Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ia?eaoeia
Eaeoeey ? 1.
Nouiinoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?eaoeiaa.
Iniiaiua yoaiu eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee oe?iu.
Ieai.
Ninoiyiea e ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae
?innee.
Nouiinoue e iniiaiua caaea/e, ?aoaaiua a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii
ia?eaoeiaa. Aeaeu e iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ?aoaiee.
Eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeey i?aaei?eyoey, iioeau e yoaiu.
1. Ninoiyiea e ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae
?innee.
Aiaoiaoi?aiaue iai?io – yoi noieiinoue eiii?oa + noieiinoue
yenii?oa.
Aiaoiaoi?aiaue iai?io ?innee
1995 a.: 102 ie?ae. $ (yenii?o – 65 ie?ae. $ – oaii ?inoa ia 2-3 %
iaiueoa, /ai a 1996 a.)
1996 a.: 133 ie?ae. $ (yenii?o – 86,5 ie?ae. $) – yoi i?eia?ii 16
ianoi a ie?a ii oiaa?iiai?ioo.
Aeiea ?innee ia 1996 a. – 26 ie?ae. $.
Aeiea no?ai NIA ?innee ia 1996 a. – 9 ie?ae. $.
No?oeoo?a yenii?oa ?innee
45% – auaic yia?aiiineoaeae
15% – auaic iaoaeeia
9% – auaic i?iaeoeoeee iaoeiino?iaiey
Oi?aiaey ni no?aiaie aeaeueiaai ca?oaaaeuey ninoaaeyao 77% io
aiaoiaoi?aiaiai iai?ioa ?innee.
Iniiaiua aiaoiaoi?aiaua ia?oia?u ?innee ii iauaio iai?ioa:
Aa?iaiey
Eoaeey
Ieaea?eaiaeu
Iieueoa
NOA (ca iineaaeiee aiae oi?aiaue iai?io n NOA aic?in ia 5-7%)
Oi?aiaue iai?io ni no?aiaie NIA a 1996 a. aic?in ia 10% ii
ioiioaieth e 1995 a.
A 1996 a. iaaethaeaeinue iaaeaiea eiii?oa ec no?ai aeaeueiaai
ca?oaaaeuey (nieaeaiea eiii?oa ninoaaeei ( 4,4%), /oi
eiiiaine?iaaeinue eiii?oii ec no?ai NIA.
Ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey aiaoiae oi?aiaee ?innee:
oneeaiea naycae ni no?aiaie Aceaonei-Oeoiieaaineiai yeiiiie/aneiai
aeiea
?ino yenii?oa:
iaooe aei 127 iei. o
aaca aei 200 iei. i3
e?eieiaeecaoeey aiaoiae oi?aiaee (a iniiaiii oi?aiaee iaooueth)
?ino iaieaoaaeae ec no?ai NIA
ionoonoaea ea/anoaaiiuo oiaa?ia, iinooiathueo ec no?ai NIA
No?oeoo?a aa?oa?iuo iia?aoeee ni no?aiaie aeaeueiaai ca?oaaaeuey
(aeaiiua ca 1995 a.)
aeae oiaa?a yenii?o eiii?o
1. I?iaeiaieuenoaea e nu?uea aeey aai i?iecaiaenoaa. 2,4% 22,4%
2. Oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneea oiaa?u. 14,1% 1,7%
3. Oiaa?u oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. 11,5% 11,9%
4. *a?iua e oeaaoiua iaoaeeu e ecaeaeey ec ieo. 43,8% 2,9%
5. Ae?aaaneia e ecaeaeey ec aea?aaa. 5,2% 1,9%
6. Ecaeaeey iaoeiino?iaiey. 13,7% 48,1%
7. I?iaeoeoeey oaenoeeueiie e iaoaiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe 2,5% 9%
Ca?oaaaeiua aeoeau i?aaei?eyoee e a?aaeaeai ?O
aeaeu aeoeaia 1991 a., ie?ae. $ 1995 a., ie?ae. $
1. Eaaaeueiua 7,5 29,9
2. Aeaiiceou 2,9 9,8
3. Iaee/iua 5 20,1
4. Iaeaaaeueiua 3 19,9
Iaaethaeaaony cia/eoaeueiue ?ino (a n?aaeiai a 4,33 ?aca)
?inneeneeo aeoeaia ca ?oaaaeii.
No?oeoo?a aiaoiae oi?aiaee no?ai aeaeueiaai ca?oaaaeuey
(aeaiiua ia 1995 a.)
No?aiu yenii?o, ie?ae. $ eiii?o, ie?ae. $
1. Aa?iaiey 421 356
2. NOA 394 515
3. Aaeeeia?eoaiey 185 224
4. Eoaeey 170 182
5. Ieaea?eaiaeu 134 127
6. Aaeueaey 118 120
2. Nouiinoue e iniiaiua caaea/e, ?aoaaiua a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii
ia?eaoeiaa. Aeaeu e iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ?aoaiee.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ia?eaoeia – yoi eiaeea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai
iuoeaiey, ?anniao?eaathuay aanue ie?iaie ?uiie eae noa?u
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-nauoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe e enoi/iee iieo/aiey
i?eauee ia nenoaiaoece?iaaiiie ieaiiaie iniiaa.
Nouiinoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?eaoeiaa – ?anniio?aiea anaai ie?a
eae naiaai iioaioeeaeueiiai ?uiea, aai aiaeec e oaeiaeaoai?aiea
aai iio?aaiinoae.
Iniaaiiinoe iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?eaoeiaa
Aieueoie ?ene, oae eae iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio ia?eaoeiao ioaeiu
aieueoea oneeey, /oiau ii?aaeaeeoue iaoiae ?aaiou ia ?uiea.
Aieaa aunieea o?aaiaaiey e eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe oiaa?a.
Aieueoea o?oaeiinoe a eco/aiee ?uiea.
Aieaa aunieay eiieo?aioeey ?uiea e iaiaoiaeeiinoue o/aoa
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aaaeaiey aeae.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ia?eaoeia aeaao aiciiaeiinoue ii?aaeaeeoue
oeaeaaua iiceoeee oe?iu a oi?aaeaiee aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe oe?iu
ia ie?iaii ?uiea.
