoaoao aai
?anoe?aieth; 2) n ?inoii iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa aai ecaea?aeee, a oaeaea
e ecaea?aeee ii ?ani?aaeaeaieth oiaa?a nie?auathony; 3) ieceay oeaia
iai?eaeaeaoaeueia aeey nouanoaothueo e iioaioeeaeueiuo eiieo?aioia.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeaiu ia iiaue oiaa?-eieoaoi?.
A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo onoaiiaeaiea oeai ia ecaeaeey e oneoae, eioi?ua
oaea eiathony ia ?uiea, ia iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny a io?uaa io
iinoiyiiiai niaa?oainoaiaaiey oaoie/aneeo ia?aiao?ia i?iaeoeoeee e
iiauoaiey aa ea/anoaa. Ana yoe eciaiaiey aeieaeiu i?iecaiaeeoueny n
o/aoii o?aaiaaiee ia?eaoeiaa, a niioaaonoaee n cai?inaie e
i?aaeii/oaieyie eiie?aoiuo a?oii iio?aaeoaeae. I/aaeaeii, /oi
ea/anoaaiiia niaa?oainoaiaaiea oaea eiathueony ia ?uiea ecaeaeee a
io?uaa io ioaeae e aeaeaiee eiie?aoiuo iio?aaeoaeae aauue aanniuneaiiay.
A ethaii neo/aa iiauoaiea ea/anoaa nii?iaiaeaeaaony oaaee/aieai
ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa, a cia/eo, e ?inoii oeai i?iaeoeoeeth. Aeey
oniaoa a eiieo?aioiie ai?ueaa ?oeiaiaenoao i?aaei?eyoey i?aaenoieo
au?aaioaoue no?aoaaeth, iai?aaeaiioth ia iinoiyiiia nieaeaiea oeai ia
o?aaeeoeeiiiua aeey aeaiiiai naaiaioa ?uiea ecaeaeey e oneoae. Iiyoiio a
oneiaeyo nia?aiaiiiai ?uiea i?aaei?eyoea aeieaeii iaeiia?aiaiii ?aoaoue
aeaa ia ia?aue acaeyae acaeiieneeth/athuea caaea/e: ai-ia?auo,
iaania/eaaoue iinoiyiiue ?ino ea/anoaa e iiauoaiea iio?aaeoaeueneeo
naienoa oaea eiathueony ia ?uiea ecaeaeee e, ai-aoi?uo, iinoiyiii
nieaeaoue oeaiu ia ieo. Oieueei a ?aieao ia?eaoeiaa aeinoeaeaiea yoeo
oeaeae iaaiciiaeii. Aeey yoiai o?aaoaony ?aaeeeaeueiue ia?aniio? nenoai
oi?aaeaiey e i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa. Ii e aac ia?eaoeiaa ?aoeoue iaa
yoe caaea/e iaeuecy. I?e yoii iniaia cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao i?aaeeueiia
ii?aaeieaiea iauaai iiaeoiaea e oeaiiia?aciaaieth ia eiie?aoiua aeaeu
i?iaeoeoeee aeey aeaiiiai naaiaioa ?uiea. Io oiai, eaeie ec iiaeoiaeia
aua?aei ?oeiaiaenoai i?aaei?eyoey, caaeneo ia oieueei aai
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue ia ?uiea, ii e aiciiaeiinoue iaania/aiey
?aioaaaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa i?e nieaeaiee o?iaiy oeai, a cia/eo, e
aeieaia?aiaiiay onoie/eainoue oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey.
Oe?ia, ieaie?othuay ?ac?aaioaoue iiaue oiaa?-eieoaoi?, noaeeeaaaony n
i?iaeaiie aai iiceoeeiie?iaaiey. Iia aeieaeia i?eiyoue ?aoaiea i
iiceoeeiie?iaaiee iiaeiee ii iieacaoaeyi ea/anoaa e oeaiu. Ia ?enoiea 5
i?aaenoaaeaii aeaayoue aa?eaioia no?aoaaee aiciiaeiiai
ea/anoaaiii-oeaiiaiai iiceoeeiie?iaaiey.
Anee nouanoaothuee eeaea? ?uiea caieiaao iieiaeaiea ?1, o. a. auioneaao
oiaa? n i?aieaeueiie iaoeaieie e i?iaeaao aai ii iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiie
aunieie oeaia, oe?ia-iiae/ie, aiciiaeii, i?aaeii/oao iaeio ec inoaeueiuo
no?aoaaee. Iia iiaeao nicaeaoue aunieiea/anoaaiiue oiaa? e iacia/eoue ia
iaai n?aaeithth oeaio (iiceoeey ?2), iiaeao nicaeaoue oiaa? n?aaeiaai
o?iaiy ea/anoaa e aceiaoue ca iaai n?aaeithth oeaio (iiceoeey ?5) e o.
ae. Oe?ia-iiae/ie aeieaeia eco/eoue ?acia?u e oaiiu ?inoa ?uiea aeey
eaaeaeie ec aeaayoe iiceoeee aeeaa?aiiu e eiie?aoiuo eiieo?aioia a
?aieao eaaeaeie ec ieo.
