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Технология продукции общественного питания

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Oaaea?aeueiia aaaionoai ii ia?aciaaieth ?O

OAIO NII «Ooeueneee eieeaaeae i?ioanneiiaeueiuo oaoiieiaee e na?aena»

IO*AO

ii i?aeoeea ii i?ioeeth niaoeeaeueiinoe (oaoiieiae/aneee)

Oaoiieiaey i?iaeoeoeee iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey

Auiieieea nooaeaioea a?oiiu ? O-631

Aoaianueaaa Ianoaney Aeaenaaaia

?oeiaiaeeoaeue io OEION:

I?iaaoi?iaa Iaoaeuey Ieeieaaaia

Aeaoa naea/e _________________________

Ioeaiea ____________________________

Ooea 2008

Aaaaeaiea

Aethaea ec ioeoeu e e?ieeea ieoaoaeueiu, eaaei onaaeaathony i?aaieciii.
Niaea?aeaiea iieiioeaiiuo aaeeia a iyna ioeoeu ianeieueei auoa, /ai a
aiayaeeia. AEe?u ioeoeu eiatho ieceoth oaiia?aoo?o ieaaeaiey aneaaenoaea
aieaa aunieiai niaea?aeaiey iaianuuaiiuo aee?iuo eeneio. Niaoeeoe/aneea
aeon e caiao, i?enouea aethaeai ec ioeoeu, iaoneiaeaiu ioiineoaeueii
aunieei niaea?aeaieai yeno?aeoeaiuo aauanoa (1,5-2,5%). A iyna ioeoeu a
cia/eoaeueiuo eiee/anoaao niaea?aeeony ieia?aeueiua aauanoaa (iniaaiii
eaeueoeee e oinoi?), a oaeaea aeoaieiu A, D, a?oiiu A.

Iyni aee/e a ioee/ea io iyna ioeoeu niaea?aeeo aieueoa aaeeia e
yeno?aeoeaiuo aauanoa, ii iaiueoa aee?a. Iii iaiaa iaaeiia,
oa?aeoa?ecoaony aieaa oaiiie ie?aneie, eiaao niaoeeoe/aneee aeon e
a?iiao. Iniaaiii oeaieony eaaeay ai?/eiea e niieenoue caiao.

Aethaea ec iaaeiie ioeoeu e e?ieeea oe?iei eniieuecoaony a aeaoneii e
ea/aaiii ieoaiee.

Aa?ie?u ec e?oi e ea?oioaey aeiiieiytho ninoaa aethae ec ioeoeu, aee/e e
e?ieeea oaeaaiaeaie, a iaiuiua iaiaauatho eo aeoaieiiue e ieia?aeueiue
ninoaau.

Aeey aoi?uo aethae ioaa?eaatho /aua anaai eo? e oeuieyo, ?aaea –
e?ieeea, aonae, ooie. Aa?yo cai?aaeaiiua oooee ioeoeu oeaeeeii. Eo
eeaaeoo a ai?y/oth aiaeo (2,5e ia 1ea i?iaeoeoa), auno?i iaa?aaatho aei
eeiaiey, oaeaeytho iaio, aeiaaaeytho ei?aiuey, ?ai/aoue eoe, nieue e
aa?yo i?e 85-90 °N aei aioiaiinoe. Ii?aaeaeytho aioiaiinoue i?ieieii
iiaa?neie eaeie oienoie /anoe iyeioe iiaeee; ioeoea aioiaa, anee eaea
naiaiaeii aoiaeeo, a auoaeathuee ec i?ieiea nie i?ic?a/iue. A?aiy aa?ee
oeuieyo 20-30 iei, iieiaeuo eo? – 50-60iei, noa?uo –3-4 /ana, aonae e
eiaeaae –1-2 /ana, aee/e–20-40 iei. Aioiaoth ioeoeo e e?ieeea auieiatho
ec aoeueiia e ioeaaeaeatho. Ii ia?a ni?ina eo ia?oaatho ia ii?oeee e
i?ia?aaatho a aoeueiia; ia?oaeaiiua ii?oeee ioeoeu, anee o?aaoaony,
o?aiyo ia ia?ieoa

Ioioneatho ioeoeo ii 2 eonea (oeea e iei?i/ae) ia ii?oeeth. I?e
ii?oeeiie?iaaiee ioeoeu, iniaaiii e?oiiie, iiaeii au?oaeoue nieiioth
einoue. E?ieeeia ?oayo ia 4-6 e aieaa /anoae a caaeneiinoe io aaee/eiu
oooee e auoiaea ii?oeee.

I?e ioionea ioaa?ioth ioeoeo iieeaatho nionii aaeui n yeoeii eee
iiaeatho iaoo?aeueiie, iieea aoeueiiii e ?anoiieaiiui neeai/iui ianeii
eee aee?ii ioeoeu. Aa?ie? – ?annui/aoue ?en, ea?oioaeueiia ith?a,
caeaiue ai?ioae, iaiue a iiei/iii niona eee ianea. Aony eee ooeo i?e
ioionea iieeaatho e?aniui nionii, oae eae iyni yoeo ioeoe oaiiia. Aa?ie?
aeey ieo – oooaiay eaionoa, ia/aiua yaeiee, ia?eiiaaiiua iaiue, naeao ec
e?aniiea/aiiie eaionou.

I?eioneatho oeea eo? e aee/e, aeoi/ee, oooee oeuieyo, eo? (iieiaeie).
I?iaeoeou, oeiaeaiiua a nioaeiee, caeeaatho aoeueiiii ia 1/3 – 1/2 eo
auniou, aeiaaaeytho neeai/iia ianei, eeiiiiue nie, nieue. Aeaaiaea?y
eeiiiiiio nieo iyni ia oieueei ?aciya/aaony, ii e noaiiaeony aieaa
aaeui.

Aeaaa I. Iiynieoaeueiay caienea

I?aeoeea ii i?ioeeth niaoeeaeueiinoe (oaoiieiae/aneay) i?aaiecoaony a
niioaaonoaee n i?eia?iui o/aaiui ieaiii, ninoaaeaiiui ia iniiaaiee
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aciaaoaeueiiai noaiaea?oa ii niaoeeaeueiinoe
260502.52 «Oaoiieiaey i?iaeoeoeee iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey».

Caaea/ae oaoiieiae/aneie i?aeoeee yaeyaony cae?aieaiea, ?anoe?aiea e
nenoaiaoecaoeey ciaiee, iieo/aiiuo ?aiaa i?e eco/aiee niaoeeaeueiuo
aeenoeeieei, niaa?oainoaiaaiea i?ioanneiiaeueiuo oiaiee i?eaioiaeaiey
eoeeia?iie i?iaeoeoeee ianniaiai ni?ina, a oaeaea iciaeiieaiey n
iniiaiuie aeaeaie aeayoaeueiinoe oaoiieiaa –
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oaoiieiae/aneie, i?aaiecaoeeiiii-oi?aaeai/aneie
iiuoii-yenia?eiaioaeueiie.

Oaoiieiae/aneay i?aeoeea i?aaiecoaony ia ia?aaeiauo i?aaei?eyoeyo
iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey n aunieei o?iaiai iaoaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa
(?anoi?aiu, e?oiiua noieiaua, eaoa), a oaeaea a o/aaii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoeyo, auioneathueo i?iaeoeoeeth iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey
anni?oeiaio e oaoiieiaey, eioi?ie ioaa/aao o?aaiaaieyi i?ia?aiiu
i?aeoeee.

Aacu i?aeoeee aeieaeiu auoue oeiiieaeoiaaiu aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuie
niaoeeaeenoaie n aeinoaoi/iui i?aeoe/aneei iiuoii, niiniaiuie auoue
ainieoaoaeyie e ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie nooaeaioia.

Oaoiieiae/aneay i?aeoeea iiaeao i?iaiaeeoue eae ia iiea/eaaaiuo, oae e
ia iiea/aiiuo ?aai/eo ianoao, iaeiaei a ethaii neo/aa i?aaeoniao?eaaaony
iaeneiaeueiia i?eaea/aiea nooaeaioia e auioneo ?aaeueiie i?iaeoeoeee.

Ia anai i?ioyaeaiee oaoiieiae/aneie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie i?aeoeee
inouanoaeyaony eiio?ieue ca ?aaioie i?aeoeeaioia cae?aieaiiuie
?oeiaiaeeoaeyie i?aeoeee (io i?aaei?eyoey e io o/aaiiai caaaaeaiey).