I?eciaee yenii?oiie iia?aoeee:
ia?ana/aiea oiaa?ii a?aieoeu
iieaoa a eiino?aiiie aaethoa
Iniiaiua iiiyoey
O?aaeeoeeiiiue yenii?o – i?iaeaaea ca ?oaaaeii aeey ia?aaea/e a
nianoaaiiinoue i?e yoii i?iaeaaea inouanoaeyaony aac aeaeueiaeoaai
nii?iaiaeaeaiey (yenii?oa? ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue oieueei aei
iiiaioa iinoaaee)
Yenii?oiue ia?eaoeia – yenii?oa? nenoaiaoe/anee ia?aaaouaaao
caa?aie/iue ?uiie, i?eniinaaeeaaao naie oiaa? e iaio,
eiio?iee?oao aanue iooue oiaa?a io iinoaaueea e iio?aaeoaeth
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ia?eaoeia – yenii?oa? aeoaiei e iinoiyiii
enneaaeoao ca?oaaaeiue ?uiie, eniieuecoao ana eino?oiaiou
ia?eaoeiaa e ?acee/iua oi?iu aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae:
iaiai
eiio?aeo
niaianoiia i?aaei?eyoea
aei/a?iea i?aaei?eyoey e i?.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue iaiaaeaeiaio (aecian) – i?aaeiieaaaao
ia?eaoeiaiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue ca a?aieoeae, eioi?ay ioaaouaaao ia
oieueei nauo, ii e ana noa?u aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey
(niaaaeaiea, IEIE?, oeiainu, eaae?u e i?.) – /anoi eiaao ianoi a
?aieao OIE (o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuo ei?ii?aoeee)
Caaea/e iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?eaoeiaa
Caaea/e iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?eaoeiaa iiaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue eae
ioaao ia neaaeothuea aii?inu:
Auoiaeeoue eee iao ia ca?oaaaeiue ?uiie? (yoio aii?in ?aoaaony
i?e ii?aaeaeaiee oeaeae auoiaea e oa?ic)
Ia eaeie ?uiie auoiaeeoue? (ii?aaeaeyaony n eaeei oiaa?ii
auoiaeeoue – ni noa?ui eee n iiaui)
Eae aueoe ia ?uiie e eae iaeoe iio?aaeoaey? (naiinoiyoaeueii
eee n ia?oia?ii; a ea/anoaa yenii?oa?a eee eiii?oa?a;
naiinoiyoaeueii eee n iin?aaeieeii; iinoaaeyoue aioiaoth
i?iaeoeoeeth eee iieooaa?eeaou)
Eaeoth i?ia?aiio ia?eaoeiaa iaiaoiaeeii ?ac?aaioaoue, /oiau
aeinoe/ue oeaeae?
Eaeea yeiiiie/aneea, iao/ii-oaoie/aneea ?acoeueoaou iiaeii
iieo/eoue, o/anoaoy a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea?
Eae i?aaieciaaoue ia i?aaei?eyoee i?ioeann ?ac?aaioee e
?aaeecaoeee i?ia?aiiu iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?eaoeiaa?
Iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ?aoaiee, i?eieiaaiuo a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii
ia?eaoeiaa
Aiaeec n?aaeu iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?eaoeiaa.
Ii?aaeaeaiea oeaeae auoiaea ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ?uiie.
Aiaeec e ii?aaeaeaiea ?uiea auoiaea.
Ii?aaeaeaiea niiniaa auoiaea ia aiaoiee ?uiie.
I?eiyoea ?aoaiey i eiiieaena ia?eaoeiaa.
Auai? no?oeoo?u i?aaiecaoeee ?aaio ii ia?eaoeiao (neoaeau
ia?eaoeiaa).
3. Eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeey i?aaei?eyoey, iioeau e yoaiu.
Iioeau auoiaea ia aiaoiee ?uiie
(iioeau eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee)
No?aieaiea eo/oa eniieueciaaoue eiathueany i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
iiuiinoe.
No?aieaiea i?eia?anoe ecaanoiinoue yenii?oa?a a naiae no?aia.
Iaeeaeaiea oooaeoaiey yeiiiie/aneiai ninoiyiey no?aiu.
Aiciiaeiinoue oeo/oeoue oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea ca n/ao yenii?oa
aeey iiaea?iecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa.
Aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey eiino?aiiie aaethou.
No?aieaiea iaania/eoue i?aeiouanoai ia?aae eiieo?aioaie a naiae
no?aia.
Iaania/eoue aieaa aunieoth ?aioaaaeueiinoue iai?ioa ia ca?oaaaeiuo
?uieao.
No?aieaiea iieo/eoue oeaiiia «iio-oao».
AEaeaiea ?aaioaoue a oneiaeyo aieaa ieceie eiieo?aioeee ca
?oaaaeii, /ai a naiae no?aia.
(iioeau ?aniieiaeaiu a ii?yaeee oiaiueoaiey cia/eiinoe aeey iaeuo
i?aaei?eyoee)
Eaeoeey ? 2.
Yoaiu eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee
(yoaiu auoiaea ca ?oaaae)
Yoaiu eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue a aeaea
neaaeothuaai ?enoiea:
1-ue yoai: Ianoiay noaaeey ?acaeoey, eioi?ay oa?aeoa?ecoaony
ianoiui i?iecaiaenoaii.
2-ie yoai: Ia/aeueiay noaaeey eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee ioee/aaony
iaee/eai eiioaeoia ca ?oaaaeii aei iiiaioa iia?aoeee ca?oaaaeiuo
aeeea?ia e aaaioia.
3-ee yoai: Noaaeey ?acaeoey oa?aeoa?ecoaony anaie aeaeaie
eiioaeoia n ca?oaaaeiuie eiio?aaaioaie aei nicaeaiey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey ca ?oaaaeii.
4-ue yoai: Noaaeey ?inoa i?aaeiieaaaao iaee/ea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee ca ?oaaaeii, eioi?ua ?aniieiaeaiu ia aieaa /ai a 6
no?aiao.
5-ue yoai: Iiiaiiaoeeiiaeueiay noaaeey eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee
i?aaeiieaaaao nicaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee a aieaa /ai
6 no?aiao ie?a (aeaiiay noaaeey oa?aeoa?ia aeey
o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuo ei?ii?aoeee).
Nouiinoue eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee
Aeaeaeouea neeu eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee – yoi i?aaeaea anaai
acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo ioa/anoaaiiuie e ca?oaaaeiuie ia?oia?aie a
aeaea neaaeothueo niiniaia aeaenoaee:
yenii?o oiaa?a;
ia?aaea/a «iio-oao»;
oi?aiaey;
i?yiua eiaanoeoeee
(ii nooe yoi i?yiua e ia?aoiua nayce iaaeaeo yeaiaioaie
?acee/iuo iaoeeiiaeueiuo ?uieia).
Iooe e nicaeaieth ia?aiai ca?oaaaeiiai i?aaei?eyoey
Iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiuie n/eoathony aa?eaiou (a) e (ae) i?e
nicaeaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey ca ?oaaaeii.
Eco/aiea n?aaeu iaeoaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?eaoeiaa
Ieai.
Yeiiiie/aneay n?aaea. Aeaeu no?ai ii no?oeoo?a oicyenoaa e
oa?aeoa? ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia.
Oaeoi?u eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe no?ai.
Iieeoeei-i?aaiaay n?aaea.
Aeaeu oi?aiauo aa?uea?ia.
1. Yeiiiie/aneay n?aaea. Aeaeu no?ai ii no?oeoo?a oicyenoaa e
oa?aeoa? ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia.
Eco/aiea n?aaeu iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?eaoeiaa ia/eiaaony n
ii?aaeaeaiey oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey ie?iaie yeiiiieee.
Iniiaiua oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey ie?iaie yeiiiieee:
aeoeaiue ?ino iauaiia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee (e eae neaaenoaea
– ?ino eiieo?aioeee), ?ino eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee ca ?oaaaeii
oo?aoa aeiieie?othuaai iieiaeaiey NOA e ?ino i?iecaiaenoaaiiie e
oi?aiaie iiue ssiiiee
noaiiaeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oeiainiaie nenoaiu
?ino oi?aiauo aa?uea?ia, no?aieaiea caueoeoue aioo?aiiee ?uiie io
eiieo?aioeee
ioe?uoea iiauo aieueoeo ?uieia (naiue aieueoie – ?inney)
Eeanneoeeaoeey no?ai aeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?eaoeiaa
I?e ?anniio?aiee ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii
ia?eaoeiaa no?aiu iaiaoiaeeii ?anniao?eaaoue ii:
– no?oeoo?a oicyenoaa
– no?oeoo?a ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaea
Ii no?oeoo?a oicyenoaa ?acee/atho:
no?aiu n yeiiiieeie oeia iaoo?aeueiiai oicyenoaa (n
i?aeiouanoaaiiui naiiiio?aaeaieai oiaa?ia e n iaaieueoei i?yiui
iaiaiii).
