6
Aeiiaoeeee yeiiiieei-aoiaieoa?iue einoeooo
?aoa?ao
ii i?aaeiaoo “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ia?eaoeia ”
ia oaio: “ Ia?eaoeiaiaay n?aaea e iniiaiua oaeoi?u iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
ia?eaoeiaa”.
Auiieieea:nooaeaioe 4eo?na
a?oiiu AO-97
?ae Aeaia
I?iaa?eea:I?eoiaeueei A.TH.
Aeiiaoee-2000
Niaea?aeaiea.
Aaaaeaiea
I. Iae?in?aaea oe?iu:
1.Eiieo?aioiay n?aaea.
2. Aeaiia?aoe/aneay n?aaea.
3. Yeiiiie/aneay n?aaea.
4. I?e?iaeiay n?aaea.
5. Eoeueoo?iay n?aaea.
Auaiae.
Aaaaeaiea.
E iae?in?aaea ioiinyony aieaa oe?ieea, nioeeaeueiua neeu,*ai e
iee?in?aaea, i?e?iaeiua, oaoiieiae/aneea iieeoe/aneea, eiieo?aioiua e
eoeueoo?iua.ss iiiuoathnue ?anniio?aoue yoe neeu a aeaoaeueiii aniaeoa.
Oaeaeth aieiaiea eo aeeyieth ia ia?eaoeiaiaua oaeoi?u nouanoaiaaiey oe?i
ai aiaoiae n?aaea.Naeaeath iaeioi?ua auaiaeu ioiineoaeueii aiciiaeiinoae
nouanoaiaaiey oe?iu a iae?in?aaea
I. Iae?in?aaea oe?iu.
Oe?ia aianoa ni naieie iinoaaueeaie, iin?aaeieeaie, ?aaeueiuie e
iioaioeeaeueiuie eeeaioaie aeaenoaoao a aieaa oe?ieii eiioaenoa
iae?in?aaeu, eioi?ay nicaeaao aeaaii?eyoiua aiciiaeiinoe e oa?iaeathuea
oaeoi?u. Oe?ia aeieaeia iaaethaeaoue ca yoeie neeaie, iaoiaeyueieny aia
aa eiio?iey, e niioaaonoaaiii ?aaae?iaaoue ia ieo. Iae?in?aaea ninoieo
ec oanoe oaeeo a?oii oaeoi?ia. Eo acaeiiaeaenoaea n oe?iie iieacaii
noaiaoe/anee ia ?en. 2.
?en. 2. Aeaaiua oaeoi?u iae?in?aaeu oe?iu
1. Eiieo?aioiay n?aaea.
Eiieo?aiou
Anyeie oe?ia i?ioeainoieo oe?ieee niaeo? eiieo?aioia. ?uii/iay
oai?ey aeaneo, /oi aeey oiai /oiau i?aoniaoue a aeciana, /ai aa
eiieo?aiou. Niaoeeaeenou ii ia?eaoeiao aeieaeiu i?eniinaaeeaaoueny ia
oieueei e eciaiythueiny iio?aaiinoyi eeeaioia, ii e e no?aoaaeyi aa
eiieo?aioia. Oe?ia aeieaeia iieo/eoue no?aoaae/aneia i?aeiouanoai,
aiaae?ea a niciaiea eeeaioia i?ei?eoao naieo oiaa?ia.
Aaeeiie iioeiaeueiie no?aoaaee eiieo?aioiie ai?ueau, eioi?ay
iiaeioea au ethaie oe?ia, ia nouanoaoao. Eaaeaeay oe?ia aeieaeia
auae?aoue no?aoaaeth niioaaonoaaiii naiei ?acia?ai e iieiaeaieth ia
?uiea. Aieueoea oe?iu, caieiathuea aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea a
eiaeono?ee, iiaoo i?eiaiyoue no?aoaaee, ia i?eaieaiua aeey oe?i iaiueoeo
?acia?ia. Ii e o iaaieueoeo oe?i anoue naie no?aoaaee, i?eiaiyy eioi?ua
iie iiaoo iieo/eoue i?aeiouanoaa. Iai?eia?, e?oiiay naoue ?anoi?aiia
iiaeao aeeaaeuaaoue iaiaeua aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa a ?aeeaio ii
iaoeeiiaeueiiio oaeaaeaeaieth, ?ani?aaeaeea a?aiy eiiiainaoeee yoie
noiiu iaaeaeo nioiyie naieo oeeeaeia. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, ia eiay
oeeeaeia e niioaaonoaaiii iaiaoiaeeiinoe noaiaea?oeciaaoue aeey ieo naia
iaith, iaeaiueeea /anoiua ?anoi?aiu iiaoo ?aciiia?aceoue aai, auno?i
i?eniinaaeeaaynue e ianoiui aeonai. Eae aieueoea, oae e iaeua oe?iu
aeieaeiu naie au?aaaouaaoue aeey naay ia?eaoeiaiaua no?aoaaee, eioi?ua
iiaoo aeaoue ei i?aeiouanoai a eiieo?aioiie ai?ueaa ca ?uiie.
Iaiaaeaea?u ca/anooth ia caia/atho naieo eiieo?aioia. Oae,
oi?aaeythuee ?anoi?aiii Seafood Restaurant (Aea?u ii?y) a Ouethnoiia
n/eoae, /oi o iaai iao eiieo?aioia, iineieueeo aai caaaaeaiea auei
aaeeinoaaiiui ?anoi?aiii n oaeie niaoeeaeecaoeeae ai anai ?aeiia, e
i/aiue nei?i iaaie?ioeeny. AEeoaee yoiai ?aeiia Ouethnoiia i?aaeii/eoaee
o?aoeoue naie aeaiueae a ?anoi?aiao ae?oaiai oeia, a anee eiio oae
i/aiue oioaeinue ioaaaeaoue aea?ia ii?y, oio acaeee a ae?oaea ?aeiiu.
Eaaeaeay oe?ia auioaeaeaiu aanoe eiieo?aioioth ai?ueao ia
/aou?ao o?iaiyo, eioi?ua iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue naaa ?aniieiaeaiiuie ia
/aou?ao eiioeaio?e/aneeo e?oaao aie?oa yoie oe?iu:
1. Iia iiaeao n/eoaoue naieie eiieo?aioaie ae?oaea oe?iu, eioi?ua
i?aaeeaaatho aa iioaioeeaeueiui eeeaioai aiaeiae/iua oiaa?u e oneoae ca
i?eia?ii oaeoth aea oeaio. Ia yoii o?iaia McDonald’s iiaeao
?anniao?eaaoue eae naieo eiieo?aioia oe?iu Burger King, Wendy’s e
Hardee’s.
2. Oe?ia oaeaea iiaeao n/eoaoue naieie eiieo?aioaie ana ae?oaea oe?iu,
i?iecaiaeyuea noiaeiua oiaa?u e oneoae. Oaeei ia?acii, McDonald’s iiaeao
?anniao?eaaoue eae naieo eiieo?aioia ana ?anoi?aiu auno?iai
ianeoaeeaaiey, aeeth/ay Boston Chicken, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco
Bell e Arby’s.
3. Oe?ia oaeaea iiaeao n/eoaoue naieie eiieo?aioaie ana oe?iu,
i?aaeeaaathuea oiaa?u e oneoae, ioaeaeaiii iaiiieiathuea oa, ia eioi?uo
iia niaoeeaeece?oaony. Oaeei ia?acii, McDonald’s iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoue
eae naieo eiieo?aioia ia oieueei ?anoi?aiu auno?iai ianeoaeeaaiey, ii e
ana i?aaei?eyoey, niaoeeaeece?othueany ia i?eaioiaeaiee ieue, aeeth/ay
eaoaoa?ee a noia?ia?eaoao.
4. Oe?iu iiaoo n/eoaoue naieie eiieo?aioaie ana oe?iu, niiniaiua
ai?ioueny n iae ca aa iioaioeeaeueiuo eeeaioia. Oaeei ia?acii,
McDonald’s iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoue eae naieo eiieo?aioia iaaaceiu
i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo oiaa?ia, a eioi?uo iioaioeeaeueiua eeeaiou iiaoo
caeoiaoue i?iaeoeou aeey i?eaioiaeaiey ieue aeey naieo naay.
?aeeaiiay eaiiaiey oe?iu McDonald’s, i?iaaaeaiiay iiae eicoiaii
“Au caneoaeeee ia?aaeuoeo ia naaiaeiy”, auea iaoeaeaia eiaiii ia yoio
/aoaa?oue o?iaaiue, oaaaeaeay aeiiioicyae ioi?aaoueny io eooiiiie ieeou
e i?eaeoe e iei. Aeey e?oeciie eiiiaiee Carnival iaeaieaa aeooaeueiui
yaeyaony o?aoee o?iaaiue, o.a. oe?iu, i?aaiecothuea e?oecu a ae?oaea
?aaeiiu, iai?eia?, ia Aaaaee.
Aeaeueiea o?iaie ca/anooth i?aaenoaaeytho aieueooth oa?ico, /ai
aeeaeiea. Oe?ia Budget Motels, eiieo?aioaie eioi?ie auee ae?oaea naoe
iioaeae, oiaea i?aaieciaaaoea ia naiae oa??eoi?ee ?anoi?aiu auno?iai
ianeoaeeaaiey, a?iaea Bob Evans eee Denny’s, ?aoeea ai?ioueny ia n ieie,
a n ea?ueeaie, oi?aothueie i?eaioiaeaiiie e caoai caii?iaeaiiie ieuae,
a?iaea ieoeoeu, eioi?oth iiaeii auno?i ?acia?aoue a iee?iaieiiaie ia/e.
Eiieo?aioeey e ?uii/iua aa?uea?u.
Aiciiaeiinoue auoiaea ia ?uiie e naiaiaeiiai ooiaea n iaai
ieacuaaao ia eiieo?aioioth ai?ueao cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea. ?anoi?aiiay
eiaeono?ey oa?aeoa?ecoaony ieceeie aa?uea?aie i?e auoiaea ia ?uiie.
O?aaoaony n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoie eaieoae, /oiau ia/aoue naia aeaei.
