NIAeA?AEAIEA
Aaaaeaiea no?. 2
Iaiaaeaea? e o?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e iaio no?. 6
Iniiaiua noaaeee iiaeaioiaee e iaoiaeu i?eiyoey
oi?aaeai/aneeo ?aoaiee no?. 7
Aaaeiaeoea ooieoeee iaiaaeaea?a no?. 9
Eeaea?neea ea/anoaa iaiaaeaea?a no?. 10
Oeiu ?oeiaiaeeoaeae no?. 12
*oi iacuaaaony niiniaiinoueth yooaeoeaii oi?aaeyoue no?. 14
Eae iiii/ue niaa?oainoaiaaieth iaiaaeaea?a no?. 14
Eeoa?aoo?a no?. 16
AAAAeAIEA
N ?acaeoeai ?uii/iie yeiiiieee, a /anoiinoe a iaoae no?aia, oa?ieiu
“iaiaaeaeiaio” e “iaiaaeaea?”, auno?i e i?i/ii aioee a iaoo aeeciue e a
iao neiaa?iue iaeoiae, caiaiea oaeea oa?ieiu, eae “oi?aaeaiea”,
“oi?aaeai/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue”, “?oeiaiaeeoaeue”, “aee?aeoi?”. Oioy
ana yoe neiaa yaeythony neiiieiaie ii ioiioaieth ae?oa e ae?oao, oa?iei
“oi?aaeaiea” eiaao aieaa oe?ieee niune. Aiiaua, “oi?aaeaiea” ( yoi
aicaeaenoaea oi?aaeythuae nenoaiu (noauaeoa oi?aaeaiey) ia oi?aaeyaioth
nenoaio (iauaeo oi?aaeaiey) n oeaeueth ia?aaiaea oi?aaeyaiie nenoaiu a
o?aaoaiia ninoiyiea. A /anoiinoe, a ?iee noauaeoa oi?aaeaiey aunooiaao
iaiaaeaea?.
A yoie nayce, iaeuecy i?ieoe ieii aioeath?ie?aoe/aneie eaiiaiee, eioi?ay
?acaa?ioeanue a iaoae no?aia a iineaaeiea aiaeu a oneiaeyo ia?ano?ieee.
Ii-aeaeeiiio, eae e ai iiiaii ae?oaii, iu ca/anooth, aiaaeaai caeanue a
e?aeiinoue. Iaeii aeaei – ai?ioueny n aaeieieno?aoeaii-eiiaiaeiie
nenoaiie, i?e eioi?ie nioeeaeueiue neie “ath?ie?aoee” – a
ainoaea?noaaiiii ee, ia?oeeiii eee oicyenoaaiiii aiia?aoao – oco?ie?oao
iiiiiieeth ia aeanoue e iaecaaaeii ia?aiineo iaoieiaeth
ath?ie?aoece?iaaiiuo nenoai ia ana iauanoai, yaeyynue enoi/ieeii canoiy.
Ii ae?oaia aeaei – iuoaoueny enei?aieoue ?oeiaiaeeoaey, oi?aaeaioea,
i?ioanneiiaeueiiai iaiaaeaea?a eae oaeiaiai, iiaeaa?aiooue aai
ecaiaieth ec yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu, oiiaaoue ia oi, /oi
?aaioieee oi?acaeiyaiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey eee nie?auaaiiai
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai aiia?aoa noaioo e noaieo, i?eeaaeo e o.i. Aeoiaoue
oae – iianiay eeethcey, ?aaiineeueiay au?oaea aeiia?aaeieeia eae
?aaeeeaeueiie ia?a ai?ueau n aeeiaieeciii.
?uii/iay yeiiiieea, iniiaaiiay ia eiieo?aioeee, naiaiaea
i?iecaiaeeoaeae, a ia ia ea?a?oe/aneii iiae/eiaiee oicyenoaaiiuo
i?ioeannia aiea oeaio?a, o?aaoao ieeae ia iaiueoa, a aeaaea aieueoa
iaiaaeaea?ia, /ai i?aaeiyy nenoaia. Ii iaiaaeaea?u yoe aeieaeiu auoue
nianai eiuie, iaaeaee ?aiueoa, iaeaaeaoue iiauie ea/anoaaie. Aaaeue ia
neo/aeii aeiey aaeieieno?aoeaii-oi?aeai/aneeo ?aaioieeia (aianoa n
eiaeaia?aie e o/aiuie) a iauae /eneaiiinoe caiyouo aeaaea a
ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe NOA iiauneeanue n 15.0% a eiioea 50-o
aiaeia aei 30% a na?aaeeia aiaeia 80-o, a ia iaeioi?uo oe?iao yoa aeiey
aeinoeaaao e 70-80%. E yoi ianiio?y ia oi, /oi ia?iiiay ianna
niaoeeaeenoia ii oi?aaeaieth ooea ec aaeieieno?aoeaiiai aiia?aoa oe?i a
naiinoiyoaeueiua, aeaenoaothuea ia iniiaao aeanoeie naiiieoiaaiinoe
eiiiaiee ii ieacaieth aeaeiauo oneoa. Iao ieeaeeo caiaoiuo oaiaeaioeee
nie?auaiey e ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa a aaaeoueo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo
no?aiao. Iiauoaiea /eneaiiinoe, oaeaeueiiai aana oi?aaeaioeaa
i?ienoiaeeo a oneiaeyo, eiaaea a /anoiii aeciana eaeao o/ao eaaeaeiai
oeaioa eee iaiie, cao?a/aiiiai ia oi?aaeaiea, a ainoaea?noaaiiua
athaeaeaou iaoiaeyony iiae eiio?ieai aeaiie?aoe/aneeo einoeoooia.