Iai?eia?: Yoeiiey, Aaiaeaaeao e ae?.
no?aiu-yenii?oa?u nu?uey.
Iai?eia?: *eee, Cae?, Naoaeianeay A?aaey e ae?.
i?iiuoeaiii-?acaeaathueany no?aiu (i?eia?ii 10% AII ninoaaeyao
ia?aaaouaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue)
Iai?eia?: Oeeeiieiu, Eiaeey e ae?.
i?iiuoeaiii-?acaeoua no?aiu
Ii oa?aeoa?o ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaea ?acee/ath no?aiu:
n i/aiue ieceei aeioiaeii
n i?aeiouanoaaiii ieceei aeioiaeii
n i/aiue ieceei e a oiaea a?aiy n i/aiue aunieei aeioiaeii
n ieceei, ni n?aaeiei e n aunieei o?iaiai aeioiaea
n i?aeiouanoaaiii n?aaeiei o?iaiai aeioiaea
AII ia aeooo ianaeaiey
aunieee o?iaaiue (25 no?ai) – 6 oun. $
n?aaeiee o?iaaiue (54 no?aiu) – io 545 $ aei 6 oun.
aunoee n?aaeiee o?iaaiue (37 no?ai) – io 2,2 oun. $ aei 6 oun. $
iecoee n?aaeiee o?iaaiue (17 no?ai) – io 545 $ aei 2,2 oun. $
ieceee o?iaaiue aeioiaea (42 no?aiu) – iaiueoa 545 $
2. Oaeoi?u eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe no?ai.
Ii?aaeaeaiea eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe no?aiu iaiaoiaeeii i?e auoiaea
ia aiaoiee ?uiie e ii?aaeaeaiee n?aaieoaeueiuo i?aeiouanoa.
Oaeoi?u eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe no?ai
aeeiaieea yeiiiieee
i?iiuoeaiiay yooaeoeaiinoue
aeeiaieea ?uiea
oeiainiaay aeeiaieea
/aeiaa/aneea ?ano?nu
ainoaea?noaaiiia aiaoaoaeuenoai
iaoeeiiaeueiua ?ano?nu
aiaoiyy i?eaioaoeey (i?eaioaoeey ia aiaoiee ?uiie)
eiaanoeoeeiiiay i?eaioaoeey
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneee eiinainon e noaaeeueiinoue
?acee/atho aeaa a?oiiu no?ai:
– i?iiuoeaiii-?acaeoua
– i?iiuoeaiii-?acaeaathueany
Iniiaiua no?aiu aoiaeyuea a yoe a?oiiu
I?iiuoeaiii-?acaeoua no?aiu I?iiuoeaiii-?acaeaathueany no?aiu
Aano?ey
Aano?aeey
Aaeueaey
Ethenaiao?a
Eaiaaea
Aeaiey
O?aioeey
Aa?iaiey
A?aoeey
E?eaiaeey
Oeieyiaeey
Eoaeey ssiiiey
Ieaea?eaiaeu
Iiaay Caeaiaeey
Ii?aaaey
Ii?ooaaeey
Eniaiey
Oaaoeey
Oaaeoea?ey
Oo?oeey
Aaeeeia?eoaiey
NOA A?aceeey
Aiieiia
Eiaeey
THaeiay Ei?ay
Iaeaecey
Iaeneea
Neiaaio?
Oaeeaiae
Eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue no?ai ii oaeoi?ai
?
i/i Oaeoi?u
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe I?iiuoeaiii-?acaeoua no?aiu
I?iiuoeaiii-?acaeaathueany no?aiu
1 Aeeiaieea yeiiiieee NOA
Oaaeoea?ey
ssiiiey Oaeeaiae
Neiaaio?
Aiieiia
2 I?iiuoeaiiay yooaeoeaiinoue 1. Oaaeoea?ey
ssiiiey
Aeaiey 1. Aiieiia
THaeiay Ei?ay
Neiaaio?
3 Aeeiaieea ?uiea 1. NOA
ssiiiey
Aa?iaiey 1. Aiieiia
Neiaaio?
Oaeeaiae
4 Oeiainiaay aeeiaieea 1. Oaaeoea?ey
NOA
Iiaay Caeaiaeey 1. Aiieiia
Neiaaio?
3. Oaeeaiae
5 *aeiaa/aneea ?ano?nu 1. NOA
ssiiiey
Aeaiey 1. Aiieiia
Neiaaio?
3. Oaeeaiae
6 Ainoaea?noaaiiia aiaoaoaeuenoai 1. Oo?oeey
NOA
Oaaeoea?ey 1. Aiieiia
Neiaaio?
3. Oaeeaiae
7 Iaoeeiiaeueiua ?ano?nu 1. Ii?aaaey
Aano?aeey
Eaiaaea 1. Iaeneea
A?aceeey
Oaeeaiae
8 Aiaoiyy i?eaioaoeey 1. ssiiiey
Ieaea?eaiaeu
E?eaiaeey 1. Neiaaio?
Aiieiia
Oaeeaiae
9 Eiiiaaoeeiiiay i?eaioaoeey 1. ssiiiey
Oaaeoea?ey
Aa?iaiey 1. Oaeeaiae
THaeiay Ei?ay
Aiieiia
10 Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneee eiinainon 1. Oaaeoea?ey
Aeaiey
Iiaay Caeaiaeey 1. Neiaaio?
Oaeeaiae
Iaeaecey
Enoi/ieee eioi?iaoeee ii ninoiyieth e ?acaeoeth ie?iaie yeiiiieee:
Aaeaaiaeiee noaoenoeee iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee
Year book of International Trade Statistics
Noaoenoeea oiaa?ia aiaoiae oi?aiaee
Commodity Trade Statistics
Aaeaaiaeiee ieaoaaeiuo aaeainia
Balance of Payments Yearbook
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oeiainiaay noaoenoeea (aaeaiany/iee)
International Finance Statistics
3. Iieeoeei-i?aaiaay n?aaea.
I?e ?anniio?aiee iieeoeei-i?aaiaie n?aaeu a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii
ia?eaoeiaa ia?aia ia /oi neaaeoao ia?auaoue aieiaiea – yoi oi?ia
i?aaeaiey.
Aeaeu iieeoe/aneeo nenoai
(oi?i i?aaeaiey)
I?e ?anniio?aiee ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ia?eaoeiaa
?anniao?eaaaony noaiaiue ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa
(oeaio?aeecaoeey aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia).
No?aiu Aeiey oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo
aeioiaeia
a % io AII Aeiey oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo ?anoiaeia
a % io AII
ssiiiey 13,6% 17%
Oaaoeey 42,9% 40,8%
Aa?iaiey 28,5% 29,9%
NOA 19,7% 27,9%
Eaeoeey 3.
4. Aeaeu oi?aiauo aa?uea?ia.
Oaiiaeaiiay iioeeia
?an/ao oaiiaeaiiie iioeeiu iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny ?acee/iuie
niiniaaie ia iniiaa onoaiiaeaiiuo ii?iaoeaia.
1. ?an/ao iioeeiu enoiaey ec noieiinoe oiaa?a (ad valorem)
Ieii1=No* Eio, aaea
Ieii1 – ?acia? iioeeiu n eiii?oa
No – noieiinoue oiaa?a (iau/ii ii eiio?aeoo)
Eio – ii?iaoeaiue eiyooeoeeaio iioeeiu
I?eia?. No=700000 o. aae.; Eio=20%, oiaaea Ieii1=700000*0,2=140000 o.
aae.
