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Исследование рынка установки систем вентиляции и кондиционирования в Санкт Петербурге на вторую половину 1999 года

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Oeaee e caaea/e aeaiiie ?aaiou

Oeaeueth aeaiiie ?aaiou yaeyaony ioia?aaeaiea ?acoeueoaoia enneaaeiaaiey
?uiea aaioeeyoeee e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey n yeaiaioaie oai?ee e
iaoiaeieiaee aeenoeeieeiu “Ia?eaoeia”.

Aeey auiieiaiey ?aaiou ia?aae aaoi?ii auee iinoaaeaiu neaaeothuea
caaea/e:

Aeaoue iaci? ?uiea aaioeeyoeee e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey (NAeE) ca 1999 a.

I?iaanoe aiaeec neooaoeee ia ?uiea NAeE aeey Ath?i aaioeeyoeee e
ioeaaeaeaiey

Aeaoue Ath?i eiie?aoiua ?aeiiaiaeaoeee aeey oniaoiiai i?iaeaeaeaiey
oneoa e oiaa?ia.

Neooaoeey ia ?uiea

?inneeneee ?uiie NAeE e oaiaeaioeee aai ?acaeoey

?acaeoea ?uiea NAeE ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee enoi?e/anee ?acaeaeaii ia
ianeieueei yoaiia: ia?eiae i?iiuoeaiiuo e aiaiiuo aincaeacia e n 1990 a
iiyaeaiea /anoiuo oe?i ii i?aaeinoaaeaieth oneoa ii onoaiiaea NAeE.
Eniuoaa ?yae e?ecenia (a oii /enea e e?ecen 1998 aiaea) a aeaiiue iiiaio
iaaethaeaaony neaaeothuay ea?oeia ia ?uiea NAeE:

E?oiiua oe?iu (Iao?iniae, Eeeiao i?io e o.i.) ia?aaeeaoea e?ecenu e
ca?aaioaaoea naaa eiy a ii?aaeaeaiiii niunea iiiiiieece?iaaee ?uiie
NAeE, o.a. caiyee aieueooth aeieth ?uiea (ii ii?aaeaeaiiui aeaiiui aeiey
oaeeo e?oiiuo oe?i n oieaa?naeueiui iaai?ii oneoa aeiey ecaanoiinoe
ninoaaeea ie.80% )

?acaeoea ?uiea NAeE aeey aieueoeinoaa e?oiiuo oe?i oei n oaaee/aieai
aaia?aoe/aneiai naaiaioa (ioe?uoea oeeeaeia a ai?iaeao n ianaeaieai ie.
1 iei. aeeoaeae e oi?ioi ?acaeoie i?iiuoeaiiie eio?ano?oeoo?ie, oaeeo
eae Iineaa, ?inoia-ia-Aeiio, Iiaineae?ne e o.ae.)

Oieaa?naeueiinoue i?aaeeaaaaiuo oneoa nua?aea ia iineaaeithth ?ieue ai
a?aiy aaaonoianeiai e?ecena 1998 aiaea – aeeaa?neoeeaoeey oneoa e
oiaa?ia nianee eiaiii e?oiiua oe?iu, a oi a?aiy, eae iaeeea oe?iu,
yaeyynue i?aeiouanoaaiii aeeea?aie oiaa?ia e oneoa oe?i i?iecaiaeeoaeae
NAeE e no?ieoaeueiuo oe?i, i?inoi en/acee.

Aeey oniaoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey eiiuthieoo?u ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey ia
?uiea NAeE iaiaoiaeeii eniieueciaaoue iaoiaeieiaeth ia?eaoeiaa. Aeaaiue
oacen ia?eaoeiaa – yoi i?eaioaoeey ia iio?aaeoaey, i?iecaiaenoai oiai,
/oi iieuecoaony ni?inii, /oi iiaeii auaiaeii ?aaeeciaaoue.

Aiciiaeiu aeaa oeia eiiuthieoo?u ?uiea NAeE: aeaoeoeeo oneoa ii
onoaiiaea NAeE e ninoiyiea ?aaiiaaney ?uiea. A yeiiiieea aieueoeinoaa
no?ai eaaeaeue ec yoeo oeiia ieacuaaaony iaeiia?aiaiii i?aaenoaaeai ia
o?iaia ioaeaeueiuo noa? e io?anee oicyenoaa, ?aaeiiia. Ni/aoaiea
iiiaeanoaa eieaeueiuo neooaoeee nicaeaao iauoth ea?oeio,
oa?aeoa?ecothuoth ?uiie NAeE a oeaeii a iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieea
(ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa).

Aeey /aoeiai ii?aaeaeaiey iieiaeaiey i?iaeoeoa (NAeE) ia ?uiea
iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue aai iieiaeaiea a AEeciaiiii Oeeeea Oiaa?a. Ii
ioeaieai yenia?oia ?uiie NAeE iaoiaeeony a noaaeee c?aeinoe. A
eeoa?aoo?a yoo noaaeeth ii?aaeaeytho neaaeothuei ia?acii:

“C?aeinoue (Noaaeeecaoeey) – yoi noaaeey iinoaiaiiiai ianuuaiey ni?ina
ia aeaiiue oiaa?. Ia/eiathony nieaeaoueny oaiiu ?inoa ni?ina,
noaaeeece?othony iauaiu i?iaeaae. Ia yoie noaaeee noaiiaeony
iaiaoiaeeiui oaaee/aiea ?anoiaeia ia ?aeeaio, iiauoaiea ea/anoaa oiaa?a,
?anoe?aiea iineai?iaeaaeiiai ianeoaeeaaiey; aiciiaeii e nieaeaiea oeai
aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey aieueoaai iauaia i?iaeaae. I?eaueueiinoue ia yoie
noaaeee iiaeao auoue nio?aiaia ia i?aaeiai o?iaia oieueei iooai
oiaiueoaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ecaea?aeae. Iiaeao iiyaeoueny iaeioi?ue
ecauoie i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae. Oiaa? auioneaaony e?oiiuie
ia?oeyie. Eaeao ianuuaiea ?uiea, no?oeoo?a oeai e ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeieae
?uiea iaaeaeo eiieo?e?othueie oe?iaie noaaeeueiua.

A eiioea yoie noaaeee i?eieiaaony ?aoaiea ii oiaa?o – ii?aaeaeythony
iooe aai niaa?oainoaiaaiey, iiaeeoeeaoeey, iiaea?iecaoeey eee ia?aoiaea
ia iiaoth iiaeaeue”

Iaaei ioiaoeoue, /oi n?aaee e?oiiuo oe?i i?iecaaaeaii iaaeaniia
?acaeaeaiea iaaeaeo niaie ia?ie eiiaeeoeeiia?ia: o Ath?i-LG, o Eeeiao
i?io – Panasonic,Mitsubishi, o Iao?iniae – Fujitsu.

Aaaeiaeoeie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie eiiuthieoo?u ?uiea NAeE yaeythony
iieacaoaee, io?aaeathuea oaeouaa niioiioaiea ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey a
eiee/anoaaiiii (iauai i?iaeaae, aeiey ?uiea) e ea/anoaaiiii
(no?oeoo?iii, i?ioanneiiaeueiuo) aniaeoao.

Oaiaeaioeee a io?anee e eo aeeyiea

Ia oi?ie?iaaiea ?uiea NAeE a ?innee ieacuaatho aeeyiea neaaeothuea
iae?ioaeoi?u nouiinoiiai oa?aeoa?a:

noaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea nenoaiu ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee – inouanoaeaiea
?acainoaea?noaeaiey, i?eaaoecaoeey nianoaaiiinoe, ?acaeoea iiauo oi?i
oicyenoaiaaiey, noa?u /anoiiai e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai aeciana a oneiaeyo
e?ecena nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie iacaaeneiinoe;

?acaa?ouaaiea no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieee (eiiaa?ney aiaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
eciaiaiea no?oeoo?u oicyenoaa a nayce n eioaa?aoeeae ?innee a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ?uiie, i?aaenoiyuea eciaiaiey oaoie/aneiai aeciana,
inaiaiea nia?aiaiiuo oaoiieiaee);

iuiaoiyy yeiiiie/aneay neooaoeey a ?innee, eioi?ay i?eaaea e nie?auaieth
?aai/eo iano, iaaeaieth oiaa?iiai?ioa, nieaeaieth ca?aaioiuo ieao (e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, nieaeaieth iieoiaoaeueneie niiniaiinoe).

Eae oaea ioia/aeinue auoa, ?acaeoea i?iecaiaenoaa a oeaeii e ?uiea NAeE
a /anoiinoe aieioioth naycaii n iieeoe/aneei eo?nii ainoaea?noaa. Eae
iieacaea enoi?ey ?acaeoey yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee, ethaia
ianeeuenoaaiiia aiaoaoaeuenoai ainoaea?noaa a ?uii/ioth yeiiiieeo,
i?eiaiaiea iaoiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?eaiaeeo e
iacia/eoaeueiie noaaeeecaoeee (ai a?aiy e?ecena) eee iaaieueiiio
ieaaee?iaaieth ?uii/iie eiiuthieoo?u. Eiaiii iiyoiio oaea nae/an
aiaoaoaeuenoai ainoaea?noaaiiuo no?oeoo? a ?uii/iua ioiioaiey aucuaaao
?aciiain (i?aeiouanoaaiii iaaaoeaiue) a n?aaea i?iiuoeaiieeia (ni i?ee.
N 3).

Iiyoiio iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue ianeieueei iooae ?acaeoey ?uiea NAeE a
caaeneiinoe io iieeoe/aneiai eeeiaoa ?innee:

· I?e ?acaeoee iieeoe/aneie eeiee a oi?aaeaiee ainoaea?noaii a noi?iio
aeaaii?eyoioth ?acaeoeth ?uiea

1. Iiyaeaiea aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee aeey ?aciauaiey eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee

2. ?acaeoea ?aaeiiaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e, niioaaonoaaiii, auoiae oe?i
ii NAeE ia iiaua aaia?aoe/aneea ?uiee (i?iiuoeaiiia i?iecaiaenoai
i?aeiouanoaaiii aicaeooiaieia)

3. ?anoe?aiea oaaea?aeueiuo e io?aneaauo oeaeaauo i?ia?aii ?acaeoey
io?anee eee i?ia?aiiu iiaea?iecaoeee e o.ae.

· I?e ia?aoiaea ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaeeia a “eaaoth” noi?iio

1. I?eiaiaiea iaoiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey

2. Acyoi/ie/anoai, ei??oiie?iaaiiinoue (ai?acaei aieueoea, /ai i?e
iioai?noaothuai ?uii/iui ioiioaieyi ?aaeeia)

3. Iioa?y aeiaa?ey caiaaeiuo eiaanoi?ia (?inneeneea eiaanoi?u iii?inoo
ia?anoatho nouanoaiaaoue, a ainoaea?noaaiiua eiaanoeoeee ni. i.2
noaiiayony “iiaea/eiauie” noaneaeeyie)

Eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiea e aaioeeyoeey aicaeooa.

Oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, ooieoeeiie?iaaiea
ioeniie oaoieee e auoiauo i?eai?ia nii?iaiaeaeathony auaeaeaieai oaieiou
e aeaae, a oaeaea ?acee/iuo aauanoa, oooaeoathueo ninoiyiea aicaeooiie
n?aaeu. Ecauoie oaieiou , aeaae, a?aaeiua ia?u, aacu, iueue iacuaathony
a?aaeiuie auaeaeaieyie .

I?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee nenoai aaioeeyoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaiee
ii?aaeaeythony eiee/anoai auaeaeyaiie oaieiou e aeaae, a?aaeiuo ia?ia,
aacia e iuee e ninoaaeythony oaieiaeaaeiinoiua aaeainu iiiauaiee.

Aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey caaeaiiuo ia?aiao?ia aicaeooiie n?aaeu a iiiauaiee
iaiaoiaeeiu iiaea/a naaaeaai e oaeaeaiea caa?yciaiiiai aicaeooa. A
caaeneiinoe io iai?aaeaiey iioieia aicaeooa a iiiauaiee a?aaeiua
auaeaeaiey ia?aiinyony a ai?eciioaeueiii e aa?oeeaeueiii iai?aaeaieyo e
?ani?ino?aiythony ii anaio iiiauaieth.

Eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaieai aicaeooa iacuaaaony aeinoeaeaiea e aaoiiaoe/aneia
iiaeaea?aeaiea a iiiauaiee iinoiyiiuo eee eciaiythueony ii ii?aaeaeaiiie
i?ia?aiia ia?aiao?ia oaiia?aoo?u, aeaaeiinoe, /enoiou e iiaeaeaeiinoe
aicaeooa, iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiuo aeey i?aauaaiey ethaeae, a oaeaea
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey e inouanoaeaiey oaoiieiae/aneeo
i?ioeannia. Ii iniiaiiio iacia/aieth eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiea aicaeooa iiaeii
?acaeaeeoue ia eiioi?oiia e oaoiieiae/aneia.

Caaea/a eiioi?oiiai eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey — iiaeaea?aeaiea a iiiauaieyo
eeeiaoe/aneeo ia?aiao?ia, ioaa/athueo naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneei
o?aaiaaieyi, oi anoue nicaeaiea eiioi?oiuo oneiaee aeey
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea.

Oaoiieiae/aneia eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiea nicaeaao a iiiauaieyo,
i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey ?aciauaiey iai?oaeiaaiey, ia?aiao?u aicaeooiie
n?aaeu, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey eee aaaeaiey
oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna. A oi aea a?aiy oaoiieiae/aneia
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiea aeieaeii iaania/eaaoue auiieiaiea
naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneeo o?aaiaaiee, nicaeaaay aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey
ethaeae, ?aaioathueo a iiiauaieyo, aaea iii inouanoaeyaony.

Aeaaeei aieaa iiae?iaiia iienaiea iniiaiuo iniaaiiinoae nenoai
eiioi?oiiai eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey aeey ioeniuo iiiauaiee e
oaoiieiae/aneiai — aeey iai?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey
(au/eneeoaeueiie, oaeaeiiioieeaoeeiiiie oaoieee e o.i.), oe?iei
i?eiaiyaiiai a aeayoaeueiinoe nia?aiaiiie i?aaiecaoeee. Iineieueeo yoi
iai?oaeiaaiea i?aaeuyaeyao aanueia aeanoeea o?aaiaaiey e eeeiaoe/aneei
ia?aiao?ai aicaeooa, aoaeai aiai?eoue i i?aoeeceiiiii oaoiieiae/aneii
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiee.

Eiioi?oiia eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiea

Caaea/a eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey aicaeooa a iaaieueoeo ioeniuo iiiauaieyo e
eaa?oe?ao ?aoaaony, eae i?aaeei, n i?eiaiaieai eiioi?oiuo
eiiaeeoeeiia?ia oeia nieeo eee ioeueoenieeo. Yoe eiiaeeoeeiia?u iieo/eee
naia iacaaiea io aiaeeeneiai neiaa “split”, /oi icia/aao ?acaeaeueiue.
Nieeo-nenoaia ninoieo ec ia?oaeiiai e aioo?aiiaai aeieia. Iiiaea iiaeaee
nieeo-nenoai iiaoo ia oieueei ioeaaeaeaoue aicaeoo, ii e iaa?aaaoue aai.
Naaiaeiy nieeo-nenoaia yaeyaony oaeoe/anee noaiaea?oii “aeaoaaiai”
?aoaiey, eioi?ui ?aiaa auee ieiiiua eiiaeeoeeiia?u.

Nieeo-nenoaiu ninoiyo ec aeaoo aeieia – aioo?aiiaai, ?aniieiaeaiiiai a
iiiauaiee e ia?oaeiiai, auianaiiiai ia oeeoeo. Oaieiiaiai ?aaeecoaony ii
iaoaiecio auioaeaeaiiie eiiaaeoeee — aicaeoo /a?ac enia?eoaeue
i?iaiiyaony aaioeeyoi?ii. Ia?oaeiue aeie i?aaeiacia/ai aeey ioaiaea
oaiea a ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo. Aeaaiaea?y oaeiio ?acaeaieth eiiaeeoeeiia?
ia?anoae auoue i?eaycai e ieiiiiio i?iaio, iineieueeo aioo?aiiee aeie
nieeo-nenoaiu iiaeii ?acianoeoue i?aeoe/anee a ethaii oaeiaiii ianoa.
Iineieueeo iaeaieaa ooiiue ocae – eiii?anni? – auianai ai aiaoiee aeie,
ooi nicaeaaaaiue nieeo-nenoaiee nouanoaaiii iaiueoa /ai o ieiiieea. E,
iaeiiaoe, aieueoei i?aeiouanoaii nieeo-nenoaiu yaeyaony aieueoie auai?
oeiia aioo?aiieo aeieia. Iie auaatho ianoaiiuie, iaiieueiuie,
iioiei/iuie, eieiiiuie e ano?aeaaaiua a iiaeaaniie iioieie – eaiaeueiuie
e eannaoiuie. A eaa?oe?ao e iaaieueoeo ioeniuo iiiauaieyo iau/ii
eniieuecotho nieeo-nenoaiu ianoaiiiai oeia. Anee aea o?aaoaiay iiuiinoue
ioeaaeaeaiey aieueoa 7 eAo, /aua anaai eniieuecotho nieeo-nenoaiu
ae?oaeo oeiia: a iiiauaieyo neiaeiie oi?iu – eannaoiua e eaiaeueiua, i?e
noaeeyiiuo ia?aai?iaeeao – iioiei/iua, a caeao ?anoi?aiia e aieueoeo
oieeao – eieiiiua. Noieo o/anoue, /oi aieueoeinoai nieeo-nenoai
eannaoiiai e eaiaeueiiai oeia aeiioneaao iiaeian naaaeaai aicaeooa n
oeeoeu.

Anee n iaeiei aiaoiei aeieii ?aaioaao n?aco ianeieueei aioo?aiieo, oaeie
eiiaeeoeeiia? iacuaaaony ioeueoenieeo-nenoaiie. Anee eiee/anoai
aioo?aiieo aeieia noaiiaeony aieueoa oanoe, a iaeneiaeueiua ?annoiyiey
iaaeaeo aeieaie aeinoeaatho 100 iao?ia, oaeea nenoaiu ia/eiatho
iacuaaoue ioeueoeciiaeueiuie (ciiaeueii-iiaeoeueiuie) eee VRF-nenoaiaie.
Ioeueoenieeo – nenoaiu ?acoiii eniieueciaaoue a oii neo/aa, eiaaea noieo
caaea/a eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaoue ianeieueei ninaaeieo iiiauaiee, a anee
ioaeii nicaeaoue eiioi?o ia oeaeii caeaiee eee ia anai yoaaea ?acoiii
eniieueciaaoue VRF-nenoaiu

1. IANOAIIUA EIIAeEOeEIIA?U NIEEO-NENOAI

Yoi iaeaieaa iiioey?iue oei eiiaeeoeeiia?ia. Iie oaeiaeaoai?ytho
Caeac/eea a aaniethoiii aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa.

Ninoiyo ec aioo?aiiaai aeiea (enia?eoaey), eioi?ue iiioe?oaony ia noaia
aioo?e iiiauaiey, e aiaoiaai (eiii?anni?ii-eiiaeainaoi?iiai) aeiea,
iiioe?oaiiai ia oanaaea caeaiey niaoeeaeueiuie e?iiooaeiaie, ia
/a?aeaea, a iiaeaaea, a iiaeniaiii iiiauaiee.

Niaaeeiythony yoe aeiee aeaoiy oiieeie iaaeiuie o?oaeaie a
oaieiecieyoeee. O?oaee i?iaiaeyony a iiaeaaniuo iioieeao, ca iaiaeyie e
o.ae. eee cae?uaathony aeaei?aoeaiuie ieanoeeiauie ei?iaaie na/aieai
40-70 ii.