Ii-aeaeeiiio, iai neaaeoao naeaeaoue aaaeiue auaiae ec yoiai – aeaei
ia a iaoaie/aneeo nie?auaieyo, a a aeoaieeo i?aia?aciaaieyo aiia?aoa
oi?aaeaiey. Eaeay i?eniiniaeaiey e i?eioeeieaeueii iiaui oneiaeyi, – a
ia?aoiae io aaeieieno?aoeaii-eiiaiaeiie e ?uii/iie nenoaia – yoi
ianoiyuay ?aaiethoeey, – aio oi aeaaiia, /oi aeieaeii aueoe ia ia?aue
ieai. ?acoiaaony, aeaeaei ia ana auaoea “aiia?ao/eee” niiniaiu ia
oaeiai ?iaea i?eniiniaeaiea. Iiiaei, aiciiaeii, i?eaeaony onooieoue
naia ianoi aieaa iieiaeui, i?ia?anneaiui e yia?ae/iui iaiaaeaea?ai.
Iaeiaei iniiaiay ianna nouanoaothueo ?aaioieeia oi?aaeaiey – yoi aanueia
oeaiiue iioaioeeae ethaeae, ciathueo ?aaeueiinoue, eiathueo iaiaeoth
i?ioanneiiaeueioth iiaeaioiaeo, i?eo/aiiuo e aeenoeeieeia, oii?iiio
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiiio o?oaeo, iaeaaeathueo /oanoaii ioaaonoaaiiinoe. N
yoeie ethaeueie iaiaoiaeeii aieiaoaeueii, aaeoi/eai ?aaioaoue,
iaania/eaaoue eo i?aaeeueioth ?annoaiiaeo a iiauo oneiaeyo, iao/aiea,
ia?aeaaeeoeeaoeeth. Ioaeii nicaeaoue ei noeioeu e yooaeoeaiiio o?oaeo,
aea e caueoo eo i?aa, iaeiiaoe, noi?ie?iaaoue aeoeaioth n?aaeo
nioeeaeueiiai ioai?a ?oeiaiaeeoaeae e niaoeeaeenoia iiaiai oeia, a
eioi?ie auaeeaoo e aeiauethony oniaoa eiaiii oa, eoi auno?aa e eo/oa
i?eniiniaeony e iiaui oneiaeyi.
Anee aea aiai?eoue i iaoiaeao yooaeoeaiie ?aaiou ?oeiaiaeeoaeae, oi, ia
oiaeyy cia/aiey, neaaeai, eiiiuethoa?ecaoeee i?ioeannia oi?aaeaiey,
aiaae?aiey ?aoeeiiaeueiuo iaoiaeia aiaeeca e iainiiaaiey ?aoaiee,
ne?oioeaciiai o/aoa cao?ao e ?acoeueoaoia, ioaeii neacaoue, /oi
yooaeoeaiinoue oi?aaeaiey ia/eiaaony, aiciiaeii, n iaeiai – oiaiey
iniciaoue naie ee/iua oeaee, iiieiaoue iiae/eiaiiuo, i?aaeeueii
?ani?aaeaeyoue naia a?aiy, nieiaoue no?annu, eiio?iee?iaaoue naie aan,
ii?iaeueii iaeaaaoueny e iiiaia ae?oaia.
Eoi ciaao, iiaeao auoue iaeaaeaiea anaie yoeie i?inouie i?aioae?inoyie
ia i?aeoeea aeano ia oieueei aieueoie i?yiie, ii e einaaiiue yooaeo,
i?eaaaeao e oiio, /oi i?aaei?eyoea, i?aaiecaoeey noaioo aieaa aeaeeie,
niiniaiuie e iiaiaaaaeaieyi, e i?aiaeieaieth o?oaeiinoae, eioi?uo oae
iiiai a iaoae oicyenoaaiiie aeecie.
Eiia/ii, i/aiue iiiaia a iaoae ?aaioa, ea?uea?a, aeecie caaeneo io iaueo
aeey anao iauanoaaiiuo e ae?oaeo oneiaee, io iniaaiiinoae auiaaoaai
ia aeieth eaaeaeiai ianoa ?aaiou, io iiiaeo ae?oaeo, aiciiaeii, e ia
i/aiue-oi iiaeaeanoiuo eaaeaeiio ioaeaeueiiio /aeiaaeo iauaeoeaiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa. Ii ia neeoeii ee /anoi iu iauyniyai iaoe iaoaea/e
iauaeoeaiuie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie, iieiinoueth ee eniieuecoai ?aca?au,
caeiaeaiiua a ian naieo? Aaaeue, eae i?eciaaony a iaoea iaiaaeaeiaioa,
i?aaeeueii noi?ioee?iaaoue i?iaeaio – yoi icia/aao ia 50% aa i?aaeeueii
?aoeoue.