2. Niaoeeoe/aneee niinia ?an/aoa iioeeiu n o/aoii eiee/anoaa
aaeeieoe iinoaaeyaiiai oiaa?a.
Ieii2=A* Eio*Ey/Eae, aaea
Ieii2 – aaee/eia oiaa?a
Eio – iioeeia n aaeeieoeu oiaa?a (iau/ii a yeth)
A – eiee/anoai aaeeieoe oiaa?a
Ey – eo?n yeth
Eae – eo?n aaethou eiio?aeoa
Ey/Eae – ia?aaiaeiie eiyooeoeeaio
Niaoaiiue niinia ?an/aoa iioeeiu.
Yoaiu: – ?ann/eouaaaony iioeeia, enoiaey ec noieiinoe oiaa?a
– ?ann/eouaaaony iioeeia, enoiaey ec eiee/anoaa oiaa?a
– aceiaaony iioeeia ii oiio aa?eaioo, ii eioi?iio aa aaee/eia
aieueoa
I?eia?. Oaiiaeaiiua oa?eou NOA.
oa?eo ia aaic ii?eiauo ooa – 0%
oa?eo ia aeaoneea oiaa?u – aei 35%
oa?eo ia aeaoneia ieoaiea – 18%
oa?eo ia aaic iia?ia – 0% e ae?.
Aiaoa?eoiua aa?uea?u
Yenii?oiay eaioa – yoi ioiioaiea iauaia yenii?oa a iaoo?aeueiii
(noieiinoiii) au?aaeaiee e iauaio i?iecaiaenoaa aeaiiiai oiaa?a a
no?aia ca ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae.
Eiii?oiay eaioa – yoi ioiioaiea eiii?oa oiaa?a e iauaio
iio?aaeaiey yoiai oiaa?a a no?aia ca ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae
a?aiaie.
Noaoenoeea. A iaeuo noaiao eaiou iau/ii auoa, iaaeaee a e?oiiuo
ainoaea?noaao, oae eae eiatho iaeue aioo?aiiee ?uiie.
No?aiu Eaiou ia yenii?o Eaiou ia eiii?o
ssiiiey 13% 9%
Aa?iaiey 27% 20%
O?aioeey 23% 25%
Aaeeeia?eoaiey 23% 28%
Aaeueaey 60% 70%
E?eaiaeey 69% 63%
I/aiue aieueoia aeeyiea ia aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea nayce ieacuaatho
yeiiiie/aneea niiauanoaa (a /anoiinoe, AYN).
Eoeueoo?iay n?aaea aeciana e aa aeeyiea
ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ia?eaoeia
Ieai.
1. Iniiaiua iiiyoey e yeaiaiou eoeueoo?u, aeeyiea ia aecian.
2. N?aaieoaeueiua oa?aeoa?enoeee iaoeeiiaeueiuo eoeueoo?.
3. Iiiyoea eoeueoo?iiai iaeeea no?aiu. ?ani?aaeaeaiea no?ai ii
ao?eaooai eoeueoo?u.
4. Aeaeiaua ioiioaiey n iiauie eoeueoo?aie.
1. Iniiaiua iiiyoey e yeaiaiou eoeueoo?u, aeeyiea ia aecian.
Eoeueoo?a – yoi neiaeiia aaeeiia oeaeia, aeeth/athuaa ciaiea,
eneonnoai, ii?aeue, aa?o, caeiiu, iau/ae e ethaua ae?oaea
niiniaiinoe e i?eau/ee, i?eia?aoaiiua /aeiaaeii eae /eaiii
iauanoaa.
Eoeueoo?a – eieeaeoeaiia i?ia?aiie?iaaiea iuoeaiey.
Ninoaa yeaiaioia eoeueoo?iie n?aaeu
a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii aeciana
I?aai – /ai auoa eoeueoo?a, oai /ao/a ii?aaeaeaiu i?aaiaua aeou
e caeiiiaeaoaeueiay nenoaia, /oi iiiiaaao ecaaaaoue eiioeeeoiua
neooaoeee.
Iieeoe/aneay nenoaia – /ai auoa eoeueoo?a, oai eaa/a i?iaiaeeoue
aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey.
Oaoiieiaey – niaiauaao a naaa o?iaaiue iaoee e ?acaeoinoue
eio?ano?oeoo?u (ii ioiioaieth iauanoaa e iaoea iiaeii noaeeoue i
aai eoeueoo?a).
Ia?aciaaiea e eneonnoai – o?iaaiue ia?aciaaiey aiai?eo i aoaeouai
iaoeee.
Oeaiiinoe, ioiioaiey, ?aeeaey e ycue i/aiue oanii acaeiinaycaiu.
A ianoiyuee iiiaio a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ia?eaoeiaa aieueoia
aieiaiea oaeaeyaony eco/aieth ?aeeaee, oae eae iia ai iiiaii
i?aaeii?aaeaeyao acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo ia?oia?aie (iai?eia?: a
no?aiao n i?aiaeaaeathuae i?ioanoaioneie oea?eiaueth yeiiiie/aneay
yooaeoeaiinoue ainoaea?noa auoa, iaaeaee a no?aiao n eaoiee/aneie
oea?eiaueth; a no?aiao, aaea i?aiaeaaeaao eneai i/aiue auniea
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ethaeae ca niaa?oaiiua iinooiee e i?.). I/aiue
aaaeiia cia/aiea a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ia?eaoeiaa eiaao ycue.
Iai?eia?. A ie?a ian/eouaaaony:
44 aiaeiycu/iua no?aiu
27 no?ai n i?aiaeaaeathuei o?aioeocneei ycueii
20 no?ai, a eioi?uo aiai?yo ia eniaineii
Iai?eia?. A ssiiineii ycuea ian/eouaaaony ieiei 20000 aiaeeeneeo
neia.
Eeanneoeeaoeee eoeueoo?
Ii ia?aiio i?eciaeo:
eoeueoo?u ieceiai eiioaenoa
eoeueoo?u aunieiai eiioaenoa
Eoeueoo?a aunieiai eiioaenoa – a iaaeee/iinoiuo ioiioaieyo naioth
aieueooth ?ieue ea?atho eiooeoeey e neooaoeey, a oae aea
o?aaeeoeey (oi?iaeecaoeey ioiioaiee ia iaycaoaeueia). Aeaiiue oei
eoeueoo?u oa?aeoa?ai aeey ia?iaeia Acee.
Eoeueoo?a iecoaai eiioaenoa – ana iaaeee/iinoiua ioiioaiey aeieaeiu
auoue oi?iaeeciaaiu, ionoonoaoao aeeyiea o?aaeeoeee. Yoio oei
eoeueoo?u oa?aeoa?ai aeey Aa?iiu, NOA.
Aeaeaiea eoeueoo? ia iniiaa /aou?ao e?eoa?eaa:
aeeeia ea?a?oe/aneie eanoieoeu (oa?aeoa?ecoao noaiaiue ?aaainoaa
iaaeaeo ethaeueie – /ai aieueoa ?acieoea iaaeaeo ethaeueie, oai
aeeeiiaa ea?a?oe/aneay eanoieoea)
ioiioaiea e ninoiyieth iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe (ioiioaiea e
ieaie?iaaieth e eiio?ieth)
eiaeeaeaeoaeeci – ianeieueei iacaaeneii /aeiaae i?eieiaao ?aoaiea
ianeoeeieci – yoi i?aaeii/oaiea, ioaeaaaaiia ethaeueie ioaeneei eee
aeaineei oeaiiinoyi a iaia?a iiaaaeaiey (/ai aieueoa ioaeneia
ia/aei, oai auoa ianeoeeieci)
2. N?aaieoaeueiua oa?aeoa?enoeee iaoeeiiaeueiuo eoeueoo?.
N?aaieoaeueiua oa?aeoa?enoeee eoeueoo?
