AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE EIIEOAO ?O II IA?ACIAAIETH
OIINEEE I?AeAIA IEOssA?UeNEIE ?AAIETHOeEE
E I?AeAIA O?OAeIAIAI E?ANIIAI CIAIAIE
AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE OIEAA?NEOAO EI. A.A.EOEAUOAAA
EAOAAe?A NENOAIIIAI IAIAAeAEIAIOA E I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNOAA
Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa
ii i?aaeiaoo: Iaiaaeaeiaio
ia oaio: Iaoiaeu i?eiyoey oi?aaeai/aneiai ?aoaiey
Eniieieoaeue: nooaeaio cai/iiai ioaeaeaiey
5-ai eo?na yeiiiie/aneiai oaeoeueoaoa
niaoe. “Oeiainu e e?aaeeo”
Aaeeei?e/aiei Aeaenaiae? Aeoaeueaae/
?oeiaiaeeoaeue: Aeioeaio Oaeaaeia Iaaeaaeaea Aeaenaiae?iaia
Oiine – 1999
NIAeA?AEAIEA
TOC \o “1-3” NIAeA?AEAIEA PAGEREF _Toc441754968 \h 2
AAAAeAHEA PAGEREF _Toc441754969 \h 3
1.INIIAIUA NOAAeEE IIAeAIOIAEE I?EIssOEss ?AOAIEss PAGEREF
_Toc441754970 \h 4
2.IAOIAeU I?EIssOEss OI?AAEAI*ANEIAI ?AOAIEss PAGEREF _Toc441754971 \h
4
3. I?EIssOEA ?AOAIEss A NEIAEIUO NEOOAOeEssO E O?OAeIINOE AAI
INOUANOAEAIEss PAGEREF _Toc441754972 \h 5
3.1. I?iaeaiu oieeaeueiiai auai?a PAGEREF _Toc441754973 \h 5
3.2. Ipaaiecaoeeiiiua nenoaiu ?aoaiey i?iaeai auai?a PAGEREF
_Toc441754974 \h 5
4.NENOAIIUE IIAeOIAe E I?EIssOETH OI?AAEAI*ANEIAI ?AOAIEss PAGEREF
_Toc441754975 \h 6
5.OA?AEOA?ENOEEA I?IOeANNA I?EIssOEss OI?AAEAI*ANEEO ?AOAIEE A
IOAeAEAIEE NAA?AAIEA ?O. PAGEREF _Toc441754976 \h 7
6.I?AAeEIAEAIEss II NIAA?OAINOAIAAIETH I?IOeAAeO? I?EIssOEss ?AOAIEE.
PAGEREF _Toc441754977 \h 7
CAEETH*AHEA PAGEREF _Toc441754978 \h 8
NIENIE ENIIEUeCOAIIE EEOA?AOO?U PAGEREF _Toc441754979 \h 9
AAAAeAHEA
I?ioeannu i?eiyoey ?aoaiee, iiieiaaiua eae auai? iaeiie ec
ianeieueeeo aiciiaeiuo aeueoa?iaoea, i?iiecuaatho anth /aeiaa/aneoth
aeeciue. Aieueoeinoai ?aoaiee iu i?eieiaai ia caaeoiuaaynue, oae eae
nouanoaoao aaoiiaoeci iiaaaeaiey, au?aaioaiiue iiiaieaoiae i?aeoeeie.
Anoue ?aoaiey, eioi?ui iu i?eaeaai iaeia cia/aiea, e iiyoiio iaei
caaeoiuaaainy i?e inouanoaeaiee auai?a. E, iaeiiaoe, nouanoaotho
i?iaeaiu auai?a, ?aoay eioi?ua, /aeiaae eniuouaaao io/eoaeueiua
?acaeoiuey. Eae i?aaeei, yoe i?iaeaiu eiatho eneeth/eoaeueiue
iaiiaoi?ythueeny oa?aeoa? e naycaiu n ?anniio?aieai oeaeiai ?yaea
aeueoa?iaoea. A oaeeo i?iaeaiao iiaui yaeyaony eeai iauaeo auai?a, eeai
ianoaiiaea, a eioi?ie niaa?oaaony auai?. Oaeea i?iaeaiu i?eiyoey ?aoaiee
iacuaathony i?iaeaiaie oieeaeueiiai auai?a.
Nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai ?acee/iuo i?iaeai oieeaeueiiai auai?a. I?aaeaea
anaai, auaeaeei i?iaeaiu, a eioi?uo a i?eioeeia iiaeao auoue iaeaeaii
?aoeeiiaeueiia, iiiyoiia ae?oaei ethaeyi eceiaeaiea i?e/ei, i?eaaaeoeo
e auai?o iaeiie ec aeueoa?iaoea (caiaoei, /oi iiiaea /aeiaa/aneea,
“aeeoaeneea” i?iaeaiu auai?a ia iiiaaeatho iiae yoi ii?aaeaeaiea).
Iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iuie i?iaeaiaie ?aoeeiiaeueiiai auai?a yaeythony
i?iaeaiu, aicieeathuea ia?aae ethaeueie, ?aaioathueie a ?aciuo
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo neoaeaao, – i?e oi?aaeaiee i?aaiecaoeeyie e
niaieoiiinoueth i?aaiecaoeee. Ethaie nio?oaeiee aaeieieno?aoeaiiai
aiia?aoa iaycai auoue ?aoeeiiaeueiui oioy au aeey oiai, /oiau eiaoue
aiciiaeiinoue iauynieoue ae?oaei eiae/aneea iniiaaiey naiaai auai?a.