?oeiaiaeeoaeue io i?aaei?eyoey i?aaiecoao i?aeoeeo a niioaaonoaee n
i?ia?aiiie: iaania/eaaao auiieiaiea niaeaniaaiiuo n o/aaiui caaaaeaieai
a?aoeeia i?ioiaeaeaiey i?aeoeee ii no?oeoo?iui iiae?acaeaeaieyi,
ia?aiauaiee nooaeaioia ii aeaeai ?aaio; i?aaiecoao aaiaeiue eino?oeoaae:
(aei ia/aea i?aeoeee) ii oaoieee aaciianiinoe e i?ioeaiiiaea?iie
aaciianiinoe, a oaeaea iiaoi?iue eino?oeoaae: ia eaaeaeii iiaii ?aai/ai
ianoa i?e auiieiaiee eiie?aoiuo aeaeia ?aaio; ciaeiieo i?aeoeeaioia n
i?aaiecaoeeae ?aaiou ia eiie?aoiii o/anoea, nicaeaao iaiaoiaeeiua
oneiaey aeey inaiaiey i?aeoeeaioaie iiaie oaoieee, oaoiieiaee,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?eaiia e iaoiaeia o?oaea; inouanoaeyao iinoiyiiue
aaeaaeiaaiue eiio?ieue ca niaethaeaieai nooaeaioaie aeenoeeieeiu e
aioo?aiiaai o?oaeiaiai ?anii?yaeea, o?iaiai i?eia?aoaiiuo oiaiee e
iaaueia, ea/anoaii auiieiaiiuo caaeaiee.

?oeiaiaeeoaeue i?aeoeee io o/aaiiai caaaaeaiey, cae?aieaiiue
i?aiiaeaaaoaeue- niaoeeaeeno, ninoaaeyao ?aai/oth i?ia?aiio i?iaaaeaiey
i?aeoeee, inouanoaeyao eiio?ieue ca auiieiaieai i?ia?aiiu, i?iaiaeeo
niaanaaeiaaiey, eiinoeueoaoeee, ieacuaaao iaoiaee/aneoth iiiiuue,
i?eieiaao o/anoea a ?ani?aaeaeaiea e ia?aiauaiea nooaeaioia ii ?aai/ei
ianoai e ii aeaeai ?aaio, i?eieiaao o/anoea a eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiuo
yecaiaiao.

A oiaea oaoiieiae/aneie i?aeoeee nooaeaio aeieaeai noi?ie?iaaoue
neaaeothuea oiaiey:

Ioeaieaaoue ea/anoaa nu?uey e aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee ia anao noaaeeyo
oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna;

Aioiaeoue oe?ieee anni?oeiaio eoeeia?iie e eiiaeeoa?neie i?iaeoeoeee n
niaethaeaieai oneiaee oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna n o/aoii o?aaiaaiee
ii?iaoeaiie aeieoiaioaoeee;

?ac?aaaouaaoue iiaua aeaeu i?iaeoeoeee, oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu e
oaoiieiae/aneay aeieoiaioaoeey ia ieo;

Nooaeaio-i?aeoeeaio ai a?aiy i?ioiaeaeaiey i?aeoeee ii i?ioeeth
niaoeeaeueiinoe (oaoiieiae/aneie) io?aaaouaaao i?aaeeiaeaiiua caaeaiey,
niaeanii i?ia?aiiu e ioi?ieyao io/ao ii oi?ia (i?eeiaeaiea ?1)

I?e auiieiaiee caaeaiee nooaeaio ciaeiieony n ?acee/iuie aeaeaie
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey e iaeaaeaaaao iaaueaie i?eaioiaeaiey e
ioionea eoeeia?iie i?iaeoeoeee, i?e yoi ii aeaao e?aoeia iienaiea
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe e ii?yaeea auiieiaiey i?aaeeiaeaiiuo caaeaiee a
io/aoa. I?eeeaaeuaaao iaiaoiaeeioth aeieoiaioaoeeth.

Iinea auiieiaiey eaaeaeiai caaeaiey i?aeoeee nooaeaio aeieaeai naeaeaoue
auaiaeu e aeaoue naie i?aaeeiaeaiey ii oeo/oaieth i?aaiecaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa e auionea eoeeia?iie i?iaeoeoeee ia aeaiiii i?aaei?eyoee.

Ii ieii/aieth i?aeoeee nooaeaio- i?aeoeeaio i?aaenoaaeyao ?oeiaiaeeoaeth
i?aeoeee io o/aaiiai caaaaeaiey neaaeothuoth aeieoiaioaoeeth:

1. io/ao ii i?aeoeea;

2. iocua- oa?aeoa?enoeeo ?oeiaiaeeoaey i?aeoeee io i?aaei?eyoey. Io/ao
ii i?aeoeea auiieiyaony a iauaia 20 -25 eenoia ia/aoiiai eee 25 -30
eenoia ?oeiieniiai oaenoa ia eenoao oi?iaoa A4, ia iaeiie noi?iia eenoa.
Eenou iiia?othony a ia?anoathuai ii?yaeea. A io/aoa aeiioneaaony
eniieueciaaiea oeiia?aoe/aneeo aeaieia aeieoiaioia, oeaaoiuo oioia?aoee,
?enoiee, eeethno?aoeee.

Eoiaii i?aeoeee ii i?ioeeth niaoeeaeueiinoe (oaoiieiae/aneie) yaeyaony
ioeaiea, eioi?ay aunoaaeyaony ?oeiaiaeeoaeai i?aeoeee io o/aaiiai
caaaaeaiey ia iniiaaiee iaaethaeaiee ca naiinoiyoaeueiie ?aaioie
i?aeoeeaioa, auiieiaiea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo caaeaiee, oa?aeoa?enoeee —
iocuaa ?oeiaiaeeoaey i?aeoeee io i?aaiecaoeee e io/aoa i?aeoeeaioa.

? i/iIaeiaiiaaiea ?acaeaea, oaiuNiaea?aeaiea i?iaeaeaiiie ?aaioAuaiaeu e
i?aaeeiaeaieyIoeaiea e caia/aiey ?oeiaiaeeoaey i?aeoeeeAaiaeiia caiyoea.
Eino?oeoaae i i?ioiaeaeaiee oaoiieiae/aneie i?aeoeee:Iciaeiieaiea n
i?ia?aiiie oaoiieiae/aneie i?aeoeee e oi?iaie io/aoiinoe.?acaeae
IIciaeiieaiea n i?aaei?eyoeaiNinoaaeea noaio no?oeoo?u i?aaei?eyoey.
Iciaeiieeny n anni?oeiaioii auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee e oneoa.?acaeae
IIOaoiieiae/aneee i?ioeann e ioionea eoeeia?iie i?iaeoeoeee:
I?eaioiaeaiea noiia. I?eaioiaeaiea aoi?uo aethae, ai?y/eo caeonie,
neaaeeeo aethae e iaieoeia. I?eaioiaeaiea aethae ec iaiuae.
I?eaioiaeaiea aethae e aa?ie?ia ec e?oi, aiaiauo, iaea?iiiuo ecaeaeee.
I?eaioiaeaiea ai?y/eo aethae ec ?uau e ii?ai?iaeoeoia. I?eaioiaeaiea
ai?y/eo aethae ec iyna, iyniuo i?iaeoeoia, ioeoeu e aee/e. I?eaioiaeaiea
aethae ec yeoe e oai?iaa. I?eaioiaeaiea oieiaeiuo e ai?y/eo aethae e
caeonie. I?eaioiaeaiea neaaeeeo aethae, oieiaeiuo e ai?y/eo iaieoeia.
I?eaioiaeaiea io/iuo eoeeia?iuo e eiiaeeoa?neeo ecaeaeee. I?eaioiaeaiea
iaoeeiiaeueiuo iiauo e oe?iaiiuo aethae.Iciaeiieeanue n iniauaieai
noiiaiai ioaeaeaiey, iaeaaeae iaaueaie i?eaioiaeaiey noiia iiauoaiiie
neiaeiinoe e iaoeeiiaeueiuo ia?auo aethae. Iciaeiieeanue n iniauaieai
nioniiai ioaeaeaiey, iaeaaeaea iaaueaie i?eaioiaeaiey nionia e aa?ie?ia,
aoi?uo aethae. Iaeaaeaea iaaueaie i?eaioiaeaiey e ioi?ieaiey aethae
ii?oeeiiiuo e neiaeiiai i?eaioiaeaiey ec iaiuae. Iaeaaeaea iaaueaie
aa?ee eao, i?eaioiaeaiea aethae e aa?ie?ia ec e?oi, aiaiauo, iaea?iiiuo
ecaeaeee, iiaeaea nionu e yoei aethaeai. Iaeaaeaea iaaueaie
i?eaioiaeaiey aethae ec ?uau e ii?ai?iaeoeoia. Iaeaaeaea iaaueaie
i?eaioiaeaiey aethae ec ioeoeu e iyna. Iaeaaeaea iaaueaie i?eaioiaeaiey
aethae ec yeoe e oai?iaa. Io?aaioaea iaauee i?eaioiaeaiey oieiaeiuo e
ai?y/eo caeonie. Iaeaaeaea iaaueaie i?eaioiaeaiey neaaeeeo aethae,
oieiaeiuo e ai?y/eo iaieoeia. Iaeaaeaea iaaueaie i?eaioiaeaiey aethae ec
oanoa. Eco/eea ?onneoth iaoeeiiaeueioth eooith.?acaeae IIIIciaeiieaiea n
aeayoaeueiinoueth oaoiieiaa i?aaei?eyoey.Iciaeiieeanue n
aeayoaeueiinoueth oaoiieiaa.