?inney:
iiiaiiaoeeiiaeueiay eoeueoo?a
iaeei ycue
o?aaeeoeey aa?iinoe
neeiiiinoue e aeaaioai?eoaeueiinoe
aunieay niiniaiinoue e auaeeaaieth
o?aa?inoue, ionoonoaea no?aoa ia?aae ?eneii
iaaeiaa?/eainoue
i?aiaa?aaeaiea i?ioeui iiuoii
O?aioeey:
?aoeeiiaeueiinoue
no?aieaiea ai anai iaeoe eiaeeo
eiaeeaeaeoaeeci
auniei oeaiyony iiuo e c?aeinoue
ii?yaei/iinoue
ooiae io eiioeeeoiuo neooaoeee
auiineeaay iaoeey, ia ioee/athuayny aieueoie neeie
Aa?iaiey, Aano?ey:
ethaee ia i?eaietho ?enea
nin?aaeioi/aiiinoue ia naii?aaeecaoeee, iacaaeneiinoe e eeaea?noaa
i?ioeaaoaiea niia?ie/anoaa
eiina?aaoeci
aeanoeay, no?iaay i?aaiecaoeey, ea?a?oey
aeeo?aoiinoue, ouaoaeueiinoue
Eaeoeey ? 4.
Eniaiey
yiioeeiiaeueiinoue
ieceay aeenoeeieeia (iniaaiii a a?oiia)
no?iaay ea?a?oey
aeeeoaoi?neee noeeue ?oeiaiaenoaa
aaaeiinoue eicoiaia
aeaeaiea e?aoei- e n?aaeian?i/iuo ia?niaeoea
Aaeeeia?eoaiey
eeanniaua o?aaeeoeee
iniiaiua oeaee:
aaciianiinoue aeecie
iaania/aiea ?ano?naie
iieo/aiea oaeiaieuenoaey
eiae/iinoue (i?e i?eiyoee ?aoaiee, a iiaaaeaiee)
aunieee o?iaaiue aaeaioaoeee e iiaui oneiaeyi
eiaeeaeaeoaeeci
ioaeanoaaiiinoue
neaaay auiineeainoue
ai?aeinoue ca no?aio e ei?ieaao
iieiay aeaoeaio?aeecaoeey i?e i?eiyoee ?aoaiee
i?eaioaoeey ia e?aoein?i/ioth ia?niaeoeao
NOA
eiaeeaeaeoaeeci (eaaeaeue «ca naay»)
oa?ieiinoue e ?eneo
ieceee o?iaaiue ecaaaeaiey iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe
aeaaiua i?eaioe?u:
naii?aaeecaoeey
eeaea?noai
aeaaininoiyiea
oia?aiiay ioaeanoaaiiinoue, i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa aeaeeeaoiinoue;
i?eaioaoeey ia iaaeee/iinoiua ioiioaiey
i?eiyoea aeaenoaee ia iniiaa oi/iuo aeaiiuo
eaaeaeue ioaaonoaaiai ca eiia/iue ?acoeueoao
ea?uea?a i?aauoa naiuee
aunieay i?eaioaoeey ia ia?aiaiu (aeaaea auoa, /ai ia
noaaeeueiinoue)
A?aceeey
i?aiaeaaeaiea ii?ooaaeueneeo o?aaeeoeee iaae eniaineeie
iaoa?iaeeci (i?aaeaiiinoue a ?aieao oe?iu)
oeaio?aeecaoeey aeanoe (i?eiyoea ?aoaiee oieueei ia aunoai
o?iaia)
ia oeaieony a?aiy
neiaeiinoue ?aaiou a a?oiia
no?iaay noai?aeeiaoeey
i?aaeii/oaiea aeieain?i/iui naycyi
ee/iia aaaeaiea aeae (a ia ii oaeaoiio e i?.)
aaaeai i?anoeae ?aaiou, a ia oaeiaieuenoaea io iaa
Eeoae
oi?ioaa aeaaeaiea eneonnoaii ia?aaiai?ia
ni/aoaiea ae?aaiae oeeaeeecaoeee e nia?aiaiiiai iaeneiaeecia
oeeinioey acaeiiie auaiaeu
iaoeaeaiiinoue ia aoaeouaa
aaoi?eoa?iia eeaea?noai
niiniaiinoue i?aaeaeaeaiey
iniaia ioiioaiea e noa?oei (aeoai/aeoaa oaaaeaiea e ii/oaiea)
ssiiiey
aunieee o?iaaiue ecaaaeaiey iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe
aunieee o?iaaiue ioaeanoaaiiinoe
oaiei e ni/oanoaea oeaiyony auoa, /ai i?anoeae, aaciianiinoue e
oaeiaieuenoaea
aa?oeeaeueii-ai?eciioaeueiua a?oiiu
?acaeaeaiea ioaaonoaaiiinoe
oaiaaay ?ieue eeaea?a
eoeueoo?a a?oiiiaie ?aaiou, eieoeeaoeaa a?oii
i?aaeaiiinoue oeaeyi oe?iu (iaoa?iaeeci)
/oanoaeoaeueiinoue e no?oeoo?a eaieoaea
i?eioeei noa?oeinoaa aaaeiaa eaaeeoeeaoeee
iai?eyoea eiino?aiiiai iaiaaeaeiaioa
3. Iiiyoea eoeueoo?iiai iaeeea no?aiu. ?ani?aaeaeaiea no?ai ii
ao?eaooai eoeueoo?u.
A?aoe/aneia i?aaenoaaeaiea eoeueoo?iiai
iaeeea no?ai
?ani?aaeaeaiea no?ai ii ao?eaooai eoeueoo?u
4. Aeaeiaua ioiioaiey n iiauie eoeueoo?aie.
I?e onoaiiaeaiee aeaeiauo ioiioaiee n iiauie eoeueoo?aie
iaiaoiaeeii i?iaeaeaoue neaaeothuea i?ioeaaeo?u:
Iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue a eaeie ia?a neaaeoao aini?eieiaoue
iiaoth eoeueoo?o. Iaycaoaeueii neaaeoao ciaoue:
eiia?aoeau eoeueoo?u
yeneethceau (oi, /oi niaoeeoe/ii aeey onaiaiey eiino?aioeaie)
/oi iaoiaeeony a «na?ie ciia» (eiaaea i?inoeoaeueii iaciaiea
eiino?aioeo)
Iaiaoiaeei o/ao eaaeeoeeaoeee e neeiiiinoae e naiiioeaiea.
Ii?aaeaeaiea noaiu aiciiaeiuo aa?uea?ia i?e aoiaeaeaiee ia iiaue
?uiie, ciay eoeueoo?iua iniaaiiinoe.
I?iaaaeaiea ni?oe?iaee aa?uea?ia ia:
ono?aieiua (iai?eia?, ycue)
iaono?aieiua (e iei neaaeoao i?eniinaaeeaaoueny)
Iiaeai? ianoiuo aa?aioia i?e i?iieeiiaaiee a iiaoth eoeueoo?o.