Iaeioi?ua i?aaei?eieiaoaee, ioe?uaoea naie ?anoi?aiu ii/oe aac
eiieo?aioiie ai?ueau, ca aiae iaaeeaatho naaa /aou?a eee aeaaea iyoue
eiieo?aioia. Yoi icia/aao, /oi anaaaea neaaeoao i?aaeaeaeaoue iiyaeaiea
eiieo?aioia e aeaenoaiaaoue, enoiaey ec i?aaeiinueee, /oi eiieo?aioeey –
iai?aeiaeiue oaeo aeciana. E aua iaeia aaaeiay i?aaeiinueea – n/eoaeoa
naiae aeaaiie oeaeueth oaiaeeoue eeeaioo, iioiio /oi eeeaio iiaeao oeoe
io aan e ae?oaei.
O ainoeie/iiai aeciana – ae?oaay i?iaeaia. Yoi aunieea aa?uea?u
i?e ooiaea n ?uiea. Aeey oiai, /oiau iino?ieoue ioaeue, o?aaoaony
cia/eoaeueiue eaieoae, oae eae iaaei o/eouaaoue iaaica?aoeiua
ecaea?aeee. Aneaaenoaea yoiai ioaee, eioi?ua ia a ninoiyiee ieoieoue
naia no?ieoaeuenoai, iaeiae e i?i/ea iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee, ii
i?iecaiaeyo aeinoaoi/iue aaeiaie aeioiae, niiniaiue eiiiaine?iaaoue eo
oioy au io/anoe, iau/ii ia cae?uaathony, a i?iaeieaeatho ?aaioaoue, oioy
ie/aai ia i?eiinyo, e?iia oauoeia. Ni?in ?acei iaaeaao, ii eiee/anoai
eiiiao a ioaeyo inoaaony i?aaeiei. A ?acoeueoaoa ai?ueaa ca eeeaioa aua
aieaa iaino?yaony.
Anoue aua iaeei oaeoi?, ioaaonoaaiiue ca aoiinoa?o eiieo?aioeee
a ainoeie/iii aeciana. No?ieoaeuenoai aieueoeinoaa ioaeae
caaeoiuaaeinue, eiaaea ni?in i?aauoae i?aaeeiaeaiea e yoio aecian aue ia
iiaeuaia. Iaaeaeo noaaeeae ieaie?iaaiey e ioe?uoeai i?aaei?eyoey iau/ii
i?ioiaeeo ieiei /aou?ao eao, a oi e aieueoa. E yoiio a?aiaie a
ainoeie/iii aeciana iiaeao ia/aoueny niaae. E eae yoi ie ia/aeueii, ii
aiiaue iino?iaiiui ioaeyi i?eoiaeeoueny ?aniaoeaaoue naie aeaa?e ia?aae
ia?auie ainoyie a ia?eiae yeiiiie/aneiai niaaea.
Iioiaea, /oi no?ieoaee ioaeae aeaeaeeiu noaaeiui einoeieoii. Ca
ia?eiae a 18 ianyoeaa iiyaeeinue ieiei 50 naiuo oaea/iuo ainoeie/iuo
i?iaeoia e eiioeaioeee. N?aaee ieo Renaissance, Emerald, Royce,
Courtyards, Marquis, Crown Plazas, Embassy Suites, Residence Inns, Park
Suites, Quality Inns .
2. Aeaiia?aoe/aneay n?aaea.
Aeaiia?aoeae iacuaaaony iaoea, eco/athuay ia?iaeiianaeaiea ii
/eneaiiinoe, ieioiinoe, ?acaeaeaieth ia a?oiiu ii i?eciaeo aic?anoa,
iiea, ?anu, ?iaea caiyoee e ae?oaeo noaoenoe/aneeo i?eciaeia.
Aeaiia?aoe/aneay n?aaea iaaacuioa?ania aeey niaoeeaeenoia ii ia?eaoeiao,
iineieueeo ?uiie ninoieo ec ethaeae. Iniiaiua aeaiia?aoe/aneea
oaiaeaioeee iienaiu ieaea.
Eciaiaiea a aic?anoiie no?oeoo?a ianaeaiey.
Naiay aeaaiay aeaiia?aoe/aneay oaiaeaioeey, ioia/aaiay naaiaeiy
a NOA, – yoi noa?aiea ianaeaiey. Aeaiiay oaiaeaioeey naycaia n iaaeaieai
?iaeaeaaiinoe, n iaeiie noi?iiu, e oaaee/aieai n?aaeiae
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aeecie – n ae?oaie.
A 1995 a. ianaeaiea NOA ninoaaeyei 260 iei. /aeiaae, a e 2030 a.
iaeeaeaaony aai oaaee/aiea aei 300 iei. Ai a?aiy “aeaoneiai aoia”,
eioi?ue ia/aeny n?aco iinea ieii/aiey Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu e
i?iaeieaeaeny aei ia/aea 1960-o aa. o?iaaiue ?iaeaeaaiinoe aeinoea
naiaai ieea. Ii ca “aeaoneei aoiii” iineaaeiaae “aeaoneee aeaoeoeeo”: e
na?aaeeia 1970-o aa. ?iaeaeaaiinoue ?acei oiaea a nayce n i?ia?annii a
i?iecaiaenoaa i?ioeaica/aoi/iuo n?aaenoa, oaaee/aieai /enea ?aaioathueo
aeaiuei e n oai, /oi iiiaei noi?oaeaneei ia?ai oioaeinue “iiaeeoue aeey
naay”. E eiioeo 1980-o aa. e?eaay ?iaeaeaaiinoe niiaa iiiiecea aaa?o,
oioy ?acia?u naiae e ia oaaee/eaaeenue: yoi iieieaiea, ?iaeeaoaany a
ia?eiae iineaaiaiiiai “aeaoneiai aoia”, naii aeinoeaei iieiaie c?aeinoe,
aucaaa iiaue anieane ?iaeaeaaiinoe, i?aaaea iaiueoeo ?acia?ia. A 1990-o
aa. o?iaaiue ?iaeaeaaiinoe niiaa iiieceeny e, eae iaeeaeatho, aoaeao
i?iaeieaeaoue iaaeaoue.
Aoi?ui oaeoi?ii noa?aiey ianaeaiey yaeyaony oaaee/aiea n?aaeiae
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aeecie. Nae/an iia ninoaaeyao 75 eao (71,5 aeey
ioae/ei e 78 aeey aeaiuei), oaaee/eaoenue ii n?aaiaieth n 1900a. ia 26
eao. N?aaeiee aic?ano nae/an ninoaaeyao 31 aiae e ii aeieaeai aeinoe/ue
36 eao a 2000 a. e 42 eao – a 2050 a.
Eciaiaiey aic?anoiie no?oeoo?u ianaeaiey i?eaaaeao e ?acee/iiio
?inoo /eneaiiinoe ?aciuo aic?anoiuo a?oii a yoii aeanyoeeaoee, e aeaiiue
oaeo ieaaeao aeeyiea ia oeaeaaua ia?eaoeiaiaua no?aoaaee. Ieaea
i?eaaaeaiu oaiaeaioeee ?inoa aeey oanoe aic?anoiuo a?oii.
Aeaoe. A oa/aiea 1990-o aa. eiee/anoai aeaoae aeioeieueiiai aic?anoa
aoaeao ieaaii oiaiueoaoueny ii ia?a oiai, eae iineaaiaiiia iieieaiea
aoaeao auoiaeeoue ec aeaoi?iaeiiai aic?anoa. Oae /oi e eiioeo aaea
aeaaeaeueoeai ?anoi?aiia auno?iai ianeoaeeaaiey iaaei eneaoue caiaio
aeey yoie eeeaioo?u. Iie oaea ia/aee ia?ai?eaioe?iaaoue naie caaaaeaiey
ia aieaa noa?oee aic?ano.
THiioe. Eiee/anoai ethaeae a aic?anoa iaaeaeo 10 e 19 aiaeaie a ia?aie
iieiaeia 1990-o aa. oiaiueoeony, a a eiioea aaea ia/iao oaaee/eaaoueny.
Yoi naiue aeaaiaeaoiue iaoa?eae aeey ?anoi?aiia auno?iai ianeoaeeaaiey,
ec eioi?iai oi?ie?oaony e eeeaioo?a, e ia?niiae (noa?oea oeieueieee).
E?iia oiai, aeaoe e thiioe yaeythony iinaoeoaeyie oeieueiuo noieiauo.
Iieiaeua ethaee. Aic?anoiay a?oiia, aeeth/athuay a naay ethaeae iaaeaeo
20 e 34 aiaeaie, a oa/aiea 1990-o aa. aoaeao oiaiueoaoueny ii ia?a oiai
eae oa, eoi ?iaeeeny a ia?eiae “aeaoneiai aeaoeoeeoa”, ac?ineatho. Ia
yoo eeeaioo?o i?eaioe?iaaiu oaeea ?anoi?aiu, eae Bennigan’s e Friday’s.
Iie oaeaea caiieiytho ii/iua eeoau e aa?u.
?aiiee n?aaeiee aic?ano. Iineaaiaiiia iieieaiea aoaeao i?iaeieaeaoue
nicaeaaaoue aeeni?iii?oeeth e a yoie aic?anoiie a?oiia io 35 aei 49 eao.
Eiee/anoai ethaeae a aic?anoa iaaeaeo 40 e 44 aiaeaie oaaee/eony ia 50%.
Yoa eeeaioo?a ioee/aaony aieaa ooii/aiiuie aeonaie ii /anoe aaeu e
auieaee e i?aaeii/eoaao inoaiaaeeaaoueny a aei?iaeo ioaeyo.
Iicaeiee n?aaeiee aic?ano. Aei eiioea aaea aic?anoiay a?oiia io 50 aei
64 eao aoaeao i?iaeieaeaoue oiaiueoaoueny. ?aaioiniiniaiay /anoue yoiai
ianaeaiey aeinoeaiao ieea naiae ea?uea?u. Iie ethayo eooaoue ia aeiia,
i?aaeii/eoatho ?acaea/aiey e iooaoanoaey.
Iaineiia?u. Aic?anoiay a?oiia, aeeth/athuay a naay ethaeae noa?oa 65
eao, oaaee/eony ia 1/3 iaaeaeo 1980 e 2000 a. E 2000 a. noa?eeia aoaeao
aaeaia aieueoa, /ai iiae?inoeia. Yoa a?oiia euao oeoeiu, ioaeaeaaony a
aieaa niieieiii ioaeuoa. Ethaeo iooaoanoaiaaoue ia iaiueoa, /ai
i?aaeuaeouay. Iia oaeaea ninoaaeyao eeeaioo?o ?anoi?aiia n oia?aiiuie
oeaiaie, ii n oi?ioae ieuae, e eaoaoa?eaa.