?acaeae II. Oaoiieiae/aneee i?ioeann i?eaioiaeaiey e ioionea eoeeia?iie
i?iaeoeoeee

2.1 I?eaioiaeaiea noiia

Ii aeaaiae o?aaeeoeee noiu yaeythony ia?aui aethaeii iaaaea. Iauyniyaony
yoi oai, /oi iie aucuaaao iaeeueiia nieiioaeaeaiea, aicaoaeaeatho
aiiaoeo, oai naiui oeo/oatho ieuaaa?aiea.

Noiu yaeythony aaaeiui enoi/ieeii ieia?aeueiuo aauanoa, aeoaieiia e
ae?oaeo aeieiae/anee aeoeaiuo aauanoa a iaoai ?aoeeiia. Iioa?e
ieia?aeueiuo aauanoa i?e aa?ea noiia ia i?ienoiaeeo, oae eae iie
inoathony a aoeueiia. Aeoaieiu a?oiiu A e ea?ioei nio?aiythony i?eia?ii
ia 80-85%. Nouanoaaiiu iioa?e aeoaieia N, ii iie eiiiaine?othony naaaeae
caeaiueth, eioi?oth aeiaaaeytho i?e iiaea/a noia. Noiu iie?uaatho aei
30% iio?aaiinoe i?aaiecia a aeeaeeinoe e iaania/eaatho iaiaoiaeeioth
eiinenoaioeeth ieuaaie iannu a aeaeoaeea e eeoa/ieea.

Anni?oeiaio noiia ?aciiia?acai. Noiu eeanneoeoee?otho ii oaiia?aoo?a
iiaea/e; ii aeeaeeie iniiaa; ii niiniao i?eaioiaeaiey.

Ii oaiia?aoo?a iiaea/e noiu aeaeyo ia 2 a?oiiu: ai?y/ea e oieiaeiua.

Ii aeeaeeie iniiaa ?acee/atho noiu ia aoeueiiao, ia eaana, eeneiiiei/iuo
i?iaeoeoao.

Ii niiniao i?eaioiaeaiey noiu aeaeyony ia cai?aai/iua, ith?aia?aciua,
i?ic?a/iua.

Aoeueiiu

Aoeueii – yoi ioaa?, iieo/aiiue i?e aa?ea a aiaea einoae iyna, ioeoeu,
?uau, a?eaia. A aoeueii ec i?iaeoeoia ia?aoiaeyo yeno?aeoeaiua aauanoaa,
aaeee, aee?u, ieia?aeueiua yeaiaiou. Yeno?aeoeaiua aauanoaa i?eaeatho
aeon, a?iiao e oeaao aoeueiio.

Anee ioaeii nio?aieoue iyni ni/iui, aai eeaaeoo a eeiyuoth aiaeo, ia
?ac?acay. Iaio, ia?acothuoth i?e aa?ea nieiatho ooiiaeie. A?iiaoe/aneea
aauanoaa neaaeoao eeanoue a oia?aiiii eiee/anoaa ca 10-15 iei aei
aioiaiinoe.

Einoiue aoeueii

Aeey aai i?eaioiaeaiey eniieuecotho einoe aiayaeeiu e?iia ?aaa?iuo e
eiiaoee. Inoaaoeany o?oa/aoua e iicaiii/iua einoe ia?oaatho. Einoe
iaeeiai neioa( aa?aieiu e naeieiu), e?iia eiiaoee ia?oaatho e
iaaea?eaatho ia i?ioeaie a aea?i/iii oeaoo aei naaoei-ei?e/iaaiai
oeaaoa. Anee aiayaeeia einoe caeeaatho oieiaeiie aiaeie; naeieio e
aa?aieio – ai?y/ae. An? caeeaaaony a niioiioaiee 1e aiaeu e 4oo einoyi.

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey: einoe ?oayo ia /anoe 5 – 6 ni, caeeaatho
aiaeie e aa?yo i?e neaaii eeiaiee, nieiay aee? e iaio(3 /ana). Ca 30-40
iei aei ieii/aiey aa?ee aeiaaaeytho iiaeia/aiiua iaiue, nieue. Aioiaue
aoeueii i?ioeaaeeaatho.

Iynieinoiue aoeueii

Iyniie aoeueii aioiaeony ?aaeei, aai /aua aioiayo aianoa n einoyie. Aeey
yoiai eniieuecothony neaaeothuea eoeeia?iua /anoe: aiayaeeia (eiiaoea,
iiaeeiiaoi/iay /anoue, a?oaeeiea e iie?iiea), naeieia(eiiaoea e
a?oaeeiea). Yoi iyni ia?acatho /anoyie 1,5-2ea (einoe+iyni). Aa?yo a
niioiioaiee 1:4.

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

aioiayo oaeaea eae e einoiue, oieueei ca 2 /ana aei ieii/aiey aa?ee
eeaaeoo eonee iyna iannie 2 – 2,5 ea.

?uaiue aoeueii

Aai /aua anaai aioiayo ec ?uaiuo ieuaauo iooiaeia (eiaea, ieaaieee,
einoe, aieiaa aac aeaa?). Aa?yo a niioiioaiee 1:4. Anee eniieuecotho
aieiau inao?iauo ?ua, oi eo aa?yo a oa/aiee /ana n ei?aiueyie,
ioaeaeytho iinea yoiai iyeioue, a inoaaoeany einoe aa?yo aua 2-3 /ana.
Iiaeii eniieueciaaoue oeaeoth ?uao.

Caeeaatho oieiaeiie aiaeie, auno?i aeiaiaeyo aei eeiaiey. *a?ac /an
eeaaeoo eoe,ii?eiaue (nu?ua). *a?ac 30iei eeaaeoo aaeua ei?aiuey e
aeiaiaeyo aei aioiaiinoe.

Aoeueii ec ioeoeu

Eniieuecotho oeaeua oooee, einoe, noai?iaeoeou. Ana caia/eaatho aiaeie e
aa?yo i?e neaaii eeiaiee 1-1,5 /ana. Aa?yo a niioiioaiee 1:7.

A?eaiie ioaa?