I?iaa?ea anao i?aaeeiaeaiee ia?aae aiaae?aieai ia iaaieueoeo
a?oiiao.
Ioiioaiea e oiaa?ai a ?aciuo no?aiao
Ioiioaiea e oa?aeoa?enoeeai oiaa?a a ?acee/iuo no?aiao ioee/aaony
a neeo eoeueoo?iuo e i?i/eo niaoeeoee, iiae aeeyieai eioi?uo
oi?ie?othony naie oieeaeueiua i?ei?eoaou.
Oa?aeoa?enoeee oiaa?a Aa?iaiey O?aioeey Eniaiey Aaeeeia?eoaiey Eoaeey
1. Ia?ea oiaa?a 3 3 2 3 4
2. Aa?aioey 4 4 4 4 3
3. Oeaia 2 2 3 2 2
4. Ea/anoai (iio?aaeoaeueneea naienoaa)
1 (72%)
1 (58%)
1
1
1
5. Oiaeiaea 5 5 5 5 5
Eaeoeey ? 5.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee eeeiao e eoeueoo?a ia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?uieao
Ieai.
1. Iiiyoea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai eeeiaoa. Eio?ano?oeoo?a aeciana.
2. Noeioeu e ia?aie/aiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia
i?eia?a NOA.
3. Iniaaiiinoe iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e eo o/ao i?e auoiaea ia ?uiie
NOA.
1. Iiiyoea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai eeeiaoa. Eio?ano?oeoo?a aeciana.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee eeeiao anaaaea ?anniao?eaaaony ai acaeiinayce
n eio?ano?oeoo?ie aeciana.
No?iaie eeanneoeeaoeee eiiiiiaioia eio?ano?oeoo?u aeciana ia
nouanoaoao, ii ii noa?ai aeayoaeueiinoe ana aea iiaeii
i?iecaanoe eo iaeioi?oth a?oiie?iaeo.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee eeeiao – yoi ioiioaiea ainoaea?noaa e
iauanoaa e aeciano. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee eeeiao ii?aaeaeyaony ai
iiiaii ii?aeueii-yoe/aneeie oeaiiinoyie, aeaenoaothueie a aeaiiii
iauanoaa.
Eio?ano?oeoo?a aeciana – yoi iauaeou, iaania/eaathuea ii?iaeueiia
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
– yoi niaieoiiinoue i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiauo oi?i, iiin?aaeothueo
aeaeaeaiea aeaeiauo ioiioaiee e oaycuaathuea eo a aaeeiia
oeaeia.
2. Noeioeu e ia?aie/aiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia
i?eia?a NOA.
Enoiaeiuie iinueeaie aeey aaaaeaiey noeioeia e ia?aie/aiee
yaeythony oeaiiinoiua onoaiiaee iauanoaa.
A NOA iniiaiiieaaathuea oeaiiinoe – yoi i?eioeei eiaeeaeaeoaeecia e
i?eioeei ee/iie i?aaei?eei/eainoe, iii?u ia naie neeu
(neaaenoaeai yoiai yaeyaony ee/iue oii?iue o?oae). Yoe i?eioeeiu
ii?iaeaeatho naiaiaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e iniaia ioiioaiea e
nianoaaiiinoe (iioa?y nianoaaiiinoe ioiaeaeanoaeyaony n iioa?ae
naiaiaeu).
Eeth/aaua iiiaiou aaaeaiey oicyenoaa:
o?oaeiethaea
aa?aaeiinoue
i?aaei?eei/eainoue
o?acainoue
naiiniaa?oainoaiaaiea
?acoeueoaoii oaeiai iiaeoiaea yaeyaony i?aaiaoeci e iniaia
ioiioaiea e ciaieyi, eae e iaycaoaeueiiio yeaiaioo aeinoeaeaiey
oniaoa. I?e anai yoii aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao ?aeeaey.
Oaeoi?u, niinianoaothuea aeaaii?eyoiiio
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiio eeeiaoo
noaaeeueiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
(ia i?yiia aaeieieno?e?iaaiea, a nicaeaiea aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee
aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa)
eueaioiue iaeiaiaue ?aaeei
nenoaia ia?, iaania/eaathueo i?eoie aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa a
iaeanoue aeciana
nicaeaiea eiiiaaoeeiiiuo oeaio?ia (ni/aoaiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oeiaine?iaaiey e /anoiuo aeeaaiee)
nicaeaiea e ?acaeoea naoe oe?i, ieacuaathueo oeiainiaoth iiiiuue
i?aaei?eyoeyi
eiinaeoeiaiaua oeaio?u
yooaeoeaiay nenoaia caueou eioaeeaeooaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe
oi?iuaiea i?ioeaaeo? ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth,
a oii /enea, oi?iuaiea io/aoiinoe
iaania/aiea eioi?iaoeeae e n?aaenoaaie eiiioieeaoeee
naiaiaea oai?/anoaa
iiauoaiea ea/anoaa ?aai/ae neeu
i?eaioe?u ia aeinoeaeaiea oniaoa
Noeioeu e ia?aie/aiey aeayoaeueiinoe eiino?aiiuo i?aaei?eyoee
ia ?uiea NOA
Oaaea?aeueiue o?iaaiue
Noeioeu:
oa aea eueaiou e iaeiae, /oi e aeey ianoiuo oe?i
iiiu?aiea i?yiuo aeiaeaiee e eiei?ia?e?iaaiey (aoiaeaeaiea a
aeieth)
iao ia?aie/aiey ia /anoiua aeiaeaiey
iao ia?aie/aiee ia aaic aaethou e ae?aeaaua iia?aoeee
Ia?aie/aiey:
cai?auaia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoi?ia ia i?aaei?eyoeyo iaoeeiiaeueiie aaciianiinoe,
aaeaoeeiiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aoiiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, noaeioiaenoaa
e nayce
O?iaaiue i?aaeoaeuenoaa ooaoia
Noeioeu:
aieueoay eiyeueiinoue ii ioiioaieth e eiino?aiiui aeiaeaieyi:
nouanoaoao ii?yaeea 6000 eiieoaoia ii i?eaea/aieth eiino?aiiiai
eaieoaea (aeey nicaeaiey, a /anoiinoe, iiauo ?aai/eo iano)
aaiaeyony niaoeeaeueiua noeioeu aeey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia
3. Ioiioaiea ianaeaiey e eiino?aiiiio eaieoaeo:
a iauai ioiioaiea iaeo?aeueiia
iieiaeeoaeueiia, eiaaea eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee niinianoaotho
nieaeaieth oeai ia oiaa?u i?e ?inoa iauaiia auionea
4. Ioiioaiea ianoiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e eiino?aiiiio eaieoaeo:
iaaeia?iaeaeaoaeueiia, iniaaiii a noa?a oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai
iio?aaeaiey (a neaaenoaee ia?aianuuaiiinoe ?uiea), e, eae
neaaenoaea, iiiuoea aeaaeaiey ia i?aaeoaeuenoai n oeaeueth
onoaiiaeaiey ?acee/iuo aa?uea?ia
Ioi?ieaiea iiaiai eiino?aiiiai i?aaei?eyoey
a ooaoa Eaeeoi?iey
Iiaeaaony cayaeaiea nae?aoa?th ooaoa Eaeeoi?iee.
I?aaeinoaaeaiea na?oeoeeaoa i oi?ioae ?aiooaoeee, eioi?ue aeieaeai
auoue iiaeienai a naiae no?aia e a NOA.