Aeiey iiaeeeiai ianaeaiey e i?iaiice?oaiue aai i?e?ino ca
ia?eiae 1990-2025 aa.
1950197019901995200020102025% i?e?inoaA
ie?a5,15,46,26,56,87,38,7+56,5Aieaa ?acaeoua
?aaeiiu7,69,612,012,913,514,418,3+52,5Aiaeey10,712,915,715,615,415,819,4
+23,6Aa?iaiey9,713,714,614,815,518,420,5+40,4O?aioeey11,412,914,014,915,
616,021,2+51,4Eoaeey8,310,914,115,617,018,922,3+58,2NOA8,19,812,612,612,
312,818,5+46,8Eaiaaea7,77,911,512,012,413,318,6+61,7ssiiiey4,97,111,713,
916,220,124,4+208,5 ?en. 3
Ia ?en. 3 iiaeii aeaeaoue i?iaiice?oaiia oaaee/aiea /eneaiiinoe
ianaeaiey a aic?anoa 65 eao e noa?oa eae a n?aaeiai ia ieaiaoa, oae e
iaeioi?uo ioaeaeueii acyouo no?aiao. Noa?aiea ianaeaiey nicaeaao iiaua
aiciiaeiinoe aeey eiaeono?ee ainoai?eeinoaa e iooaoanoaee. Aieaa 75%
aeaiaa, iieo/aaiuo yoie eiaeono?eae, i?eoiaeeoueny ia aeaiioth
aic?anoioth a?oiio. Aaoiaoniua iooaoanoaey, eioi?ua e nae/an aeatho
iaiaeoth i?eaueue, aoaeoo aua aieaa iiioey?iu. ?anoi?aiu,
i?eaioe?iaaiiua ia iiaeeeuo ethaeae, ioee/athony iaeioi?uie
iniaaiiinoyie: oi?ioi inaauaiu, iaith iaia/aoaii e?oiiuie aoeaaie, a ieo
?aaioatho noaiaiiua e i?eaaoeeaua ioeoeeaiou e o.ae.
Eciaiaiey aia?eeaineie naiuee.
Aia?eeaineee eaeaae naiuee (aeaa ?aaaiea, aeaa iaoeiu e aeii a
i?eai?iaea) iinoaiaiii oa?ytho naith i?eoyaaoaeueiinoue. Aia?eeaioeu
aeaiyony e auoiaeyo caioae iicaea, aeaoae caaiaeeoue ia oi?iiyony. Oioy
96% ac?ineiai ianaeaiey eiaao naith naiueth, n?aaeiee aic?ano anooieaiey
a a?ae iaoeeiiii oaaee/eaaaony. Nae/an ii/oe iieiaeia naiae ia eiaao
aeaoae, ieaaeoa 18 eao. N?aaeiaa eiee/anoai aeaoae a naiueyo, ?aoeaoeony
ia oi, /oiau caaanoe eo, nae/an iaiueoa 2o, a yoi – cia/eoaeueiia
nieaeaiea i?ioea 3,5 a 1955 a.
Eiee/anoai ?aaioathueo aeaiuei, eiathueo aeaoae, oaaee/eeinue
aieaa /ai aaeaia ii n?aaiaieth n 1960 a. e nae/an ninoaaeyao aieaa 67%.
?aaioatho 79% iaoa?ae, ia eiathueo aeaoae iieiaea 18 eao, a oi a?aiy eae
n?aaee ioae/ei a yoie aea aic?anoiie eaoaai?ee ?aaioathueo iaiueoa –
oieueei 74%. AEaineea ca?aaioee ninoaaeytho aei 40% naiaeiiai
athaeaeaoa, /oi iicaieyao naiuea i?eia?aoaoue aieueoa oiaa?ia e aunoaai
ea/anoaa. Eiaaea iaa /eaia naiuee ?aaioatho, iie ia iiaoo naaa
iicaieeoue iaeiia?aiaiii a?aoue i?iaeieaeeoaeueiue ioione, e a
?acoeueoaoa yoiai ioionea noaee ei?i/a, ii eo aa?oo /aua.
*oanoaoy, /oi iie iaaeaeyo naieo aeaoae aieiaieai a oa/aiea
aiaea, ?iaeeoaee noaee /aua a?aoue eo n niaie ai a?aiy ioionea, oacaeay
ia eo?i?o, /oiau iieaoaoueny ia euaeao, iiea?aoue a oaiien eee aieueo.
?aiueoa yoi n/eoaeinue ?acaea/aieai “oieueei aeey ac?ineuo”. Nae/an
?iaeeoaee aa?oo n niaie aeaoae aeaaea a neoaeaaioth eiiaiaee?iaeo. Yoi
ioe?uaaao iiaua ia?niaeoeau aeey ioaeae e eo?i?oia, eioi?ui i?aaeaea ia
aeiaiaeeeinue ianeoaeeaaoue aeaoae. Iaeaieaa i?aaei?eei/eaua nicaeatho
a?oiiu, aaea ca aeaoueie i?eniao?eaatho ai a?aiy ionoonoaey eo
?iaeeoaeae e i?aaiecotho ana iaiaoiaeeiia aeey naiaeiiai ioaeuoa.
N?aaeiyy i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ioionea oiaea n 6,0 aeiae a 1983
a. aei 4,8 – a 1988 a. Nae/an iia ?aaiyaony 4,3 aeiy. Eiaeono?ey
noaaioii-aine?aniiai ioaeuoa eioaineaii ?acaeaaeanue a 1980-a aa. e
i?iaeieaeaao ?acaeaaoueny a 1990-a. E?iia oiai, a nayce n oai, /oi
?aaioathuae aeaiueia o?oaeii aue?ieoue a?aiy aeey i?eaioiaeaiey ieue, a
naiuey, a eioi?ie aeaia ?aaioathueo, iiaeao iicaieeoue naaa o?aoeoue ia
aaeo aieueoa, aic?inee iio?aaiinoe a iieooaa?eeaoao, aeinoaaea
?anoi?aiiie ieue ia aeii, a i?aaiecaoeeyo iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey auno?iai
ianeoaeeaaiey.
Aeey eiaeono?ee ainoai?eeinoaa yoi eiaao ia?yaeo n
iieiaeeoaeueiuie oaeaea e io?eoeaoaeueiua noi?iiu. Iai?eia?, aeeciue a
nia?aiaiiii iauanoaa /?aaaoa no?annaie. No?annu, ii?iaeaeaaiua a ia?eiae
aeai?annee 1930-o aa. oa?icie aieiaea, niaieeenue nia?aiaiiuie
no?annaie, aucuaaaiuie aa/iui aeaoeoeeoii a?aiaie, ?inoii i?anooiiinoe e
i?i/eie nioeeaeueiuie i?iaeaiaie. ?aaioieee eiaeono?ee ainoai?eeinoaa,
ca/anooth ia aeaeay yoiai, onoaoaeytho no?anniaoth aoiinoa?o, a eioi?ie
aeeaoo eo eeeaiou. Yoi noaaeo iiae oa?ic i?eaueueiinoue ?anoi?aiiiai e
ainoeie/iiai aeciana, iineieueeo eeeaiou, eniuoaaoea io?eoeaoaeueiua
yiioeee, aieueoa ia i?eaeoo a yoio ?anoi?ai e yoo ainoeieoeo.
E niaeaeaieth, i/aiue iaiiiaea ec aeaaeaeueoeaa ?anoi?aiia
ioaeatho naaa io/ao a oii, /oi niaoeeoeea ?aaiou eo i?aaei?eyoee /?aaaoa
no?annaie, e aua iaiueoaa /enei niiniaiu auoiaeeoue ec no?anniauo
neooaoeee, nio?aiyy eeeaioo?o. Enneaaeiaaoaee auyaeee nauoa 60
nioeeaeueiuo e ineoiiao?e/aneeo oaeoi?ia, niinianoaothueo nicaeaieth
no?anniaie ianoaiiaee a ?anoi?aiao.
?anoi?aiu iiaoo naeaeaoue eia-/oi aeey niyoey no?annia,
ii?iaeaeaaiuo nia?aiaiiie aeeciueth. Iai?eia?:
? Aeey i?aaenoaaeoaey caiaaeiie eoeueoo?u naienoaaiii o?aaiaaoue aieueoa
i?ino?ainoaa, /ai aeey i?aaenoaaeoaeae aceaoneie eoeueoo?u.
? ?acia? noieeeia. Iaaethaeaiey, naeaeaiiua a Aiaeee, naeaeaoaeuenoaotho
i oii, /oi iiiaea iinaoeoaee i?aaeii/eoatho oeoe, iaaeaee iii?ineoue
?ac?aoaiey nanoue ca noieee, ca eioi?ui neaeeo oioy au iaeei /aeiaae.
Oaeay aea oaiaeaioeey iaia?oaeaia a noieiaie Electric Company a
Einoa-?eea: iinaoeoaee aeaeiaaeenue ia oaniioo, iaaeeaiiia ianeoaeeaaiea
e aiiaua ia no?anniaoth ianoaiiaeo. Aaeeinoaaiiia, /oi iiaeao naeaeaoue
?oeiaiaenoai aeey oiai, /oiau ia oa?youe eeeaioia, yoi noaaeoue a caea
noieeee ia oieueei ia /aoaa?uo, ii e ia aeaieo. Oioy yoi e ia
eeeaeaee?iaaei i?iaeaio iieiinoueth, ii iai?io noieeeia oaaee/eeny.
? Ooi. A yiioo, eiaaea o?iaaiue ooia yaeyaony iaeiei ec iniiaiuo
iieacaoaeae aeaaiiieo/ey e iaaeaaiiieo/ey ii /anoe yeieiaee, n iei iaaei
ai?ioueny e eiaeono?ee ainoai?eeinoaa.
? Inaauaiea e oeaao – aaaeiua oaeoi?u a ?aaioa ia oieueei ?anoi?aiia, ii
e anyeiai i?aaei?eyoey eiaeono?ee ainoai?eeinoaa. Iaiaee ec oaiiiai
aea?aaa, eioi?ua oae i?aaeeenue i?aeiouanoaaiii ioaeneie eeeaioo?a, ia
eaaeoony oaeeie oae i?eaeaeaoaeueiuie aeaiueiai-iinaoeoaeueieoeai.