Nooaiua a?eau ia?aae?atho, i?iiuaatho, caeeaatho oieiaeiie aie a
niioiioaiee 1:7. Inoaaeytho ia 3 /ana aeey iaaooaiey a?eaia. Ianoie
neeaatho (a iinoaeo). A?eau i?iiuaatho e eeaaeoo a yoio aea ianoie e
aa?yo 1,5-2 /ana, caoai a?eau auieiatho e eciaeue/atho-eeaaeoo a noi
(noi ia ioaa?a a?eaia)

Cai?aai/iua noiu

Aeey i?eaioiaeaiey cai?aai/iuo noiia eniieuecotho aoeueiiu ioaa?u e a
ea/anoaa iniiaiiai eiiiiiaioa – ianna?iaaiiua iaiue, iiaeii cai?aaeyoue
ianna?iaaiiie ioeie. Aeey i?eaioiaeaiey ethaiai cai?aai/iiai noia a
eeiyuee i?ioeaaeaiiue aoeueii (ioaa?) a ii?aaeaeaiiie
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe caaeneiinoe io n?ieia aa?ee io n?ieia aa?ee eeaaeoo
iiaeaioiaeaiiua i?iaeoeou, ianna?iaaiiua iaiue, a caoai 5-10 ieioo aei
ieii/aiey aa?ee aaiaeyo niaoeee, ianna?iaaiioth ioeo. Aioiaue noi
auaea?aeeaatho ia ieeoa 5-10 ieioo aeey i?eia?aoaiey ei y?ei
au?aaeaiiiai aeona e a?iiaoa. Ia?aae iiaea/ae a oa?aeeo eeaaeoo eoni/ae
iyna eee ?uau, iaeeaatho noi e iinuiatho aai eciaeue/aiiie caeaiueth
oe?iia, iao?ooee. Iaeioi?ua noiu cai?aaeytho niaoaiie. A caaeneiinoe io
aeaea ue, ai?ue, ?annieueieee, aeeaeeea nieyiee, iaiuiua, ea?oioaeueiua
noiu, noiu n e?oiaie, aiaiauie e iaea?iiiuie ecaeaeeyie.

Ue

Iaycaoaeueiui eiiiiiaioii uae yaeyaony eaionoa,

eioi?ay iiaeao auoue eae naaaeae(a? ia?acatho nieiieie), oae e
eaaoaiiie. Anee eniieuecotho eaaoaiioth eaionoo, oi a? i?aaeaa?eoaeueii
oooao neaaeothuei ia?acii:

aeiaaaeytho aoeueii eee aiaeo ia 20%-30% io iannu, aeiaaaeytho oiiaoiia
ith?a, eoeeia?iue aee?( oooao 1,5-2 /ana). Ca 30-40 ieioo aei ieii/aiey
oooaiey eeaaeoo ianne?iaaiiua iaiue

O?aaiaaiea e ea/anoao

1aoeueii i?ic?a/iue

ia iiaa?oiinoe ae?noee aee?a

iaiue nio?aieee oi?io e aeon

neaaea neaaeeiaaoue, a ia?o nie?iue

a?iiao iaiuae e niaoeee

ii?iaeueiay eiinenoaioeey

I?aaeei ioionea

A aeoaieie noieiaie oa?aeea: 500, 250, eiiaaea 300 ie. ioioneatho i?e
oaiia?aoo?a 75-80 a?aaeonia, a oa?aeeo eeaaeoo iyniua eee ?uaiua
i?iaeoeou, niaoaio, caeaiue(2-3a). Aeoaieoth noieiaoth oa?aeeo noaayo ia
iiaenoaiiai/ioth oa?aeeo.

O?aiaiea

N?ie o?aiaiey 2-3 /ana ia ia?ieoa i?e oaiia?aoo?a 80 a?aaeonia.

Anni?oeiaio

ue ec naaaeae eaionou

ue ec naaaeae eaionou n ea?oioaeai

ue ec eaaoaiie eaionou

ue ec eaaoaiie eaionou n ea?oioaeai

ue ii-o?aeuenee

Ue ec naaaeae eaionou n ea?oioaeai

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey

A eeiyuee aoeueii eeaae?i naaaeath eaionoo, aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey
caeeaaeuaaai ea?oioaeue e i?iaa?eaaai 7-10 ieioo caoai ianne?iaaiiua
iaiue, aaeua ei?aiuey, oiiaoiia ith?a, caoai aeiaiaeei aei aeona( nieue,
ia?aoe, eaa?iaue eeno),ianoaeaaai( 20-30 ieioo), ioioneaai.

Ue ec eaaoaiie eaionou n ea?oioaeai

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

A eeiyuee aoeueii eeaae?i ea?oioaeue i?iaa?eaaai 7-10 ieioo,
caeeaaeuaaai eaaoaioth eaionoo, aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey caoai
ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, oiiaoiia ith?a, aaeua ei?aiuey, aeiaiaeei aei aeona
(nieue, ia?aoe, eaa?iaue eeno), ianoaeaaai 20-30 ieioo, ioioneaai.

Ue ii-o?aeuenee

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

A eeiyuee aoeueii eeaae?i e?oio, i?iaa?eaaai 5-10 ieioo, caoai eaaoaioth
eaionoo, aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey, aaiaeei ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, aaeua
ei?aiuey, oiiaoiia ith?a (aa?ei 5-7 ieioo), aeiaiaeei aei aeona ( nieue,
ia?aoe, eaa?iaue eeno), cai?aaeyai /aniieii ?ano??oui n nieueth,
ianoaeaaai 20-30 ieioo, ioioneaai.

Ai?u

Iaycaoaeueiue eiiiiiaio na?eea, eioi?oth oooao(a?aiy oooaiey caaeneo io
aic?anoa na?eeu) neaaeothuei ia?acii: caeeaatho ia 25%-30% aiaeie,
eeaaeoo aee?, oiiaoiia ith?a, oenon.

O?aaiaaiea e ea/anoao

1 oeaao y?ei-iaeeiiaue

2 ia iiaa?oiinoe ae?noee aee?a

3 iaiue nio?aieee oi?io e aeon

4 iaiue iyaeea, ii ia ia?aaa?aiiua

5 aeon eenei-neaaeeee

ii?iaeueiay eiinenoaioeey

I?aaeei ioionea

A aeoaieie noieiaie oa?aeea: 500, 250, eiiaaea 300ie, i?e oaiia?aoo?a
75-80 a?aaeonia. A oa?aeeo iyniua eee ?uaiua i?iaeoou, niaoaio, caeaiue.
Aeoaieoth noieiaoth oa?aeeo noaayo ia ieineoth oa?aeeo.

O?aiaiea

N?ie o?aiaiey 2-3 /ana ia ia?ieoa i?e oaiia?aoo?a 80 a?aaeonia

Anni?oeiaio

ai?u iaueiiaaiiue

ai?u n eaionoie e ea?oioaeai

ai?u n ea?oioaeai

ai?u oeioneee

ai?u oe?aeineee

Ai?u n eaionoie e ea?oioaeai

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey

a eeiyuee aoeueii eeaaeoo naaaeath eaionoo, aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey,
caeeaaeuaaai ea?oioaeue, i?iaa?eaaai 7-10 ieioo, aaiaeei ianne?iaaiiua
iaiue, aaeua ei?aiuey, i?iaa?eaaai 5-7 ieioo, caoai na?eeo aeiaiaeei aei
eeiaiey, aei aeona( nieue, naoa?, oenon), ianoaeaaai, ioioneaai.

Ai?u oeioneee

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

A eeiyuee aoeueii ( n aeiaaaeaieai einoe naeiieii/?iinoae) eeaae?i
naaaeath eaionoo ( ia?acaiioth oaoeaie) e niiaa aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey,
caeeaaeuaaai ea?oioaeue, i?iaa?eaaai 7-10 ieioo, aaiaeei ianne?iaaiiua
iaiue, aaeua ei?aiuey, oiiaoiia ith?a, i?iaa?eaaai 3-5 ieioo, aeiaaaeyai
na?eeo ( aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey), caoai aeiaiaeei aei aeona, ianoaeaaai e
ioioneaai ( ni naeiieii/?iinoyie, ii 1-2 eoni/ea ia ii?oeeth)

Ai?u oe?aeineee

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

Aoeueii aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey( ana e?iia ?uaiiai), caeeaaeuaaai naaaeoth
eaionoo, aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey, caoai ea?oioaeue e i?iaa?eaaai 7-10
ieioo, aaiaeei ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, neaaeeee aieaa?neee ia?aoe, oiiaoiia
ith?a, aaeua ei?aiuey i?iaa?eaaai 3-5 ieioo, caeeaaeuaaai na?eeo,
aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey, aaiaeei io/ioth ianne?iaeo (aa?ei 3-5 ieioo),
aeiaiaeei aei aeona( /aniie ?ano??oue ni oieeii), ianoaeaaai e
ioioneaai( n iaiiooeaie).

?annieueieee

Iaycaoaeueiue eiiiiiaio nie?iua iao?oeu, eioi?ua (anee iie e?oiiua)
i/euatho e oaeaeytho naiaia, ia?acatho nieiieie, eiioeeaie eee
?iiaeeaie, caeeaatho aiaeie eee aoeueiiii a

niioiioaiea 1:3 e i?eioneatho a oa/aiea 15 ieioo. Iao?a/iue ?annie
i?ioeaaeeaatho e eeiyoyo. ?annieueiee aioiaeony n aieueoei eiee/anoaii
aaeuo ei?aiueaa. Iiaeii aioiaeoue n aeiaaaeaieai uaaaey e oieiaoa,
eioi?ua i?eioneatho ?acaeaeueii, a caoai i?ioe?atho e niaaeeiytho.
?annieueiee aioiayo ia anao aoeueiiao.