I?aaeinoaaeaiea eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiiai na?oeoeeaoa-oaeinoiaa?aiey i
?aaeno?aoeee + iaeiaiaay aeaeea?aoeey.
Inouanoaeaiea ieaoaaeae:
200$ – ca na?oeoeeao
350$ – ca ?aaeno?aoeeth
aaeaaiaeiay ieaoa – 9,6% io /enoie i?eauee
Iiiiuue eiino?aiiui i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi:
i?ia?aiia i?aaeinoaaeaiey eueaioiuo caeiia:
i?yiua caeiu (iau/ii ec nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa aaeieieno?aoeee
ooaoa iiae 7% e ia aieaa 150 oun. $)
aeieaaia o/anoea a caeiao eiiia?/aneeo aaieia (anee iauay noiia
ia i?aauoaao 350 oun. $)
aa?aioe?iaaiea aaieianeeo e?aaeeoia (aa?aioe?iaaiea auieaou aei
90%, ii aa?aioey aeaaony ia noiio ia aieaa 350 oun. $)
n?iee caeiia:
ia 6 eao – caeiu ia oaeouea ioaeaeu
ia 20 eao – caeiu ia i?eia?aoaiea iai?oaeiaaiey
ia 30 eao – caeiu ia ainnoaiiaeaiea (iai?eia?, io noeoeeiuo
aaaenoaee)
eiinoeueoaoeeiiiay iiiiuue:
ii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao ooaoa
ii iieneo ianoa ?aciauaiey i?aaei?eyoey
ii ninoaaeaieth ieaia ?acaeoey
ii oeiaine?iaaieth
Ia?aie/aiey eiino?aiiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
Ia?aie/aiey ia noa?u eiaanoe?iaaiey (aeaiioth eioi?iaoeeth iiaeii
iieo/eoue a ieienoa?noaa oi?aiaee).
Ia?aie/aiey ia aeaaeaiea iaaeaeaeeiinoueth.
Ia?aie/aiey ia ?ac?aaioeo e a?aiaeo ianoi?iaeaeaiee.
Ia?aie/aiey ia aeiaeaiey a aaieianeoth e no?aoiaoth noa?u.
3. Iniaaiiinoe iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e eo o/ao i?e auoiaea ia ?uiie
NOA.
Noaaee oaaea?aeueiiai iaeiaa ia i?eaueue:
15% – ia ia?aua 50 oun. $ /enoie i?eauee
25% – ia neaaeothuea 25 oun. $ /enoie i?eauee
34% – ia /enooth i?eaueue naa?o yoie noiiu
Noaaee iaeiaia n /anoiuo eeoe:
15-17% i?e aeioiaea io 0 aei 17,9 oun. $
28% i?e aeioiaea 17,9-43,2 oun. $
31% i?e aeioiaea >43,2 oun. $
Noaaee iaeiaia aeey noi?oaia, ioi?ieythueo niaianoioth
aeaeea?aoeeth:
15% – niaianoiue aeioiae 0-29,8 oun. $
28% – aeioiae 29,8-71,9 oun. $
31% – aeioiae > 71,9 oun. $
Iiaeioiaeiui iaeiaii iaeaaathony:
ca?aaioiay ieaoa
i?eaueue io i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe
iiniaey ii aac?aaioeoea
/anoe/ii iainee e iiniaey ii nioeeaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth
Iiaeioiaeiui iaeiaii ia iaeaaathony:
i?ioeaiou ii ainoaea?noaaiiui oeaiiui aoiaaai
?anoiaeu ia ea/aiea
auieaou i?ioeaioia ii e?aaeeoo ia iieoieo aeiia
iaeiae ooaoo e iiaea?oaiaaiey iai?eaueueiui i?aaei?eyoeyi
?acee/ey iaeiaia aeey oe?i ii ooaoai
Iaaaaea, THaeiay Aeaeioa, Oaoan, Aaoeiaoii, Aaeiieia – ionoonoaotho
iaeiae aeey ei?ii?aoeee
ieieiaeueiua noaaee iaeiaa (1-6%): A?eaican, Eeeeiien (4%),
Ie/eaai (2,3%), Ieeaoiia (5%), Eiaeeaia (3,4%)
iaeneiaeueiua noaaee iaeiaa (6-12%): Aeiaa, A?eciia (10,5%),
Aa?iiio (9%), Eaeeoi?iey, Eiiiaeoeeoo (11,5%), Iueth-Ei?e (9%),
Eieoiaey (10%)
ianoiua niaoeeaeueiua iaeiae (1-2%): Ienno?e, Ie/eaai,
Aeaei?aeaeey, Iueth-Ei?e
Eaeoeey ? 6.
Eco/aiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?uieia
Ieai.
1. Yoaiu enneaaeiaaiey.
2. Iniaaiiinoe eaaeiaoiuo enneaaeiaaiee.
3. Iniaaiiinoe iieaauo enneaaeiaaiee.
4. Iniaaiiinoe eco/aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?uieia.
1. Yoaiu enneaaeiaaiey.
Yoaiu enneaaeiaaiey ?uiea
Eco/aiea e aiaeec oneiaee ?uiea Eco/aiea oi?i e iaoiaeia
oi?aiaee
aiaeec ni?ina
aiaeec i?aaeeiaeaiey
aiaeec o?aaiaaiee iio?aaeoaeae e oiaa?o
aiaeec ia?niaeoea ?acaeoey ?uiea eco/aiea e ioeaiea aeayoaeueiinoe
eiieo?e?othueo oe?i
eco/aiea eiiia?/aneie i?aeoeee o?ainii?oiuo i?aaiauo e
oi?aiai-iieeoe/aneeo oneiaee aeaiiie no?aiu
A i?aeoeea eco/aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?uieia eniieuecothony
eaaeiaoiua e iieaaua enneaaeiaaiey. Eco/aiea ?uieia inouanoaeyaony
ia ?acee/iuo yoaiao. I?aaeeaaaaiia enneaaeiaaiea i?iaiaeeony n
oeaeueth auai?a ?uiea n iaeaieueoei iioaioeeaeii e ioaeiie
oeaiie.
Iiyoaiiia eco/aiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?uiea
Enneaaeiaaiea aeinooiiinoe ?uiea (yoi enneaaeiaaiea i?iaiaeeony
eaaeiaoiui iaoiaeii).
Enneaaeiaaiea i?eaueueiinoe ?uieia (i?iaiaeyony eaaeiaoiua
enneaaeiaaiey oeaiiaie neooaoeee).
Enneaaeiaaiea iauaia ?uiea (eaaeiaoiua enneaaeiaaiey /eneaiiinoe
iio?aaeoaeae e eo aeioiaeia, ii?aaeaeaiea aeiee ?anoiaeia ia aao
oiaa?).
Enneaaeiaaiey 1-3 i?iaiaeyony a naiae no?aia
Eaaeiaoiua enneaaeiaaiey ca a?aieoeae n oeaeueth ooi/iaiey
i?aaeiieiaeaiee, naeaeaiiuo ia i?aaeuaeoueo yoaiao.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiia eco/aiea ?uiea ca a?aieoeae (iieaaia
enneaaeiaaiea).
Ia/aeueiua iieaaua enneaaeiaaiey (ia iaeie auai?ea iieoiaoaeae).
Iniiaiua iieaaua enneaaeiaaiey.
Enneaaeiaaiey 4-7 i?iaiaeyony ca a?aieoeae
Ninoaaeaiea ieaia ia?eaoeiaa.
I?iieeiiaaiea ia ?uiie.