“Eiaiii ia oi?aaeaioeao anao o?iaiae eaaeeo caaea/a naeaeaoue ana
aiciiaeiia aeey nicaeaiey iiaeoiaeyuaai aa?eaioa aoaeouaai e ia aeaoue
aoyiooue naay a aiaeiai?io iaoaea/”. Eiia/ii, nia?aiaiiue ie?
iiiaiia?acai, caaeneo io iiiaeo oaeoi?ia, ii yoio oacen aeieaeai
noaoue iooaaiaeiui aeey oao, eoi oi/ao acyoue ia naay a?aiy
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ?oeiaiaenoai iaoei oicyenoaii a oneiaeyo ia?ano?ieee
e eoi aioia naeaeaoue ana aeey oiai, /oiau auoue ia o?iaia yoie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
Iiiyoea iaiaaeaeiaioa
I?aaeaea /ai aiai?eoue i iaiaaeaea?a e aai ooieoeeyo, iaaei aaanoe
iiiyoea “iaiaaeaeiaioa”. Yoio oa?iei i?iecioae io aia?eeaineiai
management ( oi?aaeaiea. Iaiaaeaeiaio ( yoi naiinoiyoaeueiue aeae
i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iai?aaeaiiue ia aeinoeaeaiea a oiaea
ethaie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu, aeaenoaothuae a ?uii/iuo
oneiaeyo, ii?aaeaeaiiuo iaia/aiiuo oeaeae iooai ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
eniieueciaaiey iaoa?eaeueiuo e o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia n i?eiaiaieai
i?eioeeiia, ooieoeee e iaoiaeia yeiiiie/aneiai iaoaiecia iaiaaeaeiaioa.
Yoi iiiyoea aieaa oceia e i?eiaiyaony eeoue e oi?aaeaieth
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeie i?ioeannaie ia o?iaia oe?iu, aeaenoaothuae a
?uii/iuo oneiaeyo, oioy a iineaaeiaa a?aiy aai noaee i?eiaiyoue a NOA e
a ioiioaiee iai?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiecaoeee.
Anee iaiiiai ?ane?uoue ii?aaeaeaiea “iaiaaeaeiaioa”, oi iu oaeaeei, /oi
a iaai aoiaeeo:
eco/aiea ?uiea (ni?ina, iio?aaeaiey), o. a. ia?eaoeia e i?iaiice?iaaiea;
i?iecaiaenoai i?iaeoeoeee n ieieiaeueiuie cao?aoaie e ?aaeecaoeey aa n
iaeneiaeueiie i?eaueueth;
oi?aaeaiea ia?niiaeii, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ciaiea nioeeieiaee, ineoieiaee,
a oaeaea aiaeec eioi?iaoeee e ?ac?aaioea i?ia?aii aeey aeinoeaeaiey
iinoaaeaiiie oeaee.
ss n/eoath, /oi iniiaiay ooieoeey iaiaaeaeiaioa – yoi oiaiea aeinoeaaoue
iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae. A iaeeeo oe?iao yoo ?ieue auiieiyao nai aee?aeoi?,
a a e?oiiuo – iaiaaeaea? (i?aaiecaoi?, oi?aaeythuee, ?oeiaiaeeoaeue). N
iaeiie noi?iiu, a nayce n iiiaio?iaiaaie nenoaiie oi?aaeaiey aee?aeoi?
ia iiaeao aeiaanoe naie ?aoaiey nai e eiio?iee?iaaoue eo auiieiaiea ia
aieaa ieceeo nooiaiyo, e oiio aea, o iaai iiiai ae?oaeo aeae, aieaa
aeiaaeueiuo caaea/ e i?iaeai. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, i?ioanneiiaeueiue
iaiaaeaea? ?aoeo iiiaea i?iaeaiu ca/anooth eo/oa aee?aeoi?a. Oae /oi
iaiaaeaea? ii?ie yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei /aeiaaeii ia oe?ia. Oi/o i?eaanoe
oiio iaeei i?eia?:
A 1981a. eiiiaiey “E?aenea?” i?eaeaneea ia aeieaeiinoue aunoaai
oi?aaeythuaai ecaanoiiai i?ioanneiiaea-iaiaaeaea?a Ee sseeieo. Nooue
naeaeee ninoiyea a oii, /oi “E?aenea?” a 1980a. iiian oauoee a ?acia?a
1,1 ie?ae. aeie., ieacaaoenue ia a?aia aaie?ionoaa. Ee sseeiea a oi
a?aiy caieiae 1-ia ianoi a nienea iaeaieaa i?aoniaaathueo aecianiaiia.
Ia?aaiai?u ia eaaeeeenue, o. e. Ee sseeiea ieeae ia niaeaoaeny ia
ia?aoiae a “E?aenea?” ianiio?y ia oaioanoe/aneoth ca?ieaoo,
i?aaeeiaeaiioth aio. ?aciiaeaney ninoiyee a i?aaao aai oi?aaeaiey ia
“E?aenea?a”. Iiea yoe i?aaa ia auee aa?aioe?iaaiu, Ee sseeiea neuoaoue
ia oioae i ia?aoiaea. A eiioea eiioeia ia “E?aenea?a” niaeaneeenue n
oai, /oi eo/oa aeaoue iaia?aie/aiiua i?aaa /aeiaaeo, ciathuaio, eae
auaanoe eiiiaieth ec e?ecena, /ai iioa?youe i?anoeae, a caoai e
eiiiaieth. E /oi aea? Ca o?e aiaea iinea oiaaeea “E?aenea?” aeinoea
iaeaunoaai o?iaiy i?iecaiaenoaa e ea/anoaa aaoiiiaeeae ca anth enoi?eth
naiaai nouanoaiaaiey, a n 1985a. io aiaea e aiaeo noae ioaiaauaaoue
aeiiieieoaeueioth aeieth aia?eeaineiai e ie?iaiai ?uiea.