Eae-oi oaea auneacuaaeanue iuneue, /oi iaeioi?ua ?anoi?aiu auno?iai
ianeoaeeaaiey, /oiau oaaee/eoue iai?io noieeeia, auae?atho aeey noai
oaeie oeaao, eioi?ue ia ?aniieaaaao iinaoeoaeae caaea?aeeaaoueny.
E, iaeiiaoe, iinoiyiii oaaee/eaaaony eiee/anoai naiae, ninoiyueo
ec iaeiiai /aeiaaea. Iaeioi?ua iieiaeua ethaee i?aaeii/eoatho ia
caaiaeeoue nianoaaiioth naiueth, ia?aae?aynue ec ?iaeeoaeueneiai aeiia
ia oieinoyoeeoth eaa?oe?o. Eoi-oi ieacaeny iaeeiieei a ?acoeueoaoa
?acaiaea eee nia?oe noi?oaa (eee noi?oae). E 2000 a. oaeea naiuee,
ninoiyuea ec iaeiiai /aeiaaea, ninoaayo 47%. Iie i?aaenoaaeytho iaeaieaa
aeoeaii ?acaeaathuothny nioeeaeueioth a?oiio, eiathuea nianoaaiiua
iio?aaiinoe. Iai?eia?, naiuee ec iaeiiai /aeiaaea o?aoyo aieueoa ia
?acaea/aiey e ieoaiea aia aeiia e /aua aa?oo i?eaioiaeaiioth ieuo ia
auiin. Ii aeaiiui Iaoeeiiaeueiie annioeeaoeee ?anoi?aiia, iaeeiieea
iinaoeoaee o?aoyo ia ?anoi?aiu aieueoa iieiaeiu naiaai aaeaiany/iiai
aeioiaea, a oi a?aiy eae naiaeiua ethaee – ia aieaa 37%.
Iea?aoeey ianaeaiey.
Iea?aoeey a nieia/iua ooaou. A 1980-a aa. /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey
thaeiuo e thai-caiaaeiuo ooaoia ?inea ai?acaei auno?aa, /ai ae?oaeo
?aaeiiia no?aiu. Iaeeaeaaony, /oi yoa oaiaeaioeey nio?aieony, e a
?acoeueoaoa iaaeaeo 1990 e 2000 aa. aieaa /ai ia 20% oaaee/eony
ianaeaiea ooaoia A?eciia, Oei?eaea, Iaaaaea e Iueth-Iaeneei.
Iea?aoeey ec naeueneeo a ai?iaeneea ?aeiiu. Anee ia n/eoaoue
ei?ioeiai ia?eiaea a ia/aea 1970-o aa., ana yoi noieaoea a Aia?eea
ioia/aeanue iea?aoeey ec naeueneeo ?aeiiia a ai?iaeneea. A aieueoeo
ai?iaeao aieaa aeeiaie/iay aeeciue, auoa aeioiaeu, aieueoaa ?aciiia?acea
oiaa?ia e oneoa, /ai a iaeaiueeeo ai?iaeao e naeueneeo ?aeiiao,
?aca?inaiiuo ii anae no?aia.
Iea?aoeey ec oeaio?a ai?iaea a i?eai?iaeu. Ianniaue iooie
ianaeaiey ec oeaio?a ai?iaea ia ie?aeiu ia/aeny a Aia?eea aua a 1950-o
aa. Aieueoea ai?iaea ieacaeenue a eieueoea aua aieueoeo i?eai?iaeiuo
cii. A iaoe aeie yoa oaiaeaioeey i?iaeieaeaaony. Noaoenoe/aneia Ath?i
NOA iacuaaao ?ac?anoathueany i?eai?iaeu noaoenoe/aneeie ?aeiiaie
iao?iiieee (N?I). Ieaie?oy ioe?uoea iiauo oi/ae, naoe ?anoi?aiia
aeieaeiu i?eieiaoue a ?an/ao eo aeaiia?aoe/aneoth no?oeoo?o. Iau/ii iie
aoiaeyo a iiaua N?I, eiay oai nieeaeioth aaco, eia/a eo aeayoaeueiinoue
a aeaiiuo ?aeiiao ia aoaeao oniaoiie.
Oaaee/eaathuayny yoie/aneay
e ?aniaay aeeooa?aioeeaoeey.
Niaaeeiaiiua Ooaou /anoi iacuaaee oeaeai, a eioi?ii iineoaee
?aciuo iaoeeiiaeueiuo eoeueoo?, i?eauaoea ni anaai ie?a, ia?aieaaeythony
a aaeeioth, aieaa eee iaiaa aiiiaaiioth ianno. Ii ana aieueoa e aieueoa
oaeoia naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi “ia?aieaaee” ia i?ienoiaeeo, e NOA
iiaeii n?aaieoue nei?aa ia n oeaeai, a n “naeaoieoeae”, a eioi?ie
?acee/iua a?oiiu ethaeae oioy e ia?aiaoaiu, ii ana aea nio?aiytho naie
yoie/aneea e eoeueoo?iua ?acee/ey.
I?aaenoaaeoaee aaeie ?anu ninoaaeytho a NOA 84%, /a?iie – ii/oe
12%. *eneaiiinoue auoiaeoeaa ec Eaoeineie Aia?eee ana oaaee/eaaaony e a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia?aaaeeea ca 22 iei. /aeiaae. *eneaiiinoue auoiaeoeaa
ec Acee oiaea ca iineaaeiaa a?aiy auno?i ?anoao. A 1980-a aa. i?eia?ii
500 000 /aeiaae, aaeaaiaeii eiiea?e?iaaaoeo a NOA, ninoaaeyee i?eia?ii
1/5 /anoue aaeaaiaeiiai i?e?inoa ianaeaiey. Aieueooth /anoue ninoaaeyee
iaeneeaioeu, oeeeiieioeu, ei?aeoeu, eeoaeoeu e aueaoiaioeu. Eaaeaeay ec
yoie/aneeo a?oii eiaao naie niaoeeoe/aneea eoeueoo?iua i?aaeii/oaiey.
Iiiaea i?aaei?eyoey eiaeono?ee ainoai?eeinoaa ia/aee iiaeno?aeaaoue naie
oneoae e ?aeeaiiua eaiiaiee iiae aeonu iaeiie eee ianeieueeeo yoeo a?oii
3. Yeiiiie/aneay n?aaea.
Yeiiiie/aneay n?aaea ninoieo ec oaeoi?ia, eioi?ua aeeytho ia
iieoiaoaeueneoth niiniaiinoue ianaeaiey e oa?aeoa? iieoiie. Io
iieoiaoaeueneie niiniaiinoe ethaeae caaeneo ia oieueei eo o?iaaiue
aeaaininoiyiey, ii e naii nouanoaiaaiea ?uiea. Iineieueeo iauay
iieoiaoaeueneay niiniaiinoue ii?aaeaeyaony oaeoueie aeioiaeaie, iaee/eai
naa?aaeaiee, o?iaiai oeai e ?acaeoeai e?aaeeoiaaiey, niaoeeaeenou ii
ia?eaoeiao aeieaeiu auoue a eo?na iniiaiuo oaiaeaioeee a eciaiaiee
aeioiaeia o ianaeaiey e oa?aeoa?a inouanoaeyaiuo eie iieoiie.
Eciaiaiea o?iaiy aeioiaeia.
?aaeueiue aeioiae ia aeooo ianaeaiey ia i?ioyaeaiee 1970-o e
1980-o aa. iaoeeiiii nieaeaeny ii ia?a oiai eae eioeyoeeiiiua i?ioeannu,
aunieee o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu e oaaee/aiea iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie
oiaiueoaee eiee/anoai naiaiaeiuo aeaiaa. A ?acoeueoaoa yoiai iiiaea
aia?eeaioeu o?aoeee eo ana inoi?iaeiaa. Ioaaoii ia yoi noaei iiyaeaiea
naoae o?aouea?ac?yaeiuo ainoeieoe e auno?ue ?ino aeaoaauo ?anoi?aiia
auno?iai ianeoaeeaaiey.
Oai ia iaiaa ca iineaaeiea aiaeu yeiiiie/aneea oneiaey
oeo/oathony e oaeouea i?iaiic i?aaeneacuaatho iiaeuai ?aaeueiuo
aeioiaeia o iaeioi?uo eaoaai?ee ianaeaiey. Iineaaiaiiia iieieaiea
aieaeao a naie iaeaieaa i?iaeoeoeaiue ia?eiae e cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eony
eiee/anoai ?aaioathueo naiaeiuo ia?. Oaea nae/an a iieiaeia naiae
?aaioatho e ioae, e aeaia. Yoe caaeeoi/iua neie ianaeaiey aoaeoo
i?eia?aoaoue aieaa aei?iaea oiaa?u, iieoiaoue i?iaeoeou, i?eaioiaeaiea
eioi?uo ia o?aaoao iiiai a?aiaie, aoaeoo aieueoa iooaoanoaiaaoue e
o?aoeoue aieueoa aeaiaa ia ?acaea/aiey, eoeueoo?iua e icaei?iaeoaeueiua
ia?ii?eyoey, iiauoaiea ia?aciaaoaeueiiai o?iaiy. N ae?oaie noi?iiu,
1990-a aa. aoaeoo aeanyoeeaoeai “auaeeiaiey iieoiaoaey”. Aianoa n
iiauoaieai aeioiaeia iiaunyony ?anoiaeu: iaaei aoaeao auiea/eaaoue
aeieae, iaeiieaiiua a ia?eiae iieoiaoaeueneiai aoia 1980-o aa., ia ?uiea
oiaiueoeony aeiey ioa/anoaaiiuo oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae, iiauneony
iaeiaiaia a?aiy, ethaee aoaeoo ioeeaaeuaaoue aieueoea noiiu ia iieaoo
iao/aiey a eieeaaeaeao e e i?aaenoiyuaio auoiaeo ia iaineth. Oaeei
ia?acii, ianiio?y ia iiauoaiea aeioiaeia o ianaeaiey, iiaeii
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi “auaeaoua iieoiaoaee” aoaeoo o?aoeoue naiaiaeiua
aeaiueae aua aieaa yeiiiiii, /ai a i?aaeuaeouai aeanyoeeaoee. E aoaeao
i?iaeieaeaoueny iiauoaiea eo o?aaiaaoaeueiinoe e ea/anoao i?eia?aoaaiuo
i?iaeoeoia e oneoa.