I?e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiee ianeieueeeo ninaaeieo eiiiao /anoi
eniieuecothony ioeueoenieeo-nenoaiu n iaeiei aiaoiei e ianeieueeeie
aioo?aiieie aeieaie. Oi?aaeaiea ?aaioie eiiaeeoeeiia?a i?iecaiaeeony n
ioeueoa aeenoaioeeiiiiai oi?aaeaiey. Ia ioeueoa iiaeii onoaiiaeoue
neaaeothuea ?aaeeiu ?aaiou :

– ?aaeei iaia?aaa, ioeaaeaeaiey, aaioeeyoeee, inooaiey aicaeooa
iiiauaiey;

– ii?aaeaeaiea oaiia?aoo?u a iiiauaiee;

– caaeaiea oaiia?aoo?u, eioi?oth Au oioeoa iiaeaea?aeeaaoue a iiiauaiee;

– auai? iaeiiai ec /aou?ao aiciiaeiuo ?aaeeiia ?aaiou aaioeeyoi?a;

– caaeaiea ?aai/ae i?ia?aiiu (iai?eia?, iiaeii cai?ia?aiie?iaaoue
aeeth/aiea eiiaeeoeeiia?a ca iaeioi?ia a?aiy aei ia/aea ?aai/aai aeiy e
e i?eoiaeo nio?oaeieeia caaeaiiay oaiia?aoo?a a iiiauaiee aoaeao
nicaeaia);

– onoaiiaeo yeiiiie/iiai ii/iiai ?aaeeia ?aaiou;

– aaoiiaoe/aneia ?aaoee?iaaiea iieiaeaiey ooi?ie ?acaea/e aicaeooa

(eciaiaiea iai?aaeaiey aicaeooiiai iioiea).

Eiiaeeoeeiia?u i?iecaiaeyo o?aonooiai/aooth i/enoeo aicaeooa ca n/ao
aicaeooiiai, oaieueiiai e yeaeo?inoaoe/aneiai oeeueo?ia. A yoeo iiaeaeyo
oaiei/oeaaeii?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue iau/ii ninoaaeyao 1,8-6 eAo.

2. IAIIEUeII – IIOIEI*IUA NIEEO-NENOAIU

Iaiieueii-iioiei/iua iiaeaee ii i?eioeeio aeaenoaey aiaeiae/iu ianoaiiui
eiiaeeoeeiia?ai e eniieuecothony a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea iaaeaeaoaeueii
onoaiaaeeaaoue eiiaeeoeeiia?u ia noaia.

Aioo?aiiee aeie eiaao ianeieueei eiie aiaoiee aeae e onoaiaaeeaaaony ia
iieo eee iiae iioieeii. Ioeueo oi?aaeaiey iiaeao auoue
aeenoaioeeiiiui eee ?aniieaaaoueny ia naiii aioo?aiiai aeiea. A yoeo
iiaeaeyo oeaaei/oaieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue iau/ii ninoaaeyao 3-8 eAo.

3. IAIIEUeIUA (EIEIIIIAI OEIA)

Aeaiiua iiaeaee oaeaea ninoiyo ec aiaoiaai aeiea e aioo?aiiaai aeiea a
aeaea eieiiiu.

Aioo?aiiea aeiee oi?ioi niio?yony a aieueoeo iiiauaieyo: caeao,
?anoi?aiao, oieeao. Oi?aaeaiea inouanoaeyaony n ioeueoa aeenoaioeeiiiiai
oi?aaeaiey eee n iaiaee oi?aaeaiey ia eieiiia.
Oeaaei/oaieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue ninoaaeyao iau/ii 6-14 eAo.

4. EIIAeEOeEIIA?U EANNAOIIAI OEIA

Eannaoiua eiiaeeoeeiia?u eiatho i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue ii oieiaeo e oaieo
(8-14 eAo) e eniieuecothony a iiiauaieyo n iiaeaaniuie iioieeaie: a
noia?ia?eaoao, iaaaceiao, ?anoi?aiao, oieeao e a caeao, ioenao.

Iie i?ae?anii aienuaathony a eioa?uea? e ai iiiaeo neo/ayo eo
eniieueciaaiea – aaeeinoaaiiia ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey
iiiauaiey.

Eannaoiua eiiaeeoeeiia?u oaeaea ninoiyo ec aiaoiaai e aioo?aiiaai aeiea.
Aioo?aiiee aeie iiioe?oaony a i?ino?ainoaa ca iiaeaaniui iioieeii.

Eannaoiua eiiaeeoeeiia?u eiatho neaaeothuea iniaaiiinoe :

– ?ani?aaeaeaiea aicaeooa ii /aou?ai iai?aaeaieyi , /oi iaania/eaaao
?aaiiia?iue aicaeooiiaiai a iiiauaiee;

– aiciiaeiinoue ?acaea/e aicaeooa io aioo?aiiaai aeiea /a?ac
aeiiieieoaeueiua aaioeeyoeeiiiua ?aoaoee.

Eeanneoeeaoeey nenoai aaioeeyoeee

Ii niiniao ia?aiauaiey aicaeooa ?acee/atho nenoaiu anoanoaaiiie e
iaoaie/aneie aaioeeyoeee. I?e anoanoaaiiie aaioeeyoeee aicaeoo
ia?aiauaaony iiae aeaenoaeai a?aaeoaoeeiiiiai aeaaeaiey, aicieeathuaai
ca n/ao ?aciinoe ieioiinoae oieiaeiiai e iaa?aoiai aicaeooa e iiae
aeaenoaeai aao?iaiai aeaaeaiey.

I?e iaoaie/aneie aaioeeyoeee aicaeoo ia?aiauaaony iiae aeaenoaeai
aaioeeyoi?a.

Nouanoaotho niaoaiiua nenoaiu.

Ii niiniao iiaea/e e oaeaeaiey aicaeooa nenoaiu aeaeyony ia i?eoi/iua,
auoyaeiua, i?eoi/ii-auoyaeiua e nenoaiu n ?aoee?eoeyoeeae.

I?ioi/iay nenoaia – yoi nenoaia, i?e eioi?ie aicaeoo iiaeaaony a
iiiauaiea iinea aai iiaeaioiaee a eiiaeeoeeiia?a eee i?eoi/iie eaia?a. A
iiiauaiee i?e yoii nicaeaaony ecauoi/iia aeaaeaiea, ca n/ao eioi?iai
aicaeoo ooiaeeo ia?oaeo /a?ac ieia, aeaa?e eee a ae?oaea iiiauaiey.

Auoyaeiay nenoaia i?aaeiacia/aia aeey oaeaeaiey aicaeooa ec iiiauaiey,
i?e yoii a iiiauaiee nicaeaaony iiieaeaiiia aeaaeaiea e aicaeoo
ninaaeieo iiiauaiee eee ia?oaeiue aicaeoo iinooiaao a aeaiiia iiiauaiea.

I?eoi/ii-auoyaeiua nenoaiu yaeythony naiuie ?ani?ino?aiaiiuie.

Nenoaiu ?aoee?eoeyoeee aicaeooa – yoi nenoaiu, a eioi?ua e ia?oaeiiio
aicaeooo iiaeiaoeaaaony /anoue auoyaeiiai aicaeooa. Iinea
oa?iiaeaaeiinoiie ia?aaioee nianue iinooiaao a aaioeee?oaiia iiiauaiea.
Nenoaiu ?aoee?eoeyoeee i?eiaiythony aeey nieaeaiey ?anoiaea oaieiou a
oieiaeiue ia?eiae aiaea eee aeey nieaeaiey ?anoiaea oieiaea a nenoaiao
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey aicaeooa a oaieue ia?eiae aiaea.

I?eoi/iua aaioeeyoeeiiiua onoaiiaee

Yooaeoeaiia ?aoaiea aaioeeyoeee iiiauaiee – yoi eniieueciaaiea i?eoi/iuo
aaioeeyoeeiiiuo onoaiiaie. I?eoi/iay aaioeeyoeeiiiay onoaiiaea
inouanoaeyao oeeueo?aoeeth naaaeaai aicaeooa, i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe aai
iaa?aa (a oieiaeiia a?aiy aiaea) e iiaea/o a nenoaio aicaeooiaiaeia aeey
?acaea/e ii iiiauaieyi.

I?eoi/iua aaioeeyoeeiiiua onoaiiaee ninoiyo ec ei?iona, a eioi?ii
niiioe?iaaiu neaaeothuea ono?ienoaa:

1) oeeueo?;

2) eaei?eoa? (/oi iaiaoiaeeii a ceiieo oneiaeyo);

3) aaioeeyoi?;

4) nenoaia aaoiiaoeee;

5) caoeiecieyoeeiiiue iaoa?eae (?acee/iie noaiaie caoeiecieyoeee).

Iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee i?eoi/iuo aaioeeyoeeiiiuo onoaiiaie:

1) I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue ii aicaeooo (i3//an). Eciaiyaony io ianeieueeeo
aeanyoeia aei ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia ouny/ i3//an.

2) Iiuiinoue iiaeia?aaaoaey (eAo). (Aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue iiaeia?aa a
ceiiaa a?aiy naaaeaai aicaeooa io -26°N aei oaiia?aoo?u iiaea/e a
iiiauaiey 18-20°N).

3) Iaii? eee aiaoiaa noaoe/aneia aeaaeaiea (eIa).

4) O?iaaiue ooia (aeA).

Oneiaii iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue i?eoi/iua aaioonoaiiaee ia ianeieueei oeiia:

a) ii oeio iaa?aaaoaey:

– n yeaeo?e/aneei eaei?eoa?ii;

– n aiaeyiui eaei?eoa?ii;

a) ii ?anoiaeo aicaeooa:

– aei 200-3000 i3// – ieiei?eoi/iua onoaiiaee;

– aieaa 3000i3// – oeaio?aeueiua i?eoi/iua onoaiiaee;

a) ii ?acee/iiio eniieiaieth:

– aeey aa?oeeaeueiiai iiioaaea;

– aeey ai?eciioaeueiiai iiioaaea;

– oieaa?naeueiua.

Aaoiiaoeea a aaioonoaiiaeao iau/ii ?aaoee?oao iiuiinoue ye. eaei?eoa?a
nooiai/aoi eee ieaaii, /oi ii?aaeaeyao auoiaeioth oaiia?aoo?o aicaeooa
ec onoaiiaee i?e ceiiai ?aaeeia ?aaiou. Oaeaea nouanoaoao aiciiaeiinoue
iiaeeeth/aiey oaeia?a aeey eciaiaiey ii/iuo oaiia?aoo?iuo ia?aiao?ia.

Anee a onoaiiaea eniieuecoaony aiaeyiie eaei?eoa?, oi i?e yoii
aaoiiaoeea eiaao aieaa neiaeiia eniieiaiea, oae eae iaaei iaania/eoue
caueoo io caii?aaeeaaiey ceiie.

I?e ?ac?aaioea nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee n eniieueciaaieai i?eoi/iuo onoaiiaie
eniieuecothony neaaeothuea yeaiaiou:

-aicaeooicaai?iua ?aoaoee;

– eeaiai ia i?eoi/iue aicaeoo (n yeaeo?ii?eaiaeii eee ?o/iui i?eaiaeii);

– iaiin?aaenoaaiii naia i?eoi/iay onoaiiaea;

– aicaeooiaiaeu aeey ?acaea/e aicaeooa ii iiiauaieyi (aeanoeea eee
aeaeea). Iau/ii ?aciauathony ca oaeueo-iioieeaie;

– a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo ooiiaeooeoaee;

– anee iaiaoiaeeii, oi ono?ienoaa aeey ?aaoee?iaee ?anoiaea aicaeooa ii
iiiauaieyi;

– ono?ienoaa ?ani?aaeaeaiey aicaeooa (aeeoooci?u, ?aoaoee, ieaoiiu).

I?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee e iiaeai?a i?eoi/iie onoaiiaee
iaiaoiaeeii:

1) Ii?aaeaeeoue eiee/anoai i?eoi/iiai aicaeooa ii iiiauaieyi, enoiaey ec
NIeIia. (Iiaea/a naaaeaai aicaeooa a iiiauaiey aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue
i?eoie ia 1 /aeiaaea 20-80 i3//an aeey iiiauaiee ?acee/iuo oeiia).

2) Ii?aaeaeeoue na/aiea aicaeooiaiaeia, enoiaey ec ?anoiaea e nei?inoe
aicaeooa.

3) Ii?aaeaeeoue oeiu e ?acia?u aicaeooi?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo ono?ienoa.

4) Enoiaey ec i.1-3 iiaeia?aoue i?eoi/ioth onoaiiaeo n iaiaoiaeeiie
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth ii aicaeooo e iaii?ii, iicaieythuei i?aiaeieaoue
nii?ioeaeaiea naoe aicaeooiaiaeia e aicaeooi?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo
ono?ienoa.

Aeey nicaeaiey aaeaina iinooiathuaai e oaeaeyaiiai ec iiiauaiey aicaeooa
oaeaea aeieaeia auoue i?aaeoniio?aia auoyaeiay aaioeeyoeey. ?aaioo ii
i?iaeoe?iaaieth anae nenoaiu aeieaeai auiieiyoue niaoeeaeeno ii
aaioeeyoeee.

Iiiai/eneaiiua iauaeou aeey ?aoaiey i?iaeai aaioeeyoeee e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey iai?oaeothony /eeea?aie.

*eeea? – yoi oieiaeeeueiay iaoeia, eniieuecoaiay a oeaio?aeueiuo
nenoaiao eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey . Iia ioeaaeaeaao eee iiaeia?aaaao
oaieiiineoaeue (oinie, aiaea) e iiaeaao aai ii nenoaia o?oaii?iaiaeia a
oaieieeu eee ae?oaea oaieiiaiaiieee.

Oaieieeu – yoi oaieiiaiaiieee n aaioeeyoi?aie. Iie caae?atho oaiei eee
oieiae io oaieiiineoaey e iaa?aaatho eee ioeaaeaeatho iiiauaiea.

Nenoaia /eeea?ia-oaieieeia eiaao cia/eoaeueiua i?aeiouanoaa i?e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiee iauaeoia n aieueoei eiee/anoaii iiiauaiee, oae eae e
iaeiiio /eeea?o iiaeii i?eniaaeeieoue aieueoia eiee/anoai oaieieeia. I?e
yoii iiaeii caaeaoue ia oieueei iauee oaieiaie ?aaeei anae nenoaiu, ii e
?aaoee?iaaoue ?aaeei ?aaiou eaaeaeiai oaieieea n ioeueoa,
niiioe?iaaiiiai ia iai, iiaeaea?aeeaay i?e yoii a eaaeaeii iiiauaiee
iaiaoiaeeioth oaiia?aoo?o.

?annoiyiea iaaeaeo /eeea?ii e oaieieeaie ia eeieoe?oaony. Aeey iiioaaea
aeaiiie nenoaiu eniieuecothony iau/iua aaci-aiaeii?iaiaeiua o?oau n
oaieiecieyoeeae oeia “Armaflex”.

A neo/aa iiioaaea ia iaeiii iauaeoa ianeieueeeo /eeea?ia eo iiaeii n
iiiiuueth aaoiiaoecaoeee naycaoue a iaeio nenoaio e i?iecaiaeeoue
oi?aaeaiea n iaeiiai ioeueoa.

Iniiaiua ia?aiao?u /eeea?a:

1 )Oieiaeii?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue (io aaeeieoe aei 1500 eAo).

2) I?e iaee/ee oaieiaiai ianina -oaieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue (eAo).

Iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee oaieieeia:

1 ) Oieiaeii?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue (io aaeeieoe aei aeanyoeia eAo).

2) I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue ii aicaeooo (i3//).

*eeea?u iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa oeia:

1 ) n aicaeooiui ioeaaeaeaieai eiiaeainaoi?a. 2) n aiaeyiui
ioeaaeaeaieai eiiaeainaoi?a.

Iaa oeia /eeea?ia iiaoo auoue:

a) /eeea?u ni ano?iaiiie ianiniie noaioeeae (aeae?aaee/aneei eiioo?ii);
a) /eeea?u aac aeae?aaee/aneiai eiioo?a. E iei iaiaoiaeeii iiaeia?aoue
ioaeioth ianinioth noaioeeth.

*eeea?u n aicaeooiui ioeaaeaeaieai iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia o?e a?oiiu ii
eo ?aniieiaeaieth:

a) /eeea?u n inaaui aaioeeyoi?ii aeey ioeaaeaeaiey eiiaeainaoi?a.
Onoaiaaeeaathony aia iiiauaiey: ia aaeeiiao, oeeoea, ieineeo e?uoao;

a) /eeea?u n oeaio?iaaaeiui aaioeeyoi?ii aeey ioeaaeaeaiey
eiiaeainaoi?a. Iiaoo onoaiaaeeaaoueny a caieioouo iiiauaieyo aioo?e
caeaiee (iiaeaaeao, /a?aeaeao, neoaeaaiuo iiiauaieyo). Aeey ioeaaeaeaiey
iie niaaeeiaiu n oeeoeae n iiiiuueth aicaeooiaiaeia;

a) /eeea?u n auiiniui eiiaeainaoi?ii (eo oaeaea iiaeii onoaiaaeeaaoue a
caieioouo iiiauaieyo, a eiiaeainaoi?iue aeie auiineoue aia iiiauaiey).

Oaieieeu iiioe?othony ia iieo, ia noaia (ia ?annoiyiee 20-30 ni io iiea)
eee ia iioieea. Oaeaea nouanoaotho aacei?ioniua oaieieeu, eioi?ua
iiioe?othony ca iiaeaaniuie iioieeaie, aeaei?aoeaiuie iaiaeyie.

oaieieeu i?iecaiaeyony n iaeiei eee aeaoiy oaieiiaiaiieeaie. A
niioaaonoaee n yoei nenoaia iiaeao auoue:

– aeaoo?oaiay – a iae eniieuecothony oaieieeu n iaeiei oaieiiaiaiieeii,
a eioi?ue iinooiaao oieiaeiue eee ai?y/ee oaieiiineoaeue (io /eeea?a n
oaieiaui ianinii);

-/aou?aoo?oaiay -oaieieeu n aeaoiy oaieiiaiaiieeaie. A iaeei i?e yoii
iiaeaaony oaieiiineoaeue io /eeea?a, a ai aoi?ie – ai?y/ay aiaea ec
nenoaiu oeaio?aeueiiai ioiieaiey . I?e eniieueciaaiee /aou?aoo?oaiie
nenoaiu oaieieeu ceiie ?aaioatho eae ?aaeeaoi?u oeaio?aeueiiai ioiieaiey
(iiyoiio eo iaaei onoaiaaeeaaoue iiae ieiaie).

I?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee nenoaiu /eeea?-oaieieeu i?iecaiaeyony neaaeothuea
?an/aou:

1) Ii?aaeaeythony oaieiecauoee ii eaaeaeiio iiiauaieth e iiaeae?athony a
eaaeaeia iiiauaiea oaieieeu iaiaoiaeeiie oeaaeii?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe.

2) Ii noiia oaieiecauoeia iiaeae?aaony /eeea? iaiaoiaeeiie
oeaaei-oaieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe.

3) I?iaiaeeony aeae?aaee/aneee ?an/ao nenoaiu aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
aeeaiao?ia o?oaii?iaiaeia eaaeaeiai o/anoea, a oaeaea auyniyaony: a)
Anee eniieuecoaony /eeea? ni ano?iaiiie ianiniie noaioeeae
(aeae?aaee/aneei eiioo?ii), oi aeinoaoi/ii ee aai aeaaeaiey aeey
ii?iaeueiie ?aaiou nenoaiu.

a) Anee eniieuecoaony /eeea? aac ano?iaiiie ianiniie noaioeee
(aeae?aaee/aneiai eiioo?a), oi ii aeaiiui ?an/aoa iiaeae?aaony
iaiaoiaeeiay ianiniay noaioeey.

?an/ao aeae?aaee/aneie nenoaiu aeieaeai aeaeaoue niaoeeaeeno n
ia?aciaaieai eiaeaia?-oaieioaoiee.

Nenoaia /eeea?-oeaio?aeueiue eiiaeeoeeiia?-oaieieeu

Oeaio?aeueiue eiiaeeoeeiia? – yoi i?eoi/iay aaioeeyoeeiiiay onoaiiaea ,
eioi?ay niaaaeaia aeaoiy oaieiiaiaiieeaie. A iaeei oaieiiaiaiiee
iiaeaaony oaieiiineoaeue io /eeea?a, a ai aoi?ie – ai?y/ay aiaea ec
nenoaiu oeaio?aeueiiai ioiieaiey (aeey iiaeia?aaa i?eoi/iiai aicaeooa a
ceiiee ia?eiae).

Iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee oeaio?aeueiuo eiiaeeoeeiia?ia:

1. I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue ii aicaeooo (io aeanyoeia aei ouny/ i3//).

2. I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue ii oieiaeo e oaieo (eAo).

3. Aiaoiaa noaoe/aneia aeaaeaiea, ?acaeaaaiia aaioeeyoi?ii (eIa)

Nenoaia /eeea?-oeaio?aeueiueeiiaeeoeeiia?-oaieieeu eniieuecoaony a
caeaieyo n aieueoei eiee/anoaii iiiauaiee, eioi?ua eiatho ?acee/iua
oaieiecauoee. I?e yoii iaiaoiaeeiia ii naieoa?iui ii?iai eiee/anoai
naaaeaai aicaeooa iiaeaaony io oeaio?aeueiiai eiiaeeoeeiia?a ii nenoaia
aicaeooiaiaeia a eaaeaeia iiiauaiea, a ieii/aoaeueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea
oaiia?aoo?u a ioaeaeueiuo iiiauaieyo i?ienoiaeeo ca n/ao ?aaiou
oaieieeia. I?e yoii oaieieeu iiaoo eiaoue ?aciiia?aciia ?aniieiaeaiea:

– iiae ieiaie, aianoi ?aaeeaoi?ia oeaio?aeueiiai ioiieaiey (anee iie n
aeaoiy oaieiiaiaiieeaie);

– ca oaeueo iioieeai e;

– ianoaiiiai eee iioiei/iiai ?aniieiaeaiey.

A ie?iaie i?aeoeea nenoaia /eeea?-oeaio?aeueiueeiiaeeoeeiia? – oaieieeu
eniieuecoaony i/aiue oe?iei. I?e yoii nenoaia iaeaaeaao o?aiy
nouanoaaiiuie aeinoieinoaaie:

1) Oaiia?aoo?a ?aaoee?oaony ii aeaeaieth iieueciaaoaey a ethaii
iiiauaiee aaoiiiiii ca n/ao eniieueciaaiey oaieieeia.

2) Aeinoeaaaony ieieiaeueiia na/aiea aicaeooiuo eaiaeia, oae eae
eiee/anoai iaiaoiaeeiiai aicaeooa ii naieoa?iui ii?iai iaiueoa, /ai
eiee/anoai aicaeooa, eioi?ia iaiaoiaeeii iiaeaaaoue a iiiauaiea aeey
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey aac eniieueciaaiey oaieieeia.

3) Anee eniieuecoaony /eeea? n oaieiaui ianinii, oi iaania/eaathony
ioeaaeaeaiea iiiauaiey eaoii e iaia?aa a iaaenaciiuea, eiaaea nenoaia
oeaio?aeueiiai ioiieaiey ia ?aaioaao.

Eioi?iaoeey i “ATH?I OAOIEEE eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e ioeaaeaeaiey”

ATH?I OAOIEEE eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e ioeaaeaeaiey ia?aciaaii a ai?aea
1991 aiaea. ATH?I caieiaaony anai eiiieaenii aii?inia, naycaiiuo n
iaania/aieai iee?ieeeiaoa a iauaeoao ?acee/iiai i?ioeey: io i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, aieueieoe, iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee ni
neiaeiuie niaoeeaeueiuie o?aaiaaieyie e aicaeooiie n?aaea aei eaa?oe?,
ioenia e aaieianeeo iiiauaiee.

CAI “Ie? Oieiaea” nicaeaii a oaa?aea 1996 a eae aei/a?iaa i?aaei?eyoea
ioaaonoaaiiia a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ca auione e i?aaiecaoeeth nauoa
eiiiiiaioia aeey nenoai aaioeeyoeee e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e ?aeeaio
oneoa, eae CAI “Ie? oieiaea”, oae e Ath?i.

A noa?o aii?inia, ca ?aoaiea eioi?uo aa??ony ATH?I, aoiaeeo:

· ianeaaeiaaiea e iaeaaeea nouanoaothueo nenoai aaioeeyoeee e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey aicaeooa (NA e NEA);

· ?ac?aaioea i?iaeoia iiauo nenoai;

· iinoaaea e iiioaae iai?oaeiaaiey;

· ecaioiaeaiea yeaiaioia e oceia nenoai (yeaiaiou nenoai aaioeeyoeee e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey: ?aaoee?oaiua i?eoi/iua ?aoaoee e aeeoooci?u ethauo
?acia?ia, aeoua aicaeooiaiaeu aeeaiao?ii io 100 aei 1250 ii, oeeueo?u,
ooiiaeooeoaee, ia?aoiua eeaiaiu e i?.), ecaioiaeaiea e iiioaae
oaoiieiae/aneeo naoae e naea/a iauaeoa Caeac/eeai “iiae eeth/”;

· aa?aioeeiia e na?aeniia ianeoaeeaaiea NA e NEA.

ATH?I yaeyaony eieeaeoeaiui /eaiii Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie Aeaaeaiee Oieiaea
(IAO) e Ananithciie annioeeaoeee eiaeaia?ia ii ioiieaieth, aaioeeyoeee,
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaieth aicaeooa, oaieiniaaaeaieth e no?ieoaeueiie
oaieioeceea.

A ninoaaa CAI “Ie? oieiaea” oaoie/aneee ioaeae, i?iaeoiue ioaeae,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiue naeoi?, ioaeae aa?aioeeiiai e na?aeniiai
ianeoaeeaaiey, ioaeae ia?eaoeiaa.

A aeoeaa CAI oaeea iauaeou, eae oeaoe AI “Ea?aaae” e IAI “Iaoiie”,
oaoiieiae/aneea iiiauaiey e caeu ?anoi?aiia “Aaeoaee”, “Aaeaiaio”,
ieaiiai aa?a “Oa?eo”, eaceii “Eiioe” e “Aoaeaei”, eaoa “Aa??aeoaea”,
oi?aiauo eiiieaenia oe?iu “Aaeaiaio”, eaoa “Aaneei-?iaaein”,
iiiai/eneaiiua yeeoiua ioenu, eiooaaeaee e eaa?oe?u Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa e
Eaieia?aaeneie iaeanoe.

Naaiaioaoeey ?uiea

Aeaaiie oeaeueth i?aaei?eyoey yaeyaony, eae ecaanoii, iieo/aiea i?eauee
e ?aoaiea nioeeaeueiuo i?iaeai iooai naiaa?aiaiiie e auaiaeiie
?aaeecaoeee ecaioiaeaiiiai oiaa?a. Aeey aeinoeaeaiey yoie oeaee
i?aaei?eyoeth i?eoiaeeony onoaiaaeeaaoue e ?aaeeciauaaoue naie
eiieo?aioiua i?aeiouanoaa, i?iecaiaeeoue eiieo?aioiniiniaioth
i?iaeoeoeeth e ii?aaeaeyoue naith ieoo ia ?uiea, eiie?aoioth a?oiio
iio?aaeoaeae.

?aaioa ii ii?aaeaeaieth a?oiiu iio?aaeoaeae ii oeaeaaui naaiaioai ?uiea,
eiee/anoaa, oeai e n?ieia iinoaaee oiaa?ia e oaoiieiaee oaeiaeaoai?aiey
iio?aaiinoae iacuaaaony naaiaioaoeeae ?uiea.

Ii aii?inai naaiaioaoeee ?uiea iioaeeeiaaii iiiai ?aaio. Iaeiie ec
iineaaeieo yaeyaony “No?aoaae/aneee ia?eaoeia” AEai-AEae Eaiaaia.
Inoaiiaethnue ia iaeioi?uo iieiaeaieyo ec yoie ?aaiou.

E?eoa?ee auai?a naaiaioia

Ioeaiea e auai? naaiaioia ?uiea aeeth/aao niaeaniaaiea aiciiaeiinoae
?uiea n i?ia?aiiaie ia?eaoeiaa. I?e naaiaioe?iaaiee ?uiea eniieuecotho
/aou?a e?eoa?ey: ecia?yaiinoue naaiaioa, aeinooiiinoue aicaeaenoaey ia
naaiaio, iauaiiinoue naaiaioa e noiaenoai i?aaenoaaeoaeae naaiaioa.

Ecia?yaiinoue ii?aaeaeyaony oie eioi?iaoeeae, eioi?oth iiaeii iieo/eoue
i ?acia?ao, i?e?iaea e iiaaaeaiee naaiaioa ?uiea. Iio?aaeoaee iiaoo
aanoe naay iaeeiaeiai, ii anee iao niiniaa ecia?aiey eo iiaaaeaiey, oi
aoaeao o?oaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue e auiieieoue aeaenoaey ii ia?eaoeiao.

Aeinooiiinoue aicaeaenoaey — yoi noaiaiue aeinoeaeeiinoe naaiaioia aeey
ia?eaoeiaiauo aicaeaenoaee.

Iauaiiinoue i?aaeiieaaaao aeinoaoi/iua ?acia?u naaiaioia ?uiea. Naaiaio,
ninoiyuee ec iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo /aeiaae, a?yae ee i?eaea/ao oe?io,
eioi?ay niae?aaony ?aaioaoue ia ?uiea aeieaia a?aiy. Iau/ii, /ai aieueoa
naaiaio, oai ii i?eaeaeaoaeueiaa, iaeiaei iaaieueoea oe?iu eiiaaea
i?aaeii/eoatho ?aaioaoue ia iaeuo naaiaioao ec-ca iaiueoae aa?iyoiinoe
eiieo?aioeee ni noi?iiu e?oiiuo oe?i.

Noiaenoai i?aaenoaaeoaeae iiae?acoiaaaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue ii?aaeaeaiiiai
niioaaonoaey ae?oa ae?oao /eaiia ioaeaeueiiai naaiaioa ?uiea. Yoio
oaeoi? io?aaeaao i?aaiia?iinoue eeanneoeeaoeee iiaaaeaiey a?oiiu.

Yoio e?eoa?ee iiiiaaao a i?iaiice?iaaiee oa?aeoa?a ?aaeoeee naaiaioia ia
i?ia?aiiu ia?eaoeiaa. Caaea/a naaiaioe?iaaiey ninoieo a oii, /oiau iaeoe
a?oiiu iio?aaeoaeae, iaeeiaeiai ?aaae?othueo ia ii?aaeaeaiiua oiaa?u e
oi?iu ia?eaoeiaiauo aicaeaenoaee. Iaeaey aeinoaoi/iia eiee/anoai oaeeo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae, oe?ia iiaeao ?ann/eouaaoue ia niioaaonoaothuee ni?in

Ia noaaeee no?aoaae/aneiai ia?eaoeiaa e no?aoaae/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey
oi?ie?oaony no?aoaaey oe?iu, i?iaiice?othony ii?iaoeau
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe oiaa?ia, ii?aaeaeyaony no?aoaaey ioaaoa aaciaiai
?uiea. Ia noaaeee ?aaeecaoeee yoie no?aoaaee aeey iio?aaeoaeueneeo
oiaa?ia i?iaiaeeony iee?inaaiaioaoeey ii neaaeothuei yoaiai:

?acaeaiea ?uieia oiaa?a ia iaeii?iaeiua naaiaiou n oi/ee c?aiey
aeaeaoaeueiuo aeinoieinoa oiaa?a e ioee/iua io ae?oaeo naaiaioia;

auai? oeaeaauo naaiaioia, enoiaey ec caaea/ oe?iu e aa niaoeeoe/aneeo
aiciiaeiinoae, iiceoeee eiieo?aioia;

iiceoeeiie?iaaiea oiaa?a a eaaeaeii oeaeaaii ?uiea;

?ac?aaioea oeaeaaie ia?eaoeiaiaie i?ia?aiiu.

Ia?aue yoai – ?acaeaiea ?uieia oiaa?a ia iaeii?iaeiua naaiaiou – iiaeao
auiieiyoueny neaaeothueie niiniaaie:

ia iniiaa nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee iio?aaeoaeae
(nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneay, eee iienaoaeueiay naaiaioaoeey);

ia iniiaa auaiae, eioi?ua euoo a oiaa?a iioaioeeaeueiua iio?aaeoaee
(naaiaioaoeey ii auaiaeai);

ia iniiaa noeey aeecie, iienaiiiai a oa?ieiao aeoeaiinoe, eioa?ania e
iiaiee (nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iay naaiaioaoeey);

ia iniiaa oa?aeoa?enoee iiaaaeaiey i?e iieoiea (iiaaaeai/aneay
naaiaioaoeey).

Eaaeaeue ec yoeo iaoiaeia naaiaioaoeee eiaao naie aeinoieinoaa e
iaaeinoaoee, eioi?ua ?anniao?eaathony ieaea.

Nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneay naaiaioaoeey – yoi einaaiiue iaoiae
naaiaioaoeee, aace?othueeny ia aeiioaca, /oi ?acee/ey
nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneeo i?ioeeae ii?aaeaeytho ?acee/ey a eneiiuo
aeinoieinoaao e a i?aaeii/oaieyo iieoiaoaeae.

Iaeaieaa oiio?aaeoaeueiuie ia?aiaiiuie nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneie
naaiaioaoeee yaeythony ianoiiieiaeaiea, iie, aic?ano, aeioiae,
iauanoaaiiue eeann e ae?.

A iineaaeiea aiaeu a i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?aiao i?iecioee nouanoaaiiua
nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneea eciaiaiey, e eioi?ui iiaeii ioianoe:
nieaeaiea o?iaiy ?iaeaeaaiinoe, ?ino i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aeecie,
oaaee/aiea /enea ?aaioathueo aeaiuei, aieaa iicaeiea a?aee, ?ino /enea
?acaiaeia, ?ino /enea iaiieiuo naiae n iaeiei ?iaeeoaeai. Yoe eciaiaiey
ieacuaatho i?yiia aicaeaenoaea ia noeeue aeecie e oi?iu iio?aaeaiey. Iie
nicaeatho iiaua naaiaiou ?uiea e iaeiia?aiaiii iaoneiaeeaatho eciaiaiey
o?aaiaaiee a nouanoaothueo naaiaioao.

E yoiio iaoiaeo ia?auathony iaeaieaa /anoi, a iniiaiii ii i?e/eia
eaaeinoe ecia?aiey nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneeo ia?aiaiiuo, aeinooiiinoe
iaiaoiaeeiie eioi?iaoeee.

Aianoa n oai i?iaiiciay niiniaiinoue nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneie
naaiaioaoeee a i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?aiao eiaao oaiaeaioeeth e
nieaeaieth a nayce n ?anoouae noaiaea?oecaoeeae noeeae iio?aaeaiey aeey
?acee/iuo iauanoaaiiuo eeannia. Iiyoiio, /oiau eiaoue aiciiaeiinoue
iauyniyoue e i?aaeneacuaaoue iiaaaeaiea iieoiaoaeae,
nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneay naaiaioaoeey aeieaeia auoue aeiiieiaia
ae?oaeie iaoiaeaie naaiaioaoeee.

Naaiaioaoeey ii auaiaeai oieone?oaony ia ?acee/eyo a nenoaia oeaiiinoae
ethaeae, a ia eo nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneeo i?ioeeae. Aeaa /aeiaaea,
eaeaioe/iua a oa?ieiao nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneiai i?ioeey, iiaoo
eiaoue niaa?oaiii ?acee/iua nenoaiu oeaiiinoae. Aieaa oiai, iaeei e oio
aea /aeiaae iiaeao i?eienuaaoue ?acee/ioth oeaiiinoue oiaa?ai a
caaeneiinoe io eo oeia.

I?e naaiaioaoeee ii auaiaeai iieoiaoaee /aua anaai ioaeatho
i?aaeii/oaiea iaeiie ec o?ao oeaiiinoae: ea/anoao, oeaia eee neiaieeea
(i?anoeae, aeecaei, yiioeeiiaeueiinoue e o.i.). Iai?eia?, iio?aaeoaee
coaiuo iano a NOA aeaeatho iieo/eoue neaaeothuea auaiaeu: i?eyoiue aeon
e aiaoiee aeae – ao?iaiu (iiiai iieiaeaaee, eioi?ay oe?iei iieuecoaony
iyoiuie ianoaie); aaeecio coaia – eiiiaiaeneea (iieiaeua naiaeiua ia?u e
eeoea n o?iaiai eo?aiey auoa n?aaeiaai, aaaeouea aeoeaiue ia?ac aeecie);
i?aaeioa?auaiea ea?eana – icaai/aiiua (/aua naiuee n aeaoueie,
icaai/aiiua i?iaeaiie ea?eana); ieceay oeaia – iacaaeneiua
(i?aeiouanoaaiii ioae/eiu, ia iaoiaeyuea nouanoaaiiuo ?acee/ee iaaeaeo
i?aaeeaaaaiuie ia?eaie).

Aeaaiay o?oaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey naaiaioaoeee ii auaiaeai, iniaaiii aeey
?uiea iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia, caeeth/aaony a ioai?a ao?eaooia aeey
aiaeeca. Anee aiaeeoee i?inoi ni?aoeaaao o iio?aaeoaeae, eaeea auaiaeu
iie euoo a oiaa?a, o iaai iaei oainia ociaoue /oi-oi iiaia, iineieueeo
iio?aaeoaee ia neeiiiu e naiiaiaeeco a ioiioaiee iio?aaeaiey. E oiio aea
nai? ia?ae/iie eioi?iaoeee – aei?iainoiyuay iia?aoeey.

Iiaaaeai/aneay naaiaioaoeey iniiaaia ia eniieueciaaiee neaaeothueo
e?eoa?eaa: noaoon iieueciaaoaey, o?iaaiue iieueciaaiey oiaa?ai, o?iaaiue
eiyeueiinoe iio?aaeoaeae, /oanoaeoaeueiinoue e oaeoi?ai ia?eaoeiaa.

Noaoon iieueciaaoaey – i?aaeiieaaaao ?aca?aie/aiea iaaeaeo
iioaioeeaeueiuie iieueciaaoaeyie, iaiieueciaaoaeyie, aia?aua noaaoeie
iieueciaaoaeyie, ?aaoey?iuie e ia?aaoey?iuie iieueciaaoaeyie. Aeey anao
yoeo eaoaai?ee iiaoo auoue ?ac?aaioaiu ?acee/iua no?aoaaee
eiiioieeaoeee.

*anoi 20-30 % eeeaioia iaania/eaatho 70-80 % i?iaeaae. E?oiiua, eee
eeth/aaua, iieueciaaoaee caneoaeeaatho nicaeaiey aeey ieo niaoeeaeueiuo
oneiaee. Iiyoiio neaaeoao aiaeece?iaaoue o?iaaiue iieueciaaiey oiaa?ii.

Iio?aaeoaee iiaoi?ii caeoiaaiuo oiaa?ia iiaoo auoue ?acaeaeaiu ia
aaconeiaii eiyeueiuo, oia?aiii eiyeueiuo e iaeiyeueiuo. Iiaoo auoue
i?aaei?eiyou aeaenoaey ii i?iaeaeaeaieth oiaa?ia e ii eiiioieeaoeee n
oeaeueth iiaeaea?aeaiey eiyeueiinoe, iai?eia?, iooai nicaeaiey
aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee aeey yeneethceaiinoe. Iaania/eoue eiyeueiinoue
eeeaioia – yoi caaea/a ia?eaoeiaa acaeiiioiioaiee.

Ii?aaeaeaiiua a?oiiu iio?aaeoaeae iniaaiii /oanoaeoaeueiu e oaeei
ia?eaoeiaiaui ia?aiaiiui, eae oeaia eee niaoeeaeueiia i?aaeeiaeaiea.
*oiau oiaa? ioaa/ae eo iaeeaeaieyi, iiaoo auoue i?eiyou niaoeeaeueiua
ia?u, iai?eia?, auiouaiu oi?iuaiiua “iaia?i/iua” oiaa?u.

Nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iay naaiaioaoeey, eae e naaiaioaoeey ii auaiaeai,
enoiaeeo ec eaeae i oii, /oi eeoea, neeueii ?acee/athueany a
nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneeo oa?ieiao, iiaoo aeaiiino?e?iaaoue aanueia
noiaeaa iiaaaeaiea, e iaiai?io. Caaea/a caeeth/aaony a nicaeaiee aieaa
/aeiaa/aneiai ia?aca iieoiaoaeae, eioi?ue ia en/a?iuaaaony oieueei eo
nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneei i?ioeeai, ii ianao oaeaea eioi?iaoeeth ia
eo nenoaia oeaiiinoae, aeoeaiinoe, eioa?anao e iiaieyo. Naaiaioaoeey ii
noeeth aeecie, iacuaaaiay oaeaea ineoia?aoe/aneie,

?en. 1. Oeiieiaey noeeae aeecie a Aa?iia .

iuoaaony eaeoe aua aeaeueoa, a iaeanoue iioeaaoeee e
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe. Noeeue aeecie eniieuecoaony eae eiaeeeaoi?
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe.

Nenoaia oeaiiinoae i?e nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iie naaiaioaoeee:

aeoeaiinoue ee/iinoe – aa oa?aeoa?iia iiaaaeaiea, iaia?a i?iaiaeeoue
a?aiy

1. Inoi?iaeiua

(iaineiia?u, i?eie?eaoeany n noaeueaie, no?aiyueany e noaaeeueiinoe) 9.
Aecian (aeoeu)

(?anoi/eoaeueiua, oi?ioi ia?aciaaiiua aiaeoeeiciua iieiaeua aieee,
no?aiyueany e eeaea?noao)

2. Iai?iiythueany

(iieiaeua aeeoaee iaaieueoeo ai?iaeia, euouea caueoo e iiaeaea?aeeo a
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo naiaeiuo no?oeoo?ao) 10. I?ioano

(eioaeeaeooaeueiua iieiaeua e?eoeee, no?aiyueany ?aaiethoeeiiece?iaaoue
iauanoai)

3. Aaeeoaeueiua

(iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiua i?iiuoeaiiua ?aai/ea, no?aiyueany nio?aieoue naith
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue) 11. Ieiia?u

(iieiaeua, iaania/aiiua, e?aeia oa?ieiua eioaeeaeooaeu, no?aiyueany e
nioeeaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe)

4. Caauoua

(iaineiia?u e aeiiioicyeee, iuouathuea caa?ioaiiinoue e euouea caueoo)
12. Neaoou

(oa?ieiua iiaeeeua eiina?aaoi?u, no?aiyueany e nioeeaeueiiio i?ia?anno)

5. ?iiaioeee

(naioeiaioaeueiua, iieiaeua “no?ieoaee aiacaea”, no?aiyueany e i?ia?anno
e noaaeeueiie aeecie a naiuea) 13. A?aaeaeaia

(i?aaiecaoi?u iauanoaaiiie aeecie, no?aiyueany e eeaea?noao a
nioeeaeueiie noa?a)

6. Eiiaiaea

(iieiaeua ia?u ec i?eai?iaeia, no?aiyueany e noaaeeueiie aeecie, nii?oo
e aeinoao a?oiiaie) 14. Ii?aeenou

(niieieiua, ?aeeaeiciua a?aaeaeaia)

7. Iiaia?aioeu

(?aai/ay iieiaeaaeue iaeiia?aciaaiiay, iuouathuay naay ioi?aaiiie e
no?aiyuayny e eioaa?aoeee a iauanoai /a?ac “aeaeaiea aeaiaa /
iio?aaeaiea”) 15. Aeaai?iaeiua

(noi?iiieee caeiiiinoe)

8. Aeaiaee

(a?oiia aaaeiienoia – “iieacooieeia” n oia?aiiui aeioiaeii, icaai/aiiay
aia/aoeaieai ia ie?oaeathueo) 16. No?iaea

(?ai?anneaiua io?eoaia)

eioa?anu ee/iinoe – aa i?aaeii/oaiey e oi, /oi iia n/eoaao aeey naay
aaaeiui a ie?oaeathuae n?aaea;

iiaiey ee/iinoe – aa eaeae, iiaiey i naaa, ie?oaeathuae n?aaea,
iieeoeea, yeieiaee e o.ae.;

aeaaiua nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee ee/iinoe – oaca
aeeciaiiiai oeeeea naiuee, aeioiae, ia?aciaaiea e o.i.

Iniiaiie iaoiae enneaaeiaaiey – nioeeieiae/aneee, 300-500 aii?inia.

I?eia? iauaai aiaeeca noeeae aeecie a Aa?iia i?eaaaeai ia ?en. 8.2.

A eiioeaiooaeueiii niunea ia nouanoaoao ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo ?acee/ee
iaaeaeo naaiaioaoeeae ?uieia oiaa?ia i?iiuoeaiiiai e iio?aaeoaeueneiai
iacia/aiey, oioy i?eiaiyaiua e?eoa?ee naaiaioaoeee aanueia ?acee/iu.

Naaiaioaoeey ii auaiaeai iaiin?aaenoaaiii iie?aaony ia niaoeeoe/aneea
iio?aaiinoe i?iiuoeaiiiai iieoiaoaey, eioi?ue euao a oiaa?a ?acee/iua
aeinoieinoaa, ooieoeee eee iieacaoaee yooaeoeaiinoe.

Iienaoaeueiay naaiaioaoeey iie?aaony ia iienaoaeueiua e?eoa?ee i?ioeey
i?iiuoeaiiiai eeeaioa: aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea, ?acia? e eieaeae
oe?iu, ninoaa aeoeeiia?ia, iauai i?iaeaae e ae?.

Iiaaaeai/aneay naaiaioaoeey inouanoaeyaony ii neaaeothuei e?eoa?eyi:

n?aaea (naeoi? i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ?acia? oe?iu, aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea);

?aai/ea oa?aeoa?enoeee (i?eiaiyaiay oaoiieiaey, eniieueciaaiea aeaiiiai
oiaa?a, oaoie/aneea e oeiainiaua ?ano?nu);

iaoiae niaa?oaiey caeoiee (iaee/ea oeaio?a caeoiee, ea?a?oe/aneay
no?oeoo?a, ioiioaiey iieoiaoaeue-i?iaeaaaoe, iauay iieeoeea caeoiie,
e?eoa?ee caeoiee);

neooaoeeiiiua oaeoi?u (n?i/iinoue auiieiaiey caeaca, i?eiaiaiea oiaa?a,
?acia? caeaca);

ee/iua ea/anoaa iieoiaoaey.

Iinea ?acaeaiey ?uieia oiaa?a ia iaeii?iaeiua naaiaiou inouanoaeyaony
ooi/iaiea aua?aiiuo ia noaaeee no?aoaae/aneiai ia?eaoeiaa oeaeaauo
naaiaioia. Ooi/iaiea (auai?) oeaeaauo naaiaioia iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny n
i?eiaiaieai:

iaaeeooa?aioee?iaaiiiai ia?eaoeiaa, eiaaea ia o/eouaathony ?acee/ey
iaaeaeo naaiaioaie ?uiea, ii ?anniao?eaaaony eae aaeeiia oeaeia.
Oieoeoee?iaaiiue aeey anaai ?uiea oiaa? aeaao yeiiiieth ia oeaia ca n/ao
yooaeoa ianooaaa. *oiau oaea?aeaoue iiceoeee ia ?uiea o?aaoaony auione
aunieiea/anoaaiiiai oiaa?a;

aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiiai ia?eaoeiaa, iaoeaeaiiiai ia iieiue ioaao ?uiea, ii
aaeaioe?iaaiiiai e eaaeaeiio naaiaioo (aeey eaaeaeiai “eioaeueea,
iacia/aiey e ee/iinoe”);

eiioeaio?e?iaaiiiai, eee noieone?iaaiiiai ia?eaoeiaa, iaoeaeaiiiai ia
oaeiaeaoai?aiea iio?aaiinoae iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo naaiaioia.

Iaoiae auai?a oeaeaauo naaiaioia ii?aaeaeyaony eieaeaeai oe?iu, aa
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoueth e eiathueieny ?ano?naie.

Iinea auai?a oeaeaauo naaiaioia oe?ia i?iaiaeeo iiceoeeiie?iaaiea
oiaa?ia a eaaeaeii naaiaioa. “?ac?aaioea e nicaeaiea eieaeaea oiaa?a
oaeei ia?acii, /oiau ii caiye a niciaiee iieoiaoaey aeinoieiia ianoi,
ioee/athuaany io iieiaeaiey oiaa?ia – eiieo?aioia”. Ia aeaiiie noaaeee
aicieeatho neaaeothuea oeie/iua aii?inu:

eaeiau ioee/eoaeueiua naienoaa e/eee auaiaeu, aeaenoaeoaeueiua eee
aini?eieiaaiua, ia eioi?ua aeaaii?eyoii ?aaae?otho iieoiaoaee?;

eae aini?eieiathony iiceoeee eiieo?e?othueo ia?ie e oe?i a ioiioaiee
yoeo naienoa eee auaiae?;

eaeoth iiceoeeth eo/oa anaai caiyoue a aeaiiii naaiaioa n o/aoii
iaeeaeaiee iioaioeeaeueiuo iieoiaoaeae e iiceoeee, oaea caiyouo
eiieo?aioaie?;

eaeea ia?eaoeiaiaua n?aaenoaa eo/oa anaai iiaeoiaeyo aeey oiai, /oiau
caiyoue e caueoeoue aua?aiioth iiceoeeth?

Iinea iiceoeeiie?iaaiey oiaa?a ?ac?aaaouaaaony iia?aoeaiay ia?eaoeiaiaay
i?ia?aiia i?iaeaeaeaiey oiaa?a ia ?uiie, eioi?ay ooi/iyao aecian-ieai
oe?iu a /anoe ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?a.

I?aeoe/aneay /anoue:

I?aaeaa?eoaeueiue aiaeec ?uiea, iniiaaiiue ia ii?ina ?yaea yenia?oia
iaeanoe no?ieoaeuenoaa, iieacae, /oi a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa ia iiiaio
i?iaaaeaiey enneaaeiaaiey noi?ie?iaaeenue ianeieueei ioiineoaeueii
onoie/eauo naaiaioia iieoiaoaeae nenoai eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e
aaioeeyoeee, aeeth/athuee eae th?eaee/aneeo eeoe (i?aaiecaoeee,
inouanoaeythuea no?ieoaeuenoai i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaiee
aicaeooiaieiai naienoaa, ia?aiai?oaeiaaiea noa?uo NAeE, caaioyueany i
nicaeaiee iee?ieeeiaoa a ioeniuo iiiauaieyo, caieiathueony
aaiiiae?yaeaie e o.i.), oae e oece/aneeo eeoe n aeinoaoi/ii aunieeie
aeioiaeaie. Aeiey iineaaeieo ia iiiaio ii?ina ii yenia?oiie ioeaiea
ninoaaeyao io 2% aei 3,5% ii naaaeaieyi Ni?aai/ieea “Aoaeeoi?ee e
?aeoeiae”, ioeoeeaeueiie noaoenoeea Aineiinoaoa e aeaiiui
enneaaeiaaoaeueneie a?oiiu 000 “E?iia Ei?neioi”.

Ii iiaieth niaoeeaeenoia Ana?inneeneiai oeaio?a eco/aiey iauanoaaiiiai
iiaiey (AOeEII), yoa eaoaai?ey ianaeaiey ii iiiaieeaoo?a iieoiaaiuo
oiaa?ia e iio?aaeyaiuo oneoa niioaaonoaiaaea “iecoaio aunoaio” e
“aunoaio n?aaeiaio” eeanno NOA. Aaee/eia ni?ina aeaiiiai naaiaioa ia
NAeE iiaeii n/eoaoue aeinoaoi/ii onoie/eaui. ?uiie onoaiiaee nenoai
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e aaioeeyoeee aeey /anoiiai aeeeuey iai?yioth
caaeneo io ?uiea iaaeaeaeeiinoe, iiyoiio iniiaiua iieacaoaee (aeiey
?uiea, ia?eiaee/iinoue iieoiee, nioeeiaeaiia?aoe/aneea aeaiiua,
caaeneiinoue io iieeoe/aneie neooaoeee e o.ae.) iiaeii einaaiii
ioeaieoue eiaiii /a?ac yoo noa?o.

?an/ao aieinoe ?uiea

Ii?aaeaeaiey aieinoe ?uiea neoaeeo aeey ooi/iaiey e?eoa?eaa
naaiaioaoeee. Anee iaiaaeaea? ii ia?eaoeiao noieeioeny n aii?inii:
“Aeinoaoi/ia ee aieinoue aeaiiiai oeaeaaiai ?uiea aeey iio?aaeaiey
i?iaeoeoeee eee oneoa iaoaai i?aaei?eyoey?”, oi neaaeothuei oaaii
noaiiaeony nai? eioi?iaoeee aeey ii?aaeaeaiey aieinoe ?uiea.

Aieinoue ?uiea – yoi iauai ?aaeecoaiiai a ?aaeiia (no?aia) oiaa?a,
aiaeiae/iiai oiio, eioi?ue i?iecaiaeeo i?aaei?eyoea, a oa/aiea iaeiiai
aiaea, ?ann/eoaiiue ia iniiaa aeaiiuo iaoeeiiaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiie e/eee
aiaoiaoi?aiaie noaoenoeee (a oece/aneeo aaeeieoeao eee ii noieiinoe).

Aoiaeiuie aeaiiuie aeey ?an/aoa aieinoe ?uiea aeey eaeie-eeai
i?iecaiaeeiie iiaeaee eee oneoae yaeythony: iauaa /enei ecaeaeee (eee
oneoa), i?iaeaiiuo ia ii?aaeaeaiiii aaia?aoe/aneii naaiaioa, aeiey yoiai
naaiaioa yoiai i?iaeoeoa ia aeaiiii aaia?aoe/aneii naaiaioa ?uiea.

I?aaenoaaei yoi a aeaea oi?ioeu:

, aaea i – 1,2,…m – eiaeaen naaiaioa ?uiea ii i?iaeoeoo, iiaeaee
ecaeaeey, auaeaeaiiue ii eaeiio-oi i?eciaeo; j – 1,2,…n – eiaeaen
aaia?aoe/aneiai naaiaioa ?uiea; d – iauaa /enei ecaeaeee ia j-i
naaiaioa; bji – aeiey i-ai naaiaioa ia j-i aaia?aoe/aneii naaiaioa
?uiea; A? – aieinoue i-ai naaiaioa ii i?iaeoeoo.

Oiiiaeea iauaa eiee/anoai ecaeaeee, i?iaeaiiuo a eaaeaeii aaia?aoe/aneii
naaiaioa, ia aeieth eaaeaeiai oeaiiaiai naaiaioa e i?inoiie?iaaa
iieo/aiiua cia/aiey ii anai aaia?aoe/aneei naaiaioai ?uiea, iiaeii
ii?aaeaeeoue neieueei ecaeaeee e eaeie iiaeaee aeieaeii i?iecaanoe
i?aaei?eyoea, /oiau i?iaeaoue a eaaeaeii ec aaia?aoe/aneeo naaiaioia.
Caoai iaaei niiinoaaeoue aieinoue ?uiea ii eaaeaeie iiaeaee ni naieie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie aiciiaeiinoyie.

A neo/aa n ?uieii NAeE aaoi?o i?eoeinue noieeiooueny n ii?aaeaeaiiuie
o?oaeiinoyie i?e ?an/aoa aieinoe ?uiea: e noaoenoe/aneei naaaeaieyi ii
i?iaeaaeai NAeE ia auei aeinooia, a ?inneeneay Iaae?aaeiiaeueiay
Annioeeaoeey eiaeaia?ia ii ioiieaieth, aaioeeyoeee, eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaieth
aicaeooa, oaieiniaaaeaieth e no?ieoaeueiie oaieioeceea (AAIE)
ioeacaeanue ia aacaiciacaeiie iniiaa niaaaeeoue iaiaoiaeeiuie aeaiiuie.
Iiyoiio i?eoeinue eniieueciaaoue oae iacuaaaioth “aoi?e/ioth
eioi?iaoeeth”, ?an/ao aieinoe ?uiea NAeE aue caiaiai ia ?an/ao
eiee/anoaa iioaioeeaeueiuo iieoiaoaeae NAeE.

Aeey ?an/aoa iioaioeeaeueiiai iauaia i?iaeaae auee eniieueciaaiu aeaiiua
enneaaeiaaiey III “E?iia Ei?neioi” (ni. i?ee. N4) e iaoa?eaeu
enneaaeiaaoaeueneie oe?iu “Ai?oen” (ni. i?ee. N1).

Enoiaeiuie aeaiiuie noaei eiee/anoai naiaenoa, ieaie?othueo ?aiiio ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia 1999 aiaea e ii?aaeaeaiiue iieiaic?anoiie eiioeiaaio.

Oaaeeoea 1

Enoiaeiua aeaiiua Eiee/anoaaiiue iieacaoaeue

Eiee/anoai /aeiaae, i?iaeeaathueo a 13 ai?iaeneeo ?aeiiao a aic?anoa
noa?oa 15 eao (ia 1 yiaa?y 1996 a.) 3540 oun. /aeiaae

I?ioeaio ianaeaiey io 30 aei 50 eao a

N-Iaoa?ao?aa 27 %

I?ioeaio ianaeaiey ni n?aaeiaaeooaaui aeioiaeii caieiathuee iaeaunooth
no?ieo ii aeioiaeiinoe 2%

Eiee/anoai naiaenoa, i?iaeeaathueo a N-Iaoa?ao?aa 1500
oun.

Eiee/anoai naiaenoa, ieaie?othueo ?aiiio 350 oun.

Eiee/anoai naiaenoa, ieaie?othueo eiiieaeniue ?aiiio 19,3 oun.

*Eniieuecoy i?eaaaeaiiua a oaaeeoea aeaiiua, iieo/aai, /oi:

Iioaioeeaeueiue iauai i?iaeaae, au?aaeaiiue a eiee/anoaa /aeiaae,
ninoaaee ie.19,1 oun. /aeiaae

Iioaioeeaeueiue iauai i?iaeaae, au?aaeaiiue a eiee/anoaa naiaenoa,
ieaie?othueo naeaeaoue eiiieaeniue ?aiiio, ninoaaee 19,3 oun. naiaenoa

* I?eia/aiea: ?an/ao i?iecaiaeeeny n o/aoii, /oi iiiyoea “eiiieaeniue
?aiiio” aeeth/aao onoaiiaeo a eaa?oe?a NAe/eeeE.

Ii ?acoeueoaoai enneaaeiaaiey ?uiea NAeE enneaaeiaaoaeueneie oe?iie
Ayeeai eoae

Oaa?eea+Eeeiao

Ie? oieiaea

Enaiey

Ne?ieei

Eeeiao Noaiaea?o

Eiiaeeoeeiia? na?aen

A?ai

Iao?iniae

Ath?i oaoieee e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey

Eeeiao i?io

Ae?oaia 12. Iao ioaaoa

Oaeei ia?acii, iu iiaeai i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi Ath?i oaoieee e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey iiaeao ?ann/eouaaoue ia 8 % io ii?aaeaeaiiiai auoa
eiee/anoaa iioaioeeaeueiuo iio?aaeoaeae, ia 1,5 oun. /anoiuo caeac/eeia.

Enneaaeiaaiea ?uiea

Aiaeec neooaoeee yaeyaony a ia?eaoeiaa iniiaie aeey i?eiyoey ?aoaiee.
Caaea/a enneaaeiaaiee caeeth/aaony a iiaeaioiaea aeaiiuo eae ia
oneiaeyo, aeeythueo ia aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoey, oae e i aiciiaeiuo
iineaaenoaeyo ?acee/iuo ia?ii?eyoee ia?eaoeiaa. I?aaeiaoii aiaeeca
yaeythony ?uiie, neooaoeey a no?aia e ie?, a oaeaea aiciiaeiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey.

Aeey iieo/aiey eioi?iaoeee i aioo?aiieo e aiaoieo oneiaeyo ?aaiou
i?aaei?eyoey i?eiaiythony iaoiaeu aiaeeca.

I?aaeiaoii enneaaeiaaiey iiaoo aunooiaoue eae i?aaei?eyoea, oae e
ie?oaeathuay aai n?aaea (eiieo?aiou, iio?aaeoaee, iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneay
neooaoeey a no?aia).