Oeaiiia?aciaaiea a ?aieao oiaa?iie iiiaieeaoo?u
Iiaeoiae e oeaiiia?aciaaieth iaiyaony, anee oiaa? yaeyaony /anoueth
oiaa?iie iiiaieeaoo?u. A yoii neo/aa oe?ia no?aieony ?ac?aaioaoue
nenoaio oeai, eioi?ay iaania/eaaea au iieo/aiea iaeneiaeueiie i?eauee ii
iiiaieeaoo?a a oeaeii. ?an/ao oeai ineiaeiyaony oai, /oi ?aciua oiaa?u
acaeiinaycaiu ae?oa n ae?oaii n oi/ee c?aiey ni?ina e ecaea?aeae e
noaeeeaathony n ?aciie noaiaiueth eiieo?aioiiai i?ioeaiaeaenoaey.
?anniio?ei /aou?a neooaoeee.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeaiu a ?aieao oiaa?iiai anni?oeiaioa.
Oe?ia iau/ii nicaeaao ia ioaeaeueiue oiaa?, a oeaeue oiaa?iue
anni?oeiaio. Oiaaea iaiaoiaeeii onoaiiaeoue nooiai/aoia ?acaeaeaiea oeai
ia ?aciua oiaa?u. I?e onoaiiaeaiee oeaiiaie nooiaiueee eaaeaeiai o?iaiy
iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue ?acee/ey a naaanoieiinoe ?acee/iuo oiaa?ia,
?acieoeo a ioeaieao eo naienoa iieoiaoaeyie, a oaeaea oeaiu eiieo?aioia.
Caaea/a i?iaeaaoea – auyaeoue iuouaaiua iio?aaeoaeai ea/anoaaiiua
?acee/ey oiaa?ia, ii?aaaeuaathuea ?acieoeo a oeaiao.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeai ia aeiiieiythuea oiaa?u. Iiiaea oe?iu ia?yaeo n
iniiaiui oiaa?ii i?aaeeaaatho e ?yae aeiiieiythueo eee aniiiiaaoaeueiuo
ecaeaeee. Neiaeiinoue caeeth/aaony a ii?aaeaeaiee oiai, /oi neaaeoao
aeeth/eoue a enoiaeioth oeaio a ea/anoaa noaiaea?oiiai eiiieaeoa, a /oi
i?aaeeiaeeoue eae aeiiieiythuea ecaeaeey. Anee oeiiieaeoiaaoue oiaa?
aieueoei eiee/anoaii aeiiieiythueo ecaeaeee, oeaia iiaeao au?anoe aei
i?aaeaea, eiaaea iieoiaoaee ioeaaeoony io i?eia?aoaiey. A neo/aa aea
i?iaeaaee “aieuo” oiaa?ia (o. a. aac aeiiieiythueo ecaeaeee) iieoiaoaee
iiaoo ioeacaoueny io eo i?eia?aoaiey ec-ca iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeiieaou ca
eioa?anothuea eo aeiiieiythuea ecaeaeey.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeai ia iaycaoaeueiua i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe. A ?yaea io?aneae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?iecaiaeyo oae iacuaaaiua iaycaoaeueiua
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, eioi?ua iiaeeaaeao eniieueciaaieth aianoa n iniiaiui
oiaa?ii. I?iecaiaeeoaee iniiaiuo oiaa?ia /anoi iacia/atho ia iniiaiua
oiaa?u ieceea oeaiu, a ia iaycaoaeueiua i?eeiaeaiey onoaiaaeeaatho
auneeea iaoeaiee, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai ei oaeaaony iaania/eoue aunieoth
i?eaueue ca n/ao i?iaeaaee iaycaoaeueiuo i?eeiaeaiee. Ae?oaei
i?iecaiaeeoaeyi, ia i?aaeeaaathuei nianoaaiiuo iaycaoaeueiuo
i?eeiaeaiee, i?eoiaeeony aeey iieo/aiey oaeiai aea aaeiaiai aeioiaea
onoaiaaeeaaoue ia naie oiaa? aieaa aunieoth oeaio.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeai ia iiai/iua i?iaeoeou i?iecaiaenoaa. Iaeioi?ua
i?iecaiaenoaa /anoi naycaiu n i?icaiaenoaii iiai/iuo i?iaeoeoia (a oii
/enea, iai?eia?, e iaoaeeo?ae/aneia). Anee yoe iiai/iua i?iaeoeou ia
eiatho oeaiiinoiie cia/eiinoe, a ecaaaeaiea io ieo iaoiaeeony iaaeaoaai,
ana yoi neaaeaony ia o?iaia oeaiu iniiaiiai oiaa?a. I?iecaiaeeoaeue
no?aieony iaeoe ?uiie aeey yoeo iiai/iuo i?iaeoeoia e ca/anooth aioia
i?eiyoue ethaoth oeaio, anee iia iie?uaaao ecaea?aeee ii eo o?aiaieth e
aeinoaaea. Yoi iicaieeo aio nieceoue oeaio iniiaiiai oiaa?a, naeaeaa aai
aieaa eiieo?aioiiniiniaiui.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeai ii aaia?aoe/aneiio i?eioeeio
Aaia?aoe/aneee iiaeoiae e oeaiiia?aciaaieth i?aaeiieaaaao i?eiyoea
?aoaiey ia onoaiiaeaiee oe?iie ?aciuo oeai aeey iio?aaeoaeae a ?aciuo
/anoyo no?aiu. Aeinoaaea oiaa?ia aeaeaei iaoiaeyuaiony eeeaioo
iaoiaeeony oe?ia aei?iaea, /ai eeeaioo, ?aniieiaeaiiiio iiaeecinoe.