A neeaaeuaathueony oneiaeyo niaoeeaeenou ii ia?eaoeiao aeieaeiu
ia?auaoue aieueoaa aieiaiea ia ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeioiaeia, /ai ia n?aaeiee
aeioiae ia aeooo ianaeaiey. ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeioiaeia a NOA ana aua
inoaaony ia?aaiiia?iui. Ia aa?oo nioeeaeueiie ie?aieaeu iaoiaeyony
iieoiaoaee, ioiinyueany e aunoaio eeanno, /uee iieoiaoaeueneea i?eau/ee
ia iaiythony a nayce n eciaiaieyie yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee, eoi anaaaea
inoaaony aeaaiui iio?aaeoaeai etheniauo oiaa?ia. Anoue oaeaea
caaeeoi/iue n?aaeiee eeann, eioi?ue oioy e yaeyaony o?aaeeoeeiiii
inoi?iaeiui a iieoieao, ana-oaee iiaeao iicaieeoue naaa a?aiy io a?aiaie
oi?iooth aeeciue. ?aai/ee eeann auioaeaeai no?iai ia?aie/eaaoueny naiuie
iaiaoiaeeiuie o?aoaie ia ieuo, iaeaaeaeo e aeeeuea e aeieaeai aeanoei
yeiiiieoue, /oiau ioeeaaeuaaoue aeaiueae. E, iaeiiaoe, anoue iecoee
eeann (ethaee, aeeaouea ia iiniaea ii aaaeiinoe, e iiiaea ec
iaineiia?ia), eioi?ue auioaeaeai n/eoaoue eaaeaeue a?io, i?aaeaea /ai
eoieoue /oi-oi ec naiiai iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey aeecie.
Eciaiaiey a oa?aeoa?a iieoiie.
Ia?aiaiu a aeaaiuo yeiiiie/aneeo oaeoi?ao, oaeeo, eae o?iaaiue
aeioiaea, noieiinoue aeecie, i?ioeaioiua noaaee, iaee/ea naa?aaeaiee o
ianaeaiey e aiciiaeiinoe e?aaeeoa, ieacuaatho cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia
?uiie. Oe?iu eniieuecotho yeiiiie/aneea i?iaiicu, /oiau i?aaeaeaeaoue
yoe ia?aiaiu. Iieo/ay i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey oaeiai ?iaea, i?aaei?eyoey iiaoo
nie?aoeoue naie ecaea?aeee e n iiiiuueth niioaaonoaothueo ia?eaoeiaiauo
ia? aicaeaenoaey ia ?uiie – ia?eaoeiaa-ieena – aueoe ec yeiiiie/aneiai
ooi?ia. ?anoi?aiu, iai?eia?, iiaoo eciaieoue naie iaith e i?aaeeiaeeoue
ia a?aiy niaaea aieaa aeaoaaua aethaea.
O ethaeae ii ia?a ?inoa eo aeioiaeia /anoi iaiythony
iieoiaoaeueneea i?eau/ee. Iai?eia?, ca?aaaouaathuea io $20 000 aei $30
000 o?aoyo ia ieoaiea 15,8% naiaai aeioiaea, a ca?aaaouaathuea $50 000 e
aieaa – oieueei 12,8%. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, o?aou ia ?acaea/aiey,
ninoaaeythuea o ethaeae ia?aie a?oiiu 4,7%, iiaeneaeeaaao o ethaeae
aoi?ie a?oiiu aei 6,1%. Y?ino Yiaaeue iaia?oaeee, /oi ii ia?a oaaee/aiey
naiaeiiai athaeaeaoa o?aou ia i?iaeoeou ieoaiey i?iii?oeeiiaeueii
oiaiueoathony, ia aeeeuea – inoathony ii/oe aac eciaiaiey, a ia ana
inoaeueiia – oaaee/eaathony. Yoa caeiiiia?iinoue iieo/eea iacaaiea
caeiia Yiaaey. Iineaaeothuea enneaaeiaaiey iiaeoaa?aeeee aai i?aaioo.
4. I?e?iaeiay n?aaea.
I?e?iaeiay n?aaea – yoi ?ano?nu naiie i?e?iaeu, iaiaoiaeeiua
aeey ia?eaoeiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe eee ieacuaathuea ia iaa aeeyiea. A
1960-a aa. ?iaeeeinue aeaeaeaiea ethaeae, icaai/aiiuo oai, /oi ?acaeoea
nia?aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe iaiineo i?e?iaea ia?iiiue o?ii. Ianniauie
oe?aaeaie auoiaeeee eieae, i?aaeoi?aaeaeathuea i oii, /oi aiaea, caiey e
aicaeoo iaoiaeyony a iianiinoe, /oi i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu ieaiaou
iaainiieieiu. A Aia?eea auee nicaeaiu eeoau aeoeaenoia, oaeea, eae “Eeoa
Nea??a”, “Ae?ocuey ieaiaou”, caeiiiaeaoaee i?aaeeiaeeee ?yae ia?,
iai?aaeaiiuo ia caueoo ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu.
Eiina?aaoeey ?ano?nia.
A ooaoa Oaoan a?oiiu aeoeaenoia iaoee aeinoaoi/ioth
iiaeaea?aeeo, /oiau cai?aoeoue eiiia?/aneee i?iiunae e?aniie ?uau e
ii?neie oi?aee, canoaaea ?anoi?aiu nia/aea caaiceoue yoe i?iaeoeou ec
ae?oaeo ooaoia, a iioii e aiana eneeth/eoue eo ec iaith. A iaeioi?uo
?aeiiao cai?auaii eniieueciaaoue ioe?uoua aea?iaie ec-ca eo aeuia.
Naaa?i-caiaaeiua ooaou no?aaeatho io iaoaaoee aiaeu. Auae?ay aeey naay
?uiee e aioiay ia?eaoeiaiaua ia?u aicaeaenoaey ia ?uiie
(ia?eaoeia-ieen), iaiaoiaeeii auoue a eo?na yeieiae/aneeo i?iaeai.
Caeii i i?aaeioa?auaiee caa?yciaiey i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu, i?eiyoue
a ooaoa Oei?eaea a 1988 a., iio?aaiaae io i?aaei?eyoee eiaeono?ee
ainoai?eeinoaa nie?aoeoue e 1994 a. iaeiieaiea ioni?a a eo?i?oiie ciia
ia 30%. Ei a?aiaie i?eiyoey yoiai caeiia oe?ia Disney World oaea
?ac?aaioaea ianeieueei i?ia?aii, iai?aaeaiiuo ia oie/oiaeaiea eee
aoi?e/ioth ia?a?aaioeo ioni?a. Oae /oi iie i?iaeieaeeee yoe i?ia?aiiu,
/oiau aianoe naie aeeaae a aeinoeaeaiea eiio?ieueiuo oeeo?. I?e caeoiea
i?iaeoeoia aeey ?anoi?aiia i?aaeii/oaiea noaei ioaeaaaoueny aieueoei
eiioaeia?ai. Iai?eia?, oiiaoioth ianoo noaee iieoiaoue ia a iaeaiueeeo
aaieao, a a aieueoeo ?ieinoyo, e a ?acoeueoaoa yoiai eiee/anoai ionouo
aaiie n?aaee ioni?a oiaiueoeeinue a aiae ia 86 000. Oiaiueoaiea ?acia?ia
aoiaaeiuo naeoaoie ia 25% iicaieeei nie?aoeoue aoiaaeiue ioni? ia 130 o.
Eciioaiiia iinoaeueiia aaeuea noaee eniieueciaaoue ia o?yiee, oiaiueoea
oaeei ia?acii ioaeaeo a aoiaaeiuo iieioaioeao, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey
oai?ee iiiauaiee. Ia i?aaei?eyoeyo oe?iu noaee eniieueciaaoue aeey
iieeaee aaciiia, aea?aaueaa e ieiuaaeie aeey ea?u a aieueo ia
ieoueaaoth, a oae iacuaaaioth “na?oth” aiaeo – eniieueciaaiioth e
i/euaiioth iniaui niiniaii. Ii neiaai ?iaa?oa Iaiia, ia/aeueieea ioaeaea
ianoiiai ioieoeeiaeeoaoa ii yeieiaee, eniieueciaaiea “na?ie” aiaeu ia
oieueei aeaei yeiiiieth ioieoeeiaeueiuo n?aaenoa, ii e aacoei?eciaiii n
yeieiae/aneie oi/ee c?aiey.
Ae?oaie i?eia? yeieiae/anee a?aiioiiai ia?eaoeiaa a noa?a
eiaeono?ee ainoai?eeinoaa i?aaeeaaaao Eei ?e/a?aen, i?aceaeaio oe?iu,
caieiathuaeny ?acaeoeai eo?i?oiie ciiu. I?iaeoe?oy ieiuaaeeo aeey
aieueoa aeiia ioaeuoa Ventana Canyon Resort, ii eniieueciaae aea?ia ia
40% iaiueoa, /ai iau/ii aeey ieiuaaeie oaeiai oeia. Yoi iicaieeei
nie?aoeoue eiee/anoai aiaeu, aaeaaeiaaii ?anoiaeoaiie aeey aa iieeaa.
E?iia oiai, nicaeaaay yoo ieiuaaeeo, ii ia oie/oiaeee aea?aauey, ?inoea
oai, a ia?anaaeee eo a ae?oaia ianoi.
Oe?ia Hyatt, ?acai?a/eaay no?ieoaeuenoai Hyatt Regency Waikoloa,
iicaaioeeanue i oii, /oiau ia aoaeoue iee?ii?aaieciu, iaeoathuea a
i?oaeao ia oa??eoi?ee, iaoathueo no?ieoaeuenoao: auee au?uou iiaua
aiaeiaiu, eoaea yoa oaoia auea ia?anaeaia. Ioaee oe?iu Sheraton a Ao?eea
e a ?aaeiia Eiaeeeneiai ieaaia ia?auathony e naiei ainoyi n i?inueaie
i?eaaaeyoue e naiaio n/aoo iaeei aeieea?, eioi?ue aoaeao eniieueciaai a
i?iaeoao ii eiina?aaoeee i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu. Ioaee oe?iu
Inter-Continental Hotels auioneatho eioi?iaoeeiiiue atheeaoaiue,
?anneacuaathuee i ia?ii?eyoeyo, i?iaiaeeiuo eie ii ai?ueaa n
caa?yciaieai ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Iai?eia?, a iaeiii ec iineaaeieo
atheeaoaiae auei neacaii, /oi Aaineie ioaeue i?eia?ae iiaia
iai?oaeiaaiea aeey i?a/a/iie, iio?aaeythuaa iaiueoa yeaeo?iyia?aee e
cia/eoaeueii oiaiueoathuaa eiee/anoai oiene/iuo yeaiaioia a io?aaioaiiie
aiaea.