Iieo/eoue aeinoaoi/ii iieioth eioi?iaoeeth ii eioa?anothuae i?iaeaia
iiaeii eeoue eiay oi?ioi i?iaeoiaiioth eiioeaioeeth nai?a aeaiiuo.

Oacu i?ioeanna enneaaeiaaiey neooaoeee :

1. Ii?aaeaeaiea i?iaeaiu

· Iienaiea ?aaiou

· No?oeoo?e?iaaiea i?iaeaiu

· Ii?aaeaeaiea oeaee nai?a eioi?iaoeee

· Oi?ioee?iaaiea aeiioac

2. Au?aaioea eiioeaioeee nai?a eioi?iaoeee

· Iino?iaiea i?iaeoa enneaaeiaaiey(enoi/ieee eioi?iaoeee, eoi i?iaiaeeo)

· Ieai enneaaeiaaiee (cao?aou a?aiaie, noieiinoue)

· Ii?aaeaeaiea iaoiaea nai?a aeaiiuo. Auai? e ?acaeoea eino?oiaioia
nai?a

· Ii?aaeaeaiea iauaeoa enneaaeiaaiey e iauaia auai?ee

· ?ac?aaioea aeaoaeueiiai ieaia nai?a aeaiiuo

3. Iieaaua enneaaeiaaiey

· I?aaiecaoeey i?iaaaeaiea e eiio?ieue nai?a aeaiiuo

· Aeieoiaioe?iaaiea

4. Aiaeec aeaiiuo

· I?aaeaa?eoaeueiay i?iaa?ea nia?aiiie eioi?iaoeee

· Ia?aaioea iaoa?eaea

· Eioa?i?aoaoeey ?acoeueoaoia

5. I?acaioaoeey

· Iiaeaioiaea enneaaeiaaoaeueneiai io/aoa

· I?acaioaoeey iieo/aiiuo ?acoeueoaoia. Ia?aaea/a eeoeai, i?eieiathuei
?aoaiey

I?aeoe/aneay /anoue

Aeey Ath?i aaioeeyoeee e ioeaaeaeaiey enneaaeiaaiey i?iaiaeeeinue oe?iie
AYEEAI ltd. A aeaiiii enneaaeiaaiee auee eniieueciaaiu iaoiaeu ee/iiai
iieo no?oeoo?e?iaaiiiai eioa?aueth, oieoniuo a?oii e oaeaoiiiiai
eioa?aueth n eniieueciaaieai nenoaiu aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo oaeaoiiiuo
eioa?aueth CATI.

A niioaaonoaee n iinoaaeaiiuie caaea/aie auee aeaiu neaaeothuea
?aeiiaiaeaoeee:

Aeey ?uiea onoaiiaee nenoai eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e aaioeeyoeee i?e
?aeiino?oeoeee /anoiiai aeeeuey

• *anoiua caeac/eee ieioi i?eaioe?othony ia ?uiea nenoai aaioeeyoeee e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey. A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa iie ia iiaoo aniiiieoue ie
iaeiie oe?iu, onoaiaaeeaathuae iiaeiaiua nenoaiu (eeai aniiieiatho eeoue
oo, eioi?ay aaea ?aaiou ia eo iauaeoa).

• I?e auai?a ii?aaeaeaiiuo nenoai /anoiua caeac/eee i?eaioe?othony a
aieueoae noaiaie ia no?aio—i?iecaiaeeoaey nenoaiu, iaaeaee ia ia?eo.

• ?aaiou ii onoaiiaea nenoai aaioeeyoeee e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey
ecia/aeueii ia naycuaathony n iauei oiaeii ?aeiino?oeoeee. *aeiaae
ia/eiaao caaeoiuaaoueny i ieo iau/ii a eiioea eeai ii ieii/aiee
?aeiino?oeoeee. I?e yoii ethaee ia iniciatho oa neiaeiinoe, eioi?ua
iiaoo aicieeaoue i?e iiaeiaiii iiaeoiaea e n/eoatho, /oi ianeiaeii
onoaiiaeoue iiaeiaiua nenoaiu oaea ia aioiaii iauaeoa.

• iauea yeieiae/aneea oaeoi?u (caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu,
niaea?aeaiea oao eee eiuo yeaiaioia a aoiinoa?a) i?aeoe/anee ia aeeytho
ia ?aoaiea ia onoaiiaea nenoai aaioeeyoeee e/eee eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey.
Ai?acaei aieaa cia/eiuie yaeythony oaeoi?u /anoiie yeieiaee (i?ioiaeyuay
?yaeii iaaeno?aeue, oiiieeiue ioo e o.ae.).

• Eiiaeeoeeiia?u a /anoiii aeeeuea a iauai ia ?anniao?eaathony eae
yeaiaio i?anoeaeiinoe (aeaaea i?e aei?iaie ?aeiino?oeoeee /anoi
ioeacuaathony io eiiaeeoeeiia?ia). A iniiaiii eiiaeeoeeiia?u
?anniao?eaathony a ea/anoaa iaiaoiaeeiie oaoieee, aeey iaania/aiey
oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiuo oneiaee i?iaeeaaiey.

• Aieueoay aeiey ethaeae i?eieiaao ?aoaiea ia onoaiiaea nenoai
aaioeeyoeee e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey, euao e auae?aao iiae?yae/eeia iiae
aicaeaenoaeai ?aeiiaiaeaoeee no?ieoaeae e a?oeoaeoi?ia, i?iaiaeyueo
iniiaiie iauai ?aaio ii ?aeiino?oeoeee /anoiiai aeeeuey. A oaeeo neo/ayo
aeey /anoiiai eeeaioa oeaia ia yaeyaony nouanoaaiiui oaeoi?ii

i?e auai?a iiae?yae/eea. Ia ia?aue ieai auoiaeyo iioeau iaaeaaeiinoe e
ioaaonoaaiiinoe. A yoio aea naaiaio iiiaaeatho oa ethaee, eioi?ua
onoaiaaeeaatho nenoaiu a iniiaiii iiae aeeyieai ae?ocae e ciaeiiuo.

• Ioaeaeueiay (ioiineoaeueii iaiaa iiiai/eneaiiay) a?oiia ethaeae
i?aaei?eieiaao naiinoiyoaeueiua oneeey i?e iienea iiae?yae/eea ia
i?iaaaeaiea ?aaio ii onoaiiaea nenoai eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e/eee
aaioeeyoeee. Yoa a?oiia ethaeae iieuecoaony ?aeeaiiuie iauyaeaieyie,
?aciauaiiuie a iaueo ?aeeaiiuo ecaeaieyo (iai?eia?, “?aeeaia Oain”,
“?aeeaiiua iauyaeaiey”) e ?aeeaiiuie i?iniaeoaie, acyouie a iaaaceiao.

• I?e auai?a iiae?yae/eea aeey /anoiiai caeac/eea aaaeii, /oiau
i?iaeaaea, onoaiiaea e aeaeueiaeoaa ianeoaeeaaiea eiaeeeinue ia iaeio
oe?io. Iaeiaei

aieueoeinoai /anoiuo eeeaioia ia aioiau ieaoeoue ca aeiiieieoaeueiua
aeieain?i/iua aa?aioee. Aiieia ii?iaeueiui n?ieii aa?aioee
n/eoaaony— iaeei aiae.

• A?oeoaeoi?u—aeecaeia?u /anoiiai aeeeuey ieacuaath nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea
ia auai? ii?aaeaeaiiuo iaoa?eaeia, eiino?oeoeee eee oaoie/aneeo nenoai,
onoaiaaeeaaaiuo i?e i?iaaaeaiee ?aeiino?oeoeee. Iaeiaei iie ?aaeei
?aeiiaiaeotho naiei caeac/eeai eniieueciaaoue nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee e/eee
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey. A iniiaiii yoi i?ienoiaeeo a neeo iaaeinoaoi/iie
inaaaeiieaiiinoe e eiiiaoaioiinoe a?oeoaeoi?ia a aii?inao aaioeeyoeee e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e neaaie i?eaioaoeee ia ?uiea.

• Nenoaia oeaio?aeueiie iueaoai?ee caeioa?aniaaea /anoiuo eeeaioia.
Aieueoeinoai ec ieo ?aia ia neuoaee i oaeie nenoaia. A iniiaiii
n/eoaaony, /oi oaeay nenoaia i?aaeiacia/aia nei?aa aeey eiooaaeaeae e
/anoiuo aeiiia, /ai aeey eaa?oe?. Iaeiaei i?e aeaeueiaeoai auyniaiee
ieacaeinue, /oi i?aeoe/anee ieeoi ia niaeane au onoaiaaeeaaoue oaeoth
nenoaio o naay ia aea/a, a caai?iaeiii aeiia, eiooaaeaea. Aa?iyoii,
?uiie nenoai oeaio?aeueiie iueaoai?ee a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy ia iiaeao
noaoue ioiineoaeueii ianniaui, e iieo/aiea eaaeaeiai caeaca o?aaoao
nouanoaaiiuo eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo oneeee i?e ?aaioa n eeeaioii.

Aeey ?uiea onoaiiaee nenoai eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e aaioeeyoeee
ei?ii?aoeaiuie eeeaioaie

• Iniiaiuie i?e/eiaie onoaiiaee nenoai aaioeeyoeee e/eee
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey a i?aaiecaoeeyo neoaeao iaauiineiua oneiaey ?aaiou
(neeoeii aea?ei) eeai oaaaeaeaiiinoue ?aaioiaeaoaey a oii, /oi
iioeiaeueiua oneiaey o?oaea niinianoaotho iaeaieueoae
?aaioiniiniaiinoe nio?oaeieeia.

• Ia ?uiea ei?ii?aoeaiuo caeacia n?aaee i?e/ei onoaiiaee nenoai
aaioeeyoeee e/eee eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey oaeoi?u /anoiie yeieiaee (?yaeii
no?ieea, neeoeii aea?ei) oaeaea cia/eoaeueii i?aauoatho aeeyiea oaeoi?a
iauae yeieiae/aneie ianoaiiaee a ai?iaea.

• A oeaeii oa eeoea a i?aaiecaoeeyo, eioi?ua iaiin?aaenoaaiii
ioaaonoaaiiu ca onoaiiaeo nenoai aaioeeyoeee e/eee eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey
aeinoaoi/ii neaai i?eaioe?othony ia ?uiea. I?e oii, /oi aieueoeinoai ec
ieo i?aaenoaaeytho /ai ?acee/athony nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e ciatho, /oi iie iiaoo auoue niaiauaiu, iie iau/ii
ia iiaoo aniiiieoue ie iaeiie eiiiaiee a Iaoa?ao?aa, onoaiaaeeaathuae
iiaeiaiua nenoaiu.

• I?e onoaiiaea nenoai aaioeeyoeee e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey a i?aaiecaoeeyo
iaeaieaa aaaeiui oaeoi?ii auai?a iiae?yae/eea yaeyaony ea/anoai ?aaio
i?ioanneiiaeeci. E anee i?ioanneiiaeeci auyaeyaony a oiaea aanaae
eeeaioa n iiae?yae/eeii, oi ea/anoai ?aaio iiaeao auoue i?iaa?aii
oieueei ia oaea naeaeaiiuo iauaeoao. Iiyoiio aeey aieueoeinoaa eeeaioia
iieacii eiaoue ia?acoeu auiieiaiiie ?aaiou.

• Aeinoaoi/ii aaaeiuie i?e auai?a eiiiaiee iiae?yae/eea e eiie?aoiuo
nenoai yaeythony ia?ea e no?aia—i?iecaiaeeoaeue yoeo nenoai. Iaeaieaa
iiioey?iu nenoaiu i?iecaiaenoaa NOA e Aa?iaiee, a iaeiaiueoeie
neiiaoeyie iieuecothony ioa/anoaaiiua nenoaiu.

• A iniiaiii ei?ii?aoeaiua caeac/eee ia aioiau ieaoeoue ca
aeiiieieoaeueiue n?ie aa?aioee ia nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey. A ea/anoaa naiae iniiaiie aa?aioee iie aeaeyo ia?eo
e no?aio — i?iecaiaeeoaeue e aioiau ieaoeoue aieueoa ca ecaanoioth
ia?eo.

• Ia ana i?aaiecaoeee niaeaniu n oai, /oi i?iaeoe?iaaieai e onoaiiaeie
nenoai eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e aaioeeyoeee aeieaeiu caieiaoueny
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua oe?iu. Iaeioi?ua ei?ii?aoeaiua eeeaiou (a aeey
/anoiuo yoi i?iyaeyaony a aua aieueoae noaiaie) n/eoatho, /oi iniauo
neiaeiinoae a i?iaeoe?iaaiee e onoaiiaea oaeeo nenoai ia nouanoaotho.

Aeey ?uiea no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee- aaiiiae?yae/eeia, ?aaioathueo n
noaiiae?yae/eeaie ii onoaiiaea nenoai aaioeeyoeee e/eee
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey

• Anaai a ai?iaea aeaenoaoao ieiei 600 no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee,
niiniaiuo auiieiyoue noaiiae?yaeiua ?aaiou. Ec ieo ieiei 400
aaiiiae?yae/eeia ?aaioaee n noaiiae?yae/eeaie ii onoaiiaea nenoai
aaioeeyoeee e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey a 97—98 aiaeo.

• Ethaee a aaiiiae?yaeiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo, ?aaioathuea n
noaiiae?yae/eeaie, onoaiaaeeaathueie nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee e/eee
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey /anoi eniieuecotho a naiae ?aaioa niaoeeaeueioth
eeoa?aoo?o. Naiua iiioey?iua niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua ecaeaiey — No?ie I?aen
e No?ie Eioi — eo /eoatho ii 20% oaeeo ethaeae. Eeoue iaeia iyoay /anoue
oao ethaeae, eioi?ua ?aaioatho n noaiiae?yae/eeaie ia eniieuecotho a
naiae ?aaioa niaoeeaeueiua ecaeaiey.

• Ianiaoeeaeece?iaaiiua ecaeaiey eniieuecothony iacia/eoaeueii. Naioth
ianniaoth n?aaee yoiai e?oaa eeoe aacaoo — Aeaeiaie Iaoa?ao?a
eniieuecotho a naiae ?aaioa 11%, a oi a?aiy eae ii/oe 60% ia
eniieuecotho ianiaoeeaeece?iaaiiua ecaeaiey aiiaua.

• Ca 97—98 aiaeu aaiiiae?yaeiua i?aaiecaoeee onoaiiaeee n iiiiuueth
noaiiae?yae/eeia nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee e/eee eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey aieaa /ai
ia iieooi?a ouny/ao iauaeoia. Aeaa o?aoe ec yoeo iauaeoia — yoi iauaeou
iaaeeeiai oiiaea.

• Ecaanoiinoue eiiiaiee, onoaiaaeeaathueo nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey n?aaee ethaeae a aaiiiae?yaeiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo
?aaioathueo n noaiiae?yae/eeaie a yoie iaeanoe i/aiue ieceay. Niiioaiii
(aac iiaeneacee) ieiei 40% ec ieo ia niiaee aniiiieoue ie iaeiie
eiiiaiee, a ieiei 30% ia niiaee aniiiieoue ie iaeiie aeaaea i?e
ca/eouaaiee ei nienea naiuo e?oiiuo eiiiaiee.

• Eeaee?othuea iiceoeee (ii ana ?aaii n ieceie ecaanoiinoueth) ii
ecaanoiinoe caieiatho eiiiaiee Eeeiao I?io e Eiiaeeoeeiia? Na?aen. Ie?
Oieiaea iaoiaeeony a n?aaeiae a?oiia eiiiaiee, ii iacaaieth eiiiaieth
Ie? Oieiaea niiaee aniiiieoue ieiei 20% ethaeae ?aaioathueo n
noaiiae?yae/eeaie ii onoaiiaea nenoai aaioeeyoeee e/eee
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey. Oaeei ia?acii 80% oaeeo ethaeae ia ciatho i
nouanoaiaaiee eiiiaiee “Ie? Oieiaea”.

• Ii ecaanoiinoe oneiaee ?aaiou eiiiaiey “Ie? Oieiaea” iaoiaeeony a
ieaeiai yoaeiia i?aaiecaoeee, onoaiaaeeaathueo nenoaiu aaioeeyoeee e/eee
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey. A yoeo oneiaeyo iaiaoiaeeia aieaa aeoeaiay i?yiay
?aaioa n ethaeueie a aaiiiae?yaeiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo ii ?acuyniaieth
oneiaee ?aaiou (e naiiai oaeoa nouanoaiaaiey) eiiiaiee Ie? Oieiaea. Ia
aeaiiii yoaia ?acaeoey ?uiea (ieceie inaaaeiieaiiinoe) i?inoia iiauoaiea
/enea eiioaeoia n oeaeaauie a?oiiaie (aeaaea aac iniauo ooeu?aiee e
?aeeaiiuo oiaeia) aa?iyoii niiniaii i?eaanoe e oaaee/aieth /enea
caeacia.

• Aieaa iieiaeiu aaiiiae?yaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee iieuecothony i?e auiieiaiee
?aaio ii aaioeeyoeee e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaieth oneoaaie iinoiyiiuo
ia?oia?ia. Iaeiaei aieaa o?aoe ec yoeo aaiiiae?yae/eeia iiaee au
niaieoue naiaai iinoiyiiiai ia?oia?a, anee au ei i?aaeeiaeeee aieaa
auaiaeiua oneiaey nio?oaeie/anoaa.

• I?e yoii iiae aieaa auaiaeiuie oneiaeyie nio?oaeie/anoaa
iiae?acoiaaathony aieaa ieceea oeaiu. Ia aoi?ii ii cia/eiinoe ianoa
noieo ea/anoai ?aaio, ii i?e yoii i?aeoe/anee ia nouanoaoao
aaiiiae?yae/eeia, eioi?ua niiniaiu i?e oi?ioai ea/anoaa ?aaio ia
ia?auaoue iniaiai aieiaiey ia oeaio.

Iaiaeiaaaeiui yaeyaony oaeaea aiaeec oeaiiauo i?aeiouanoa ?acee/iuo
ia?ie eiiaeeoeeiia?ia, o/eouaay oaeea ia?aiao?u, eae oeaia e
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue ii aicaeooo. Aeey i?eia?a i?eaaaeo niaiauaiiue
a?aoee n?aaiaiey ia?ie eiiaeeoeeiia?ia (ianoaiiua nieeo-nenoaiu,
?aaioathuea ia ioeaaeaeaiea e iaa?aa). Aeey i?eia?a i?eiai, /oi Ath?i
oi?aoao -LG, Eeeiao i?io – Panasonic.

Eae aeaeii ec a?aoeea, eiiaeeoeeiia?u ia?ee LG ii ia?aiao?o
oeaia-i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue i?aainoiaeyo eiiaeeoeeiia?u ia?ee Panasonic.
Oaeei ia?acii Ath?i iieo/aao i?aeiouanoaa i?iaeaae (caeiaeaiiie naiie
ia?eie) ia?aae Eeeiao i?io, anee niiaeao i?aaeeueii iiceoeeiie?iaaoue
naie oiaa?, naeaeaoue eiieo?aioiniiniaiua i?aeiouanoaa aeaeeiuie aeey
iio?aaeoaey.

Aiaeec aiciiaeiinoae e i?iaeai

I?e ?anniio?aiee aii?inia, naycaiiuo n naaiaioaoeeae e auai?a no?aoaaee
iiaaaeaiey ia ?uiea eniieuecotho oae iacuaaaiue SWOT-aiaeec. Aaoi?ii aue
i?iecaaaeai SWOT-aiaeec, eniieuecoy iaoiaeieiaeth, i?aaeeiaeaiioth aeey
ninoaaeaiey aecian-ieaia.