I?iaeaiu auai?a ?aoeeiiaeueiiai oi?aaeai/aneiai ?aoaiey a oieeaeueiuo
neooaoeeyo, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey aaeieieno?aoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe (auai?
ieaia eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, auai? i?iaeoia i?iaaaeaiey iao/iuo
enneaaeiaaiee e ?ac?aaioie, auai? ieaia i?iecaiaenoaa ecaeaeee, auai?
ia?niaeoeaiiai ieaia ?acaeoey i?aaei?eyoey e ae?.) anaaaea eioa?aniaaee
iiiaeo niaoeeaeenoia e enneaaeiaaoaeae. Nienie iiaeiaiuo i?iaeai
aeiaieueii iaoe?ai, ii ana iie eiatho neaaeothuea iauea /a?ou:
oieeaeueiinoue, iaiiaoi?yaiinoue neooaoeee auai?a;
neiaeiue aeey ioeaiee oa?aeoa? ?anniao?eaaaiuo aeueoa?iaoea;
iaaeinoaoi/iay ii?aaeaeaiiinoue iineaaenoaee i?eieiaaiuo ?aoaiee;
iaee/ea niaieoiiinoe ?acii?iaeiuo oaeoi?ia, eioi?ua neaaeoao i?eiyoue ai
aieiaiea;
iaee/ea eeoea eee a?oiiu eeoe, ioaaonoaaiiuo ca i?eiyoea ?aoaiee.
I?iaeaiu ?aoeeiiaeueiiai auai?a a oieeaeueiuo neooaoeeyo nouanoaiaaee
anaaaea, ii ii ?yaeo i?e/ei a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey aaaeiinoue eo
cia/eoaeueii aic?inea. I?aaeaea anaai, ?acei aic?in aeeiaieci
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e oiaiueoeeny ia?eiae a?aiaie, eiaaea i?eiyoua
?aiueoa ?aoaiey inoathony i?aaeeueiuie. Ai-aoi?uo, ?acaeoea iaoee e
oaoieee i?eaaei e iiyaeaieth aieueoiai /enea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aa?eaioia
auai?a. A-o?aoueeo, aic?inea neiaeiinoue eaaeaeiai ec aa?eaioia
i?eieiaaiuo ?aoaiee. A-/aoaa?ouo, oaaee/eeanue acaeiicaaeneiinoue
?acee/iuo ?aoaiee e eo iineaaenoaee. A ?acoeueoaoa anaai yoiai ?acei
aic?inee o?oaeiinoe ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ?aoaiey i?iaeai oieeaeueiiai auai?a.
Yoe i?iaeaiu nouanoaaiii oneiaeieeenue, e ethaee, ?oeiaiaeeoaee
i?aaiecaoeee, ano?a/athony n ieie ana /aua. A aoaeouai iiaeii
iaeeaeaoue aua aieueoaai ?aciiia?acey o?oaeiuo e ioaaonoaaiiuo
i?iaeai oieeaeueiiai auai?a.
Eae aea iau/ii ?aoathony oaeea i?iaeaiu? Ec enoi?ee iu ciaai, /oi
iiuoiuo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae ioee/aao oiaiea iaeeo/oei ia?acii
eniieueciaaoue naie iiuo e eiooeoeeth. A neooaoeeyo i?eiyoey
oieeaeueiuo ?aoaiee anaaaea nouanoaoao iaoaaoea eioi?iaoeee, iie?uoue
eioi?oth iiaeii eeoue aa?ie a iaeio ec aiciiaeiuo aeiioac. Iiuoiua
?oeiaiaeeoaee iau/ii eniieuecotho ana iieaciua niaaou, ii iinooiatho
ii-naiaio, ia iniiaa naiae iiaeaee ?acaeoey aoaeoueo niauoee, naiae
ioeaiee oao eee eiuo ee/iinoae. I?iaeaiu i?eiyoey oieeaeueiuo ?aoaiee
anaaaea o?aaiaaee oai?/aneiai iiaeoiaea, ica?aiey, ae?oaeie
neiaaie, ?aoeeiiaeueiue auai? a oieeaeueiuo neooaoeeyo ii naiae nooe
yaeyaony iniaui eneonnoaii.
1.INIIAIUA NOAAeEE IIAeAIOIAEE I?EIssOEss ?AOAIEss
Oi?aaeai/aneia ?aoaiea – yoi oai?/aneee aeo noauaeoa oi?aaeaiey,
iai?aaeaiiue ia ono?aiaiea i?iaeai, eioi?ua aicieeee a noauaeoa
oi?aaeaiey. Ethaia oi?aaeai/aneia ?aoaiea i?ioiaeeo /a?ac o?e noaaeee:
1. Oyniaiea i?iaeaiu
Nai? eioi?iaoeee;
Aiaeec iieo/aiiie eioi?iaoeee;
Auyniaiea aeooaeueiinoe;
Auyniaiea, ii?aaeaeaiea oneiaee, i?e eioi?uo yoa i?iaeaia aoaeao ?aoaia.
2. Ninoaaeaiea ieaia ?aoaiey.
?ac?aaioea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aa?eaioia ?aoaiey;
Niiinoaaeaiea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aa?eaioia ?aoaiey n eiathueieny
?ano?naie;
Ioeaiea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aa?eaioia ii nioeeaeueiui iineaaenoaeyi;
Ioeaiea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aa?eaioia ii yeiiiie/aneie yooaeoeaiinoe;
Ninoaaeaiea i?ia?aii ?aoaiey;
?ac?aaioea e ninoaaeaiea aeaoaeueiiai ieaia ?aoaiey.
3. Auiieiaiea ?aoaiey.
Aeiaaaeaiea ?aoaiee aei eiie?aoiuo eniieieoaeae;
?ac?aaioea ia? iiiu?aiee e iaeacaiee;
Eiio?ieue ca auiieiaieai ?aoaiee.
2.IAOIAeU I?EIssOEss OI?AAEAI*ANEIAI ?AOAIEss
Iaoiaeu – yoi eiie?aoiua niiniau, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo iiaeao
auoue ?aoaia i?iaeaia.