Iooiaeu, ia iiaeaeathueany ooeeecaoeee.
I?aaei?eyoeyi eiaeono?ee ainoai?eeinoaa iaiaoiaeeii
aeoeaece?iaaoue naie yeieiae/aneea ia?ii?eyoey. Oaeo iaoaai a?aiaie –
ana oneeeaathuaany aicaeaenoaea i?iiuoeaiiinoe ia i?e?iaeioth n?aaeo.
Iaeia ec aeooaeueiaeoeo i?iaeai – ia iiaeaeathueany ooeeecaoeee
i?iiuoeaiiua iooiaeu. Aaeaaiaeiue auaic eo ia ai?iaeneea naaeee
aic?anoao n 157,2 iei. o a 1986 a. aei 192,7 iei. a 2000 a. I?e oaeeo
oaiiao a iaeioi?uo ooaoao, aeeth/ay Iaaei, Iaineeueaaieth,
Iueth-Aeaea?ne, Eaiooeee e Ae?aeaeeieth, oaea e eiioeo 1990-o aa. iaaaea
aoaeao caeaiuaaoue yoio “oaa?aeue” ioni?, a iieiaeia ooaoia en/a?iaao
aiciiaeiinoe naaeeaaoue aai ia iiaa?oiinoe caiee. E ia ?anoi?aiu iau/ii
oeacuaatho eae ia aeaaioth i?e/eio yoie i?iaeaiu:
· iaeii?aciaua ieanoeeiaua eiioaeia?u aeey aeeaeeinoe i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie iianiinoue aeaaea aoaeo/e caeiiaiiuie, iioiio /oi iie ia
?aceaaathony a caiea;
· any iaeii?aciaay iinoaea ia iiaeeaaeeo aoi?e/iie ia?a?aaioea e
eniieueciaaieth;
· ecaeaeey ec iaiiieanoa, niaea?aeauea oei?enoi-ooi?enoua niaaeeiaiey
oaeaeeneio, i?aaenoaaeytho iianiinoue aeey iciiiiai neiy aoiinoa?u.
A nayce n yoei ieuaaay eiaeono?ey (iniaaiii iaeei ec aa
naaiaioia – ?anoi?aiu auno?iai ianeoaeeaaiey) yaeyaony iauaeoii iaiaaeie
i?annu. Iaaniieiaiiinoue iauanoaaiiinoe i?eaaea e oiio, /oi a iaeioi?uo
ai?iaeao e ?aaeiiao aaaaeai cai?ao ia eniieueciaaiea iaeii?aciauo
eiioaeia?ia aeey ieuaauo i?iaeoeoia, ?ac?aaioaiu niaoeeaeueiua i?ia?aiiu
ii aoi?e/iiio eniieueciaaieth iinea ia?a?aaioee iooiaeia e aaaaeaiu
iaeiaiaua eueaiou aeey i?iecaiaeeoaeae iaoa?eaeia, eioi?ua iiaoo
?aceaaaoueny a caiea e auoue ooeeeciaaiiuie. Anoue, oai ia iaiaa,
iaiaaeaaeeaathuea oaeou: oieueei o?aouey /anoue iaeiiai i?ioeaioa
caeiiaiiuo iooiaeia ninoieo ec oiaeiai/iuo iaoa?eaeia i?aaei?eyoee
auno?iai ianeoaeeaaiey, oei?enoi-ooi?enoua niaaeeiaiey oaeaeeneiou
niaea?aeaoueny oieueei a 3% ecaeaeee ec iaiiieanoa, eniieuecothuaainy a
ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?iecaiaenoai yoeo iaoa?eaeia
iieiinoueth nie?auaii.
Iiae aeaaeaieai a?oii aeoeaenoia a i?ia?aiiu caueou ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu aiaea/aiu e i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua no?oeoo?u. Anee i?aaei?eyoey ia
oioyo, /oiau ainoaea?noai caieiaeinue i?aaiecaoeeae eo i?e?iaeiio?aiiuo
ia?, iie aeieaeiu naie ?aoaoue yoe aii?inu. I?aaei?eyoey ieuaaie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe oaea ?acaa?ioee i?ia?aiiu, iai?aaeaiiua ia nie?auaiea
eniieueciaaiey oiaeiai/iuo iaoa?eaeia, ia oie/oiaeaiea ioni?a iooai
naeeaaiey e aoi?e/iia eniieueciaaiea iinea ia?a?aaioee. E?iia oiai, iie
niaianoii n oe?ieie iauanoaaiiinoueth aeieaeiu anaia?ii niinianoaiaaoue
yeieiae/aneiio i?inaauaieth ianaeaiey, i?eieiay o/anoea a ianoaeaeaiee
i?iaeaiu caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e a iieneao iooae aa ?aoaiey.
5. Iieeoe/aneay n?aaea.
Ia?eaoeiaiaua ?aoaiey ai iiiaii aeeeoothony iniaaiiinoyie
iieeoe/aneie n?aaeu, aeeth/athuae a naay caeiiiaeaoaeueiua e
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua o/?aaeaeaiey, a oaeaea ?acee/iua iieeoe/aneea
a?oiie?iaee, ieacuaathuea aeeyiea ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueioth e eieeaeoeaioth
aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea.
?ino /enea caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia
e iinoaiiaeaiee, ?aaoee?othueo aecian.
Ii ia?a oiai eae oiaa?u oneiaeiythony, aic?anoaao icaai/aiiinoue
ii iiaiaeo eo ea/anoaa. Ainoaea?noaaiiua o/?aaeaeaiey ana /aua
aiaeaeathony a eiio?ieue ca i?iaeaaeae, ia/eiay n ia? i?ioeaiiiaea?iie
aaciianiinoe e eii/ay i?aaeeaie naieoa?ee e aeaeaiu. I?aaeaea anaai
i?aaei?eyoey iiaeeaaeao eiio?ieth ni noi?iiu ainoaea?noaaiiuo /eiiaieeia
a aii?inao oi?aiaee nie?oiui, i?aaeea eioi?ie ?acee/iu ia oieueei a
?aciuo ooaoao, ii /anoi e a ?aciuo ?aeiiao iaeiiai ooaoa.
Iooaoanoaothuea oiaea /anoi ?anniao?eaathony i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie
/eiiaieeaie eae enoi/iee iiiieiaiey ianoiiai athaeaeaoa. Iau/ii
n/eoaaony, /oi aeaiueae, aceiaaiua a ea/anoaa ainoeie/iiai iaeiaa, eaeoo
ia ?acaeoea oo?ecia. Ai iiiaeo neo/ayo, iaeiaei, aeiioneaaony aanueia
aieueiay eioa?i?aoaoeey yoiai ioieoa, e aeaiueae o?aoyony, iai?eia?, ia
i?eia?aoaiea noaooe aeey i?eai?iaeiiai ia?ea. ?oeiaiaenoai ioaeae
aeieaeii neaaeeoue ca oai, /oiau aeaiiua n?aaenoaa ?anoiaeiaaeenue aieaa
yooaeoeaii. Iii aeieaeii oaeaea niaianoii n ae?oaeie caeioa?aniaaiiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie neaaeeoue ca oai, /oiau oeacaiiua iaeiae ia noaiiaeeenue
neeoeii ia?aiaieoaeueiuie. A Iueth-Ei?ea, iai?eia?, a 1990 a.
ainoeie/iue iaeia aue iiaeiyo aei 21,25% aeey anao ainoeie/iuo iiia?ia
noieiinoueth aieueoa $100 a nooee. A ?acoeueoaoa yoiai ono?ieoaee
eiioa?aioeee noaee ecaaaaoue Iueth-Ei?e ca aai iaae?oaeaethaioth
iieeoeeo a yoii aii?ina. Iie i?inoi auae?aee ae?oaea ai?iaea a ea/anoaa
ianoa i?iaaaeaiey naieo ia?ii?eyoee e a eoiaa iaiieiyaiinoue ioaeae
nieceeanue ia 37%. A ?acoeueoaoa, ianiio?y ia iiauoaiea yoiai iaeiaa,
ioieoeeiaeeoao iieo/ee a aeaea noiia?iiai iaeiaa aua iaiueoa, /ai
iieo/ae aei yoiai. Oaaaeeaoenue a yoii, Iueth-Ei?e niecee ainoeie/iue
iaeia n i?iaeeaathueo, naeaeaa aai oaeei aea, eae e a ae?oaeo ai?iaeao.
Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aeciana i?aaei?eieiaaony n o?aiy
oeaeyie. Ai-ia?auo, iii i?ecaaii caueuaoue oe?iu ae?oa io ae?oaa. Oioy
iau/ii oe?iu ioiinyony iieiaeeoaeueii e eiieo?aioeee, iie iuoathony
iaeo?aeeciaaoue aa, eiaaea iia ia/eiaao ouaieyoue eo eioa?anu. A NOA
aii?inaie iaaeia?iniaanoiie eiieo?aioiie ai?ueau caieiaaony
Oaaea?aeueiay eiienney ii oi?aiaea e Aioeiiiiiieueiue ioaeae i?e
Aeaia?oaiaioa thnoeoeee. A ieo /anoi iinooiatho aeaeiau oe?i ia
ia/anoiua i?eaiu eo eiieo?aioia, oaeea, eae iaaeia?iniaanoiay ?aeeaia e
iaaeia?iniaanoiua oeaiu, iaiinyuea oua?a eo aeciano.
Ai-aoi?uo, ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue i?aneaaeoao oeaee
caueoeoue iio?aaeoaeae io ia/anoiiai aeciana. Ia /oanoaoy ca niaie
eiio?iey, oe?iu iiaoo auioneaoue iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiua e ieceini?oiua
oiaa?u, aeaci?eaioe?iaaoue iieoiaoaeae eaeeaie ?aeeaiie, iaiaiuaaoue eo,
iaieioee?oy oeaiaie. ?acee/iua ainoaea?noaaiiua aaaionoaa auyaeytho
neo/ae iaaeia?iniaanoiie oi?aiaee e i?aaeeaaatho ia?u ai?ueau n iae.