Yoio i?eia? iieacuaaao ianeieueei aaaeia i?ioanney iaiaaeaea?a, e /oi
iiaeao naeaeaoue i?ioanneiiae a yoii aeaea. Ii /oiau aeinoe/ue aunieiai
o?iaiy a oi?aaeaiee iaaei /aoei ciaoue naie ooieoeee e /oi iiae ieie
iiae?acoiaaaaony. Ia yoii, o.a. i ooieoeeyo iaiaaeaea?a e iieaeao ?a/ue
a yoii ?aoa?aoa.
Iaiaaeaea? e o?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e iaio
Oa?iei “iaiaaeaea?” eiaao aeiaieueii oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea e
oiio?aaeyaony i?eiaieoaeueii e:
i?aaiecaoi?o eiie?aoiuo aeaeia ?aaio a ?aieao ioaeaeueiuo
iiae?acaeaeaiee eee i?ia?aiiii-oeaeaauo a?oii;
?oeiaiaeeoaeth i?aaei?eyoey a oeaeii eee aai iiae?acaeaeaiee
(oi?aaeaiee, ioaeaeaiee, ioaeaeia);
?oeiaiaeeoaeth ii ioiioaieth e iiae/eiaiiui;
aaeieieno?aoi?o ethaiai o?iaiy oi?aaeaiey, i?aaiecothuaai ?aaioo,
?oeiaiaenoaoynue nia?aiaiiuie iaoiaeaie e ae?.
E iaiaaeaea?o ethaiai o?iaiy i?aaeuyaeythony aunieea o?aaiaaiey. Iiaeii
auaeaeeoue ianeieueei ?ieae, a eioi?uo aunooiaao iaiaaeaea?:
Iaiaaeaea?-aeeieiiao
N?aaee iaaueia e oiaiee iaiaaeaea?a – niiniaiinoue aaaeaiey ia?aaiai?ia
aunooiaao eae cia/eiia naienoai. Nae/an iaiaaeaea?u aunoaai caaia o?aoyo
aieueooth /anoue naiaai a?aiaie ia onoaiiaeaiea eiioaeoia.
Iaiaaeaea?-eiiiaaoi?
I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea ai?acaei i?iua iiauneoue ia aaca iiaie
oaoieee e oaoiieiaee, /ai iinoiyiii ?aiiioe?iaaoue noa?ia iai?oaeiaaiea.
Iaiaaeaea?-oi?aaeythuee
Io iaai a /anoiinoe o?aaoaony:
iaee/ea iaueo ciaiee a iaeanoe oi?aaeaiey i?aaei?eyoeai;
eiiiaoaioiinoue a aii?ina oaoiieiaee i?iecaiaenoaa a oie io?anee
i?iecaiaenoaa, e eioi?ie ioiineony oe?ia ii aeaeo e oa?aeoa?o naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe;
aeaaeaiea ia oieueei iaaueaie aaeieieno?e?iaaiey, ii e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, oiaiea aeaaeaoue neooaoeeae ia ?uieao, i?iyaeyoue
eieoeeaoeao e aeoeaii ia?a?ani?aaeaeyoue ?ano?nu oe?iu a iaeaieaa
auaiaeiuo noa?ao i?eiaiaiey;
i?eiyoea iainiiaaiiuo e eiiiaoaioiuo ?aoaiee ia iniiaa niaeaniaaiey n
ieaeanoiyueie ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie e ?aaioieeaie e ?ani?aaeaeaiea o/anoey
eaaeaeiai a eo eniieiaiee.
Oae eae i?eiyoea oi?aaeai/aneiai ?aoaiey – yoi neiaeiue i?ioeann, y au
oioae ?anniio?aoue aai iiiiae?iaiae.
Iniiaiua noaaeee iiaeaioiaee
e iaoiaeu i?eiyoey oi?aaeai/aneeo ?aoaiee
Oi?aaeai/aneia ?aoaiea – yoi oai?/aneee aeo noauaeoa oi?aaeaiey
iai?aaeaiiue ia ono?aiaiea i?iaeai, eioi?ua aicieeee a noauaeoa
oi?aaeaiey.
Ethaia oi?aaeai/aneia ?aoaiea i?ioiaeeo /a?ac o?e noaaeee:
Oyniaiea i?iaeaiu:
nai? eioi?iaoeee;
aiaeec iieo/aiiie eioi?iaoeee;
auyniaiea aeooaeueiinoe;
auyniaiea, ii?aaeaeaiea oneiaee i?e eioi?uo yoa i?iaeaia aoaeao ?aoaia.
Ninoaaeaiea ieaia ?aoaiey:
?ac?aaioea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aa?eaioia ?aoaiey;
niiinoaaeaiea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aa?eaioia ?aoaiey n eiathueieny ?ano?naie;
ioeaiea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aa?eaioia ii nioeeaeueiui iineaaenoaeyi;
ioeaiea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo aa?eaioia ii yeiiiie/aneie yooaeoeaiinoe;
ninoaaeaiea i?ia?aii ?aoaiey;
?ac?aaioea e ninoaaeaiea aeaoaeueiiai ieaia ?aoaiey.
Auiieiaiea ?aoaiey:
aeiaaaeaiea ?aoaiee aei eiie?aoiuo eniieieoaeae;
?ac?aaioea ia? iiiu?aiee e iaeacaiee;
eiio?ieue ca auiieiaieai ?aoaiee.
Iaoiaeu i?eiyoey oi?aaeai/aneeo ?aoaiee
Iaoiaeu – yoi eiie?aoiua niiniau, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo iiaeao auoue
?aoaia i?iaeaia:
Aeaeiiiiceoeey. I?aaenoaaeaiea neiaeiie i?iaeai, eae niaieoiiinoe
i?inouo aii?inia.