Oeaeaniia?acii ee aeey iie?uoey aieaa aunieeo o?ainii?oiuo ?anoiaeia
aceiaoue n ioaeaeaiiuo caeac/eeia aieaa aunieoth ieaoo ca oiaa?, ?eneoy
oai naiui iioa?youe eeeaioo?o? A iiaeao auoue, eo/oa aceiaoue
iaeeiaeiaoth ieaoo ni anao iio?aaeoaeae iacaaeneii io eo oaeaeaiiinoe?
Aiciiaeiu iyoue aa?eaioia onoaiiaeaiey oeaiu ii aaa?aoe/aneiio
i?eioeeio.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeaiu OIA a ianoa i?ienoiaeaeaiey oiaa?a icia/aao, /oi
oiaa? i?iaeaaony ia?aaic/eeo ia oneiaeyo o?aiei-aaaii, iinea /aai ana
i?aaa ia yoio oiaa? ia?aoiaeyo e caeac/eeo, eioi?ue iiea/eaaao ana
?anoiaeu ii o?ainii?oe?iaea io ianoa i?iecaiaenoaa e ianoo iacia/aiey.
Iaeiaei iaaeinoaoie ninoieo a oii, /oi yoi ieacuaaaony aei?iai aeey
oaeaeaiiuo eeeaioia, /oi aaaeao e iioa?a aieueoiai /enea eeeaioia.
Onoaiiaeaiea aaeeiie oeaiu n aeeth/aiiuie a iaa ?anoiaeaie ii aeinoaaea
– yoi iieiay i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue onoaiiaeaiey oeaiu OIA a ianoa
i?ienoiaeaeaiey oiaa?a. A aeaiiii neo/aa oe?ia aceiaao oe?ia aceiaao
aaeeioth oeaio n aeeth/aieai a iaa iaeiie e oie aea noiiu o?ainii?oiuo
?anoiaeia iacaaeneii io oaeaeaiiinoe eeeaioa. Ieaoa ca ia?aaiceo ?aaia
n?aaeiae noiia o?ainii?oiuo ?anoiaeia. Oiaaea aieaa i?eaeeaeaiiua
eeeaiou i?aaeii/ooo oe?io, eioi?ay iieuecoaony iaoiaeii oeaiu OIA a
ianoa i?ienoiaeaeaiey oiaa?a, o. e. aeey ieo iia aoaeao ieaea, /ai aeey
aieaa oaeaeaiiuo eeeaioia. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, iiyaeyaony aieueoa oainia
i?eaea/ue oaeaeaiiiai caeac/eea. E?iia oiai, yoio iaoiae ioiineoaeueii
i?ino a i?eiaiaiee e aeaao aiciiaeiinoue aaeeioth oeaio a
iauaiaoeeiiaeueiii (eee iauaie?iaii) ianooaaa.
Onoaiiaeaiea ciiaeueiuo oeai – yoi ia/oi n?aaeiaa iaaeaeo iaoiaeii oeaiu
OIA a ianoa i?ienoiaeaeaiey oiaa?a e iaoiaeii aaeeiie oeaiu n
aeeth/aiiuie a iaa ?anoiaeaie ii aeinoaaea. Ana caeac/eee, iaoiaeyueany
a a?aieoeao iaeiie ciiu, ieaoyo iaeio e oo aea noiia?ioth oeaio, eioi?ay
noaiiaeony auoa ii ia?a oaeaeaiiinoe ciiu. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio iieoiaoaee a
a?aieoeao eaaeaeie ioaeaeueiie oeaiiaie ciiu ia iieo/atho ieeaeeo
oeaiiauo i?aeiouanoa. Iaeiaei aioo?e oeaiiaie ciiu oaeaea aicieeatho
aieaa oaeaeaiiua eeeaiou, eioi?ua aoaeoo iiea/eaaoue /anoue o?ainii?oiuo
?anoiaeia aieaa aeeceeo eeeaioia. E?iia oiai, caeac/eee ii iaa noi?iiu
io a?aieoeu oeaiiaie ciiu iiaoo iaoiaeeoueny ia ?annoiyiee ianeieueeeo
eeeiiao?ia ae?oa io ae?oaa, a ieaoeoue nouanoaaiii ?aciua oeaiu.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeai i?eiaieoaeueii e aaceniiio ioieoo iicaieyao i?iaeaaoeo
aua?aoue oio eee eiie ai?iae a ea/anoaa aaceniiai e aceiaoue ni anao
caeac/eeia o?ainii?oiua ?anoiaeu a noiia, ?aaiie noieiinoe aeinoaaee ec
yoiai ioieoa iacaaeneii io oiai, ioeoaea a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
i?ienoiaeeo ioa?ocea. Oiaaea iaeiia?aiaiii n iiauoaieai ?acia?ia
noiia?iie oeaiu aeey caeac/eeia, iaoiaeyueony iaoiaeyueony iaiiaeaeaeo
io i?aaei?eyoey, aeey ioaeaeaiiuo caeac/eeia yoa oeaia nieaeaaony. Anee
ana i?iaeaaoeu auaa?oo a ea/anoaa aaceniiai ioieoa iaeei e oio aea