SWOT-aiaeec

Aiaeec neeueiuo/neaauo noi?ii

Iienaiea Neeueiay/neaaay noi?iia Ieaie?oaiue ioeeee

Ooao eiino?oeoi?ia-i?ioanneiiaeia Neeueiay Oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue caeac/eea
ea/anoaii ?aaio

Iiauoaiea oainia ia iiaaaeo a oaiaea?a

Ionoonoaea eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie eeeaioneie neoaeau Neaaay Iioa?y eiioaeoa
n /anoiuie e ei?ii?aoeaiuie eeeaioia e, eae neaaenoaea, nieaeaiea
i?iaeaae

Noaiaea?oiue ia?a/aiue oneoa aac /aoeiai iiceoeeiie?iaaiey Neeueiay

Neaaay Aeaenoaea ia ianeieueei naaiaioia iaeiia?aiaiii

A aeacao /anoiuo eeeaioia e aaiiiae?yae/eeia ieaaee?iaaiea eieaeaea
oe?iu n ae?oaeie oe?iaie a aeaiiie iaeanoe oneoa

Nianoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai eiiieaeoothueo eiiiiiaioia aeey
aaioeeyoeeiiiuo nenoai a aei/a?iae oe?ia Neeueiay Nieaeaiea cao?ao ia
caeoiee

Auoiae ia niioaaonoaothuee ?uiie i?iecaiaeeoaeae

Iieiaeeoaeueiue eieaeae (a iniiaiii ii ioeeeeai ei?ii?aoeaiuo eeeaioia)
Neeueiay Onoaiiaeaiea i?i/iuo naycae n aiciiaeiui i?iaeieaeaieai
nio?oaeie/anoaa

I?iaeaeaeaiea oneoa /a?ac ei?ii?aoeaiuo eeeaioia iin?aaenoaii oae
iacuaaaiuo “ae?oaeaneeo ?aeiiaiaeaoeee”

Iaaieueoie ?aeeaiiue athaeaeao Neaaay I?enoonoaea eioi?iaoeee i oe?ia a
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiie eeoa?aoo?a e ae?oaeo ?aeeaiiuo iineoaeyo aac
aeaeaaiiai iauaia e ia?eiaee/iinoe (/oi oiaiueoaao iioaioeeaeueioth
aieinoue ?uiea e iaaeaaii?eyoii io?aaeaaony ia eieaeaea oe?iu)

I?aiaeaaeaiea ia?eaoeiaa ee/iuo i?iaeaae Neeueiay

Neaaay Aeoeaiia acaeiiaeaenoaea n ?oeiaiaeyueie aeieaeiinoyie oe?i
–ei?ii?aoeaiuo eeeaioia

Iioa?y ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoe /anoiuo eeeaioia

Ionoonoaea enneaaeiaaoaeueneiai ioaeaea

Neaaay Iaciaiea i?aaeiinueie aeey no?aoaae/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey

Aiaeec aiciiaeiinoae e oa?ic

Iienaiea oaiaeaioeee Oa?ica/aiciiaeiinoe Ieaie?oaiue ioeeee

Aeoeaiay i?iiaaaiaea iayeieiae/iinoe eiiaeeoeeiia?ia Aiciiaeiinoue
Nicaeaiea aioee?eceniie annioeeaoeee i?aaei?eyoee iai?yioth naycaiiuo n
i?iecaiaenoaii e i?aaeinoaaeaieai oneoa ii aaioeeyoeee e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaieth

I?iaaaeaiea aioei?iiaaaiaeu (a i?anna, ?aeeaiiuo eenoiaeao )

I?aaiecaoeey oe?ieiianooaaiuo PR-aeoeee(eiioa?aioeee, inaauaiea a i?anna
e oaeaaeaeaiee ?acoeueoaoia enneaaeiaaiee )

I?eiaiaiea e oneoaai ii onoaiiaea NAeE (nenoai aaioeeyoeee e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey) iaoiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey

* (ni. i?ee. N 3) Oa?ica Iaeaaeeaaiea eee oi?i/aiea naycae n ?inneeneeie
i?iecaiaeeoaeyie eiiaeeoeeiia?ia e eiiiiiaioia aeey NAeE

?acaeoea nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e oaaee/aiea iauaiia nauoa
eiiiiiaioia

Iiyaeaiea iio-oao caiaiythueo NAeE Aiciiaeiinoue Aeoeaiia o/anoea a
?ac?aaioea e aiaae?aieth oaeiai ?iaea iio-oao

Iieoiea eeoeaicee ia iaai e ia?ai?aaiecaoeey i?iecaiaenoaa

I?iaaaeaiea eiieo?e?othueie oe?iaie iiuiuo ?aeeaiiuo eaiiaiee Oa?ica
I?iaaaeaiea ?aaio aeey aieaa /aoeiai iiceoeeiie?iaaiey ia ?uiea (a oii
/enea, anee yoi aoaeao no?aoaae/anee cia/eii a aeaiiue iiiaio,
oaaee/aiea ?anoiaeia ia ?aeeaio)

Eiieo?aioeey

Oaeoi?u, ii?aaeaeythuea eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue eiiiaiee ii onoaiiaea
nenoai aaioeeyoeee e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey

Eiiieaeniinoue e aeeaa?neoeeaoeey i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo oneoa Eiiiaiee iiaeii
oneiaii ?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa aeaea:

– eiiiaiee n iieiui oeeeeii oneoa (Caieiathueany i?iaeaaeae a ?icieoeo
eiiaeeoeeiia?ia, onoaiiaeie NAeE, nenoai oeaio?aeueiie iueaoai?ee,
?aaioa ia iauaeoao ethaie neiaeiinoe: io /anoiie eaa?oe?u aei caaiaea)

– eiiiaiee, niaoeeaeece?othueany ia iaeiii iai?aaeaiee aeayoaeueiinoe

Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue iiaeoiae e eaaeaeiio eeeaioo (n iiceoeee i?eioeeia
Ia?aooi) I?aaiecaoeey eeeaioneie neoaeau iaeneiaeueii i?eaioe?iaaiiie ia
aua?aiiue naaiaio iio?aaeoaeae

I?iaaaeaiea “i?iaiuo” ?aeeaiiuo eaiiaiee, I?aaiecaoeee
enneaaeiaaoaeueneiai ioaeaea, a aaaeaiee eioi?iai au iaoiaeeeanue ?aaioa
ii naycyi n iauanoaaiiinoueth, i?iaaaeaiea ii?inia, ?aaioa n
?aeeaiaoeeyie, aaaeaiea noaoenoeee i?iaeaae e i?. Aeaiiue oaeoi? eiaao
aaaeiia i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea. Oaeei ia?acii, ioeaiea naie aiciiaeiinoe
i?aaiecaoeey niiaeao aieaa oi/ii ieaie?iaaoue naith aeayoaeueiinoue e
iaeaieaa “iniciaiii” iiaeoiaeeoue e ii?aaeaeaieth naieo nianoaaiiuo
eiieo?aioiuo i?aeiouanoa, iicaieeo auyaeoue iaaeinoaoee a ?aaioa e
au?aaioaoue iaeaieaa yooaeoeaioth no?aoaaeth iiceoeeiie?iaaiey ia
aeaiiii ?uiea.

Aaconeiaii, aeey eaaeaeiai ecaeaeey, aoaeue oi ianoaiiay nieeo-nenoaia
eee eiiieaeniay nenoaia aaioeeyoeee, eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e i/enoee
aicaeooa neaaeoao ninoaaeyoue naie eeno eiieo?aioiniiniaiuo ea/anoa. A
aeaiiie aeaaa aoaeao ?anniio?ai eeoue iauee ieai ?acai?a
eiieo?aioiniiniaiuo ea/anoa e aeaia i?eaeeceoaeueiay ioeaiea iaiauaiiuo
ea/anoa i?iaeoeoa e na?aena ii aeaoi iniiaiui eiieo?aioai.

Aiaeec ioeaiee eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe iaoaai i?aaei?eyoey (Ath?i oaoieee
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e aaioeeyoeee) ioiineoaeueii auyaeaiiuo eiieo?aioia
eo/oa anaai nenoaiaoece?iaaoue a aeaea neaaeothuae oaaeeoeu:

Oaeoi?u eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe Ath?i oaoieee eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey e
aaioeeyoeee Eiieo?aiou

Eeeiao-i?io Iao?iniae

Ea/anoai, i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo, oiaa?ia e oneoa 5 5 5

Noeeue 4 5 5

I?anoeae oi?aiaie ia?ee 4 4 5

Aa?aioeeiue n?ie 5 5 5

N?ie neoaeau 5 5 5

N?ie ieaoaaea 4 5 5

Oi?iu nauoa 5 5 5

Noaiaiue ioaaoa ?aiea (N Iaoa?ao?a) 4 5 5

Oiiieiaiea ia ecaeaeeyo a n?aaenoaao ianniaie eioi?iaoeee 4 4 5

Ii i?eaaaeaiiie auoa oaaeeoea iiaeii naeaeaoue neaaeothuea auaiaeu:

Ii noiia iaa?aiiuo aaeeia aannii?iia eeaea?noai caieiaao oe?ia Iao?iniae

Iniiaiuie iaaeinoaoeaie a no?aoaaee i?iaeaeaeaiey oiaa?a e oneoa Ath?i
yaeythony ia/aoeia iiceoeeiie?iaaiea oiaa?a e neaai ?acaeoay nenoaia
ia?eaoeiaiaie eioi?iaoeee

Auaiaeu

A niioaaonoaee n oeaeyie ?aaiou aue i?iaaaeai iaci? ?uiea aaioeeyoeee
e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey (NAeE) ca 1999 a, ?anniio?ai ?yae aii?inia,
eanathueony iieiaeaiey Ath?i ia ?uiea.

Enneaaeiaaiey ?uiea iieacaee, /oi Ath?i ii naiei iioaioeeaeueiui
aiciiaeiinoyi i?aainoiaeeo iiiyoea “n?aaeiaai iieacaoaey ii io?anee”, ii
aeey oniaoiiai i?iaeaeaeaiey naieo oneoa e oiaa?ia, Ath?i aeieaeii iieoe
ia aieaa ?aoeoaeueiua ia?u ii i?aiaeieaieth aa?uea?a iaciaiey
iio?aaeoaeai i?aaeeaaaaiuo Ath?i oneoa: ianniaay ?aeeaia, oaaee/aiea
eioi?iaoeeiiiie aeoeaiinoe.

I?eeiaeaiea N1

Aeiiaoiea oicyenoaa iaiytho naioaoieeo

Eaaeaeay iyoay iaoa?ao?aneay naiuey ieaie?oao eaeie-eeai aeae ?aiiioa ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia 1999 aiaea.

E iei iiaeao i?eniaaeeieoueny ii/oe 90 oun. naiae (6% io 1500 oun.
naiaenoa, ian/eouaathueony a Iaoa?ao?aa), eioi?ua aua ia ?aoeeenue ia
iiaeiaiue iiaeaea. Inoaeueiua, niaeanii ii?ino enneaaeiaaoaeueneie oe?iu
“Ai?oen”, caieiaoueny iie?aneie eee eeaeeie iaiaa a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy ia
niae?athony.

Aeaaeaeueoeaa eaa?oe? e aeiiia, ieaie?othueo eaoii eee inaiueth yoiai
aiaea naeaeaoue ?aiiio, i?eia?ii noieueei aea, eae e a i?aaeuaeouea
aiaeu. Iaeiaei a ia?aoth iieiaeio 1999 aiaea i?eaaaeaieai a ii?yaeie
aeeeeua caiyeinue ia 50% aieueoa naiae, /ai ca oio aea ia?eiae 1998
aiaea.

Ii aeaiiui eiiiaiee “Ai?oen”, n 1996 ii 1999 aiae ni?in ia iaie ia
eciaieeny, a ia eaoaeue e iaiieueiua iie?uoey iaiiiai nieceeny. Ca yoi
a?aiy oaaee/eeinue /enei aeaeathueo niaieoue naioaoieeo.

Eoaea iiaeaoueny

AEeoaee ai?iaea oi?ioi ciatho a?aiaeu a noa?a oi?aiaee oicyenoaaiiuie
e no?ieoaeueiuie oiaa?aie. Oieueei 7% i?aaenoaaeoaeae naiae,
caieaie?iaaaoeo ?aiiio, ia niiaee iacaaoue ie iaeiiai oe?iaiiiai
iaaaceia, oi?aothuaai oicyenoaaiiuie oiaa?aie, ?aniieiaeaiiua ieiei
aeiia, iacaaee 17%. Anaai auei oiiiyiooi 18 oe?iaiiuo iaaaceiia,
oi?aothueo oiaa?aie aeey ?aiiioa.

Iioiaea, ana oaiaeaioeee e iaeeaeaiey a ?inneeneie yeiiiieea naycaiu n
aieueoie iieeoeeie.

“Aiciiaeii, iaeeaeaiea ia no?ieoaeueiii ?uiea naycaii n i?aaeauai?iie
neooaoeeae a no?aia. A aoaeouai cia/eoaeueiue ?ino iauaiia a yoii
naeoi?a yeiiiieee aiciiaeai oieueei i?e oeiainiaie noaaeeueiinoe.
O?oaeii i?aaeneacaoue, eae neaaeaony i?aaeauai?iay eaiiaiey ia ?uiea, ii
nei?aa yoio ia?eiae noaiao ioee/iui oainii aeey ioa/anoaaiiuo
i?iecaiaeeoaeae”, -?annoaeaeaao iaiaaeaea? ioaeaea eioi?iaoeee III
“Oaen” Iaoaeuey Ianthoeia.

Caieaie?iaaiiua aeaeu ?aiiioa

Oei ?aiiioa Eie-ai naiae (oun.). % io anao naiae % io ieaie?othueo
?aiiio

Einiaoe/aneee ?aiiio 232,3 16,3 80,8

Oieueei niaieoue naioaoieeo 48,5 3,4 16,9

Oieueei eaoaeue, oaieua iieu 22,8 1,6 7,8

Eiiieaeniue ?aiiio 15,7 1,1 5,5

Oieueei iie, aeaa?e eee iioieie 27,0 2,0 9,7

Ae?oaia 3,0 0,2 1,2

Aeieo?ee AEaeaeoeeee

I?eeiaeaiea N2

Eiiaeeoeeiia?u ni?aaiothony a ea/anoaa.

Oi?ioee eiiaeeoeeiia? – yoi ?aiooaoeey aai i?iecaiaeeoaey iethn n?ie
aa?aioee (io 1 aei 5 eao) e iaee/ea na?aeniuo oeaio?ia.

I iaaeaaeiinoe oaoieee ?acee/iuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae i?iaeaaoeu aeatho
i?ioeai?a/eaua naaaeaiey. I?aaaea, ii/oe iao ieioeo iocuaia i
eiiaeeoeeiia?ao ia?ie Carrier, Hitachi e Daikin. Ioiineoaeueii
Panasonic, Fujitsu, DeLonghi, Samsung, Sharp, “Yeaiao” io?eoeaoaeueiua
iiaiey cao/ao /aua, ii a iniiaiii io oao, eoi ia ?aaioaao n ieie.
I?iaeaaoeu, eae i?aaeei, oaaeyo naie oiaa?, ia oioneay neo/ay oeieioue
eiieo?aioia.

Eiiaeeoeeiia? ethaie ia?ee oi?io, iineieueeo i?iecaiaenoai eeeiioaoieee
ai anai ie?a aeinoeaei aunieiai o?iaiy. Iineianeee iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue
caaiae “Yeaiao” a 1996 aiaeo ia/ae auioneaoue auoiaua eiiaeeoeeiia?u
Samsung ia iai?oaeiaaiee e ec eiiieaeoothueo ei?aeeie oe?iu, a n 1997
aiaea iiae nianoaaiiie ia?eie.

Iaoa?ao?a – naiue neiaeiue ai?iae aeey i?iaeaae eiiaeeoeeiia?ia
“Yeaiao”. Yoi iauyniyaony aeoeaiinoueth aa?iiaeneeo, aia?eeaineeo e
aceaoneeo oe?i e eo aeeea?ia, iiiaea ec eioi?uo ?aaioatho ia aunieii
o?iaia.

Iiioaae e yenieoaoaoeey

Oaeoe/aneei iieacaoaeai ea/anoaa eiiaeeoeeiia?a yaeyaony noaoenoeea,
iieacuaathuay, eaeay oaoieea e eae /anoi iiiaaeaao a ?aiiioiua
ianoa?neea. Iniiaiie i?e/eiie iieiiie iiaie oaoieee yaeyaony
iaea/anoaaiiue iiioaae.

Ii a ?aiiio iinooiatho a iniiaiii eiiaeeoeeiia?u, i?iaeaiiua aieaa 3
eao iacaae. Ia?aua 2 aiaea ethaie eiiaeeoeeiia? ?aaioaao aacioeacii,
iacaaeneii io ia?ee. III “Nieie” i?aaeinoaaeei eioi?iaoeeth i
i?ioiaeaeaiee /a?ac aai ianoa?neea a yoii aiaeo ieiei 50 eiiaeeoeeiia?ia
Mulinex, Panasonic, Fujitsu, DeLongi ni n?ieii neoaeau 3-5 eao. Iniiaiay
ianna – eiiaeeoeeiia?u AE (aaeeineiai i?iecaiaenoaa), i?i?aaioaaoea 5-10
eao. Eo /enei ia iiaeaeaaony oi/iiio iiaen/aoo.

Noaoenoeea iaeni?aaiinoae ?acee/iuo iiaeaeae iiauo eiiaeeoeeiia?ia,
i?iaeaiiuo e niiioe?iaaiiuo a yoii aiaeo, i?aaeinoaaeaiiay Ieoaeeii
Iaaeaeeaeiaui, oaoie/aneei aee?aeoi?ii III “?aaeeeae-eeeiao”:
Fujitsu-0%, Carrier-0%, Panasonic-1%, Samsung-5%, Yeaiao-5%, York-10%.

Naiay aieueoay i?iaeaia aeey ethaiai eiiaeeoeeiia?a a Iaoa?ao?aa –
oiiieeiue ioo: anee aia?aiy ia n/enoeoue aai n eiii?anni?a,
eiiaeeoeeiia? nei?i aueaeao ec no?iy. Niaoeeaeenou aiai?yo i
iaiaoiaeeiinoe eae ieieioi 2 ?aca a aiae aeaeaoue i?ioeeaeoe/aneee
?aiiio. Aac oaoie/aneiai ianeoaeeaaiey oaea /a?ac 2-3 aiaea o?aaoaony
caiaia eiii?anni?a. ?ac a 3-4 aiaea ioaeii aeiaaaeyoue o?aii.

Ciath, ii ia neaaeo

Ia?aui i?eciaeii ea/anoaa eiiaeeoeeiia?a yaeyaony iaee/ea na?oeoeeaoa
niioaaonoaey. A Iaoa?ao?aa ii auaeaaony i?iecaiaeeoaeth eee i?iaeaaoeo
i?aaiecaoeeyie, eioi?ua eiatho aooanoao aee?aaeeoaoeee. Iaeia ec ieo –
AO “OANO – Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a”. Ioeoeeaeueioth eioi?iaoeeth i ea/anoaa
auoiauo eiiaeeoeeiia?ia niaoeeaeenou eniuoaoaeueiie eaai?aoi?ee “OANO –
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a” ioeacaeenue. Ii iaiiaeoaa?aeaeaiiui aeaiiui, ca
iineaaeiea 3 aiaea eioeeaeaioia n auoiauie eiiaeeoeeiia?aie caeanue ia
caoeene?iaaee. ?oeiaiaeeoaeue eaai?aoi?ee Na?aae Iieieieeia caiaoee, /oi
iieoiaoaeue ia cano?aoiaai io iieoiee ecaeaeey n a?aeii. Ii aeey yoeo
neo/aaa nouanoaoao aa?aioey.

N?aaieaay ?inneeneeo e ae?oaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeae auoiaie oaoieee, aeaaiui
ioee/eai Na?aae Iieieieeia iacaae eoeueoo?o i?iecaiaenoaa. “Eo/oei
eiiaeeoeeiia?ii yaeyaony oio, ia eioi?ue o Aan oaaoeei aeaiaa”.

Aiae?ae Neoieeia

I?eeiaeaiea N3

Iiae?yae/eee eoiyo ioa/anoaaiiia.

Aaea?ee A?eaaiia

Iiae?yae/eee, ?aaioathuea ia iauaeoao, aicaiaeeiuo ca n/ao n?aaenoa
athaeaeaoa Iaoa?ao?aa, aeieaeiu i?aaeii/eoaoue ioa/anoaaiiia.

Ioiuia eniieueciaaiea anao no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia, i?iecaaaeaiiuo ia
ioa/anoaaiiuie eiiiaieyie, o?aaoao aeiiieieoaeueiiai niaeaniaaiey a
Eiieoaoa yeiiiieee e i?iiuoeaiiie iieeoeee.