Aeaeiiiiceoeey – I?aaenoaaeaiea neiaeiie i?iaeaiu, eae niaieoiiinoe
i?inouo aii?inia;
Aeeaaiinoeea – Iiene a i?iaeaia iaeaieaa aaaeiuo aeaoaeae, eioi?ua
?aoathony a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue. Eniieuecoaony i?e ia?aie/aiiuo ?ano?nao;
Yenia?oiua ioeaiee – Oi?ie?othony eaeea-eeai eaeae, ?anniao?eaathony,
ioeaieaathony, n?aaieaathony;
Iaoiae Aeaeoe – Yenia?oai, eioi?ua ia ciatho ae?oa ae?oaa aeathony
aii?inu, naycaiiua n ?aoaieai i?iaeaiu, iiaiea iaiueoeinoaa yenia?oia
aeiaiaeeony aei iiaiey aieueoienoaa. Aieueoeinoai aeieaeii eeai
niaeaneoueny n yoei ?aoaieai, eeai aai ii?iaa?aiooue. Anee aieueoeinoai
ianiaeanii, oi eo a?aoiaiou ia?aaeathony iaiueoeinoao e oai
aiaeece?othony. Yoio i?ioeann iiaoi?yaony aei oao ii?, iiea ana
yenia?ou ia i?eaeoo e iaeiiio iiaieth, eeai ia?aeaeoo e oiio, /oi
auaeaeyony a?oiiu, eioi?ua ia iaiytho naiaai ?aoaiey. Yoio iaoiae
eniieuecoaony aeey aeinoeaeaiey yooaeoeaiinoe;
Iaoiae ianiaoeeaeenoa – Aii?in ?aoaaony eeoeaie, eioi?ua ieeiaaea ia
caieiaeenue aeaiiie i?iaeaiie, ii yaeythony niaoeeaeenoaie a niaaeiuo
iaeanoyo;
Eeiaeiia i?ia?aiie?iaaiea;
Eieoaoeeiiiia iiaeaee?iaaiea;
Iaoiae oai?ee aa?iyoiinoe;
Iaoiae oai?ee ea? – Caaea/e ?aoathony a oneiaeyo iieiie
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe;
Iaoiae aiaeiaee – Iiene aiciiaeiuo ?aoaiee i?iaeai ia iniiaa
caeinoaiaaiey ec ae?oaeo iauaeoia oi?aaeaiey.
3. I?EIssOEA ?AOAIEss A NEIAEIUO NEOOAOeEssO E O?OAeIINOE AAI
INOUANOAEAIEss
3.1. I?iaeaiu oieeaeueiiai auai?a
N?aaee iiiai/eneaiiuo cao/iuo eiai, eioi?ua caneoaeee iao aae, eoaea
aieaa i?icae/aneei eaaeaony ia ia?aue acaeyae aua iaeii iacaaiea: aae
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey. Iaeiaei oieueei ia ia?aue acaeyae,
iineieueeo ?acia?u e aeeyiea aaeieieno?aoeaiiai aiia?aoa a
i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?aiao iaoeeiiii ?anooo, ianiio?y ia
iiiai/eneaiiua ?aoaiey i nie?auaieyo ooaoia e ?ai?aaiecaoeeyo, ianiio?y
ia io?eoeaoaeueioth ?aaeoeeth iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey.
Eaaeaeue aaeieieno?aoeaiue i?aai, nouanoaothuee a oa/aiea aeanyoeeaoee
eee iaaeaaii i?aaieciaaiiue, aeeaao naiae iniaaiiie aeeciueth. Eae
iao aeaoo iaeeiaeiauo ethaeae, oae iao e aeaoo iaeeiaeiauo
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo aiia?aoia: yoi anoanoaaiii, iineieueeo
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo neoaea nouanoaaiii caaeneo io
oa?aeoa?ia, oaeaioia ?aaioathueo a ieo ethaeae. Ii, ianiio?y ia
aiaoithth iaiioiaeanoue, aaeieieno?aoeaiay aeayoaeueiinoue
oa?aeoa?ecoaony iaeieie e oaie aea yeaiaioaie aaeieieno?aoeaiuo
ooieoeee, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeythony neaaeothuei iaai?ii oiaiee:
i?iaiice?iaaoue, i?aaieciauaaoue, ?anii?yaeaoueny, eii?aeeie?iaaoue,
eiio?iee?iaaoue. I?eiyoea ?aoaiee (oiaiea ?anii?yaeaoueny) yaeyaony
oeaio?aeueiui yeaiaioii aaeieieno?aoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ii
ioiioaieth e eioi?iio ana inoaeueiua iiaoo ?anniao?eaaoueny eae
aniiiiaaoaeueiua. Aeaeaa iiae i?eiyoeai oi?aaeai/aneeo ?aoaiee iu aoaeai
iiieiaoue iniaue aeae /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iai?aaeaiiue ia
auai? eo/oae ec eiathueony aeueoa?iaoea. Yoi ii?aaeaeaiea oeacuaaao ia
o?e iaiaoiaeeiuo yeaiaioa i?ioeanna auai?a:
– i?iaeaia, o?aaothuay ?ac?aoaiey;
– /aeiaae eee eieeaeoeaiue i?aai, i?eieiathuee ?aoaiea;
– ianeieueei aeueoa?iaoea, ec eioi?uo inouanoaeyaony auai?.
I?e ionoonoaee iaeiiai ec yoeo yeaiaioia i?ioeann auai?a ia?anoaao
nouanoaiaaoue.
Naeaeaai neaaeothuea ipaaeiieiaeaiey i neooaoeee, a eioipie iaoiaeeony
eeoei, ipeieiathuaa ?aoaiey (EI?):
iii iaeaaeaao ipaaii auai?a ec iiiaeanoaa aeueoa?iaoea;
ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca i?eiyoua paoaiey;
caeioapaniaaii a inouanoaeaiee auai?a, nopaieony pacpaoeoue
eiathuothny ipiaeaio.
Oioy yoe ipaaeiieiaeaiey iiaoo iieacaoueny anoanoaaiiuie, iie
auiieiythony aeaeaei ia anaaaea. Auaatho neo/ae, eiaaea aiaoiea
opaaiaaiey, oeacaiey auoanoiyueo i?aaiecaoeee ipaeoe/anee
ipaaeiipaaeaeytho aeaenoaey poeiaiaeeoaey, iaaycuaay aio auai?
iipaaeaeaiiuo aeueoa?iaoea. A aepoaeo neo/ayo poeiaieeoaeue iiaeao auoue
oaeiaeaoaipai iieiaeaieai, eioaea ii oaeoe/anee ionopaiyaony io ipeiyoey
?aoaiey – a yoii neo/aa o iaai iao iioeaaoeee e pacpaoaieth
i?iaeaiu.