O?aaiaaiea e ea/anoao

aoeueii neaaea iooiue, oeaao: na?iaaoi- cae?iue

iaiue nio?aieee oi?io ia?acee

eiinenoaioeey ii?iaeueiay

aeon nie?iuo iao?oeia, a ia?o nie?iue

caiao ianne?iaaiiuo iaiuae, iao?oeia e niaoeee

I?aaeea ioionea

A aeoaieie noieiaie oa?aeea ia iaeeie noieiaie oa?aeea, i?e oaiia?aoo?a
75-80 a?aaeonia. Iiaeia?aaatho ia e?ath ieeou, ioioneatho ni niaoaiie,
anee aoeueii aue ?uaiue, oi aac niaoaiu, a n caeaiueth, iiaeatho
aao?ooee e ?anoyaae ( anee ?annieueiee ia ?uaiii aoeueiia).

O?aiaiea

N?ie o?aiaiey 2-3 /ana ia ia?ieoa i?e oaiia?aoo?a 80 a?aaeonia

Anni?oeiaio

?annieueiee aeiiaoiee

?annieueiee eaieia?aaeneee

?annieueiee iaueiiaaiiue

?annieueiee iaueiiaaiiue

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey

A eeiyuee aoeueii eeaae?i ea?oioaeue e i?iaa?eaaai 7-10 ieioo,
caeeaaeuaaai ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, aaeua ei?aiuey, iao?oeu nie?iua,
aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey( iiaeii aeiaaaeoue ith?a ec uaaaey e
oieiaoa),aeiaiaeei aei aeona, ianoaeaaai e ioioneaai.

A?aiy aa?ee ia aieaa 20-25 ieioo.

?annieueiee aeiiaoiee

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey

A eeiyuee aoeueii eeaae?i naaaeoth eaionoo, aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey,
caeeaaeuaaai ea?oioaeue, i?iaa?eaaai 7-10 ieioo, aaiaeei ianne?iaaiiua
iaiue, aaeua ei?aiuey, i?iaa?eaaai 5 ieioo, nie?iua iao?oeu, aeiaiaeei
aei aeona( nieue, ia?aoe, eaa?iaue eeno, iao?a/iue ?annie), ianoaeaaai e
ioioneaai.

?annieueiee eaieia?aaeneee

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey

A eeiyuee aoeueii eeaae?i e?oio( ?en, ia?eiaea, ioaii) aeiaiaeei aei
eeiaiey i?iaa?eaaai 5-10 ieioo, caeeaaeuaaai ea?oioaeue (i?iaa?eaaai
7-10 ieioo), ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, aaeua ei?aiuey, oiiaoiia ith?a,
nie?iua iao?oeu, aeiaiaeei aei aeona, ianoaeaaai e ioioneaai.

Noi ea?oioaeueiue

Iaycaoaeueiue eiiiiiaio ea?oioaeue, e?iia oiai iie iiaoo auoue n
ae?oaeie i?iaeoeoaie (iaea?iiiuie ecaeaeeyie, e?oiaie, aiaiauie).

O?aaiaaiea e ea/anoao

eiinenoaioeey ii?iaeueiay

iaiue nio?aieee oi?io ia?acee

aoeueii i?ic?a/iue

a ia?o nie?iue

I?aaeei ioionea

A aeoaieie noieiaie oa?aeea ia iaeeie noieiaie oa?aeea n caeaiueth e
eaeeie- ieaoaeue iyniuie i?iaeoeoaie, i?e oaiia?aoo?a 75-80 a?aaeonia.

O?aiaiea

N?ie o?aiaiey 1/an ia ia?ieoa i?e oaiia?aoo?a 80 a?aaeonia.

Anni?oeiaio

noi ea?oioaeueiue

noi ea?oioaeueiue n e?oiie

noi ea?oioaeueiue n aiaiauie ai?io, oanieue)

Noi ea?oioaeueiue

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

A eeiyuee aoeueii eeaae?i ea?oioaeue, i?iaa?eaaai 7-10 ieioo,
caeeaaeuaaai ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, aaeua ei?aiuey, aa?ei 5-7 ieioo,
aeiaiaeei aei aeona, ianoaeaaai 20-30 ieioo e ioioneaai( n iynii,
iyniuie o?eeaaeaeueeaie, iaeueiaiyie, eo?eoeae, ?uaie, ?uaiuie
o?eeaaeaeueeaie)

Noi ea?oioaeueiue n aiaiauie

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

A eeiyuee aoeueii eeaae?i ea?oioaeue, i?iaa?eaaai 7-10 ieioo,
caeeaaeuaaai ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, aaeua ei?aiuey (aa?ei 5-7 ieioo),
ai?io e oanieue( i?aaeaa?eoaeueii caii/aiiue ia 2-3 /ana, e naa?aiiua
aei iieoaioiaiinoe), aeiaiaeei aei aeona, ianoaeaaai 20-30 ieioo e
ioioneaai( n iynii, iyniuie o?eeaaeaeueeaie, iaeueiaiyie, eo?eoeae,
?uaie, ?uaiuie o?eeaaeaeueeaie).

Noi ea?oioaeueiue n e?oiie

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

Aoeueii aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey eeaae?i e?oio, aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey,
caeeaaeuaaai ea?oioaeue, i?iaa?eaaai 5-7 ieioo, aaiaeei ianne?iaaiiua
iaiue, aaeua ei?aiuey, aa?ei 5-7 ieioo, aeiaiaeei aei aeona, ianoaeaaai
20-30 ieioo e ioioneaai.

Noi iaiuiie

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

Aoeueii aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey eeaae?i oeyiee naaaeeo a?eaia e
i?iaa?eaaai 30 ieioo, caeeaaeuaaai naaaeoth eaionoo, aeiaiaeei aei
eeiaiey, aaiaeei ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, aaeua ei?aiuey, neaaeeee
aieaa?neee ia?aoe, ioaa?iua e neaaea iaaea?aiiua iiaeee a?eaia,
i?iaa?eaaai 3-5 ieioo, aeiaiaeei aei aeona, ianoaeaatho, ioioneatho n
caeaiueth e niaoaiie

Noi e?anoueyineee

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

Aoeueii aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey caeeaaeuaaai e?oio aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey,
caeeaaeuaaai naaaeoth eaionoo aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey, caeeaaeuaaai
ea?oioaeue i?iaa?eaaai 7-10 ieioo, aaiaeei ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, oiiaoiia
ith?a eee naaaeea iiieaei?u, aeiaiaeei aei aeona, ianoaeaaai

ioioneaai ni niaoaiie e caeaiueth.

Noiu n iaea?iiiuie ecaeaeeyie

Yoe noiu aioiayo ia iynieinoiii aoeueiia ec aeiiaoiae ioeoeu eee ia
a?eaiii ioaa?a. Iie ninoiyo ec iaea?iiiuo ecaeaeee e ianne?iaaiiuo
iaiuae.

O?aaiaaiea e ea/anoao

eiinenoaioeey ii?iaeueiay

aoeueii i?ic?a/iue

a ia?o nie?iue

iaea?iiiua ecaeaeey ia ?acaaeeaaeenue

I?aaeei ioionea

A aeoaieie noieiaie oa?aeea ia iaeeie noieiaie oa?aeea n caeaiueth, i?e
oaiia?aoo?a 75-80 a?aaeonia

O?aiaiea

N?ie o?aiaiey 1/an ia ia?ieoa i?e oaiia?aoo?a 80 a?aaeonia

Anni?oeiaio

noi n iaea?iiiuie ecaeaeeyie

noi-eaioa aeiiaoiyy

Noi- eaioa aeiiaoiyy

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

Aoeueii aeiaiaeei aei eeiaiey eeaae?i ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, i?iaa?eaaai
3-5 ieioo, aeiaiaeei aei aeona, ianoaeaaai ioioneaai n caeaiueth e
niaoaiie.