ai?iae, oeaia n aeeth/aieai ?anoiaeia ii aeinoaaea ieaaeaony iaeeiaeiaie
aeey anao eeeaioia e oeaiiaay eiieo?aioeey aoaeao ono?aiaia. Aeey
aeinoeaeaiey aieueoae aeaeinoe ?yae oe?i auae?atho naaiaeiy a ea/anoaa
aaceniuo ianeieueei ai?iaeia. A yoii neo/aa o?ainii?oiua ?anoiaeu
en/eneythony io aeeaeaeoaai e caeac/eeo aaceniiai ioieoa.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeai n i?eiyoeai ia naay ?anoiaeia ii aeinoaaea
i?eiaiyaony, eiaaea i?iaeaaaoe caeioa?aniaai a iiaeaea?aeaiee aeaeiauo
ioiioaiee n eiie?aoiui iieoiaoaeai eee n ii?aaeaeaiiui aaia?aoe/aneei
?aeiiii. A yoii neo/aa, /oiau iaania/eoue iinooieaiea caeacia,
i?iaeaaaoe /anoe/ii eee iieiinoueth i?eieiaao ia naay oaeoe/aneea
?anoiaeu ii aeinoaaea oiaa?a. Aiciiaeii, ii n/eoaao, /oi aio oaeanony
?anoe?eoue iauaiu aeayoaeueiinoe e n?aaeiea ecaea?aeee niecyony, n
eeoaie iie?ua aeiiieieoaeueiua o?ainii?oiua ?anoiaeu. Yoei iaoiaeii
onoaiiaeaiey oeai iieuecothony aeey i?iieeiiaaiey ia iiaua ?uiee, a
oaeaea aeey oaea?aeaiea naiaai iieiaeaiey ia ?uieao n iaino?ythuaeny
eiieo?aioeeae.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeai ni neeaeeaie e ca/aoaie
A ea/anoaa aiciaa?aaeaeaiey iio?aaeoaeae ca ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaenoaey
iiiaea oe?iu aioiau eciaiyoue naie enoiaeiua oeaiu.
Neeaeee ca ieaoaae iaee/iuie – oiaiueoaiea oeaiu aeey iieoiaoaeae,
eioi?ua ieaoyo iaee/iuie. Oaeea neeaeee iiiiaatho oeo/oeoue ninoiyiea
eeeaeaeiinoe i?iaeaaoea e nie?aoeoue ?anoiaeu a nayce ni acuneaieai
e?aaeeoia e aaciaaeaaeiuo aeieaia. A iaoae aea no?aia i?e/eiie aeieaia
a?aiy yaeyeny aeaoeoeeo iaee/iinoe.
Neeaeea ca eiee/anoai caeoiaaiiai oiaa?a – oiaieoaiea oeaiu aeey
iieoiaoaeae, i?eia?aoathueo aieueoea eiee/anoaa oiaa?a. Yoe neeaeee
aeieaeiu i?aaeeaaaoueny anai caeac/eeai e ia i?aauoaoue noiiu yeiiiiee
ecaea?aeae i?iaeaaoea a nayce ni nauoii aieueoeo ia?oee oiaa?a. Yeiiiiey
neeaaeuaaaony ca n/ao yeiiiiee ecaea?aeae ii i?iaeaaea, iiaeaea?aeaieth
caiania e o?ainii?oe?iaea oiaa?a. Neeaeee neoaeao aeey iio?aaeoaey
noeioeii aeaeaoue caeoiee o iaeiiai i?iaeaaoea, a ia o ianeieueeeo
iinoaaueeia.
Ooieoeeiiaeueiua neeaeee i?iecaiaeeoaee i?aaeeaaatho neoaeaai
oiaa?iaeaeaeaiey, auiieiythuei ii?aaeaeaiiua ooieoeee ii i?iaeaaea
oiaa?a, aai o?aiaieth, aaaeaieth o/aoa. I?iecaiaeeoaeue iiaeao
i?aaeeaaaoue ?aciua oi?aiaua neeaeee ?aciui oi?aiaui eaiaeai, iineieueeo
iie ieacuaatho aio ?aciua ii oa?aeoa?o oneoae, ii ii iaycai i?aaeeaaaoue
aaeeioth neeaeeo anai neoaeaai, aoiaeyuei a ninoaa ioaeaeueiiai eaiaea.
Naciiiua neeaeee – oiaiueoaiea oeaiu aeey iio?aaeoaeae, niaa?oathueo
aianaciiiua iieoiee oiaa?aa eee oneoa. Iie iicaieytho i?iaeaaoeo
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue aieaa noaaeeueiue o?iaaiue i?iecaiaenoaa a oa/aiea
anaai aiaea.
Ca/aou – ae?oaea aeaeu neeaeie n i?aeneo?aioiie oeaiu. Iai?eia?,
oiaa?iiaiaiiue ca/ao – yoi oiaiueoaiea oeaiu iiaiai oiaa?a i?e oneeaee
naea/e noa?iai, eee ca/ao ia noeioee?iaaiea nauoa – auieaou eee neeaeee
n oeaiu aeey aiciaa?aaeaeaiea aeeea?ia ca o/anoea a i?ia?aiiao ?aeeaiu e
iiaeaea?aeaiey nauoa.