Ha oneiaey auai?a aeeyao iiaecia panniaopeaaaiie i?iaeaiu. Anee iaeia
e oa aea ipiaeaia anopa/aaony iaiaeiiepaoii, oi o poeiaiaeeoaey
aupaaaouaaaony oeiiaua iaoiaeu aa ?aoaiey. Ni apaiaiai yoe iaoiaeu
iiaoo aieoe a paaeaiaioepothuea aeieoiaiou, iipaaeaeythuea paoaiea – i?e
yoii auai? en/acaao. Hi nouanoaotho oieeaeueiua i?iaeaiu auai?a, eiaaea
eaaeaeue pac auai? ipaaenoaao a niaapoaiii aepoaii aeaea. Yoi iiaoo
auoue iiaua aeey poeiaiaeeoaey iauaeou auai?a (aapeaiou oieeaeueiuo
i?iaeoia), eeai auai? inouanoaeyaony eaaeaeue pac a ?acee/iuo
oneiaeyo (pacpaaioea iapniaeoeaiuo ieaiia). Oaeie auai? yaeyaony
iaeaieaa opoaeiui. Ii opaaoao auyaeaiey iniiaiuo oaeoi?ia, aeeythueo
ia aoaeouea iineaaenoaey ?aoaiey, acaaoeaaiey anao “ca” e “ipioea”.
3.2. Ipaaiecaoeeiiiua nenoaiu ?aoaiey i?iaeai auai?a
A aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ipaaiao nouanoaotho ipaaiecaoeeiiiua nenoaiu
?aoaiey neiaeiuo i?iaeai auai?a, eioi?ua ninoiyo ec ooaapaeaeaiiuo
ipaaee naipa e aiaeeca eiioipiaoeee (iau/ii ni npieaie), iipyaeea
panniiopaiey aa?eaioia, ec niaeaniaaiey e ooaapaeaeaiey. Oae,
iaipeiap, ipaaiecaoeeiiiay nenoaia iiaeaioiaee iyoeeaoiaai ieaia
ieienoapnoaa eee aaaeiinoaa iiaeao aeeth/aoue a naay: iieo/aiea
aeepaeoeaiuo oeacaiee io auoanoiyuaai ipaaia, pacpaaioeo ipiaiicia,
naip ipaaeeiaeaiee io i?aaiecaoeee, ianoaeaeaiea ipaaeeiaeaiee
niaoeeaeueiuie eiienneyie eee iao/iuie niaaoaie, ieii/aoaeueiia
ooaapaeaeaiea ipaaeeiaeaiee eiiennee. Ai iiiaeo neo/ayo
ipaaiecaoeeiiiua nenoaiu ?aoaiey i?iaeai auai?a aicieeatho ia iniiaa
iiuoa ?aoaiey iiaeiaiuo caaea/ a ipioeii. ?anniaopeaay yoe nenoaiu n
oipiaeueiie noipiiu, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iie ipaaeoniaopeaatho
iaiaoiaeeiua yoaiu ianoaeaeaiey i?iaeai, ipeaea/aiea eiiiaoaioiuo
yeniapoia, naip eioipiaoeee aeey eeoea, ipeieiathuaai paoaiea. Iaeiaei
iaoipiaeueiue aiaeec i?eieiaaiuo ?aoaiee iieacuaaao, /oi eiiaaea
yooaeoeaiinoue nouanoaothueo ipaaiecaoeeiiiuo nenoai ia niioaaonoaoao
ipaaeuyaeyaiui e iei opaaiaaieyi.
Aeaei a oii, /oi a iineaaeiea 10-20 eao neiaeiinoue ?aoaiey i?iaeai
auai?a nouanoaaiii aic?inea e iiiaea ec opaaeeoeeiiiuo niiniaia eo
?aoaiey ieacaeenue iaeiipeaiaeiuie.
I?aaeaea anaai, iiiaea ec nouanoaothueo ipaaiecaoeeiiiuo nenoai ia
aeeth/atho a naay aeeciaiii aaaeiue yoai iipaaeaeaiey iieeoeee auai?a
– iapa/iy aniaeoia, eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue i?e ipeiyoee
?aoaiee. Eiiaaea oaeea iapa/ie caiaiythony auneacuaaieyie oeia “iaeneioi
yooaeoeaiinoe i?e ieieioia iioapue”, eeai iaeiiepaoiuie aeepaeoeaaie.
Nopaieaiea e o/aoo eeoue eiee/anoaaiiuo aniaeoia i?eieiaaiuo ?aoaiee
ianeepoaony a ooaapaeaeaiiuo iaoiaeeeao ioeaiee aeueoa?iaoea a aeaea
?acee/iuo ipanaeiiauaeoeaiuo oipioe. A oaeeo oipioeao aeaeaaony iiiuoea
nopiai iainiiaaoue niioiioaiey iaaeaeo iaeioipuie eiee/anoaaiiuie
iieacaoaeyie, a iiiaea ea/anoaaiiua iieacaoaee (opaaiaaiey e
eaaeeoeeaoeee eniieieoaeae paaio, ouapa ie?oaeathuae npaaea, aiciiaeiia
aeeyiea ia eeeiao e o.ae.) ipinoi inoathony aac aieiaiey. Neaaenoaeai
anaai yoiai yaeyaony iaeiiaieee oa?aeoa? i?eieiaaiuo ?aoaiee, /oi
ipeaiaeeo e iaaeaeaoaeueiui iineaaenoaeyi eae aeey eeoea,
ipeieiathuaai ?aoaiey, oae e aeey eeoe, eioi?uo ipeieiaaiua paoaiey
caopaaeaatho. A ?acoeueoaoa oaeeo ?aoaiee inoaaony aac eniieueciaaiey
caeoiaaiia oieeaeueiia iaipoaeiaaiea, iinopiaiua caaiae npaco aea
ioaeaeathony a paeiinopoeoeee, pacpaaaouaaaiua ieaiu ia niioaaonoaotho
ioeoeeaeueii ooaapaeaeaiiui iaipaaeaieyi aeayoaeueiinoe e o.ae.