Aeeaaiinoeea. Iiene a i?iaeaia iaeaieaa aaaeiuo aeaoaeae, eioi?ua
?aoathony a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue. Eniieuecoaony i?e ia?aie/aiiuo ?ano?nao.
Yenia?oiua ioeaiee. Oi?ie?othony eaeea-eeai eaeae, ?anniao?eaathony,
ioeaieaathony, n?aaieaathony.
Iaoiae Aeaeoe. Yenia?oai, eioi?ua ia ciatho ae?oa ae?oaa aeathony
aii?inu, naycaiiua n ?aoaieai i?iaeaiu, iiaiea iaiueoeinoaa yenia?oia
aeiaiaeeony aei iiaiey aieueoeinoaa. Aieueoeinoai aeieaeii eeai
niaeaneoueny n yoei ?aoaieai, eeai aai ii?iaa?aiooue. Anee aieueoeinoai
ianiaeanii, oi eo a?aoiaiou ia?aaeathony iaiueoeinoao e oai
aiaeece?othony. Yoio i?ioeann iiaoi?yaony aei oao ii?, iiea ana yenia?ou
ia i?eeaeoo e iaeiiio iiaieth, eeai ia?aeaeoo e oiio, /oi auaeaeyony
a?oiiu, eioi?ua ia iaiytho naiaai ?aoaiey. Yoio iaoiae eniieuecoaony
aeey aeinoeaeaiey yooaeoeaiinoe.
Iaoiae ianiaoeeaeenoa. Aii?in ?aoaaony eeoeaie, eioi?ua ieeiaaea ia
caieiaeenue aeaiiie i?iaeaiie, ii yaeythony niaoeeaeenoaie a niaaeiuo
iaeanoyo.
Eeiaeiia i?ia?aiie?iaaiea.
Eieoaoeeiiiia iiaeaee?iaaiea.
Iaoiae oai?ee aa?iyoiinoe.
Iaoiae oai?ee ea?. Caaea/e ?aoathony a oneiaeyo iieiie
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe.
Iaoiae aiaeiaee. Iiene aiciiaeiuo ?aoaiee i?iaeaiu ia iniiaa
caeinoaiaaiey ec ae?oaeo iauaeoia oi?aaeaiey.
Aaaeiaeoea ooieoeee iaiaaeaea?a
Ana aea aaaeiaeoei o?aaiaaieai e iaiaaeaea?o ethaiai o?iaiy yaeyaony
oiaiea oi?aaeyoue ethaeueie. *oi cia/eo oi?aaeyoue ethaeueie? *oiau
auoue oi?ioei iaiaaeaea?ii aai iaaei auoue ineoieiaii. Auoue ineoieiaii
– cia/eo ciaoue, iiieiaoue ethaeae e ioaa/aoue ei acaeiiinoueth. A yoii
ai iiiaii iiiiaeao ycue aeanoia e oaeiaeaeaeaiee. Eco/ea yoio ycue
iaiaaeaea? niiaeao eo/oa iiieiaoue ethaeae, eo aeaenoaey, /ai iie
iainiiaaiu, niiaeao aeiaeoueny acaeiiiai niaeaney, aeiaa?ey ethaeae, a
yoi naiia aeaaiia. Yoi niinianoaoao caeeth/aieth auaiaeiuo naeaeie e
iiiaiio ae?oaiio.
E?iia oiai, oi?ioee iaiaaeaea? aeieaeai auoue e i?aaiecaoi?ii, e
ae?oaii, e o/eoaeai, e yenia?oii a iinoaiiaea caaea/, e eeaea?ii, e
/aeiaaeii, oiathuei neooaoue ae?oaeo… e ana yoi oieueei aeey ia/aea.
Ii aeieaeai ciaoue a niaa?oainoaa naieo i?yiuo iiae/eiaiiuo, eo
niiniaiinoe e aiciiaeiinoe auiieiaiey eiie?aoiie ii?o/aaiie ei ?aaiou.
Iaiaaeaea? aeieaeai ciaoue oneiaey, naycuaathuea i?aaei?eyoea e
?aaioieeia, caueuaoue eioa?anu oao e ae?oaeo ia ni?aaaaeeeaie iniiaa,
ono?aiyoue ianiiniaiuo n oeaeueth oaea?aeaiey aaeeinoaa e i?aaeeueiinoe
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey oe?iu.
Eeaea?neea ea/anoaa iaiaaeaea?a
Iaiaaeaea? aeieaeai auoue eeaea?ii, aeinoieiui iiae?aaeaiey. Ia yoii
iaiaoiaeeii inoaiiaeoueny e ?anneacaoue iiae?iaiae. Aeaaiay caaea/a
iaiaaeaea?a – aeaeaoue aeaei i?e iiiiue ae?oaeo ethaeae, aeiaeaaoueny
eieeaeoeaiie ?aaiou. Yoi cia/eo nio?oaeie/anoai, a ia caioaeaaiea.
Oi?ioaai iaiaaeaea?a anaaaea caaioyo e eioa?anu anae oe?iu. Ii no?aieony
naaeaine?iaaoue eioa?an a?oiiu, eioa?anu “ainna” e ae?oaeo iaiaaeaea?ia,
iaiaoiaeeiinoue auiieiaiey ?aaiou n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth iaeoe a?aiy aeey
iao/aiey, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua eioa?anu n /aeiaa/aneeie iio?aaiinoyie
iiae/eiaiiuo.