Onoaiiaeaiea oeai aeey noeioee?iaaiey nauoa
I?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao oe?iu a?aiaiii iacia/atho ia naie
oiaa?u oeaiu ieaea i?aeneo?aioiuo, a eiiaaea ieaea naaanoieiinoe. Aio
?acee/iea oi?iu oaeeo oeai:
1. Oe?iu iiaoo onoaiaaeeaaoue ia iaeioi?ua oiaa?u oeaiu eae ia
“oauoi/iuo eeaea?ia” ?aaee i?eaea/aiey iieoiaoaeae a iaaeaaeaea, /oi
iie ca iaeii i?eia?aooo e ae?oaea oiaa?u ii iau/iie oeaia.
2. Aeey i?eaea/aiey aieueoaai /enea eeeaioia a ii?aaeaeaiiua ia?eiaeu
a?aiaie i?iaeaaoeu eniieuecotho oeaiu aeey iniauo neo/aaa (iai?eia?,
ceiiea ?ani?iaeaaee).
3. Neeaeea iaee/iuie i?aaeeaaaaony iio?aaeoaeyi, iieoiathuei oiaa? o
aeeea?ia a ii?aaeaeaiiue io?acie a?aiaie. Yoi aeaeia i?oaeea nie?auaiey
oiaa?iuo caiania a ia?eiaeu cao?oaeiaiey nauoa aac nieaeaiey
i?aeneo?aioiuo oeai.
4. Neeaeee n iau/iuo oeai n oeaeueth i?eaea/aiey aieueoaai eiee/anoaa
iieoiaoaeae.
Onoaiiaeaiea aeene?eieiaoeeiiiuo oeai
N o/aoii ?acee/ee a iio?aaeoaeyo, oiaa?ao, ianoiinoyo e o. i. oe?iu
/anoi aiinyo ei??aeoeau a naie oeaiu. I?e onoaiiaeaiee
aeene?eieiaoeeiiiuo oeai oe?ia i?iaeaao oiaa? eee oneoao ii aeaoi eee
aieaa ?aciui oeaiai aac o/aoa ?acee/ee a ecaea?aeeao. Onoaiiaeaiea
aeene?eieiaoeeiiiuo oeai i?ienoiaeeo a ?aciuo oi?iao.
1. N o/aoii ?aciiaeaeiinoae iieoiaoaeae. ?aciua iieoiaoaee iiaoo
ieaoeoue ca iaeei e oio aea oiaa? eee oneoao ?aciua oeaiu (iai?eia?,
iaiueoay oeaia iinauaiey iocay aeey nooaeaioia).
2. N o/aoii aa?eaioia oiaa?a. ?aciua aa?eaiou oiaa?a i?iaeatho ii ?aciui
oeaiai, ii aac anyeiai o/aoa ?acieoeu a ecaea?aeeao eo i?iecaiaenoaa.
3. N o/aoii ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey. Oiaa? i?iaeaaony ii ?aciie oeaia a ?aciuo
ianoao, oioy ecaea?aeee ii i?aaeeiaeaieth aai a yoeo ianoao iaeeiaeiau.
4. N o/aoii a?aiaie. Oeaiu iaiythony a caaeneiinoe io naciia, aeiy
iaaeaee eee /ana nooie.
5. N o/aoii eo/oaai ianeoaeeaaiey.
Aeey oiai /oiau oeaiiaay aeene?eieiaoeey n?aaioaea, iaiaoiaeeii iaee/ea
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaee. Ai-ia?auo, ?uiie aeieaeai iiaeaeaaaoueny
naaiaioe?iaaieth, a iieo/aiiua naaiaiou aeieaeiu ioee/aoueny ae?oa io
ae?oaa eioaineaiinoueth ni?ina. Ai-aoi?uo, /eaiu naaiaioa, a eioi?ii
oiaa? i?iaeaaony ii ieceie oeaia, ia aeieaeiu eiaoue aiciiaeiinoe
ia?ai?iaeaoue aai a naaiaioa, aaea oe?ia i?aaeeaaaao aai ii aunieie
oeaia. A-o?aoueeo, eiieo?aiou ia aeieaeiu ?aniieaaaoue aiciiaeiinoueth
i?iaeaaaoue oiaa? aeaoaaea a naaiaioa, aaea oe?ia i?aaeeaaaao aai ii
aunieie oeaia. A-/aoaa?ouo, ecaea?aeee a nayce n naaiaioe?iaaieai ?uiea
e iaaethaeaieai ca iei ia aeieaeiu i?aauoaoue noiiu aeiiieieoaeueiuo
iinooieaiee, ia?acothueony a ?acoeueoaoa oeaiiaie aeene?eieiaoeee.
A-iyouo, onoaiiaeaiea aeene?eieiaoeeiiiuo oeai ia aeieaeii aucaaoue
iaeaeu e iai?eycie iio?aaeoaeae. A-oanouo, i?eiaiyaiay oe?iie eiie?aoiay
oi?ia oeaiiaie aeene?eieiaoeee ia aeieaeia auoue i?ioeaii?aaiie n oi/ee
c?aiey caeiia (i caueoa i?aa iio?aaeoaey).