Aecian, iaeiaei, iiaeao ieieiece?iaaoue ainoaea?noaaiiia aiaoaoaeuenoai
a naie aeaea, aeoeaii caieiaynue naii?aaoee?iaaieai. Oaeea i?aaiecaoeee,
eae American Motel and Hotel Association e National Restaurant
Association, iiiai aeaeatho aeey iiiu?aiey aeia?iniaanoiie oi?aiaee. Yoe
i?aaiecaoeee ?ac?aaioaee ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii i?iaeaaea aeeiaiey,
o?aaiaaieyi naieoa?ee e e?eoa?eyi i?aaaeeainoe ?anoi?aiiiai iaith.
A-o?aoueeo, ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue i?aneaaeoao oeaee
caueoeoue eioa?anu iauanoaa io ecaea?aeae eiiia?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee. Ia anaaaea i?eaueueiue aecian oeo/oaao ea/anoai aeecie
ethaeae, eioi?ui ii neoaeeo. A eioa?anao anaai iauanoaa ainoaea?noaaiiua
o/?aaeaeaiey ?ac?aaaouaatho ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii ai?ueaa n eo?aieai, n
caa?yciaieai ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, eniieueciaaieai onoa?aaoaai
iai?oaeiaaiey e o.ae.
Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea e eiio?ieue ii anae aa?iyoiinoe
aua aieaa oneeyony a aoaeouai. ?oeiaiaeeoaee i?aaei?eyoee eiaeono?ee
ainoai?eeinoaa, caieiaynue ?acaeoeai naieo i?aaei?eyoee e ia?eaoeiaii
auioneaaiiai “oiaa?a”, aeieaeiu ciaoue iniiau caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a
aii?inao caueou eiieo?aioeee, iio?aaeoaeae e iauanoaa.
?ino aeeyiey iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee.
Ca iineaaeiea aeaa aeanyoeeaoey cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eeinue /enei
iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee e niioaaonoaaiii eo ?ieue ia iieeoe/aneie
a?aia. Iaeia ec ieo, ecaanoiay eae Mothers Against Drunk Driving
(“Iaoa?e i?ioea iueyinoaa ca ?oeai”), ineiaeieea aeeciue eiaeono?ee
ainoai?eeinoaa, iio?aaiaaa, /oiau ?anoi?aiu i?iyaeyee aieueoa
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, iiaeaaay aeeiaieueiua iaieoee naiei iinaoeoaeyi.
Ia?iiiia eiee/anoai i?aaiecaoeee eae ainoaea?noaaiiuo, oae e /anoiuo,
i?aaenoaaeythueo oe?i/aeoee niaeo? eioa?ania (caueoa ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu, ?acee/iuo iaiueoeinoa, iio?aaeoaeae, i?iecaiaeeoaeae e a.ae.),
ooieoeeiie?oao ia ?aciuo o?iaiyo (ainoaea?noai, ooao, ie?oa, ai?iae e
o.ae.). Oiaeua ?oeiaiaeeoaee i?aaei?eyoee eiaeono?ee ainoai?eeinoaa
iieuecothony yoeie aeaeaeaieyie a naieo oeaeyo: i?aaiecaoeeyi ioaeii
aaea-oi i?iaiaeeoue naie eiioa?aioeee, naieia?u, ano?a/e e naaoneea
?aoou. Iaeioi?ua i?aaei?eyoey onoaiaaeeaatho i/aiue oaniua nayce ni
naieie “iiaeiia/iuie”. Iai?eia?, ii?aaeaeaiiay /anoue aeiia ioaeuoa aeey
ai?iieuaeieeia iaoiaeeony iiae iao?iiaaeai Iaoeeiiaeueiie annioeeaoeee
/a?iieiaeeo ai?iieuaeieeia.
Iiauoaiea aieiaiey e yoeea
e ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae iauanoaii.
Ienaiua i?aaeea ia iiaoo ioaaoeoue anao ithainia ia?eaoeiaa, a
nouanoaothuea caeiiu ca/anooth o?oaeii i?aoai?eoue a aeeciue. Ii e?iia
ienaiuo caeiiia e i?aaee nouanoaotho oaeaea iaienaiua caeiiu
i?ioanneiiaeueiie yoeee, eioi?ua oiaea oi?aaeytho aecianii. A oi?ioeo
oe?iao neaaeyo ia noieueei ca oai, eae oi?aaeythuea i?eaea?aeeaathony
aoeau caeiia, neieueei ca oai, /oiau iie “aeaeaee ana eae iieiaeaii”. A
yoeo aei?iaeaueo naiae ?aiooaoeeae oe?iao anaaaea iiiiyo i
iaiaoiaeeiinoe caueou aeieaia?aiaiiuo eioa?ania eeeaioia e ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu.
Iaaeaaiea neaiaeaeu a ie?a aeciana e yeieiae/aneea aaaenoaey
aeaeatho aua aieaa aeooaeueiuie yoe/aneea ii?iu e nioeeaeueioth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Aeey ia?eaoeiaa yoe aaue anaaaea aeooaeueiu, ii, e
niaeaeaieth, aeaeaei ia anaaaea iiaeii ?acia?aoueny, eaeoth eeieth
iiaaaeaiey iaaei eca?aoue a eaaeaeie eiie?aoiie neooaoeee. Iiyoiio
iiiaea i?iiuoeaiiua e oi?aiaua annioeeaoeee ?ac?aaaouaatho naie eiaeaenu
i?ioanneiiaeueiie yoeee, a iiiaea oe?iu – ?aeiiaiaeaoeee aeey naieo
?aaioieeia, eiaaea oai i?eoiaeeony ?aoaoue neiaeiua aii?inu nioeeaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
5. Eoeueoo?iay n?aaea.
Eoeueoo?iay n?aaea aeeth/aao a naay einoeooou e o/?aaeaeaiey, eioi?ua
ieacuaatho aeeyiea i iniiaiua oeaiiinoe, i?aaeii/oaiey e iiaaaeai/aneea
ii?iu iauanoaa. A iauanoai a naith i/a?aaeue oi?ie?oao iniiaiua
oeaiiinoe e aa?iaaiey naieo /eaiia. Iie aini?eieiatho ie?iaicc?aiea,
ii?aaeaeythuaa eo acaeiiioiioaiey n ae?oaeie /eaiaie iauanoaa. Iiiaea
eoeueoo?iua oaiiiaiu iiaoo ieacuaaoue aeeyiea ia ?aoaiey, eioi?ua
i?eieiatho ethaee i?e i?iaaaeaiee eie ia?eaoeiaiauo iia?aoeee.
Noieeinoue eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae.
A ethaii iauanoaa ethaee i?eaea?aeeaathony ii?aaeaeaiiuo
iniiaiiieaaathueo oeaiiinoae. Iai?eia?, aieueoeinoai aia?eeaioeaa
n/eoaao, /oi aeaaiia a eo aeecie – yoi auoue /anoiuie, o?oaeiethaeauie,
eiaoue oi?iooth naiueth e ia aeaeaoue aeaiaa ia aeaaioai?eoaeueiinoue.
Yoe oeaiiinoe iiaeii n/eoaoue iniiaiiieaaathueie, iioiio /oi ana
inoaeueiua a eoeueoo?a aia?eeaioeaa yaeythony i?iecaiaeiuie io ieo. Iie
ia?aoiaeyo io ?iaeeoaeae e aeaoyi, iie i?iiaaaiaee?othony
ainoaea?noaaiiuie o/?aaeaeaieyie, iiaee?aieythony a oeiea, a oea?eae, a
?aai/ai eieeaeoeaa. Iiyoiio iniiaiua oeaiiinoe oaeea noieeea. Aoi?e/iua
oeaiiinoe aieaa aeaeea, eo eaa/a iiiaiyoue. Oaaaeaeaiea a iieueca
naiaeiie aeecie ia?ae/ii, oaaaeaeaiea, /oi /ai ?aiueoa caaaaeaoue
naiueth, oai eo/oa, – aoi?e/ii. Oae /oi anee au ?aaioaaoa a aaaionoaa,
caieiathuainy ieaie?iaaieai naiuee, aai aoaeao eaa/a oaaaeaeaoue ethaeae
caaiaeeoue naiueth iiiicaea, /ai ia caaiaeeoue naiuee aiana. Oi?ioee
niaoeeaeeno ii ia?eaoeiao eiaao oi?ioea oainu eciaieoue aoi?e/iua
oeaiiinoe ethaeae, ii eciaieoue ia?ae/iua – ieeae.
Ai iiiaeo no?aiao Caiaaeiiai ie?a iaeioi?ua oaaaeaeaiey,
naycaiiua n ee/iuie i?eau/eaie (iai?eia?, eo?aiea e aeeiaieue), ia
i?ioyaeaiee aeaoo noieaoee cia/eoaeueii iaiyeenue, ii ia aei oaeie
noaiaie ?aaeeeaeueii, eae a NOA. A ia?eiae inaiaiey Aeeeiai Caiaaea
ioiioaiea e auieaea auei aieaa /ai oa?ieiia. Aaaaeaiea “nooiai caeiia”
auei iiiuoeie iieiiai enei?aiaiey yoie iaaoaiie i?eau/ee. A iaoe aeie
iauanoai ie?eony n oiio?aaeaieai ai?y/eoaeueiuo iaieoeia, ii i?ecuaaao,
/oiau e oa, eoi “oiio?aaeyao”, eae e oa, eoi i?iaeaao nie?oiua iaieoee,
iniciaaaee naith ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Aaaeouea oe?iu eeea?iaiaei/iie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ioaaoeee ia yoi eaiiaieae ca “iiauoaiea eoeueoo?u
oiio?aaeaiey aeeiaieueiuo iaieoeia”. Eiaeono?ey ainoai?eeinoaa
io?aaae?iaaea, ?ac?aaioaa no?iaea i?aaeea oi?aiaee nie?oiui e
i?aaieciaaa niioaaonoaothuaa iao/aiea ia?niiaea, caieiathuaainy ath ii
aeieao neoaeau. Eiaeono?ey aa?eo, /oi a aeaea eciaiaiey aeonia
iio?aaeoaeae aeoeaiue ia?eaoeia oiaea iiaeao nua?aoue naith
iieiaeeoaeueioth ?ieue. Aianoi oiai, /oiau aacaeoiii niaeaaoue naieo
iinaoeoaeae, ?anoi?ai iiaeao nianoeoue aeoeaio ia eoeueoo?iua
ia?ii?eyoey eee oi?iooth eooith: yoi ia a iaiueoae noaiaie aoaeao
niinianoaiaaoue i?ioeaaoaieth aeciana.