Eae noaoue eeaea?ii
Iaeuecy iaicia/eoue eeaea?noai eaeie-oi oi?ioeie. Yoi eneonnoai,
ianoa?noai, oiaiea, oaeaio. Iaeioi?ua ethaee iaeaaeatho ei io i?e?iaeu.
Ae?oaea – iao/athony yoiio. A o?aouee ieeiaaea yoiai ia iinoeaatho.
A eiioea eiioeia eaaeaeue iaoiaeeo naie noeeue. Iaeei aeeiaie/ai,
iaayoaeai, niiniaai aiiaeooaaeyoue ae?oaeo. Ae?oaie niieiai, naea?aeai a
?a/e e iiaaaeaiee. Iaeiaei iaa iie iiaoo aeaenoaiaaoue n ?aaiie
yooaeoeaiinoueth – aiooaoue e naaa aeiaa?ea e aeiaeaaoueny oiai, /oiau
?aaioa auiieiyeanue auno?i e ea/anoaaiii. Ii iaeioi?ua oa?aeoa?iua
/a?ou, ana aea i?enoue eeaea?ai ?acee/iuo noeeae.
Eeaea? i?aaeai naiae oe?ia, ii ia i?eieaeaao naith oe?io a aeacao
nio?oaeieeia e ia oieaeaao naieo nio?oaeieeia a aeacao ?oeiaiaenoaa
oe?iu.
Eeaea? aeieaeai auoue iioeienoii. Iioeieno anaaaea ioioii auneooeaaao
ae?oaeo e eo eaeae, iioiio /oi ii anaaaea aeaeao oi?ioeo iiainoae.
Ianneieno neooaao eae iiaeii iaiueoa, o. e. iaeeaeaao ieioeo iiainoae.
Iioeieno aeoiaao, /oi ethaee ii i?aeiouanoao aioiau i?eeoe ia iiiiuue,
iaeaaeatho oai?/aneei ia/aeii, no?aiyony e niceaeaieth. Ianneieno
n/eoaao, /oi iie eaieau, no?iioeau e io eo iaei i?iea. Eioa?anii, /oi
iaa iiaeoiaea iau/ii ieacuaathony i?aaeeueiuie.
Eeaea? ethaeo ethaeae. Anee ?aaioa iaiaaeaea?a ninoieo a oi?aaeaiee
ethaeueie, eae ii iiaeao auiieiyoue aa oi?ioi, anee ia ethaeo ethaeae.
Eo/oea eeaea?u caaioyony i naieo nio?oaeieeao. Eo eioa?anoao, /oi
aeaeatho ae?oaea. Oi?ioee eeaea? aeinooiai e ia i?y/aony ca aeaa?ueth
eaaeiaoa. Eo/oea eeaea?u /aeiaa/iu, iie ioaeatho naaa io/ao a
nianoaaiiuo neaainoyo, /oi aeaeaao eo oa?ieiaa e neaainoyi ae?oaeo.
Eeaea? aeieaeai auoue niaeui. Ii anaaaea iiiuoaaony iaeoe iiaue niinia
auiieieoue caaea/o oieueei iioiio, /oi yoio niinia eo/oa. Ii ii ieeiaaea
ia aeaeaao yoi iaiainiiaaiiui. Anee ii ?ac?aoeo eiio-oi i?iaanoe
yenia?eiaio e oio ieii/eony iaoaea/ae, oi ii ia aiceiaeeo aeio ia iaai e
ia iioa?yao a iaai aa?o.
Eeaea? iaeaaeaao oe?ioie acaeyaeia. Ii ieeiaaea ia neaaeao: “Yoi ia iia
aeaei”. Anee Au iaeeaeaaoa, /oi Aaoa a?oiia nio?oaeieeia yia?ae/ii
aeeth/eony a ?aaioo, eiaaea aicieeioo eaeea-eeai iaiau/iua neooaoeee,
ioaeii i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaoue ei, /oi Au naie aioiau acyoueny ca iiaia
aeaei, eiaaea Aan ia yoii iii?inyo. Eeaea? i?iyaeyao aieueoie eioa?an ei
anai aniaeoai aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu.
?oeiaiaeeoaeue aeieaeai auoue ?aoeoaeueiui. Eeaea? anaaaea aioia
i?eieiaoue ?aoaiey. Eiaaea anoue any iaiaoiaeeiay eioi?iaoeey, oi
i?aaeeueiia ?aoaiea anaaaea eaaeeo ia iiaa?oiinoe. O?oaeiaa, eiaaea
ecaanoiu ia ana enoiaeiua aeaiiua, a ?aoaiea ana ?aaii iaiaoiaeeii
i?eiyoue. O?aaoaony ianoiyuay niaeinoue, /oiau i?eiyoue ?aoaiea e
niciaaaoue i?e yoii, /oi iii iiaeao auoue ioeai/iui.
Eeaea? oaeoe/ai e aieiaoaeai. Iniiaiie i?eioeei: e?eoeeiaaoue ?aaioo, a
ia /aeiaaea, aa auiieiythuaai. Iaeei ioae?aoe neacae, /oi eaaeaeia
e?eoe/aneia caia/aiea ioaeii oiaeiauaaoue eae aooa?a?iae – iaae aeaoo
eiioae oaaeu.
Ni?aaaaeeeainoue – oiaea aaaeiay /a?oa eeaea?a. Iai?eia?, anee
nio?oaeiee iieo/aao iaaeaaaeo, a ii ie/aai ia naeaeae, /oiau aa
caneoaeeoue, o Aan, aa?iyoii iiyaeony aeanyoie iaaeiaieueiuo. Eiaaea
iiae/eiaiiue niaa?oaao ioeaeo, aio ioaeii oeacaoue ia iaa, ii aeieaeai
aa i?eciaoue, a iioii iaaei caauoue ia yoii.