Niaeanii ?anii?yaeaieth aoaa?iaoi?a ?881-? io 03.09.99, io?aneaaui e
oa??eoi?eaeueiui i?aaiai aaeieieno?aoeee Iaoa?ao?aa i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee,
no?ieoaeuenoaa, ?aiiioa e ?aeiino?oeoeee iauaeoia, oeiaine?oaiuo ca n/ao
n?aaenoa athaeaeaoa ai?iaea, i?aaeienaii eniieueciaaoue iaoa?eaeu e
iai?oaeiaaiea, ecaioiaeaiiua ioa/anoaaiiuie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie. A neo/ayo,
anee aac eiino?aiiie i?iaeoeoeee ia iaieoenue, caeac/ee aeieaeai ia?aae
i?eia?aoaieai niaeaniauaaoue aa a Eiieoaoa yeiiiieee e i?iiuoeaiiie
iieeoeee.

Aeaaiaea?iu, ii…

No?ieoaee, iaeia?yy aeieoiaio a i?eioeeia (ca iiiuoeo iiaeaea?aeaoue
ianoiiai i?iecaiaeeoaey), aeaeaee iaiai?eo: i?iecaiaeeoaeue
no?ieiaoa?eaeia auae?aaony enoiaey ec i?iecaiaenoaaiiie iaiaoiaeeiinoe e
cae?aaiai niunea e aeiiieieoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey caeanue ia ioaeii.
I?e no?ieoaeuenoaa iauaeoia, oeiaine?oaiuo ec athaeaeaoa, ?anneacuaatho
niaoeeaeenou, e oae eniieuecoaony ioa/anoaaiiay i?iaeoeoeey, iioiio /oi
/aua anaai iia aeaoaaea. Iiyoiio iiyaeaiea o?aaiaaiey i iaiaoiaeeiinoe
niaeaniauaaoue i?eia?aoaiea ca?oaaaeiuo no?ieiaoa?eaeia nicaeaao eeoue
aeiiieieoaeueiua o?oaeiinoe.

Ii?ioaiiua i?iecaiaeeoaee no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia aini?eiyee ?aoaiea
aoaa?iaoi?a ni neoiie ia eceeoiea ainoi?ae aeaaiaea?iinoueth.

“O anaai anoue aeaa noi?iiu. Oi?ioi, /oi ai?iae i?eciaao: iaaei
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ioa/anoaaiiiai i?iecaiaeeoaey, — aiai?eo Aeieo?ee
Neai?oeia, eiiia?/aneee aee?aeoi? III “Oaen” ii i?iecaiaenoao e?anee
“Oaen”. — Ii aeaaiia, /oiau iii ia i?eiyei eca?auaiiua oi?iu: i?eeacaee
— ioa/anoaaiiia, cia/eo, oieueei ioa/anoaaiiia, aeaaea anee iii ieioiai
ea/anoaa. Iu oioei, /oiau iiae?yae/eee iieueciaaeenue iaoae i?iaeoeoeeae
ia aeaaiaea?y eaeiio-oi aeiiieieoaeueiiio ?aaoee?iaaieth, a iioiio /oi
iia ea/anoaaiiay”.

O iinoaaueeia ca?oaaaeiuo no?ieiaoa?eaeia aeieoiaio oaeaea ia aucaae
iniauo yiioeee. “Iinoaaee ia iauaeou athaeaeaoiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa
caieiatho o ian noieue iaaieueooth /anoue, /oi ?anii?yaeaiea ia iaoai
i?enoonoaee ia yoii ?uiea ieeae ia neaaeaony, — aiai?eo Na?aae
A?eai?ueaa, caianoeoaeue aaia?aeueiiai aee?aeoi?a CAI “Iiieiai NIa” —
eiiiaiee, caieiathuaeny iinoaaeie ca?oaaaeiiai iai?oaeiaaiey aeey
eiaeaia?iuo naoae ioiieaiey, aiaeiniaaaeaiey e yeaeo?eoeeaoeee.

Aieueoeinoai ?oeiaiaeeoaeae eiiiaiee e i?aaiecaoeee, aunooiathueo io
eiaie ai?iaea caeac/eeii ia iauaeou athaeaeaoiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa,
cayaeyee, /oi iie ia eiio?iee?otho, eaeea no?ieiaoa?eaeu caeoiaao
iiae?yae/ee. “Iai aaaeue aeaaiia, /oiau ii oeiaeeeny a niaoo, —
?anneacuaaao Ia?e Ea?iia, aeaaiue niaoeeaeeno ioaeaea oaoie/aneiai
iaaeci?a CAI “Oieeii”, — a no?ieoaeue nai ?aoeo, aaea aio auaiaeiaa
i?eia?aoaoue iaoa?eaeu. E i?eia?o, aaei?onneee eeiieaoi aeaoaaea, a
ea/anoaii ia ooaea ?inneeneiai — eaeie niune iiae?yae/eeo iieoiaoue
ioa/anoaaiiue? Ii, ?ac anoue i?eeac, oaia?ue aoaeai eiio?iee?iaaoue
no?ieiaoa?eaeu”.

Aeoaeee Aioieaaneee, aaia?aeueiue aee?aeoi? IAI “Iaoa?ao?ano?ie” — aua
iaeiie eiiiaiee, aunooiathuae a ?iee caeac/eea ia iauaeou athaeaeaoiiai
no?ieoaeuenoaa, cayaee: “Eniieiaiea aeieoiaioa aoaeao i?ienoiaeeoue a
niioaaonoaee ni cae?aaui niuneii”.

“Ia iaaei ai?iaeneie aaeieieno?aoeee aaycuaaoueny a oaeea aii?inu, —
aiai?eo aaia?aeueiue aee?aeoi? eiiiaiee, aunooiathuae a ?iee
iiae?yae/eea ia no?ieoaeuenoaa iauaeoa, oeiaine?oaiiai ec athaeaeaoa
Iaoa?ao?aa. — Anaaaea auae?aaoue oi, /oi auaiaeiaa; eaeia-oi
eneonnoaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea iiaeao eeoue iaa?aaeeoue, aaaeue yoi aea
ia?aie/aiea eiieo?aioeee”.

?anii?yaeaiea — yoi ia caeii

Iaaeaaii Caeiiiaeaoaeueiia nia?aiea i?eiyei Caeii “I caeaca
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa”, eioi?ue ii?ioanoiaaea i?ieo?aoo?a ai?iaea. I?e/eia —
caeii iaeeaaeuaae nouanoaaiiua ia?aie/aiey ia caeoiee i?iaeoeoeee a
ae?oaeo ?aaeiiao. “Iu iiea ia aeaeaee ?anii?yaeaiea. Ii caeii
ia?aie/eaae caeoiee o i?iecaiaeeoaeae ec ae?oaeo ?aaeiiia, a caeanue
eaeao ?a/ue ia eiino?aiiie i?iaeoeoeee, a i?aeiouanoai ?inneeneeo oe?i
i?aaeoniao?eaaaony aeaaea oaaea?aeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii”, — cayaee
TH?ee Nie?iia, ia/aeueiee ioaeaea ii iaaeci?o ca eniieiaieai caeiiia a
noa?a yeiiiieee e io?aiu i?e?iaeu i?ieo?aoo?u Iaoa?ao?aa.

I?eeiaeaiea N4

Iaoa?ao?aneea aeeoaee e eo aeioiaeu (ieoya?ue-iiya?ue-96)

Ianoiyuaa enneaaeiaaiea auei i?iaaaeaii n oeaeueth ioeaiee ?iee
?acee/iuo oi?i oi?aiaee a oaeiaeaoai?aiee ni?ina ai?iaeai ia oiaa?u
iianaaeiaaiiai iio?aaeaiey e iniiaiuo iioeaia (oaeoi?u) ia?auaiey e
iaeei?icie/iie oi?aiaea. A aeaiiie ioaeeeaoeee eceaaaaony /anoue
iieo/aiiuo ?acoeueoaoia, oa?aeoa?ecothueo aeioiaeu aeeoaeae ai?iaea.
Ii?in iinee i?aaenoaaeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?, o.a. 1500 ii?ioaiiuo ec ?aciuo
aeaiia?aoe/aneeo e nioeeaeueiuo a?oii auee ioia?aiu a oie aea
i?iii?oeee, a eioi?ie iie eiathony n?aaee ai?iaeai. Iaoiaeeea ii?inia
auea iino?iaia oae, /oiau aii?inu auyaeyee i?aaeaea anaai ?aaeueiua
oaeou, iinooiee, a ia noauaeoeaece?iaaii iaiauaiiua ioeaiee, i/aiue
/anoi oi?ie?oaiua ooaiiaie iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey e n?aaenoa ianniaie
eioi?iaoeee. Ioeaii/iua noaeaeaiey auyniyeenue iniai. Eiie?aoiinoue
aii?inia iaania/eaaeanue oai, /oi ethaeae ni?aoeaaee i neo/ayo
i?eia?aoaiey, ianoao e ianoiyoaeuenoaao iieoiie eiie?aoiuo a?oii
oiaa?ia, aua?aiiuo eae eiaeeeaoi?u anae iannu oiaa?ia iianaaeiaaiiai
ni?ina, eioi?ua iiaoo i?eia?aoaoueny a ?acee/iuo oi?iao oi?aiaee. Aeey
yoiai auee ioia?aiu oiaa?u-eiaeeeaoi?u iianaaeiaaiuo iieoiie (aeanyoue
oiaa?iuo a?oii: iiei/iua e oeaaiua i?iaeoeou, aaeaeay, iaiue, iaeaaeaea
/aac einothiia e aa?oiae iaeaaeaeu/, iaeeea yeaeo?ioiaa?u, ieai,
iynii?iaeoeou /aac ?ac?oaiiai iyna e iieooaa?eeaoia/, o?oeou, auoiaay
oeiey), nienie eioi?uo i?aaeuyaeyeny ii?aoeaaaiui. Niaoeeaeueii auee
eneeth/aiu nie?oiua iaieoee, eae oiaa?, eioi?ue a iaeei?icie/iuo oi?iao
n aieueoae aa?iyoiinoueth iiaeao auoue oaeueneoeoee?iaai, o.a.
eiieo?e?iaaoue ia ian?aaieiie aaca.

Eniieueciaaiea oiaa?ia-eiaeeeaoi?ia o?aaoao inoi?iaeiinoe a o?aeoiaea
iieo/aiiuo ?acoeueoaoia. No?iai aiai?y, ana iieacaoaee iieoiaoaeueneie
aeoeaiinoe (e a oeaeii, e ii aeaeai oi?aiaee), iieo/aiiua a ianoiyuai
enneaaeiaaiee, oa?aeoa?ecotho oieueei iieoiee ii oeacaiiiio e?oao
oiaa?ia, ca i?aaeaeaie eioi?iai inoaaony aua iiiaeanoai ae?oaeo oiaa?ia.
Yenia?oiay ioeaiea iicaieyao eeoue n/eoaoue, /oi aua?aiiua oiaa?u
ninoaaeytho aieueooth /anoue i?eia?aoaiee iianaaeiaaiiai ni?ina, a
iioiio iaiauaiey, naeaeaiiua ia iniiaa iieo/aiiuo iaoa?eaeia,
oa?aeoa?ecotho iniiaiua oaiaeaioeee ii anaio e?oao iianaaeiaaiuo
iieoiie.

I?aaenoaaeoaeueiinoue e aeinoiaa?iinoue ii?ina ai?iaeai iaania/eaaeanue
aeanoeei onoaiiaeaieai eaio auai?ee ii iieo, aic?anoo, ?aeiio
i?iaeeaaiey (n ianeieueeeie oi/eaie ii?ina a eaaeaeii ?aeiia) a
ni/aoaiee ni niaoeeaeueiuie i?ioeaaeo?aie iiauoaiey neo/aeiinoe auai?ee
e iaeneiaeueiie aiiieiiinoueth, aeinoeaaaiie i?iaaaeaieai ii?ina ia
oeeoeao aaeece iano i?iaeeaaiey. Aieueoae “ioe?iaaiiinoe” a ioaaoa ia
aii?in ia o?iaia n?aaeiaaeooaaiai aeioiaea a naiuea niinianoaiaae
niaoeeoe/aneee i?eai – aii?in i?aaeaa?yeny i?aaeuyaeaieai ea?oi/ee n
ia?a/iai aeaeia aeioiaeia, eioi?ua iiaeao iieo/aoue naiuey. Ioaao ia
yoio aii?in eiiaaea aeaaea ia i?ieciineeny – ii?aoeaaaiue i?inoi
oeacuaae iaeueoeai ia niioaaonoaothuea no?iee a ea?oi/ea. I?eciaa
iaee/ea o naiuee ?yaea aeaeia aeioiaeia (a o./. i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo,
“eaauo” e eiuo) ii?aoeaaaiue oaea eaa/a aiai?ee ia iauae eo noiia e
aaee/eia, i?eoiaeyuaeny ia iaeiiai /eaia naiuee.

E ii?ino i?eaeaeaeenue ana, eoi iiaeoaa?aeaeae, /oi ii/a/ i?iaeeaaao a
i?aaeaeao iaoaoiaeiie aeinooiiinoe e ianoo ii?ina, a aic?anoa noa?oa 15
eao. Ii i?e/eiai o?oaeiinoe niaethaeaiey aaeeiuo i?aaee auai?ee
ianeaaeiaaiea ioaaoeei 13 ai?iaeneeo ?aeiiia (aac i?eai?iaeiuo e
ai?iaeia a ninoaaa) Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa, a eioi?uo ia 1 yiaa?y 1996 a.
i?iaeeaaei 3540 oun./aeiaae oeacaiiiai aic?anoa.

IIEIAIC?ANOIIE NINOAA IANEAAeIAAIIUO.

Ninoaa ii?ioaiiuo a oiaea enneaaeiaaiey aeaaiaea?y ?aaeeciaaiiui
i?aaeeai auai?ee niioaaonoaoao iieiaic?anoiiio ninoaao ianaeaiey ai?iaea
a aic?anoa noa?oa 15 eao. 54,4 /i ninoaaeee aeaiueiu, 45,6% – ioae/eiu;
ii aic?anoo: aei 20 eao -7,8%, 20.29 eao – 19,3%, 30.39 eao – 19,0%,
40-49 eao – 17,9%, 50-59 eao -14,2%, 60-69 eao – 12,1%, 70 eao e noa?oa
– 9,7%.

II?IOAIIUA EAE I?AAeNOAAEOAEE NAIAE.

Iiaaaeaiea /aeiaaea eae iieoiaoaey ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeyaony ninoaaii aai
naiuee e iiiaea oa?aeoa?enoeee iicaieytho ?anniao?eaaoue aai eae
i?aaenoaaeoaey naiuee. Iieacaoaee naiaeiinoe oeene?iaaeenue, iiyoiio
niaoeeaeueii.

Oaaeeoea 1. Ninoaa ii?ioaiiuo e i?aaenoaaeyaiiai eie ianaeaiey

ii /eneaiiinoe naiuee, a%

*enei ethaeae a naiuea (Ni) iaeei aeaia o?ia /aoaa?i iyoue e aieueoa

Aeiey n?aaee ii?ioaiiuo (Qi) 15,6 26,1 29,0 19,3 10,0

Aeiey ianaeaiey, aeeaouaai a oaeeo naiueyo (Pi)* 5,7 19,3 31,2 27,1 16,7

15,6 % ii?ioaiiuo aeeaoo iaeie (n?aaee ioae/ei eo 13,5%, n?aaee aeaiuei
17,4 %). Ii ?an/aoo iieo/aai, /oi ai ac?ineii ianaeaiee iie ninoaaeytho
ieiei 7 %, ai anai ianaeaiee, niioaaonoaaiii, aua iaiueoa. Inoaeueiua
aeeaoo a naiueyo, o.a. eiatho iauaa aeiiaoiaa oicyenoai aua n iaeiei eee
aieueoei eiee/anoaii ethaeae.

A ninoaaa naiae (aeaoo e aieaa /aeiaae, eiathueo iauaa oicyenoai) 39,4%
eiatho iaeiiai ?aaaiea, 14,2% – aeaoo aeaoae, 3,3% – o?ao e aieaa
aeaoae. 42,7% naiae ia eiatho a naiai ninoaaa ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo aeaoae.

?ANI?AAeAEAIEA II?IOAIIUO II AAEE*EIA N?AAeIAAeOOAAIAI AeIOIAeA a naiuea
ieacaeinue i/aiue aeeceei e ?ani?aaeaeaieth, i?aaenoaaeaiiiio a
i/a?aaeiii atheeaoaia Iaoa?ao?aeiinoaoa ii ?acoeueoaoai ianeaaeiaaiey
1025 naiae aeeoaeae N.-Iaoa?ao?aa

Oaaeeoea 2. ?ani?aaeaeaiea naiae (aeeth/ay iaeeii/ae) ii

aaee/eia n?aaeiaaeooaaiai aeioiaea, a %

N?aaeiaaeooaaie aeioiae, oun.?oa. aei 200 200-300 300-400 400-500
500-600 600-700 700-800 800-900 900-1000 na. 1000

A naioya?a-ieoya?a 1996a. ii aeaiiui ianeaaeiaaiey 4,7 11,7 20,5 16,0
12,8 9,6 7,3 3,9 3,0 10,5

A naioya?a 1996a. ii aeaiiui IEAN [1] 5,6 12,5 20,1 18,1 14,2 10,7 6,5
3,3 3,0 6,0

Oaeia niaiaaeaiea aeaiiuo (eiyooeoeeaio ia?iie ei??aeyoeee = 0,954)
neoaeeo aeiiieieoaeueiui iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai i?aaenoaaeoaeueiinoe
i?iaaaeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey. Nouanoaaiiui yaeyaony oieueei ?anoiaeaeaiea
a aaee/eia a?oiiu n iany/iui aeioiaeii nauoa 1 iei. ?oa. ia /aeiaaea.
Aeoiaaony, /oi i?e aiiieiiii ianeaaeiaaiee ethaee aieaa ioe?iaaiii
aiai?yo i naieo aeioiaeao e yoe aeaiiua eo/oa io?aaeatho ?aaeueiia
iieiaeaiea aeae.

A n?aaeiai iaeia naiuey eiaao 1,7 aeaea aeioiaeia. Anoanoaaiii, /oi /aua
anaai (72,5% naiae) iacuaaeanue ca?aaioiay ieaoa; a ninoaaa 40,8% naiae
eiaaony eaeie eeai iaineiia? (ii noa?inoe, ii auneoaa eao, ii
eiaaeeaeiinoe, ii neo/ath iioa?e ei?ieeueoea e o.ae.); 15% iacaaee
?acee/iua aeioiaeu io nianoaaiiinoe (i?ioeaiou ia aeeaaeu, aeeaeaeaiaeu,
ieaoa ca naeaaaaioth aeeeieiuaaeue, i?eaueue io nianoaaiiiai aeaea e
o.i.); 12,2% eiatho a naiai ninoaaa noeiaiaeeaoia ?aciuo oeiia. 7,3%
oeacaee ia iieo/aiea “eaauo” aeioiaeia. Yoio enoi/iee aeioiae ia aue
no?iai oi?iaeeciaai eaaeaeue ?aniiiaeaio aeeaaeuaae naia iiiyoea a yoio
oa?iei. Iauaaeeiaiea ?aciuo iacuaaaoeony ?aniiiaeaioaie aeaeia aeioiaea
a iaeio a?oiio eaauo aeioiaeia aeaeaeinue ia iniiaaiee eo nianoaaiiie
ioeaiee oaeeo aeioiaeia eae “iaioeoeeaeueiuo”, iieo/aaiuo iiieii
iniiaiiai ianoa ?aaiou.