A iiaeiaiuo neo/ayo ipe/eia caeeth/aaony ia a ipin/aoao oiai eee eiiai
poeiaiaeeoaey, oioy auaaao e oaeia. Ipe/eia aeoaaea a
iaipeniiniaeaiiinoe iaeioipuo ipaaiecaoeeiiiuo nenoai yooaeoeaii
paoaoue iiiaea caaea/e oieeaeueiiai auai?a. Haeioipua ipioeaaeopu
eniieueciaaiey yeniapoia ia niioaaonoaotho niapaiaiiui opaaiaaieyi.
Ecaanoiu neo/ae, eiaaea eiiennee e niaaou paaioatho oipiaeueii, a
auiineiua paeiiaiaeaoeee aupaaeatho iiaiea iaeiiai-aeaoo
aaoipeoaoiuo /eaiia eiiennee. Eiiaaea a eiiennee aoiaeyo yeniapou, ipyii
caeoapaniaaiiua a auaipa iipaaeaeaiiuo aeueoa?iaoea, eee niaaou e
eiiennee ninoiyo ec niaoeeaeenoia, aeey eioi?uo aeaiiay
aeayoaeueiinoue yaeyaony aeiiieieoaeueiie e iapaieieoaeueiie iaapoceie.
Aiaeec aeueoa?iaoea opaaoao aieueoeo caopao eaaeeoeoeepiaaiiiai opoaea.
*anoi niopoaeieee aaeieienopaoeaiiai aiia?aoa, caiyoua iiapaoeaiie
paaioie e auiieiaieai iiiai/eneaiiuo iipo/aiee, ipinoi ia eiatho
a?aiaie aeey i?iaaaeaiey oaeiai aiaeeca. Epiia oiai, iie ia anaaaea a
aeinoaoi/iie iapa iiaeaioiaeaiu aeey auiieiaiey nnioaaonoaothuae
aiaeeoe/aneie paaiou. Yoi ipeaiaeeo e oiio, /oi aeiaaeueiui
nopaoaae/aneei ipiaeaiai auai?a oaeaeyaony noieueei aea aieiaiey,
neieueei e iaeeei iipo/aieyi. Ioaeaeueiua /anoe aaeieienopaoeaiiai
aiia?aoa iapaoiaeyo a ninoiyiea iaoei iacaaiiia “aaeieienopaoeaiui
neeapicii”. Neaaenoaeai yoiai yaeyaony iaaeinoaoi/iay iiaeaioiaeaiiinoue
e iainiiaaiiinoue i?eieiaaiuo ?aoaiee.
I?e iononoaee /aoeie, ipiaeoiaiiie iieeoeee, eiiopiey iaae paaioie
yeniapoia, nopiaiai aiaeeca eo ipaaeeiaeaiee iiaoo iiyaeoueny
ianiaeaniaaiiua e aeaaea ipioeaipa/eaua ?aoaiey.
Eoae, aicpinoay neiaeiinoue i?iaeai auai?a opaaoao iiaeaioiaee e
eniieueciaaiey niaoeeaeenoia-ipioanneiiaeia ii aiaeeco aa?eaioia
i?eieiaaiuo ?aoaiee; pacpaaioee e ipaeoe/aneiai eniieueciaaiey
niaoeeaeueiuo iaoiaeia aiaeeca e npaaiaiey neiaeiuo aeueoa?iaoea,
aicieeathueo a ipioeanna i?eiyoey ?aoaiey.
4.NENOAIIUE IIAeOIAe E I?EIssOETH OI?AAEAI*ANEIAI ?AOAIEss
A iineaaeiea 20-30 eao iiyaeeenue iiaeoiaeu, panniaopeaaaiua iiiaeie
eae oieaapnaeueiia npaaenoai ?aoaiey anao neiaeiuo i?iaeai.
Haeaieueooth ecaanoiinoue npaaee ieo iieo/ee oae iacuaaaiue nenoaiiue
iiaeoiae. Iiyaeaiea e oepieia panipinopaiaiea YAI ipeaaei e
aepoaiio oieaapnaeueiiio paoeaioo – eioipiaoeeiiiui nenoaiai aeey
ipaaiecaoeeiiiiai oipaaeaiey. Oepieia panipinopaiaiea iieo/eee
iaoaiaoe/aneea iiaeaee. Eaaeaeue ec iacaaiiuo iaueo iiaeoiaeia iiaeao
panniaopeaaoueny a naiuo ?acee/iuo aniaeoao. Oae, nouanoaotho /enoi
oeeinioneea enneaaeiaaiey i?iaeai nenoaiiiai iiaeoiaea. Iiieiay anth
aaaeiinoue e paciiiapacea yoeo aniaeoia, iu oai ia iaiaa iapaie/einy
aeaeaa panniiopaieai iaueo iiaeoiaeia oieueei n iaeiie oi/ee cpaiey – eo
ipaeoe/aneie ipeaiaeiinoe aeey ?aoaiey i?iaeai auai?a a oieeaeueiuo
neooaoeeyo.
A iaoe aeie neiai “nenoaiiue” oepiei eniieuecoaony a naiuo
paciiiapaciuo ni/aoaieyo. A eiaeaiapiuo nenoaiao aiaipyo i
nenoaiioaoieea, ecaanoai nenoaiiue aiaeec, nenoaiiia oipaaeaiea
ipiaeoaie, nenoaiiia ipiaeoepiaaiea i?aaiecaoeee e o.ae. I/aaeaeii, /oi
ipienoiaeaeaiea neiaa “nenoaiiue” ai iiiaii naycaii n eaeayie iauae
oaipee nenoai e eeaapiaoeee.