Eeaea? anaaaea /anoai. Auoue /anoiui ii ioiioaieth e ?oeiaiaenoao – yoi
aiai?eoue auoanoiyuei iaiaaeaea?ai oi, /oi ei, aiciiaeii, ia anaaaea
i?eyoii neuoaoue. Auoue /anoiui ii ioiioaieth e iiae/eiaiiui – yoi
aiai?eoue eiaaea iie i?aau, e eiaaea iie iai?aau. Auoue /anoiui – yoi
oiaiea i?eciaaaoue naie ioeaee. Ia anaaaea eaaei neacaoue i?aaaeo, ia
ouaiea /oanoaa ae?oaeo e ia iieacaaoenue aanoaeoiui, ii /anoiinoue a
eioa?anao iauaai aeaaa – oe?iu e aa nio?oaeieeia – anaaaea aeieaeia
auoue i?aauoa anaai.
Eeaea? /anoiethaea. Ii ?aaeoaony ia oieueei ca naay, ii e ca
aeinoeaeaiey nio?oaeieeia e ?acaeaeyao eo oniao. Ii aaeioiiaeyao oaeei
ia?acii ae?oaeo naiei yiooceaciii e yia?aeae, e ana i?aoniaaatho ii
neoaeaa.
Eeaea? iineaaeiaaoaeai e ne?iiai. Ii ia ioaeaeaaony a eanoe
ie?oaeathueo, e oiio aea aio ia iaaei ne?uaaoue naie ioeaee.
Eeaea? aeieaeai auoue ianoaaieeii. Ii iiiiaaao naiei iiae/eiaiiui
?acaeaaoue a naaa oaa?aiiinoue, ethaiaue e ethaeyi, /anoiethaea,
yiooceaci, /anoiinoue, o?aaiiaaoaiiinoue e ?aoeoaeueiinoue.
Eeaea? oaa?ai a naaa. Oaa?aiiinoue a naaa aac caiin/eainoe, aa?a a naie
neeu aac aunieiia?ey – aio ioee/eoaeueiua /a?ou neeueiiai eeaea?a.
Oeiu ?oeiaiaeeoaeae
Ii ianiio?y ia ii/oe eaeaaeueiua ea/anoaa, eioi?uie aeieaeai iaeaaeaoue
iaiaaeaea?, ii i?aaeaea anaai /aeiaae. Ni anaie aai iniaaiiinoyie,
iniaaiiinoyie aai oa?aeoa?a, oi?iie acaeiiioiioaiey n ae?oaeie
ethaeueie. Eae anyeiio /aeiaaeo, aio i?enoue oa?aeoa? e oaiia?aiaio. Io
yoiai a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa e caaeneo aai noeeue, iaoiae, oei
?oeiaiaenoaa.
Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey oeia iaiaaeaea?a aia?eeaineea ineoieiae ?. Aeyee e
Ae. Iiooii ninoaaeee iao?eoeo oeiia ?oeiaiaeeoaeae:
Aeeeoaoi? (9,1). Noeeue oi?aaeaiey, iieiinoueth i?eaioe?iaai ia
i?iecaiaenoai e oaeaeythuee iaei aieiaiey ethaeyi. Yoi aeanoeee eo?n
aaeieieno?aoi?a. ?aaioa a oaeeo oneiaeyo ia i?eiineo oaeiaeaoai?aiey.
Eaaeaeue iuoaaony oeoe ec iiae/eiaiey.
ioiioaiea e ?aaioa
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
ioiioaiea e
2
ethaeyi (?aai/ei
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
e neoaeauei)
Aeaiie?ao (1,9). I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea o oaeiai iaiaaeaea?a noieo
ia iineaaeiai ianoa. I?eioeei: “Iaaei auoue anaaaea naiei niaie”.
?aaioieeo ianoaiiaea i?aaeony, ii iieueca iaaieueoay, aanue iue – a
aeaaaou.
Ianneieno (1,1). Aeaaec “Ia aiaoeaaoueny a oiae niauoee”. Neo/aeiua
ethaee, iacia/aiiua eai-oi.
I?aaiecaoi? (9,9). Naiue i?iaeoeoeaiue oei, o/eouaathuee ioaeaeu
i?iecaiaenoaa, a oaeaea ethaeae. Aaaeiaeoay oa?aeoa?enoeea –
ono?aieaiiinoue e eiiiaaoeeyi, iaoeaeaiiinoue ia ?acaeoea i?aaiecaoeee.
I?aaei?eyoea i?e oaeii iaiaaeaea?a i?ioeaaoaao. Ii oaeia i?aeoe/anee ia
?aaeueii.
Iaieioeyoi? (5,5). Iaiaaeaea?a yoiai oeia oaeiaeaoai?yao n?aaeiyy
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue. Aeaaec: “Ia oaaoaoue caacae n iaaa”.
Iaieioee?iaaiea ethaeueie.
A caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a ?aaio e iaiaaeaea?o i?aaeuyaeythony ?acee/iua
o?aaiaaiey.
*oi iacuaaaony niiniaiinoueth yooaeoeaii oi?aaeyoue
?aai/aa ii?aaeaeaiea niiniaiinoe yooaeoeaii oi?aaeyoue iaiaoiaeeii
aeaoue aei oiai, eae aoaeoo auyaeaiu ae?oaea ?iee iaiaaeaea?a.