Eaioa aeiiaoiyy

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey

Ioeo i?inaeaaai, aeiaaaeyai ?anoai? aiaeu, niee e yeoe caiaoeaaai,
ie?oaeyai, oanoi ?anoaeaaai (iaaooaao eeaeeiaeia ioee) /a?ac 20-30 ieioo
?aneaouaatho, iiaenooeaatho, ia?acatho e o?aiyo ia eioea, i?enuiaiiue
ioeie. *oiau aoeueii ia aue iooiue, eaioo i?aaeaa?eoaeueii caeeaaeuaatho
a eeiyuoth aiaeo e i?iaa?eaatho 2-3 ieioou

Iiei/iua noiu

Yoe noiu aioiayo ia oeaeueiii iieiea eee ia nooii( aa?oo 110a nooiai
iieiea, caeeaatho aiaeie o?ieie, ianoaeaatho 30-40 ieioo), eee ia
naouaiiii iieiea( ?acaiaeyo n aiaeie).

Yoe noiu iiaoo auoue n iaea?iiiuie ecaeaeeyie (eaioa, aa?ieoaeue), n
e?oiaie (?en, ioaii, iaiiay e?oia), n iaiuaie(eaionoa, ii?eiaue). Aei
aeona aeiaiaeyo nieueth, naoa?ii e eoni/eii neeai/iiai ianea. Iiaeii
e?oiu ioaa?eoue aei iieoaioiaiinoe a aiaea, a caoai aeeoue ooaea iieiei.

O?aiyo

Ia aieaa 40 ieioo, ia ia?ieoa i?e oaiia?aoo?a 80 a?aaeonia.

Eaioa iiei/iay

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey:

A eeiyuaa iieiei, canuiaai eaioo, i?iaa?eaaai ieiei 5 ieioo i?e neaaii
iaia, aeiaiaeei aei aeona( nieue, naoa?, neeai/iia ianei), ianoaeaaai e
ioioneaai.

Ith?aia?aciua noiu

Yoe Noiu AIOIAssO a i?io??oii aeaea, eo iiaeii aioiaeoue ec iaiuae,
e?oi, aiaiauo, ia/aie, iyna, ioeoeu. Iniaaiiinoue: eiinenoaioeey
iaeii?iaeiay, iaaeiay

Yoe noiu iaeaaeatho aunieie ieoaoaeueiie oeaiiinoueth, eaa/a
onaaeaathony, neaaeiaaoaeueii oe?iei i?eiaiythony a aeaoneii e
aeeaoe/aneii ieoaiee.

Aunieay ieuaaay oeaiiinoue iaoneaaeeaaaony iaee/eai a noiao neeai/iiai
ianea, eioi?ia eeaae?ony a eiioea i?eaioiaeaiey, eeaae?ony
ye/ii-iiei/iay nianue (eueacii).

I?aaeea ioionea

A aeoaieoth noieiaoth oa?aeeo eeaaeoo aa?ie?( yoi iiaeao auoue iniiaiie
i?iaeoeo, ia?acaiiue eoaeeaie eee nieiieie), oaeaea aa?ie?ii iiaoo auoue
i?iaeoeou, ni/aoathueany ii aeono n iniiaiuie i?iaeoeoaie eee
iiae/??eeaathuea aai oeaao. E?iia oiai ioaeaeueii ia ie?iaeeiaie oa?aeea
iiaeatho a?aiee. Iniiaiua i?iaeoeou aeey noiia ith?a, a caaeneiinoe io
eo naienoa Ioaa?eaatho (ea?oioaeue, iyni, eo?u) eee oooao(ia/aiue) eee
i?e ioneatho( ii?eiaue). Aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey iaeii?iaeiie eiinenoaioeee
noiu ?acaiaeyo aaeui nionii( io/iie ianne?iaeie)

O?aiyo a oa/aiea 1-2 /ana, i?e oaiia?aoo?a 70 a?aaeonia

Noi ith?a ec ea?oioaey

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey

Ea?oioaeue caeeaatho ai?y/ae aiaeie, a niioiioaiea 1:1 (iinea caeeiaiey
eeaaeoo nieue) e i?iaa?eaatho 7-10 ieioo, caeeaaeuaatho ianne?iaaiiua
iaiue, i?iaa?eaatho 5-7 ieioo, i?ioe?atho, ?acaiaeyo( iieieii eee
aoeueiiii eeiyuai), aaiaeyo io/ioth ianne?iaeo, i?iaa?eaatho 3-5 ieioo,
ioeaaeaeatho aei 70 a?aaeonia, aaiaeyo ye/ii-iiei/ioth nianue, neeai/iia
ianei e ioioneatho n eoaeeaie ea?oioaey.

Oieiaeiua noiu

Oieiaeiua eee naciiiua noiu aioiayo ia eaana, eaoe?a, iaiuiii ioaa?a.
Yoe noiu niaea?aeao aeoaieiu e ieia?aeueiua aauanoaa. Aeey iiauoaiey
eaei?eeiinoe eeaaeoo niaoaio.

I?aaeea ioionea

A aeoaieie noieiaie oa?aeea ni niaoaiie e caeaiueth

O?aiaiea

Aa?ie? o?aiyo a oieiaeeeueieea a oa/aiea 2-3 /ania e niaaeeiytho n
aeeaeeie iniiaie oieueei a iiiaio ioionea, a a aioiaii aeaea ia o?aiyo.

Anni?oeiaio

ie?ioea iaiuiay

ie?ioea iyniay

ie?ioea nai?iay iyniay

ie?ioea O?aeueneay

naaeieueiee

ai?u oieiaeiue

Ie?ioea

Ie?ioea ninoieo ec aeaoo ninoaaeythueo: AEeaeeay iniiaa: Aa??iue aeaeoie
yeoea ?anoe?atho n nieueth, naoa?ii, ai?/eoeae e iaaieueoei eiee/anoaii
niaoaiu – aeiaaaeytho /anoue ?ano??oiai n nieueth cae?iiai eoea
caeeaatho eaanii noaayo a oieiaeeeueiee Aa?ie?

ie?ioea iaiuiay ninoieo ec aeeaeeie iniiau e iaiuiiai aa?ie?a, a eioi?ue
aoiaeyo iaiue ia?acaiiua eoaeeaie:

eoe

iao?oeu

ea?oioaeue

ii?eiaue

?aaeen

iiaeii aeiaaaeoue ?aio

Iaiuiie aa?ie? niaaeeiytho n aeeaeeie iniiaie e ioioneatho.

Ie?ioea nai?iay iyniay

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey

AEeaeeay iniiaa e aa?ie? a eioi?ue aoiaeyo:

-eoe

iao?oeu

ea?oioaeue

ii?eiaue

?aaeen

iiaeii aeiaaaeoue ?aio

iyni(ia?acaiiia eoaeeaie) .

Aa?ie? niaaeeiytho n aeeaeeie iniiaie e ioioneatho.

Ie?ioea O?aeueneay

Aioiaeony aiaeiae/ii nai?iie iyniie, oieueei aianoi iao?oeia eeaaeoo
eaaoaiioth eaionoo.

Naaeieueiee

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey

Na?eeo caeeaaai ia1/3 aiaeie e i?eioneaai n oenonii, ii?eiaue caeeaaai
ia1/3 aiaeie e i?eioneaai, niaaeeiytho – aeiaaaeytho nieue, naoa?,
iao?oeu ioeaaeaeatho, caeeaatho eaanii, ioioneatho n yeoeii, niaoaiie e
caeaiueth.

Neaaeeea noiu

Eo aioiayo ec naaaeeo, noo?iuo, auno?icaii?iaeaiiuo, eiina?ae?iaaiiuo
o?oeoia; ec ne?iiia e ieiaeiai-yaiaeiuo ith?a. Aioiayo eo n
caaonoeoaeai, e?aoiaeii, eioi?ue ?acaiaeyo oieiaeiie aiaeie a
niioiioaiee 1/3 eee 1/4. a?aiy aa?ee:

– a?ooe 1,5 /ana

yaeiee 30-40 ieioo

/a?iineea e eo?aao 20-30 ieioo -ecthi 5 ieioo

Ii oaiia?aoo?a ioionea noiu iiaoo auoue:

Ai?y/ea(75iN) e oieiaeiua(14iN).

Aei aeona noiu aeiaiaeyo: eeiiiiie eeneioie, aaicaeeeie, ei?eoeae.