A niioaaonoaee n iiaeoiaeii nenoaiioaoieee auaeaeythony neaaeothuea
yoaiu ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu:
oyniaiea caaea/e e auai? oeaee;
iapa/eneaiea eee eciapaoaiea aeueoa?iaoea;
aiaeec aeueoa?iaoea;
auai? iaeeo/oaai ?aoaiey;
ipaaenoaaeaiea pacoeueoaoia.
A iiaeoiaea aiaeeca nenoai e enneaaeiaaiey iiapaoeee iau/ii auaeaeytho
iyoue eiae/aneeo yeaiaioia:
auaeaeeoue oeaeue eee niaieoiiinoue oeaeae;
auaeaeeoue aeueoapiaoeaiua npaaenoaa aeinoeaeaiey oeaeae;
iipaaeaeeoue panopnu aeey eniieueciaaiey eaaeaeie nenoaiu;
iinopieoue iaoaiaoe/aneoth (i?e iiaeoiaea enneaaeiaaiey iiapaoeee) eee
eiae/aneoth (/oi auaaao /aua i?e iiaeoiaea aiaeeca nenoai) iiaeaeue,
o.a. pyae caaeneiinoae iaaeaeo oeaeyie, aeueoapiaoeaiuie npaaenoaaie eo
aeinoeaeaiey, ie?oaeathuae npaaeie e panopnaie;
iipaaeaeeoue epeoapee auai?a ipaaeii/oeoaeueiie aeueoapiaoeau. A
ipioeanna oipiepiaaiey ?aoaiee a ipaaiecaoeee iiaeii auaeaeeoue
neaaeothuea yoaiu:
ii?aaeaeaiea oeaeae ipaaiecaoeee;
auyaeaiea i?iaeai a ipioeanna aeinoeaeaiey yoeo oeaeae;
enneaaeiaaiea i?iaeai e iinoaiiaea aeeaaiica;
iiene ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu;
ioeaiea anao aeueoa?iaoea e auai? iaeeo/oae ec ieo;
niaeaniaaiea ?aoaiee a ipaaiecaoeee;
ooaapaeaeaiea ?aoaiee;
iiaeaioiaea e aaiaeo ?aoaiee a aeaenoaea;
oipaaeaiea ipeiaiaieai ?aoaiey;
ipiaapea yooaeoeaiinoe.
Eoae, nenoaiiue iiaeoiae e paoaieth i?iaeai pacee/iiai oapaeoapa n
ooeeeoapiie oi/ee cpaiey naycai ipaaeaea anaai n auaeaeaieai nenoaiu ec
aiaoiae n?aaeu e iipaaeaeaieai niaieoiiinoe iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo,
eiae/aneeo oaaia panniiopaiey i?iaeaiu. Haciaai yoe /a?ou iauae noaiie
nenoaiiiai iiaeoiaea. *ai aea pacee/athony nenoaiiua iiaeoiaeu,
ipaaeiacia/aiiua aeey ?aoaiey pacee/iui i?iaeai? A iapaoth i/apaaeue
– niiniaaie aiaeeoe/aneiai npaaiaiey aeueoa?iaoea. Oae, iaipeiap, a
nenoaiioaoieea eniieuecothony noaiaeapoiua iaoiaeu pan/aoa ?acee/iuo
eeannia oaoie/aneeo nenoai (yeaeopiiiuo noai, nenoai aaoiiaoe/aneiai
paaoeepiaaiey e o.ae.). I?e eniieueciaaiee iiaeoiaea enneaaeiaaiey
iiapaoeee eiaaony oeaeue eeann iaoiaeia: iaoaiaoe/aneiai
ipiapaiiepiaaiey, aapiyoiinoiua, naoaaiai ieaiepiaaiey e o.ae. I?e
iiaeoiaea aiaeeca nenoai eniieuecoaony a iapaoth i/apaae iaoiae
noieiinoue – yooaeoeaiinoue.
Anoue ipeiapu, eiaaea iauay noaia nenoaiiiai iiaeoiaea eniieuecoaony
aeey ?aoaiey neiaeiuo i?iaeai aac niaoeeaeueiuo niiniaia
aiaeeoe/aneiai npaaiaiey aeueoa?iaoea. Iineaaeiaa apaiy iauay noaia
nenoaiiiai iiaeoiaea i/aiue iiioeypia. Opoaeii iaeoe ipiaeaio, i?e
paoaiee eioipie ia paeiiaiaeiaaeinue au eniieueciaaoue nenoaiiue
iiaeoiae.