I?e onoaiiaeaiee aeeeoaeueiuo naycae n ca?oaaaeiuie ia?oia?aie
iaiaoiaeeii i?iaiice?iaaoue eiiuthieoo?o ?uiea.
I?iaiic eiiuthieoo?u ?uiea – yoi ooieoeey ianeieueeeo oaeoi?ia:
i?iaiic iauaoicyenoaaiiie eiiuthieoo?u
i?iaiic aaethoii-oicyenoaaiiiai ninoiyiey no?aiu
i?iaiic niioiioaiey ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey
I?iaiic i?e ii?aaeaeaiee iauaiia ni?ina o/eouaaao:
iauaiu iio?aaeaiey oiaa?ia
i?iaiic caeoiie a ainoaea?noaaiiua caianu
i?iaiic aeeiaieee caiania o iio?aaeoaeae
I?iaiic i?aaeeiaeaiey aeeth/aao:
i?iaiic i?iecaiaenoaa (inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa aeaiiuo i aiiaue
aaiaeeiuo iiuiinoyo e ii caa?ocea eiathueony
i?iaiic aeeiaieee caiania o i?iecaiaeeoaeae
i?iaiic iinooieaiee ec ainoaea?noaaiiuo caiania
I?e i?iaiice?iaaiee ni?ina iaycaoaeueii o/eouaaaony:
i?iaiic ii aaiaeo iiauo i?aaei?eyoee-iio?aaeoaeae
i?iaiic ii iiaui io?aneyi iio?aaeaiey
i?iaiic eiieo?aioeee oiaa?ia-caiaieoaeae
I?iaiic ?acaeoey ie?iaie oi?aiaee aeeth/aao aiaeec:
iauaia yenii?oa
iauaia eiii?oa
aaeaina oi?aiaee
i?iaiica aiciiaeiinoae i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee
i?iaiica ia?aie/eaathueo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaiee
Oaeaea inouanoaeyaony i?iaiic ioiineoaeueii ia?aie/aiee,
eanathueony caueou ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu.
2. Iniaaiiinoe eaaeiaoiuo enneaaeiaaiee.
Eaaeiaoiua enneaaeiaaiey i?iaiaeyony ii eaoaeiaai, ii
eiinoeueoaoeeyi a ieienoa?noaao e iinieuenoaao, a oaeaea i?e
niaeaenoaee III (i?aaiecaoeey «Eiiian»). I?e yoii eniieuecoaony
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay noaoenoeea, nienee oe?i, oi?aiauo i?aaiecaoeee,
oi?aiaua e oaoie/aneea aeo?iaeu, aeo?iaeu ?aiaa i?iaaaeaiiuo
ia?eaoeiaiauo enneaaeiaaiee.
Eaaeiaoiua enneaaeiaaiey ca?oaaaeiuo ?uieia /anoi i?iaiaeyony ia
iniiaa iaiieiie eee eneaaeaiiie eioi?iaoeee, a neaaenoaee /aai
aicieeaao ?ene iieo/aiey iaaaeaeaaoiuo ?acoeueoaoia.
3. Iniaaiiinoe iieaauo enneaaeiaaiee.
I?iaeaiu, aicieeathuea i?e i?iaaaeaiee iieaauo enneaaeiaaiee:
i?iaeaia auai?ee
i?iaeaia ii?ina ianaeaiey (a iniiaiii – ycueiaay)
i?iaeaia ii?ina ii oaeaoiio (a iaeioi?uo no?aiao aunieea oa?eou,
ionoonoaotho oaeaoiiu e o.i.)
ioeac io aea/e eioa?aueth (iniaaiii a iaeioi?uo ainoi/iuo
no?aiao)
?aeiiaiaeaoeee e i?iaaaeaieth iieaauo enneaaeiaaiee
Ia?niiaeueiua ii?inu yaeythony iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiuie.
I?iaiaeeoue a?oiiiaua ii?inu i?e ?aaioa n oiaa?aie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey.
Iieac ia?niaeoeaiuo ia?acoeia.
Niaoeeaeueiay iiaeaioiaea eioa?auetha?ia.
Eiaoue oaeinoiaa?aiea.
Ieieioi iieeoe/aneeo aii?inia.
Aaciaeaeiinoue i?iaaaeaiey ii?ina.
4. Iniaaiiinoe eco/aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?uieia.
Oi?iu eco/aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?uieia
Eniieueciaaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo aaaionoa ii enneaaeiaaieth ?uiea.
Ianoiua iaoeeiiaeueiua oeeeaeu ainoaea?noaaiiuo aaaionoa.
Ianoiua aaaionoaa, eiathuea nayce n oe?iaie, niaoeeaeece?othueieny
ia enneaaeiaaiee ?uiea.
Iaoeeiiaeueiay oe?ia ii?o/aao auiieiaiea enneaaeiaaiey eiie?aoiie
oe?ia.
I?iaaaeaiea enneaaeiaaiee nianoaaiiuie neeaie oe?iu.
?aoaiea i oii ia eaeea ?uiea auoiaeeoue naycaiii n
eeanneoeeaoeeae ?uieia ii no?aiai.
Oa?aeoa?enoeee ii eioi?ui i?ienoiaeeo ioai? («ionaeaaiea») no?ai:
?acia? ?uiea
aeeiaieea ?inoa ?uiea
ecaea?aeee ii aaaeaieth aeae ia ?uiea
eiieo?aioiua i?aeiouanoaa
noaiaiue ?enea
Iaeiei ec iniiaiuo e?eoa?eaa auai?a ?uiea yaeyaony
aeieaia?aiaiiue aeioiae ia aeiaeaiiue eaieoae.
I?e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii ioai?a no?ai eniieuecothony neaaeothuea
oa?aeoa?enoeee:
1. Iieeoe/aneea e i?aaiaua oaeoi?u:
a) iieeoe/aneay nenoaia
a) caeiiiaeaoaeueiay nenoaia
a) noaaeeueiinoue
2. Nioeei-eoeueoo?iua oaeoi?u:
a) nioeeaeueiay no?oeoo?a iauanoaa
a) ia?aciaaiea
a) cia/aiea ?aeeaee
3. Aaia?aoe/aneea e aeaiia?aoe/aneea oaeoi?u:
a) eio?ano?oeoo?a
a) nu?ueaaua ?ano?nu
a) oaiiu ?inoa /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey
4. Yeiiiieei-oaoiieiae/aneea oaeoi?u6
a) yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea
a) oaoiieiae/aneia ?acaeoea (o?iaaiue eiiiaaoeee)
a) ?acaeoea ianaeaiey (eaaeeoeeaoeey eaae?ia)
5. Iioaioeeae ?uiea:
a) iauai ?uiea
a) ?ino ?uiea
a) iieoiaoaeueiua niiniaiinoe
a) eiieo?aioeey
Oaaeeoea aiaeeca ia?eaoeiaiaie neooaoeee ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?uiea
Iaeiaiiaaiea oaeoi?a Oa?aeoa?enoeea oaeoi?a Aaniaie eiyooeoeeaio
oaeoi?a
1. ?acia?u iioaioeeaeueiiai ?uiea (iei. $) 50 (iei. $)
io 30 aei 50 (iei. $)
io 15 aei 30 (iei. $)
io 8 aei 15 (iei. $)
io 2 aei 8 (iei. $) 8
16
24
32
40
2. Aeeiaieea ?inoa oi?aiaee ii?aaeaeaiiay a ?acoeueoaoa
oanoa(iiaaaeaiea oiaa?ia) [% a aiae] -5 e aieaa
+5
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