Oaaeeoea 3. ?ani?aaeaeaiea ianaeaiey (aeeth/ay iaeeii/ae) ia a?oiiu n
?aciui o?iaiai n?aaeiaaeooaaiai aeioiaea e aeiey iauaai aeioiaea
ianaeaiey, i?eoiaeyuaainy ia yoo a?oiio (naioya?ue-ieoya?ue 1996 aiaea),
a %

N?aaeiaaeooaaie aeioiae, oun. ?oa. aei 200 200-300 300-400 400-500
500-600 600-700 700-800 800-900 900-1100 1100-1500 1500-2000 na. 2000

Aeiey ianaeaiey n oaeei aeioiaeii 4,0 11,0 19,5 17,4 13,6 10,3 7,2 4,4
5,5 2,6 2,6 2,0

Oi aea, ia?anoathuei eoiaii 4,0 15,0 34,6 51,9 65,5 75,9 83,0 87,4 92,9
95,5 98,0 100

Aeiey iauaai aeioiaea o yoie a?oiiu ianaeaiey 0,7 4,4 11,3 13,7 12,6
11,6 8,7 6,2 8,4 5,2 7,1 10,2*

Oi aea, ia?anoathuei eoiaii 0,7 5,1 16,4 30,1 42,6 54,3 62,9 69,1 77,6
82,7 89,2 100

*) Aeaiiay aaee/eia ieieiaeueiay, o.e. iaeneiaeueiay aaee/eia iany/iiai
aeioiaea ia iaeiiai /eaia naiuee, iacaaiiay a ii?ina, ninoaaeea 5,5
iei.?oa. Naiuee n aieaa aunieei aeioiaeii a ii?in ia iiiaee; iie
ninoaaeytho nae/an aeiee i?ioeaioa io anaai ianaeaiey e ia iiaoo
ninoaaeyoue noaoenoe/anee onoie/eaie aaee/eiu a i?aaenoaaeoaeueiii
ii?ina.

?an/aou naiaeiuo oa?aeoa?enoee ii aeioiaeai iieacuaatho, /oi n?aaeiee
aeooaaie aeioiae ninoaaeye a naioya?a-ieoya?a a N.-Iaoa?ao?aa 600
oun.?oa. (± 5 oun.?oa. a caaeneiinoe io niiniaa ?an/aoa), o.a.,
i?eia?ii, 2 i?iaeeoi/iuo ieieioia [2].

Eae aeaeei, 15% ianaeaiey eiaee aeooaaie aeioiae ieaea i?iaeeoi/iiai
ieieioia, a iieiaeia – aei 400 oun.?oa. ia /aeiaaea a ianyoe.
Iaania/aiiinoue naiuee auoa n?aaeiae eiaee iaiiiaei aieaa o?aoe anao
aeeoaeae. Anee eniieueciaaoue iaoiaeeeo AOeEII, oi n?aaeiee aeinoaoie
(o?iaaiue aeioiaea io 0,75 aei 1,25 n?aaeiaai aeioiaea) eiaee,
i?eaeeceoaeueii, 35%, a ninoiyoaeueiuie (ii oie aea iaoiaeeea AOeEII, n
?acia?aie n?aaeiaaeooaaiai aeioiaea a 2 e aieaa ?ac auoa n?aaeiaai, o.a.
a iaoai neo/aa io 1,2 iei.?oa. e auoa) auee, i?eaeeceoaeueii, 7%
ianaeaiey, eiaaoea aieueoa 22% a iauae noiia aeioiaeia ianaeaiey.

N?aaee “iaeeii/ae” ieiei 25% eiatho o?iaaiue aeioiaeia aei 300 oun.?oa.,
o.a. ieaea i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia. Aeiey nioeeaeueii ineaaeaiiuo naiae
i?aeoe/anee ia caaeneo io /enea /eaiia naiuee – eo i?eia?ii 13-15% ai
anao a?oiiao. Naiae aea n aeooaaui aeioiaeii nauoa 1,2 iei.?oa.,
i?eia?ii, iaeeiaeiaay aeiey n?aaee naiae n ?aciui /eneii /eaiia naiuee.
Iaiiiai aieueoa eo n?aaee naiae ec 3-o /aeiaae e caiaoii iaiueoa (4,8%)
a naiueyo ec 4-o /aeiaae. Eieaaaiey n?aaeiaaeooaaiai aeioiaea a naiuea a
caaeneiinoe io /enea /eaiia naiuee, eae aeaeii ec ieaeai?eaiaeeiie
oaaeeoeu, iaaaeeee.

Oaaeeoea 4. Aeioiae a naiueyo ?aciie /eneaiiinoe

*enei /aeiaae a naiuea iaeei aeaia o?ia /aoaa?i iyoue e aieueoa

N?aaeiaaeooaaie aeioiae, oun.?oa. 543,7 617,9 624,6 561,6 717,7

Aeiey iauaai aeioiaea ianaeaiey, i?eoiaeyuayny ia naiuee yoie a?oiiu *),
% 5,2 19,9 32,5 25,4 17,1

*) ?an/ao aiaeiae/ai ?an/aoo a oaaeeoea 1.

Eneeth/aiea – aieueoea naiuee, eioi?ua a ianoiyuaa a?aiy /aua
ieacuaathony ia?acaeaeeaoeieny naiueyie, aaea iiiai ac?ineuo ?aaioathueo
ethaeae, /ai iiiaiaeaoiuie naiueyie, eioi?uo iaei.

Caaeneiinoue aeooaaiai aeioiaea io oiai, neieueei a naiuea aeaoae aei 18
eao, aeaeii ec neaaeothuae oaaeeoeu.

Oaaeeoea 5. Aaee/eia aeooaaiai aeioiaea a naiueyo n ?aciui eiee/anoaii

ac?ineuo e aeaoae aei 18 eao

(ie?oaeaiii, aeaiiua ii a?oiiai, aeey eioi?uo noaoenoeea
i?aaenoaaeoaeueia), oun. ?oa.

Eiee/anoai ac?ineuo Eiee/anoai aeaoae

iao iaeei aeaia o?ia

iaeei 551 457 439 …

aeaa 637 604 538 618

o?e 667 556 571 …

/aou?a 673 599 … …

Auyaeaiiua ?acee/ey aeinoaoi/ii o?eaeaeueiu: iaee/ea a naiuea aeaoae
nieaeaao n?aaeiaaeooaaie aeioiae, iniaaiii, anee ac?ineue (eae i?aaeei,
iaoue) iaeei. Iao?eaeaeueiu oieueei aieaa aunieee aeooaaie aeioiae a
naiueyo n o?aiy aeaoueie e iaaieueoay ?acieoea a aeioiaeao naiae,
eioi?ua ioee/athony oieueei aoi?ui ?aaaieii. Anee aeioiae naiuee “iaeei
ac?ineue + iaeei ?aaaiie” a n?aaeiai ninoaaeyao 914 oun.?oa., oi
aeiaaaeaiea aua iaeiiai ?aaaiea a n?aaeiai naycaii n iaee/eai aeioiaea
1317 oun.?oa. Oaeea cia/aiey n?aaeieo aaee/ei iicaieyao n/eoaoue
ioeai/iui eniieueciaaiea oa?aeoa?enoeee aeaoiinoe eae iauaai eiaeeeaoi?a
nioeeaeueiie iacaueuaiiinoe (aieueoae oycaeiinoe).

Aeaiia?aoe/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee naie ii naaa aeeytho ia aeioiaeu
aeinoaoi/ii oia?aiii. A i?iaaaeaiiii ianeaaeiaaiee naiui neeueiui
aeeyieai ia aeooaaie aeioiae a naiuea auaeaeeeny iaeei eiaeeeaoi?
nioeeaeueiiai noaoona – nioeeaeueii-i?ioanneiiaeueiay i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue.
Eiia/ii, iiiaea ec a?oii yaeythony i/aiue iaiauaiiuie, iaeiaei
aeeooa?aioeeaoeey n?aaeiaai o?iaiy aeioiaeia ii a?oiiai aanueia
nouanoaaiia.

E /eneo iaeaieaa aunieiaeioiaeiuo a?oii ioiinyony i?aaei?eieiaoaee aieaa
35,7 % eioi?uo eiatho aeioiae nauoa 1 iei.?oaeae. Iaeaieaa
ieceiaeioiaeiua a?oiiu – aac?aaioiua, iaineiia?u, a n?aaee ?aaioathueo –
o/eoaey, a?a/e, ?aai/ea.

Oaaeeoea 6. Aeioiae ia iaeiiai /eaia naiuee

a ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueii-i?ioanneiiaeueiuo a?oiiao

Nioeeaeueii-i?ioanneiiaeueiua a?oiiu Aeiey ii?ioaiiuo n oaeei aeioiaeii
(oun. ?oa.), a % N?aaeiee aeioiae ii a?oiia, oun. ?oa.

aei 300 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700 700-800 800-900 na. 900

?aai/ea 16,3 15,1 18,4 10,0 14,2 6,3 8,8 5,4 576

Neoaeauea aac aunoaai ia?aciaaiey 11,9 12,7 21,2 18,6 8,5 9,3 11,9 1,7
561

Neoaeauea aunieie eaaeeoeeaoeee 2,7 1,4 4,4 3,8 9,5 9,7 7,0 9,4 768

EO? 7,5 15 20 11,7 13,3 5 13,3 4,2 579

Iao/iua ?aaioieee 9,1 15,9 22,7 11,4 9,1 6,8 13,6 9,1 633

A?a/e 15 15 15 12,5 12,5 10 12,5 7,5 608

O/eoaey 13 21,7 21,7 23,2 10,1 – 7,2 – 481

?aaioieee neeiauo aaaeiinoa 4,5 9,1 6,8 18,2 11,4 18,2 13,6 6,8 731

?oeiaiaeeoaee – 2,9 2,9 17,6 17,6 14,7 23,5 11,8 852

I?aaei?eieiaoaee* 4,4 – 1,5 11,8 7,4 7,4 16,2 50,0 1364

Aeiiioicyeee 7,4 14,7 7,4 17,6 5,9 7,4 19,1 17,6 817

O/aueany 9,9 19,9 18,5 12,6 2 8,6 3,3 2,0 528

Iaineiia?u 24,6 37,8 12,6 9 4,5 3 4,5 0,9 423

Aac?aaioiua 34,1 18,8 11,8 4,7 8,2 4,7 2,4 3,5 436

*) E “i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi” ioiineeenue eae nianoaaiieee i?aaei?eyoee e
oe?i, oae e eeoea, aaaeouea naith aeayoaeueiinoue a iaeeii/eo, ia naie
no?ao e ?ene, aac iaeia ae?oaeo eeoe; iiyoiio n?aaee ieo auee e eeoea,
oi?aothuea “n ?oe” iaei/iui oiaa?ii e o.i., n ieceeie aeioiaeaie.

Ia o?iaia aeooaaiai aeioiaea nioeeaeueii-i?ioanneiiaeueiie a?oiiu
neacuaaaony ia oieueei aeioiaeiinoue oiai eee eiiai caiyoey a
nia?aiaiiie nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee, ii e ae?oaea oaeoi?u.
I?e yoii eaaei aianoue a caaeoaeaeaiea i iaiin?aaenoaaiiii aeeyiee
eaeiai-eeai oaeoi?a.

?anniio?ei aeey i?eia?a eae ?ani?aaeaeythony ii iieacaoaeth “aeaoiinoe”
?acee/iua i?ioanneiiaeueii- eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiua a?oiiu. Aua ?ac caiaoei,
/oi aieueoay /anoue yoeo a?oii iauaaeeiyao a naay i?aaenoaaeoaeae
aanueia ?acee/iuo ii nioeeaeueiiio noaoono i?ioanneiiaeueiuo a?oii.

Oaaeeoea 7. ?ani?aaeaeaiea i?aaenoaaeoaeae ?acee/iuo
nioeeaeueii-i?iuanneiiaeueiuo a?oii ii iaee/eth e eiee/anoao aeaoae a
naiuea, a %

Nioeeaeueii-i?ioanneaiieueiua a?oiiu N 1 ?aaaieii N 2 aeaoueie N 3 e
aieaa aeaoueie Ia eiathuea aeaoae

?aai/ea 35,9 14,5 3,0 46,6

Neoaeauea aac aunoaai ia?aciaaiey 35,1 16,7 4,3 43,9

Neoaeauea aunieie eaaeeoeeaoeee 40,5 12,2 4,1 43,2

EO? 35,6 15,3 3,3 45,8

Iao/iua ?aaioieee 33,3 11,9 7,1 47,6

A?n/e 35,9 15,4 5,1 43,6

O/eoaey 43,3 19,4 3,0 34,3

?aaioieee neeiauo aaaeiinoa 36,4 20,5 2,3 40,9

?oeiaiaeeoaee 50,0 11,8 … 35,3

I?aaei?eieiaoaee 36,9 3,1 3,0 56,9

Aeiiioicyeee 65,7 19,4 1,5 13,4

O/aueany 40 14 2,7 43,3

Iaineiia?u 13,9 2,4 0,6 82,4

Aac?aaioiua 35,7 16,7 4,8 42,9

A N?AAeIAI 33,7 11,9 2,9 51,5

Anoanoaaiii, /oi auoa anao o?iaaiue “aeaoiinoe” o aeiiioicyae. I?e yoii
n?aaee ieo auoa anaai aeiey naiae, a eioi?uo oieueei iaeei ?aaaiie. Yoi
iicaieyao aeoiaoue, /oi a iniiaiii yoa a?oiia oi?ie?oaony ca n/ao
iieiaeuo iai, ?iaeeaoeo ia?aiai ?aaaiea, e iiaeaea?aeeaaaiuo, aa?iyoii,
?iaenoaaiieeaie, /oi e iaoneaaeeaaao ioiineoaeueii aieaa aunieee
aeooaaie aeioiae a eo naiueyo.

Ii ii/aio “i?aaei?eieiaoaee” auaeaeythony naiie aunieie
“aacaeaoiinoueth” – ieiei 57% ec ieo ia eiatho aeaoae? Iauyniaiey ne?uou
a eiuo oaeoi?ao – io aic?anoiuo aei aeeth/aiey a yoo eaoaai?eth, eae
ioia/aeinue auoa, eeoe, aaaeoueo naie “aecian” a iaeeii/eo a oi?ia
oi?aiaee “n ?oe”. Oi/ii oae aea, ianeieueei aieaa aunieay “aeaoiinoue”
aac?aaioiuo, eiia/ii, aucuaaao o?aaiao, ii iia ia yaeyaony neaaenoaeai
yoiai oaeoi?a.

Iiiaioaeoi?iui ieacuaaaony i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey oaeiai iaiauathuaai
iieacaoaey eae aeooaaie

aeioiae ia iaeiiai /eaia naiuee e ianeieueei ?eneiaaiii, aeaey yoe
?acee/ey ii iaeiiio i?eciaeo (oa aea “aeaoiinoue” eee
nioeeaeueii-i?ioanneiiaeueiue noaoon), n?aco n/eoaoue, /oi iia eiaiii
yoei i?eciaeii iaoneiaeaia. A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe iia iiaeao
neeaaeuaaoueny iiae aeeyieai o?aoueaai (iai?eia?, aic?ano), /aoaa?oiai e
ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia.

*oi aea a eoiaa?

Ii?in i?aaenoaaeoaeai aeey iiaeaaeythuaai aieueoeinoaa ianaeaiey (e?iia
a?oiiu n iniai aieueoeie aeioiaea – nauoa 5 iei.?oa aeooaaiai iany/iiai
aeioiaea).

N?aaeiaa /enei /eaiia naiuee ii ii?ino – 3,16 /aeiaae (aac o/aoa
iaeeii/ae).

Aeaoeeeueiue eiyooeoeeaio aeeooa?aioeeaoeee aeioiaeia (niioiioaiea
n?aaeieo aaee/ei aeioiaea ai?iaeai, ia?acothueo a?oiiu a 10% n
ieieiaeueiuie e iaeneiaeueiuie n?aaeiaaeooaauie aeioiaeaie) aue a
naioya?a-ieoya?a 1996 a. ?aaai 12.

50 % ianaeaiey eiaee a oeacaiiue ia?eiae aeooaaie aeioiae io 1 aei 2
i?iaeeoi/iuo ieieioiia (i?eiyo iieacaoaeue i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia
Eiieoaoa ii caiyoinoe), a 65% ianaeaiey eiaee aeooaaua aeioiaeu ieaea
n?aaeiae aaee/eiu.

Ii eeanneoeeaoeee AOeEII ianaeaiea ?ani?aaeaeaii ii o?iaith aeecie ia
a?oiiu: 3% – ieuaoa, 12% – aaaeiinoue, 29% – ioaeaeaaiinoue, 35% –
n?aaeiyy iaania/aiiinoue, 14% – ioiineoaeueiue aeinoaoie, 7% –
ninoiyoaeueiinoue. Oaeei ia?acii, aieueoeinoai ai?iaeai ii o?iaith
aeioiaeia yaeythony eeai aaaeiuie, eeai ei oa?iaeaao aaaeiinoue, o.e.
iioa?y aeioiaeia iaeiiai /eaia naiuee (iai?eia?, ec-ca iioa?e ?aaiou) a
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa i?eaiaeeo e iaaeaieth o?iaiy aeooaaiai aeioiaea
ieaea i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia. Yoa /anoue a?aaeaeai a neeo ia?aie/aiiinoe
n?aaenoa i/aiue /oanoaeoaeueia e eieaaaieth oeai oiaa?ia ia?aie
iaiaoiaeeiinoe, iaaieueoea iiauoaiey eioi?uo n?aco aea nie?auatho iauai
iio?aaeaiey.

Aeeooa?aioeeaoeey n?aaeiaaeooaaiai aeioiaea ii aeaiia?aoe/aneei oaeoi?ai
(/enei /eaiia naiuee, a o./. aeaoae aei 18 eao) i?aeoe/anee any naeaoa a
ciia n?aaeiae iaania/aiiinoe. Eneeth/aiea – naiuee, aaea iaeei ac?ineue
e aeaia aeaoae. Iie a n?aaeiai iaoiaeyony a a?oiia ioaeaeaaiinoe.
Iaeiaei ii anai aeaiia?aoe/aneei a?oiiai auaeaeaiea /anoe ioaeaeathueony
a nioeeaeueiie caueoa ii oi?iaeueiui iieacaoaeyi (iai?eia?,
iiiaiaeaoiinoue) iani?aaaaeeeai. Ioaeai o/ao aieaa oe?ieiai e?oaa
ia?aiao?ia aeey i?aaiecaoeee no?iai aae?aniie iiiiue.

ENIIEIEOAEE

1. Aacaeaiaaeiuo O. E. — e. y. i.

2. Aaeoa? A. A. — e. y. i. ?ac?aaioea iaoiaeee, aiaeec aeaiiuo,
iaienaiea io/aoia

3. Aaneeueaa E. A. i?aaiecaoeey e iaania/aiea ?aaio

4. E?aiaieoeeay E. A. ?an/aou auai?ie, ?oeiaiaenoai ii?inaie

5. Aaneeueaaa O. A.

6. E?aiaieoeeee N. A. oaoie/aneay iiaeaea?aeea e aaiae eioi?iaoeee a

YAI

A

– – yaeaiea (oaeie aa?eaio ioaaoia) ionoonoaoao

… – aeaiiua noaoenoe/anee ia i?aaenoaaeoaeueiu

0,0 – iaaieueoay aaee/eia

© Enneaaeiaaoaeueneay oe?ia “E?iia Ei?neioi”, 1997 a. I?e ia?aia/aoea
anaai i?iecaaaeaiey iieiinoueth eee ii /anoyi nnueea ia eniieieoaeae
iaycaoaeueia a neaaeothuae oi?ioee?iaea : “Enneaaeiaaiea i?iaaaeaii 000
“E?iia Ei?neioi” ii eieoeeaoeaa N.-Iaoa?ao?aneiai oa??eoi?eaeueiiai
oi?aaeaiey Ainoaea?noaaiiiai Eiieoaoa ii aioeiiiiiieueiie iieeoeea ?O

1. Ni.: “O?iaaiue aeecie ianaeaiey N.-Iaoa?ao?aa.” Atheeaoaiue ? 6(17)
(ethiue-naioya?ue 1996 a.). N.-Iaoa?ao?a, 1996, n. 18. Ecaeaiea
N.-Iaoa?ao?aneiai eiieoaoa ainoaea?noaaiiie noaoenoeee .

2. Ii aeaiiui Eiieoaoa ii caiyoinoe N.-Iaoa?ao?aa i?iaeeoi/iue ieieioi
ninoaaeye a ieoya?a 1996 a. 305 oun.?oa.

9

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