Eiaeono?ey ainoai?eeinoaa eiaao naie i?aaei?eyoey ii anaio ie?o.
Ianoiua eoeueoo?iua ii?iu e cai?aou iiaoo ieacuaaoue aeeyiea ia eo
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea. Anee aaoa oe?ia eiaao naie ioaeue a Ec?aeea, aai
i?eaeaony niaethaeaoue i?aaeea, naycaiiua n i?eaioiaeaieai eioa?iie
ieue. A aaoai ?anoi?aia aoaeao aeaa eooie: iaeia aeey iyniuo aethae,
ae?oaay – aeey aeeaoe/aneeo i?iaeoeoia. Iineieueeo eioa?iia iyni
aei?iai, noieiinoue ?anoi?aiiie ieue a yoii ioaea aoaeao auoa, /ai a
ae?oaeo no?aiao.
Noaeoeueoo?u.
A eaaeaeii iauanoaa anoue a?oiiu ethaeae, iauaaeeiaiiuo
oeaiiinoiuie nenoaiaie, aace?othueieny ia iauai aeeciaiiii iiuoa eee
aeeciaiiuo neooaoeeyo. Yoe a?oiiu ethaeae i?aaenoaaeytho oae iacuaaaiua
noaeoeueoo?u. Iiae?inoee, ?aaioathuea aeaiueiu, ianoaa aieneiiaeueiie
oea?eae – ana yoi ?aciua noaeoeueoo?u aioo?e aaeeiiai iauanoaa. Eo
iauaaeeiytho iauea oaaaeaeaiey, i?aaeii/oaiey e ii?iu iiaaaeaiey.
Iineieueeo noaeoeueoo?u oa?aeoa?ecothony niaoeeoe/aneeie
iieoiaoaeueneeie iio?aaiinoyie e i?eau/eaie, i?aaei?eyoey eiaeono?ee
ainoai?eeinoaa iiaoo auae?aoue eo a ea/anoaa naiaai oeaeaaiai ?uiea e
i?eaioe?iaaoue ia ieo naie ia?eaoeia.
Iiiaea i?aaei?eyoey ?anniao?eaatho ia?eaoeiaiaoth n?aaeo eae
“iaeiio?iee?oaiue yeaiaio”, e eioi?iio iie aeieaeiu i?eniinaaeeaaoueny.
Iie ianneaii i?eieiatho ia?eaoeiaiaoth n?aaeo eae aeaiiinoue e ia
iuoathony aa eciaieoue. Iie i?inoi aiaeece?otho neooaoeeth, a eioi?ie
auioaeaeaiu ?aaioaoue, e iuoathony iieueciaaoueny ath a naieo eioa?anao.
Ae?oaea oe?iu i?aaei?eieiatho iiiuoee ia?niaeoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey
ia?eaoeiaiaie n?aaeie. Aianoi oiai, /oiau i?inoi iaaethaeaoue e
iiaeno?aeaaoueny iiae iaa, yoe oe?iu aeoeaii aeaenoaotho, iuoaynue ia
iaa aicaeaenoaiaaoue. Iie iaieiatho eiaaenoia, /oiau eciaieoue
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, aeeythuaa ia eo aecian, i?aaiecotho aeaaii?eyoiia
inaauaiea eo aeayoaeueiinoe a n?aaenoaao ianniaie eioi?iaoeee. Iie
caaaeeaatho noae aeaeiaaie ia ainoaea?noaaiiuo /eiiaieeia, iuoathueony
?aaoee?iaaoue eo acaeiiioiioaiey n eiieo?aioaie, e /a?ac nenoaio
eiio?aeoia e niaeaoaiee iaania/eaatho naaa eo/oee eiio?ieue iaae
eaiaeaie nauoa.
Ioaeaeu ia?eaoeiaa aeaaea i/aiue e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee ia anaaaea
iiaoo aeeyoue ia oaeoi?u ia?eaoeiaiaie n?aaeu. Ca/anooth ei i?eoiaeeony
aeiaieuenoaiaaoueny ?ieueth ianneaiiai iaaethaeaoaey, a eo/oai neo/aa
i?eniinaaeeaathuaainy e iae. Iai?eia?, o oe?iu, iuoathuaeny ieacaoue
aicaeaenoaea ia yeiiiie/aneoth n?aaeo, ia aaia?aoe/aneoth iea?aoeeth
ianaeaiey, neeoeii iaei oainia i?aoniaoue a yoii. Oai ia iaiaa i?e
eaaeaeii aeaaii?eyoiii neo/aa niaoeeaeenou ii ia?eaoeiao i?aaeii/eoatho
caieiaoue aeoeaioth iiceoeeth e iuoathony iiaeeyoue ia neeu,
ninoaaeythuea eo ia?eaoeiaiaoth n?aaeo.
Neaie?iaaiea ia?eaoeiaiaie n?aaeu aeieaeii aanoenue ii
niioaaonoaothuaio ieaio. Iii aeeth/aao a naay neaaeothuea oaae:
1) ii?aaeaeaiea a aeeaeaeoai ie?oaeaiee cii, iiaeeaaeaueo neaie?iaaieth;
2) ii?aaeaeaiea enoi/ieeia e iaoiaeia e nai?a eioi?iaoeee, a oaeaea
oiai, eoi aoaeao niae?aoue aa e n eaeie /anoioie iiaoi?youe i?ioeaaeo?u
nai?a;
3) ?aaeecaoeey i?ia?aiiu nai?a aeaiiuo;
4) aiaeec aeaiiuo e eniieueciaaiea eo a i?ioeanna ia?eaoeiaiaiai
ieaie?iaaiey.
Iaeia ec iniiaiuo caaea/, iniaaiii a iaeuo i?aaei?eyoeyo oeia
?anoi?aia, – iacia/eoue ioaaonoaaiiuo ca nai? eioi?iaoeee. Aia Naoooyee,
auaoee oi?aaeythuee ?anoi?aia Houston Country Club, canoaaeye naieo
nae?aoa?ae ?aaoey?ii i?iniao?eaaoue aeo?iaeu ia i?aaeiao iiauo eaeae
ioiineoaeueii iaith, iaiaaeaea?ia aa?a e noieiaiai iiiauaiey – iiauo
eaeae ioiineoaeueii ?acaeoey eo naeoeee.(I?eeiaeaiea 1 ). Oaaeeoea
i?aaenoaaeyao i?eia?ioth nenoaio neaie?iaaiey. Iaeiaei eaaeaeue
?anoi?ai eee ainoeieoea aeieaeiu aiineoue a iaa naie eciaiaiey n
oeaeueth ?acaeoey e niaa?oainoaiaaiey, /oiau iia noaea iniaie iiaeaeueth
eco/aiey ia?eaoeiaiaie n?aaeu, niiniaiie ?aoeoue caaea/e eiaiii aeaiiie
oe?iu.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u.
1. “Ia?eaoeia: ainoai?eeinoai, oo?eci” Oeeei Eioea?, Aeaeii Aioyi,
Aeaeaein Iaeeaic, Ecaeaoaeueneia iauaaeeiaiea “THieoe”, 1998 aiae.
2. “Iniiau ia?eaoeiaa”, “Aecian-eieaa”, iiya?ue 1995 aiae.
I?eeiaeaiea 1.
I?eia?iue ieai neaie?iaaiey ia?eaoeiaiaie n?aaeu aeey ?anoi?aia.
Oaeoi?uEnoi/ieee
Eioi?iaoeeeIoaaonoaaiiua
eeoea *anoioa
neaie?iaaiey
Iio?aaeoaee oneoa Eeeaiou
Iinaoeoaee
Neoaeauea
Oo?enoe/aneea ath?iIaneoaa
Iaiaaeaea?u
Aooaaeoa?u
Iaiaaeaea?uAaeaaeiaaii
Aaeaaeiaaii
Aaeaaeiaaii
Aaeaiany/iiNioeeaeueiua/eoeueoo?iuaI?ioanneiiaeueiua aeo?iaeu
AEo?iaeu, /eoaaiua iinaoeoaeyieIaiaaeaea?u
Aa?iai
Ianeoaa
Nae?aoa?e
Aooaaeoa?u
Iaiaaeaea?u
Oicyei/oicyeea ainoeieoeu
Nae?aoa?eAaeaiaaeaeueii eee aaeaiany/ii
Aaeaiaaeaeueii eee aaeaiany/ii
Eiieo?aiouAacaou
Iinaoeoaee
Aacaou
Aeceoa?uIaiaaeaea?u
Iaiaaeaea?u,
Ianeoaa
Iaiaaeaea?u, oao-iiaa?
Iaiaaeaea?uAaeaaeiaaii
Aaeaiaaeaeueii eee Aaeaaeiaaii
Aaeaaeiaaii
AaeaaeiaaiiYeiiiie/aneeaAacaou
?aaoey?iua io/aou
Yeiiiie/aneea eioi?iaoeeiiiua atheeaoaie
Eiiia?/aneay iaeaoaIaiaaeaea?u
Aooaaeoa?
Nauoiaeee
Iaiaaeaea?u
Iaiaaeaea?u
Aaeaaeiaaii
Aaeaaeiaaii
Aaeaiaaeaeueii eee Aaeaiany/ii
Aaeaiany/iiI?aaiauaI?ioanneiiaeueiua
aeo?iaeu
AtheeaoaieI?aaeaiea
Iaiaaeaea?uAaeaiany/ii
Aaeaiaaeaeueii eee Aaeaiany/iiOaoiieiae/aneeaI?ioanneiiaeueiua
aeo?iaeu
I?ioanneiiaeueiua aunoaaeeIaiaaeaea?u, oao-iiaa?, aooaaeoa?
Iaiaaeaea?u, oao-iiaa?,
Aaeaiaaeaeueii eee Aaeaiany/ii
Aaeaaiaeii
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