10. Eieoeeaoeaiia eciaiaiea oeai
Oe?iu, ?ac?aaioaaoea nianoaaiioth nenoaio oeai e no?aoaaeth
oeaiiia?aciaaiey, a?aiy io a?aiaie eniuouaatho iaiaoiaeeiinoue a
nieaeaiee eee iiauoaiee naieo oeai aeey o/aoa eciaiaiee a ecaea?aeeao,
eiieo?aioeee e ni?ina.
Eieoeeaoeaiia nieaeaiea oeai
Ia iuneue i nieaeaiee oeai oe?io iiaoo iaoieeiooue ianeieueei
ianoiyoaeuenoa. Iaeii ec ieo – iaaeia?ocea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae.
A yoii neo/aa oe?ia ioaeii oaaee/eoue naie iai?io, a aeiaeoueny yoiai ca
n/ao eioaineoeeaoeee oi?aiauo oneeee, niaa?oainoaiaaiey oiaa?a e i?i/eo
ia? iia ia iiaeao. Aua iaeiei ianoiyoaeuenoaii ieacuaaaony nie?auaiea
aeiee ?uiea iiae iaii?ii y?inoiie oeaiiaie eiieo?aioeee. Oe?ia aunooiaao
eieoeeaoi?ii nieaeaiey oeaiu e a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea iuoaaony n
iiiiuueth ieceeo oeai aeiaeoueny aeiieie?othuaai iieiaeaiey ia ?uiea.
Aeey yoiai iia eeai n?aco auoiaeeo ia ?uiie n oeaiaie ieaea, /ai o
eiieo?aioia, eeai ia?aie nieaeaao oeaiu a iaaeaaeaea caiieo/eoue naaa
oaeoth aeieth ?uiea, eioi?ay iaania/eo nieaeaiea ecaea?aeae
i?iecaiaenoaa ca n/ao ?inoa aai iauaia. Oiaaea oe?iie eniieuecoaony oae
iacuaaaiay neieuecyuay iaaeathuay oeaia. Ii ia?a ianuuaiey ?uiea oeaia
ia ecaeaeey e oneoae iinoaiaiii iaaeaao. Oaea i?e ninoaaeaiee i?iaiica
nauoa oe?ia iaiaoiaeeii i?iaiaeece?iaaoue oaiiu ?inoa iauaia
i?iecaiaenoaa a io?anee a oeaeii, niiinoaaeoue aa n aeeiaieeie aieinoe
?uiea (i?aaeaea anaai ii oaiiai ?inoa aeioiaeia iioaioeeaeueiuo
iio?aaeoaeae) e ii?aaeaeeoue caoai, ia eaeie i?ioeaio i?aaenoieo
nieceoue oeaiu a i?aaenoiyuee ia?eiae, /oiau iaania/eoue onoie/eaue nauo
i?iaeoeoeee.
Oaeie iiaeoiae iau/ii i?eiaiyaony a ioiioaiee ecaeaeee ianniaiai ni?ina,
eiaaea iie aae?aniaaiu n?aaieoaeueii aieueoei a?oiiai iio?aaeoaeae.
Oneiaey ?uii/iie eiieo?aioeee caeanue oa?aeoa?ecothony aunieie
/oanoaeoaeueiinoueth (yeanoe/iinoueth) iio?aaeoaeueneiai ni?ina ia
eciaiaiea oeai. Iiyoiio iiieaeaiea oeai – aa?iue niinia i?eaea/ue
aieiaiea iio?aaeoaeae e naiae i?iaeoeoeee.
Anoanoaaiii, /oi oaeay i?eaioaoeey o?aaoao io oe?iu ?ac?aaioee
ia?ii?eyoee ii nieaeaieth ecaea?aeae ecaioiaeaiey e ?aaeecaoeee
i?iaeoeoeee eae ca n/ao niaa?oainoaiaaiey oaoiieiaee e i?aaiecaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa, oae e oaaee/aiey iauaia auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee. Oeaiu ia
i?iaeoeoeeth oe?iu e iauai i?iecaiaenoaa (aaee/eia auioneaaiuo ia?oee,
na?eeiinoue i?iaeoeoeee) oanii acaeiinaycaiu. *ai aieueoa eiee/anoai
auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee, oai auoa caa?ocea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae,
oai aieueoa o i?aaei?eyoey aiciiaeiinoae nieceoue ecaea?aeee
i?iecaiaenoaa e a eiia/iii n/aoa oeaiu (yoi iacuaatho “yeiiiieae ia
ianooaaa”). I?e aieueoie na?eeiinoe i?iaeoeoeee ecaeaeey iiaoo auoue
?aaeeciaaiu ii aieaa ieceie oeaia, ii yoi aua ia icia/aao, /oi iie
iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu i?iaeaaaoueny ii oaeie oeaia.
*oiau aeiaeoueny oaeie neooaoeee, iaiaoiaeeii naeaeaoue eae iiaeii aieaa
cao?oaeieoaeueiui aiaae?aiea ia aeaiiue ?uiie nauoa iiauo eiieo?aioia.
Aeey yoiai ioaeii caaioeoueny ia oieueei i nieaeaiee ecaea?aeae,
iiauoaiee ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee, ii e i?iaiaeeoue aeoeaioth
eiiiaaoeeiiioth aeayoaeueiinoue. Ana yoe oaeoi?u, aianoa acyoua,
aeaeatho neeoeii aunieeie aeey i?aaei?eyoey-aoonaeaea?a, i?aaeaea ia
?aaioaaoaai ia aeaiiue ?uiie, ecaea?aeee ii aai inaiaieth.