Iniiauaaynue ia aeaiiuo ?aiaa iaeeiiaaeoeaoe oaeoi?ao yoi:
niiniaiinoue oi?aaeyoue niaie;
/aoeea ee/iua oeaee;
oii? ia iinoiyiiue ee/iue ?ino;
iaaue ?aoaoue i?iaeaiu;
ecia?aoaoaeueiinoue e niiniaiinoue e eiiiaaoeeyi;
aunieay niiniaiinoue aeeyoue ia ie?oaeathueo;
ciaiea nia?aiaiiuo oi?aaeai/aneeo iiaeoiaeia;
niiniaiinoue ?oeiaiaeeoue;
oiaiea iao/aoue e ?acaeaaoue iiae/eiaiiuo;
niiniaiinoue oi?ie?iaaoue e ?acaeaaoue yooaeoeaiua ?aai/ea a?oiiu.
Iineieueeo eaaeaeay oi?aaeai/aneay caaea/a i?aaeuyaeyao oa eee eiua
eiie?aoiua o?aaiaaiey, iai?aaeeueii auei au n/eoaoue, /oi eaaeaeue ec
auoaoiiiyioouo oaeoi?ia a ?aaiie ia?a ioiineony e ethaie neooaoeee.
Iaeiaei iie aeaenoaeoaeueii iaania/eaatho iniiao aeey ioeaiee eaaeaeui
?aaioieeii naieo aiciiaeiinoae ii ioiioaieth e o?aaiaaieyi eo ?aaiou.
Eiaaea eaeea-eeai ec yoeo iaaueia e niiniaiinoae ionoonoaotho o
iaiaaeaea?a, aicieeaao ia?aie/aiea.
Eae iiii/ue niaa?oainoaiaaieth iaiaaeaea?a
Ii a ethaii neo/aa, eae auei ioia/aii auoa, e iaiaaeaea?o
i?aaeuyaeythony aieueoea o?aaiaaiey, eioi?ua oi?ioee iaiaaeaea? niiaeao
oaeiaeaoai?eoue oieueei, anee ii aoaeao iinoiyiii niaa?oainoaiaaoueny,
aaaeue iao i?aaeaeia ianoa?noao.
Oioy i?eciaiea ee/iiai ia?aie/aiey – yoi naia ii naaa aeaeaeouay neea
aeey ia?aiai, ii /anoi o?aaothony e ae?oaea iiuo e iao/aiea, /oiau
oaeoaeoue naia iiieiaiea, i?eia?anoe iiaua iaauee e iiaeoiaeu.
Cia/eoaeueiua eciaiaiey ee/iinoe i?aaeiieaaatho oaa?aiiinoue a naaa,
oiaiea, iiaeaea?aeeo e a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ?acaeoea oiaiey aeaeaoue ana
ii-iiaiio. Caaea/a iaiaaeaea?a – iaeoe niinia i?iaiaeece?iaaoue naie
iiaeoiaeu e niiniaiinoe, i?iaa?eoue iioaioeeae, iao/eoueny aeaenoaiaaoue
ii-eiiio. Eaaeaeiio i?eoiaeeony o/eoueny ia nianoaaiiii iiuoa; iaei a
/ai iiaeii oaaaeeoue n iiiiuueth iienaiee, iiea /aeiaae ia ii/oanoaoao e
ia iiciaao yoi naiinoiyoaeueii. Iiaeii ninoaaeoue ee/iue ieai aeaenoaee,
ninoiyuee ec ianeieueeeo iniiaiuo yoaiia:
Auyaeoa ia?aie/aiey.
Ioeaieoa e ianoaeeoa eo.
I?aiaeieaeoa i?aiyonoaey.
I?eia?aoeoa iiaua oiaiey.
Aiaae?eoa iiaua iaoiaeu ?aaiou.
I?iaiaeece?oeoa naia i?iaeaeaeaiea aia?aae.
A i?ioeii aeanyoeeaoee ethaee, caieiathueany iiaeaioiaeie e iiauoaieai
eaaeeoeeaoeee iaiaaeaea?ia, ?ac?aaioaee iiiai i?aeoe/aneeo iaoiaeia,
iiiiaathueo ei ?acaeoue e ii?iaiaaoue nianoaaiiue noeeue e niiniaiinoe.
Ii/oe anaaaea i?e yoii ?oeiaiaeeoaee iaeaaeaaatho iiauie iaaueaie,
oaeoaeytho iiieiaiea naiae i?ioannee, iaia?oaeeaatho ?aiaa ne?uoua
niiniaiinoe. A aaoa iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ee/iia o/anoea e iao/aiea ia
nianoaaiiii iiuoa – yoi naiue ieiaeioai?iue iooue i?eia?aoaiey e
oniaoiiai i?eiaiaiey iiauo iaaueia.
EEOA?AOO?A
Aa?/eeiaa E. I. “Iaiaaeaeiaio”, I–1994, ecaeaoaeueneia iauaaeeiaiea
“THieoe”.
I. Aoaeeie, Ae. O?yinen “?ane?aiiuaiiue iaiaaeaea?”.
Ae. O?aene “Iaiaaeaeiaio n oi/ee c?aiey cae?aaiai niunea”, “Aaoi?”
1993a.
Aaeeeia E. O. Eiiniaeo eaeoeee ii eo?no “Iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiue
iaiaaeaeiaio” ia oaeoeueoaoa IOIeE ca 8 naiano?. IEYO. 1996a.
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