I?aaeei ioionea

A aeoaieoth noieiaoth oa?aeeo, eioi?ay iiaea?ony ia iaeeie eeaaeoo
aa?ie?(50a eee 75a, iaeeea iaea?iiiua ecaeaeey, ioaa?iie ?en, ioaeeia
?eniaue eee iaiiue, ee?oeee, aa?aieee; iaeeaatho noi e naa?oo eeaaeoo
niaoaio eee neeaee-10a.)

Ia o?aiyo

N?ie ?aaeecaoeee

Ai?y/aai noia ia aieaa 2o /ania

Oieiaeiiai – ioeaaeaeatho, /oiau ia iiaa?oiinoe ia auei ie?iee,
iinuiatho naoa?ii.

Noi ec nooio?oeoia

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey

Nooio?oeou ia?aae?atho, i?iiuaatho, caeeaatho oieiaeiie aiaeie e
ianoaeaatho(ianoie) Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey ianoie aeiaiaeyo aei
eeiaiey eeaaeoo naoa?, i?iaa?eaatho 2-3 ieioou(ne?ii) nooio?oeou
i?iaa?eaatho i?eia?ii 1 /an eeaaeoo e?aoiae, i?iaa?eaatho 2-3 ieioou
-ioioneatho

Noi neaaeeee ec naaaeeo ieiaeia

Oaoiieiaey i?eaioiaeaiey

ssaeiee i/euatho e oaeaeytho na?aeoeaaeio, ia?acatho eiioeeaie eee
eoaeeaie eiaeeoeo caeeaatho oieiaeiie aiaeie e i?iaa?eaatho 7-10 ieioo,
caoai i?ioeaaeeaatho( ioaa?) ioaa? aeiaiaeyo aei eeiaiey, eeaaeoo naoa?
aa?yo 2-Cieioou(ne?ii) yaeiee aa?yo 5 ieio, aeiaaaeytho
e?aoiae(?acaaae?iiue), i?iaa?eaatho 3-5 ieioo ioioneatho

Nionu

Cia/aiea nionia a ieoaiee

Nionu aeaeatho ieuo aieaa ni/iie, ?aciiia?acyo aa aeon e a?iiao,
oeo/oatho aiaoiee aeae, a oaeaea iiauoatho, eaei?eeiinoue. A oaoiieiaee
nionu eniieuecotho e?iia ioionea eae ninoaaeythuoth i?e i?eaioiaeaiee
aethaea (aeey caiaeaiey, oa?oe?iaaiey). Ii oaiia?aoo?a ioionea nionu
auaatho ai?y/ea e oieiaeiua.

Ai?y/ea nionu aioiayo ia: aoeueiiao, iaiuiuo: ioaa?ao, iieiea. A eo
ninoaa aoiaeyo ye/ii-ianeyiua.

E oieiaeiui nionai ioiinyo iaeiiac, cai?aaee, aeaea, nionu iaiuiua.

A a?oiio nionia aeeth/aiu niane ianeyiua, nionu neaaeeea e ne?iiu. Nionu
ia iyniii aoeueiia auaatho e?aniua e aaeua – iniiaiua. I?iecaiaeiua
aioiayo ia e?aniii e aaeii niona n aeiaaaeaieai ?acee/iuo i?iaeoeoia.

Ii eiinenoaioeee nionu iiae?acaeaeythony ia:

aeeaeeea (ia 1e – 50 a ioee),

n?aaeiae aonoiou (ia 1e – 100 a ioee),

aonoua (ia 1e -130 a ioee).

?anoiae niaoeee ia 1ea niona: niee – 10 a, ia?aoe – 0,5 a, eaa?iaiai
eenoa – 0,2 a, ei?eoeu — 1a, eeiiiiie eeneiou – 8a.

Aeon e a?iiao nionai i?eaeaao aeii. A aaeuo nionao eo/oa eniieueciaaoue
aaeua aeia, a e?aniuo – e?aniua. I?e eeiy/aiee ec aeia oeaoo/eaathony
nie?o e ?aceee caiao.

Iiaeai? nionia caaeneo io oa?aeoa?a i?eaioiaeaiiuo aethae. Nion
iiaeeeaatho naieo eee iiaeatho a nionieea.

Nion e?aniue iniiaiie ia iyniii aoeueiia

A ei?e/iaaue aoeueii (oaiia?aoo?a 60°N) aeiaaaeytho e?anioth aee?iaoth
ianne?iaeo (ioeaaeaeaiioth aei 60° N) aeiaiaeyo aei eeiaiey, caoai
aeiaaaeytho ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, oiiaoiia ith?a, aaeua ei?aiuey e
i?iaa?eaatho ieiei 1/, aeiaiaeyo aei aeona (ca 5 iei aei ieii/aiey aa?ee
aeiaaaeytho niaoeee), i?ioe?atho. Caoai caueiuaatho (cai?aaeytho
ianeii).

I?iecaiaeiua io niona e?aniiai:

Nion eoeiaue;

Nion eoeiaue n ai?/eoeae;

Nion eoeiaue n ei?ieoiiaie;

Nion e?aniue n aeiii («Iaaea?a»);

Nion e?aniue n yno?aaiiii;

Nion eenei-neaaeeee.

Nion aaeue iniiaiie ia iyniii aoeueiia

A aoeueii aeiaaaeytho aaeoth aee?iaoth ianne?iaeo (ioeaaeaeaiiay aei
60°N), aeiaiaeyo aei eeiaiey e aeiaaaeytho ianne?iaaiiue eoe, aaeua
ei?aiuey e i?iaa?eaatho 20-30 iei, caoai aeiaaaeytho niaoeee,
i?ioe?atho, icaei?aaeeaatho e caueiuaatho (cai?aaeytho ianeii).

I?iecaiaeiua io niona aaeiai ia iyniii aoeueiia:

Nion ia?iaie;

Nion aaeue n yeoeii;

Nion aaeue n eaia?naie;

Nion oiiaoiue;

Nion oiiaoiue n a?eaaie;

Nion oiiaoiue n iaiuaie.

Nion aaeue iniiaiie ia ?uaiii aoeueiia

Aioiaeony oae aea, eae e iyniie, ii n eniieueciaaieai ?uaiiai aoeueiia.

I?iecaiaeiua io niona aaeiai ia ?uaiii aoeueiia:

Nion ia?iaie;

Nion aaeue n aeiii;

Nion aaeue n ?annieii;

Nion oiiaoiue;

Nion oiiaoiue n iaiuaie.

Nion a?eaiie iniiaiie

A aaeoth aee?iaoth ianne?iaeo (oaiia?aoo?a 60 °N) aeiaaaeytho a?eaiie
ioaa? (oaiia?aoo?a 60 °N), aeiaiaeyo aei eeiaiey e i?iaa?eaatho 30 iei,
aeiaaaeytho ianne?iaaiiue eoe e aea?aiua a?eau e i?iaa?eaatho 10 iei. A
eiioea aa?ee eeaaeoo niaoeee.

I?iecaiaeiua io niona a?eaiiai:

Nion a?eaiie n oiiaoii;

Nion a?eaiie eenei-neaaeeee.

Nion niaoaiiue iniiaiie

Iiaeao auoue niaoaiiue iaoo?aeueiue e niaoaiiue ia aaeii niona.

Niaoaiiue iaoo?aeueiue

Noooth io/ioth ianne?iaeo ?acaiaeyo ?anoiieaiiui ianeii. Niaoaio
aeiaiaeyo aei eeiaiey e iinoaiaiii aeeaatho a io/ioth ianne?iaeo.
I?iaa?eaatho 5 iei, aeiaiaeyo aei aeona (aeiaaaeytho nieue, ia?aoe).

Niaoaiiue ia aaeii niona

Niaoaio aeiaiaeyo aei eeiaiey e iinoaiaiii aeiaaaeytho nion aaeue, caoai
i?iaa?eaatho 2-3 iei, aeiaaaeytho nieue, ia?aoe.

I?iecaiaeiua io niona niaoaiiiai:

Nion niaoaiiue n eoeii;

Nion niaoaiiue n o?aiii;

Nion niaoaiiue n oiiaoii;

Nion niaoaiiue n oiiaoii e eoeii.

Nion iiei/iue

A aaeoth aee?iaoth ianne?iaeo (oaiia?aoo?a 60 °N) aeiaaaeytho ai?y/aa
iieiei e ?aciaoeaatho, aeiaaaeytho nieue, naoa? e i?iaa?eaatho 10-15
iei.