Eieoeeaoeaiia iiauoaiea oeai
A iineaaeiea aiaeu iiiaea oe?iu auioaeaeaiu iiauoaoue naie oeaiu.
Aeaeatho iie yoi, niciaaay, /oi ?ino oeai aucuaaao iaaeiaieuenoai
iio?aaeoaeae, aeeno?eauethoa?ia e nianoaaiiiai oi?aiaiai ia?niiaea.
Iaeiaei oniaoii i?iaaaeaiiia iiauoaiea oeai iiaeao cia/eoaeueii
oaaee/eoue iauaiu i?eauee.
Iaeiei ec aeaaiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa, aucuaathueo iiauoaiea oeai, yaeyaony
onoie/eaay anaie?iay eioeyoeey, iaoneiaeaiiay ?inoii ecaea?aeae. ?ino
ecaea?aeae, ia niioaaonoaothuee ?inoo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe, aaaeao e
nieaeaieth ii?iu i?eauee e auioaeaeaao oe?iu ?aaoey?ii iiauoaoue oeaiu.
Ia?aaeei iiauoaiea oeai ia?ae?uaaao ?ino ecaea?aeae a i?aae/oanoaee
aeaeueiaeoae eioeyoeee eee aaaaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiio?iey iaae
oeaiaie. Oe?iu ia ?aoathony aeaaaoue eeeaioai aeieaia?aiaiiua
iaycaoaeuenoaa a ioiioaiee oeai, iianaynue, /oi eioeyoeey, iaoneiaeaiiay
?inoii ecaea?aeae, ianao oua?a ii?ia i?eauee. Ai?ynue n eioeyoeeae oe?iu
iiaoo inouanoaeyoue iiauoaiea oeai ianeieueeeie niiniaaie.
Aua iaeiei ianoiyoaeuenoaii, aaaeouei e iiauoaieth oeai, yaeyaony
iaee/ea /?acia?iiai ni?ina (/oi oa?aeoa?ii aeey iaoae no?aiu). Eiaaea
oe?ia ia a ninoiyiee iieiinoueth oaeiaeaoai?eoue ioaeaeu naieo
caeac/eeia, iia iiaeao iiaeiyoue naie oeaiu, aaanoe ii?ie?iaaiea
?ani?aaeaeaiea oiaa?a eee i?eaaaiooue e oiio e ae?oaiio iaeiia?aiaiii.
Oeaiu iiaeii iiaeiyoue i?aeoe/anee iacaiaoii, ioiaiea neeaeee e iiiieiea
anni?oeiaio aieaa aei?iaeie aa?eaioaie oiaa?a, a iiaeii naeaeaoue yoi e
a ioe?uooth.
?aaeoeee iio?aaeoaeae ia eciaiaiea oeai
Iiauoaiea oeaiu eee aa nieaeaiea iaaa?iyea cao?iiao eeeaioia,
eiieo?aioia, aeeno?eauethoi?ia, e iinoaaueeia, a oaeaea iiaeao aucaaoue
eioa?an ni noi?iiu ainoaea?noaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee.
Iio?aaeoaee ia anaaaea i?aaeeueii enoieeiaatho eciaiaiea oeai. Nieaeaiea
oeai iie iiaoo ?anniao?eaaoue eae: 1) i?aaenoiyuoth caiaio oiaa?a aieaa
iicaeiae iiaeaeueth, 2) iaee/ea a oiaa?a ecuyiia, 3) naeaeaoaeuenoai
oeiainiaiai iaaeaaiiieo/ey oe?iu, 4) ciae oiai, /oi nei?i oeaia niiaa
iiieceony e noieo iia?aiaieoue n iieoieie, 5) naeaeaoaeuenoai nieaeaiey
ea/anoaa oiaa?a.
Iiauoaiea oeaiu, iau/ii naea?aeeaathuaa nauo, iiaeao auoue enoieeiaaii
iieoiaoaeyie e a ii?aaeaeaiiii iieiaeeoaeueiii niunea: 1) oiaa? noae
iniaaiii oiaeiaui e noieo iiauno?aa i?eia?anoe aai. iiea ii ia noae
iaaeinooiiui; 2) oiaa? iaeaaeaao iniaie oeaiiinoiie cia/eiinoueth, ii 3)
i?iaeaaaoe ae/ai e noaieony caeiieoue oeaio, eaeoth oieueei auaea?aeeo
?uiie.
?aaeoeee eiieo?aioia ia eciaiaiea oeai
Oe?ia, ieaie?othuay eciaieoue oeaio, aeieaeia aeoiaoue i ?aaeoeeyo ia
oieueei iieoiaoaeae, ii e eiieo?aioia. Nei?aa anaai eiieo?aiou aoaeoo
?aaae?iaaoue a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea /enei i?iaeaaoeia iaaeeeei, eo oiaa?u
noiaee iaaeaeo niaie, a iieoiaoaee oi?ioi eioi?ie?iaaiu (o. a. i?e
ieeaiiieenoe/aneie eiieo?aioeee).