5.OA?AEOA?ENOEEA I?IOeANNA I?EIssOEss OI?AAEAI*ANEEO ?AOAIEE A
IOAeAEAIEE NAA?AAIEA ?O.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?ioeann i?eiyoey ?aoaiee a ioaeaeaieyo Naa?aaiea
iineo a iniiaa naiae oi?iaeeciaaiiue oa?aeoa?. Naycaii yoi, ai-ia?auo; n
oai, /oi Naa?aaie ?innnee oioy e yaeyaony n 1992 aiaea
aeoeeiia?ii-eiiia?/aneei aaieii, ii a ninoaaa aeoeeiia?iiai eaieoaea
aeiey ainoaea?noaa inoaaony aieaa 60%. Ai-aoi?uo; eieaeae Naa?aaiea eae
iaeaieaa eiina?aaoeaiiai e?aaeeoii-oeiainiaiai o/?aaeaeaiey ia iicaieyao
iniaaiii oe?iei i?eiaiyoue iaoi?iaeeciaaiiua iaoiaeu oi?aaeaiey e
aaieianeiai iaiaaeaeiaioa. Aua iaeiei oaeoi?ii, aeeythuei ia i?ioeann
i?eiyoey ?aoaiee a ioaeaeaieyo Naa?aaiea Eaia?ianeie iaeanoe yaeythony
aiaoiea opaaiaaiey e oeacaiey I?aaenaaeaoaey Eaia?ianeiai aaiea
Naa?aaiea ?O a-ia A.I.Ae?aaoiiaa, eioi?ue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oei
aeanoeiai e iaaeaeiai oi?aaeaioea aeiia?ano?ia/iuo a?aiai. Oai naiui
poeiaiaeeoaeyi ioaeaeaiee e oi?aaeai/aneiio ia?niiaeo ipaeoe/anee
iaaycuaaaony auai? iipaaeaeaiiuo aeueoa?iaoea oaeoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, a
ana no?aoaae/aneea ieaiu e ?ac?aaioee nioneathony naa?oo. Oae,
iaoiaeieiaey ?ac?aaioee e ninoaaeaiey aecian-ieaia, aeeth/athuay a naay
iniiaiua i?eia?iua eiio?ieueiua iieacaoaee ?aaiou ioaeaeaiey
?ac?aaaouaaaony a yeiiiie/aneii oi?aaeaiee Naa?aaiea ?innee. I?ioeaioiua
noaaee ii e?aaeeoai e ii ?acee/iui aeaeai aeeaaeia aeiaiaeyony oaeaea
oeaio?aeeciaaiii. ?aaioa ii ninoaaeaieth ooaoiiai ?anienaiey aaaeaony ia
ianoao, a aai ei??aeoe?iaea e ooaa?aeaeaiea auianaiu a auoanoiyuea
einoaioeee. ?aoaiey i caeoiea eee iiaea?iecaoeee iniiaiuo oiiaeia
i?eieiathony a oa??eoi?eaeueiii aaiea. Iacia/aiea ?oeiaiaenoaa
ioaeaeaiey e ia/aeueieeia ioaeaeia i?ienoiaeeo ii ?aoaieth Eaia?ianeiai
aaiea. Oai ia iaiaa a ioaeaeaiee nicaeai eii?aeeie?othuee i?aai, eoaea
aoiaeyo i?aaenoaaeoaee iniiaiuo ioaeaeia – Niaao ioaeaeaiey, eioi?ui
i?eieiathony iiiaea oi?aaeai/aneea ?aoaiey aioo?aiiaai oa?aeoa?a.
Ec iaoiaeia i?eiyoey ?aoaiee eniieuecothony iaoiae ianiaoeeaeenoa,
aeaeiiiiceoeee, aeeaaiinoeee e iaoiae aiaeiaee.
6.I?AAeEIAEAIEss II NIAA?OAINOAIAAIETH I?IOeAAeO? I?EIssOEss ?AOAIEE.
I?aaeeiaeaiey ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth i?ioeaaeo? i?eiyoey oi?aaeai/aneeo
?aoaiee, ii iiaio iiaieth, aeieaeiu caeeth/aoueny a oaaee/aiee noaiaie
aeaeaae?iaaiey iieiiii/ee oa??eoi?eaeueiiai aaiea a noi?iio ioaeaeaiee.
Oae, iai?eia?, ?aoaiea i oii, eaeie aaoiiiaeeue i?eia?anoe(eiino?aiiiai
i?iecaiaeeoaey eee ?inneeneiai), iiaeao i?eieiaoue e naii ioaeaeaiea,
anee iicaieytho niioaaonoaothuea oiiaeu. Oaeaea iaoiaeii ianiaoeeaeenoa
(Niaao ioaeaeaiey) iiaeao ?aoaoueny aieaa oe?ieee e?oa aii?inia, a
aeaiiia a?aiy ioiinyueony e th?enaeeeoeee Oa??eoi?eaeueiiai aaiea.
Aeaoeaio?aeecaoeey oi?aaeaiey yoi ia aeiaia, yoi e?aaoaieueiue eaiaiue
yooaeoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey.
CAEETH*AHEA
Iiyaeaiea eiinoeueoaoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony caeiiiiapiui
pacoeueoaoii ?acaeoey yeiiiieee. Iauaeoeaiay iaiaoiaeeiinoue
eniieueciaaiey eiinoeueoaioia, aiaeeoeeia – a aaeieienopaoeaiii
aiiapaoa iaipapuaii aicpanoaao. Hapyaeo n ipi/eie oaeoipaie yoa
iaiaoiaeeiinoue naycaia n aunopuie eciaiaieyie a iepoaeathuai ian
iepa. Oniaoii ipeiaiyaoeany paiaa ipioeaaeopu ieaiepiaaiey e
oipaaeaiey noaiiayony iaeiyooaeoeaiuie. Iononoaea paoeeiiaeueiie,
oeaeaiaipaaeaiiie iieeoeee ipeaiaeeo e yeiiiie/aneei iioapyi, e
nieaeaieth oaiiia iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai ipiapanna.
Nouanoaotho aeaa ipe/eiu, ipaiyonoaothuea eniieueciaaieth aieaa
niaapoaiiuo iaoiaeia e ipioeaaeop ipeiyoey ?aoaiee. Iapaay ec ieo
naycaia n opaaeeoeeiiiuie ipaaepannoaeeaie niopoaeieeia
aaeieienopaoeaiiai aiia?aoa, ipeaycaiiinoueth e ipeau/iui oipiai
iiaeaioiaee ?aoaiee. Aoipay – n ianiaapoainoaii noeey e iaoiaeia
paaiou eiinoeueoaioia, n iaaeinoaoi/iui o/aoii eie /aeiaa/aneeo
oaeoi?ia.
Ethaia niopoaeie/anoai poeiaiaeeoaeae e eiinoeueoaioia – aeaonoipiiiee
ipioeann. Ha noieo aeoiaoue, /oi ipiiaaaaeenoneay eaiiaiey, eeai ipinoi
oeacaiey auoanoiyueo poeiaiaeeoaeae iiaoo noeioeepiaaoue “aiaaepaiea”
iiauo iaoiaeia ipeiyoey ?aoaiee. Aeaei aipacaei neiaeiaa:
iaiaoiaeeia niaianoiay e epiiioeeaay paaioa niopoaeieeia aiia?aoa e
eiinoeueoaioia. Yoa paaioa paaeei ipeaiaeeo e ioaeiieythuei yooaeoai.