Oe?ia iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeoaaaeaoue iaeaieaa aa?iyoiua ?aaeoeee
eiieo?aioia. Anee o iaa anoue iaeei e?oiiue eiieo?aio, eioi?ue ioaa/aao
ia eciaiaiea oeai anaaaea iaeiei e oai aea ia?acii, aai ioaaoiue oiae
iiaeii i?aaeoaaaeaoue. Ii nouanoaoao aiciiaeiinoue, /oi eiieo?aio
aini?eieiaao ethaia eciaiaiea oeai eae iiaue aucia naaa e ?aaae?oao a
caaeneiinoe io naieo nethieiooiuo eioa?ania. A yoii neo/aa oe?ia
iaiaoiaeeii aoaeao auynieoue aai nethieiooiua eioa?anu, oaeea, eae
oaaee/aiea iauaia i?iaeaae eee noeioee?iaaiea ni?ina. I?e iaee/ee
ianeieueeeo eiieo?aioia oe?ia ioaeii i?aaeoaaaeaoue iaeaieaa aa?iyoioth
?aaeoeeth eaaeaeiai ec ieo. Ana eiieo?aioa iiaoo aanoe naay eeai
iaeeiaeiai, eeai ii-?aciiio, oae eae ?acei ioee/athony ae?oa io ae?oaa
naiae aaee/eiie, iieacaoaeyie caieiaaiie aeiee ?uiea eee iieeoe/aneeie
onoaiiaeaie. Anee iaeioi?ua ec ieo ioeeeeioony ia eciaiaiea oeaiu
aiaeiae/iui ia?acii, anoue ana iniiaaiey n/eoaoue, /oi oae aea iinooiyo
e inoaeueiua.
11. ?aaeoeess oe?iu ia eciaiaiea oeai eiieo?aioaie
Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ?aaeoeee oe?iu ia eciaiaiea oeai eiieo?aioaie
iaiaoiaeeii ioaaoeoue ia ianeieueei aii?inia: 1) ii/aio eiieo?aio
eciaiee oeaio – aeey caaiaaaiey ?uiea, eniieueciaaiey iaaeia?oaeaiiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiui?noae, eiiiaine?iaaiey eciaieaoeony ecaea?aeae eee
/oiau iieiaeeoue ia/aei eciaiaieth oeai a io?anee a oeaeii; 2) ieaie?oao
ee eiieo?aio eciaiaiea oeai ia a?aiy eee iaanaaaea; 3) /oi i?iecieaeao n
aeieae ?uiea oe?iu e aa aeioiaeaie, anee iia ia i?eiao ioaaoiuo ia?;
niae?athony ee i?eieiaoue ioaaoiua ia?u ae?oaea oe?iu; 4) eaeeie iiaoo
auoue ioaaou eiieo?aioa e ae?oaeo oe?i ia eaaeaeoth ec aiaeiiaeiuo
ioaaoiuo ?aaeoeee.
Iiieii ?aoaiey yoeo aii?inia, oe?ia aeieaeia i?iaanoe e aieaa oe?ieee
aiaeec. Ae neaaeoao eco/eoue i?iaeaiu, naucaiiua n yoaiii aeeciaiiiai
oeeeea naiaai oiaa?a, cia/aiea yoiai oiaa?a a ?aieao naiae oiaa?iie
iiiaieeaoo?u, eco/eoue iaia?aiey e ?ano?nu eiieo?aioa, i?aaeeiaeaiioth
oeaio e /oanoaeoaeueiinoue ?uiea n oi/ee c?aiey oeaiiinoiie cia/eiinoe
oiaa?a, aeeiaieeo ecaea?aeae a caaeneiinoe io iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa e
i?i/ea aiciiaeiinoe, ioe?uaathueany ia?aae oe?iie.
Oe?ia ia anaaaea a ninoiyiee i?iaanoe aiaeec aa?eaioia naieo aeaenoaee
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a iiiaio eciaiaiey oeai. Aaaeue eiieo?aio, aiciiaeii,
aioiaeeny e naiaio oaao aeiaieueii aeieai, a /aoei io?aaae?iaaoue ia
yoio oaa iaaei /a?ac ianeieueei /ania eee aeiae. I?aeoe/anee
aaeeinoaaiiue niinia nie?aoeoue n?ie i?eiyoey ?aoaiey ia ioaaoiie
?aaeoeee – i?aaeaeaeaoue aiciiaeiua oeaiiaua iaiaa?u eiieo?aioa e
caaeaaia?aiaiii iiaeaioiaeoue ioaaoiua ia?u.
[3] no?. 277
[4] no?. 354
[4] no?. 357
[4] no?. 359
[4] no?. 361
[4] no?. 367
[4] co?. 370
[4] no?. 379
[4] no?. 379
OIA – io aiaeeeneiai FOB – free on board
[4] no?. 390
[4] no?. 391
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u.
1. Caaueyeia I.N., Aeaieaeia A.A. “Oi?ioea oniaoa – ia?eaoeia”.
2. O?ooeeee A.A. “Nia?aiaiiue ia?eaoeia”.
3. Aeae. ?. Yaain “Ia?eaoeia”.
4. O. Eioea? “Iniiau ia?eaoeiaa”.
5. ?oaei TH. “Iaueiiaaiiue ia?eaoeia”.
\NEIAIE 227
\f “Symbol” Aieeooei N.N., 1993 a.
OIA – io aiaeeeneiai FOB – free on board
\NO? 22
_
?
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