*oaean ia auaaao, iaeuecy naeaeaoue oipioaai auai?a i?e oieueei ieioeo
aeueoapiaoeaao. Hi nopoeoopecaoeey ipioeanna ipeiyoey ?aoaiee e
pacoiiia eniieueciaaiea yeniapoia iiaoo ipeaanoe e aicpanoaieth
niiniaiinoae poeiaiaeeoaey oaapaiii paoaoue ana aieaa neiaeiua
i?iaeaiu.
A ianoiyuaa apaiy ia?aae niaoeeaeenoaie ii iaoiaeai ipeiyoey ?aoaiee,
ia?aae eiinoeueoaioaie-aiaeeoeeaie noiyo neiaeiua i?iaeaiu. Iiiaea
paaeueiua ipioeannu, ipioaeathuea a aaeieienopaoeaiii aiiapaoa, aipacaea
neiaeiaa oao, aeey eioi?uo oaea pacpaaioaiu aiaeeoe/aneea iiaeoiaeu.
Anoue, iaipeiap, neo/ae, eiaaea eioapanu ?acee/iuo /anoae ipaaiecaoeee
eee ?aciuo i?aaiecaoeee ia niaiaaeatho. Yoi aeaeaei ia anaaaea ieioi –
eiaiii a eiioeeeoa aupaaaouaaaony eiiipiienniia paoaiea, o/eouaathuaa
iiiaea paaeueiua iapaie/aiey. *anoi ?aoaiey ipeieiathony eieeaeoeaii
poeiaiaeeoaeae. I?e yoii aicieeatho i?iaeaiu eiipaeeiaoeee iieeoeee
aeeyoaeueiuo /eaiia yoiai eieeaeoeaa, niaeaniaaiey ipioeaipa/eauo
eioapania.
Iapa/eneaiiua i?iaeaiu eneeth/eoaeueii neiaeiu n iaoiaeieiae/aneie
oi/ee cpaiey. Ha iao acaeyae, a ianoiyuaa apaiy iao ipaeoe/iuo
eiinopoeoeaiuo iaoiaeia ipeiyoey apoiiiauo ?aoaiee eee ?aoaiee a
oneiaeyo ipioeaiaeaenoaey i?e iiiaeo aeoeaiuo o/anoieeao. Aeaeaee io
naiaai oaeiaeaoaipeoaeueiiai ?aoaiey iiiaea ioiineoaeueii aieaa
ipinoua i?iaeaiu ipeiyoey eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo ?aoaiee.
Nai iooue e oai eee eiui oipiaeueiui iinoaiiaeai aeieia e oapieno.
Ii ipieaaaao /apac iiiaea ipaapaaeu e ipaiyonoaey, iaecaaaeiua a
paaeueiuo neooaoeeyo. AEeciue opaaoao io eiinoeueoaioa ii ipiaeaiai
ipeiyoey ?aoaiee ni/aoaiey iiiaeo ea/anoa: eneonnoaa aiaeeca
neooaoeee, aeoaieeo ipioanneiiaeueiuo ciaiee, ipeaiia e iaoiaeia
ipeiyoey ?aoaiee, oiaiey ipaaenoaaeaiey paeiiaiaeaoeee,
ipioanneiiaeueiuo iaaueia a paaioa n ethaeueie.
Aeey iiiaeo eiinoeueoaioia-niaoeeaeenoia ii iaoiaeai ipeiyoey ?aoaiee
yoa iaeanoue paaiou ipeaeaeaoaeueia eiaiii iiaui ni/aoaieai
ineoieiae/aneeo, nioeeieiae/aneeo, iaoaiaoe/aneeo, yeiiiie/aneeo
i?iaeai. A ipaaenoiyuea aeanyoeeaoey iiiaea oae iacuaaaiua
iiaaaeai/aneea iaoee aaconeiaii naeaeatho oaa aiapaae. Oiaaea iiyaeony
aiciiaeiinoue nopieoue iaiiiai aieaa yooaeoeaiua iaoiaeu ipeiyoey
?aoaiee. Hi oaea nae/an iaiaoiaeeii panniaopeaaoue ipioeann
ipeiyoey ?aoaiee eae ipioeaaeopo, aeaaiuie o/anoieeaie eioipie
yaeythony poeiaiaeeoaeue e yeniapou. Eiaiii /aeiaa/aneea, a ia
iaoaiaoe/aneea eee iaoeiiua aniaeou yaeythony iniiaiuie a ipioeanna
ipeiyoey ?aoaiee. Eiaiii ia yoeo aniaeoao neaaeoao iniiauaaoue epeoapee
ipiaapee ipaeoe/aneie oeaiiinoe iaoiaeia ipeiyoey ?aoaiee.
E, iaeiiaoe, aaconeiaii ipeyoiie iaapaaeie yaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue
paaeueii oeo/oeoue ipioeannu ipeiyoey ?aoaiee, iaaethaeaoue
iieiaeeoaeueiua eciaiaiey a neiaeiuo aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoaieciao,
aucaaiiua aai paaioie.
NIENIE ENIIEUeCOAIIE EEOA?AOO?U
Eneonnoai oi?aaeaiey. Ia?eeinii N.I, ?onoiiaeaee I.E. I.: A?aiae, 1998;
Haoea e eneonnoai ipeiyoey ?aoaiee. Eape/aa I.E. I.: Haoea, 1979;
?acaeoea e niaapoainoaiaaiea neoaea oipaaeaiey. Eiiaey A. I.: Ipiapann,
1970;
Nenoaiiue aiaeec: yoai ?acaeoey iaoiaeieiaee ?aoaiey i?iaeai a NOA.
Heeaiipia N.I. I.: Nia.paaeei, 1969;
Nia?aiaiiay yeiiiieea. Iiae.?aae. Iaiaaeiaa I.TH. ?inoia-ia-Aeiio:
Oaieen, 1996;
Noaiiaeaiea e nouiinoue nenoaiiiai iiaeoiaea. Aeaoaapa E.A., THaeei
Y.A. I.: 1973;
Yeiiiieea o?oaea. Iiae.?aae. AEoeiaa E.E., Iiainyia A.?. A?aaai:
Ecaeaoaeuenoai A?aaaineiai Oieaa?neoaoa, 1983.
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