I?iecaiaeiua io niona iiei/iiai:

Nion iiei/iue n eoeii;

Nion iiei/iue neaaeeee.

Nionu ye/ii-ianeyiua

A ninoaa ye/ii-ianeyiuo nionia aoiaeeo aieueoia eiee/anoai ianea, yeoe e
ae?oaeo ieoaoaeueiuo i?iaeoeoia. A ye/ii-ianeyiua nionu aeiaaaeytho
eeiiiioth eeneioo a eiee/anoaa 1-2 a ia 1 ea niona eee eeiiiiue nie.

Nion iieueneee;

Nion aieeaiaeneee;

Nion ye/iue neaaeeee;

Nion nooa?iue

Niane ianeyiua

Niane ianeyiua eniieuecotho aeey i?eaioiaeaiey ioi?ieaiey aooa?a?iaeia,
iyniuo e ?uaiuo aethae, iooai ?anoe?aiey neeai/iiai ianea n ?acee/iuie
i?iaeoeoaie.

Ianei caeaiia;

Ianei eeea/iia;

Ianei naeaaei/iia.

Nion neaaeeea

Nionu neaaeeea aioiayo ec naaaeeo, nooaiuo ieiaeia e yaiae.

Nion aa?eeiniaue

Naaaeea aa?eeinu iia?oaeatho ia 30-40 iei a eeiyoie nieiatho eiaeeoeo,
ia?acatho ia 4 /anoe, oaeaeytho einoi/ee, canuiatho naoa?ii,
auaea?aeeaatho 2-3 / e eeiyoyo 5-8 iei.

Nionu ia ?anoeoaeueiii ianea

Nion iaeiiac e aai i?iecaiaeiua:

Nu?ua ye/iua aeaeoee ?anoe?atho n nieueth, naoa?ii, ai?/eoeae (aeey
noieeinoe yioeuenee), aeeaatho oiieie no?oeeie ?anoeoaeueiia ianei
(oaiia?aoo?a 20°N) e aeiaaaeytho oenon(nion aoaeao aaeue).

Nion iaeiiac eniieuecotho aeey naeaoia, aeiaa?aoia, oieiaeiuo aethae ec
iyna e ?uau.

Nion iaeiiac n ei?ieoiiaie;

Nion iaeiiac ni niaoaiie;

Nion iaeiiac n caeaiueth.

Cai?aaee ia ?anoeoaeueiii ianea

Ianoieeay yioeueney, iiyoiio cai?aaee ia?aae eniieueciaaieai
ia?aiaoeaatho.

Cai?aaea naeaoiay;

Cai?aaea ai?/e/iay aeey naeaoia;

Cai?aaea ai?/e/iay aeey naeueaee.

Nionu ia oenona

E yoie a?oiia ioiinyo iaiuiua ia?eiaaeu n oiiaoii e aac iaai e nion
o?ai.

Ia?eiaae iaiuiie n oiiaoii.

Ii?eiaue ianne?otho ia ?anoeoaeueiii ianea, aeiaaaeytho eoe
ianne?iaaiiue, oiiaoiia ith?a, aaeua ei?aiuey, aeeaatho aiaeo eee ?uaiue
aoeueii, nieue, naoa?, aaicaeeea, ei?eoea, ia?aoe e oenon, oooao l5-20
iei e aeiaaaeytho eaa?iaue eeno.

Ia?eiaae iaiuiie aac oiiaoa.

Aioiayo oaeaea eae e ia?eiaae iaiuiie, ii ?ac oiiaoa. A eiioea aa?ee
aeiaaaeytho eaa?iaue eeno, nieue, naoa?, ?acaaaeaiiue eieiaeiie aiaeie
e?aoiae eee ioeo e i?ia?aaatho aei caaonoaiey.

Nion o?ai.

O?ai eciaeue/atho, caeeaatho eeiyoeii, iae?uaatho e ioeaaeaeatho,
aeiaaaeytho nieue, naoa?, oenon.

Nionu i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa

Eniieueciaaiea nionia i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaai iicaieytho ?anoe?eoue
anni?oeiaio nionia i?eiaiyaiuo a iauanoaaiiii ieoaiee.

Iaeiiacu;

Nion oiiaoiue ino?ue;

Eao/oi;

O?oeoiaua nionu.

2.2 I?eaioiaeaiea aoi?uo aethae, ai?y/eo caeonie, neaaeeeo aethae e
iaieoeia

2.2.1 I?eaioiaeaiea aethae ec iaiuae

Cia/aiea iaiuae aethae a ieoaiee

Cia/aiea iaiuiuo aethae e aa?ie?ia a ieoaiee ii?aaeaeyaony, i?aaeaea
anaai, oeie/aneei ninoaaii iaiuae e a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue – niaea?aeaieai
oaeaaiaeia. Iniaaiii aaeeei cia/aiea iaiuiuo aethae e aa?ie?ia eae
enoi/ieea oeaiiuo ieia?aeueiuo aauanoa. A aieueoeinoaa iaiuae
i?aiaeaaeatho uaei/iua cieueiua yeaiaiou, iiyoiio aethaea ec ieo
niinianoaotho iiaeaea?aeaieth eeneioii-uaei/iiai ?aaiiaaney a i?aaiecia,
o.e. a iyna, ?uaa, e?oiao, aiaiauo i?aiaeaaeaao eeneua yeaiaiou. E?iia
oiai, niioiioaiea eaeueoeey e oinoi?a ai iiiaeo iaiuao aeecei e
iioeiaeueiiio.

Niaea?aeaiea ioaeaeueiuo ieia?aeueiuo aauanoa a iaiuao ?acee/ii: a
iaeieo i?aiaeaaeaao eaeee, a ae?oaeo – oinoi?, aeaeaci. Iiyoiio eo/oa
eniieueciaaoue i?e i?eaioiaeaiee aethae ia iaeei aeae iaiuae, a eo
nianue.

Aeoniaua, e?anyuea e a?iiaoe/aneea aauanoaa, niaea?aeaueany a iaiuao,
niinianoaoao oneeaieth aiiaoeoa, iicaieyao ?aciiia?aceoue ieoaiea.

Ieuaaay oeaiiinoue a?eaia ia aaeeea. A ieo niaea?aeeony aaeie e
yeno?aeoeaiua aauanoaa. Ii aaeie a?eaia ieioi onaaeaathony, a
yeno?aeoeaiua aauanoaa ia anaaaea ieacuaatho aeaaii?eyoiia aeaenoaea ia
i?aaieci. A?eau, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie niaa?oaiii iniaoth
?anoeoaeueioth ieuo, yaeythony naiaai ?iaea eaeiinoaii, oe?aoathuei
noie, iie aiinyo ?aciiia?acea a i?eau/iue ?aoeeii, iaiaauatho aeon
?acee/iuo aethae, aeiiieiytho eo naiaia?aciui a?iiaoii.

A caaeneiinoe io aeaea oaieiaie ia?aaioee ?acee/atho ioaa?iua,
i?eiouaiiua, aea?aiiua, oooaiiua, caia/aiiua aethaea.

Aethaea ec aa?aiuo iaiuae

Ea?oioaeue a Iieiea (ea?oioaeue iao?aeioaeue).

Nu?ie i/euaiiue ea?oioaeue ia?acatho E?OIIUIE eoaeeaie, caoai aa?yo a
iaaieueoii eiee/anoaa aiaeu aei iieoaioiaiinoe (ieiei 10 iei). Ioaa?
neeaatho, ea?oioaeue caeeaatho ai?y/ei iieieii, nieyo e aa?yo aei
aioiaiinoe. Iinea yoiai eeaaeoo /anoue (50%) ianea neeai/iiai e
aeiaiaeyo aei Eeiaiey. Ioioneatho n inoaaoeiny ianeii, iiaeii iinuiaoue
caeaiueth.

Oueaa ioaa?iay.

I/euaiioth io eiaeeoeu e naiyi oueao ia?acatho .eiioeeaie e aa?yo a
iiaenieaiiie Aiaea. I?e ioionea iieeaatho ?anoiieaiiui neeai/iui ianeii
n iieiouie nooa?yie.

Oanieue ioaa?iay (iaiuiay).

No?o/ee oaniee, ca/euaiiua io a?oauo aeeeie, ia?acatho ?iiaeeaie,
eeaaeoo a eeiyuoth iiaenieaiioth aiaeo, aa?yo 8-10 iei e ioeeaeuaatho ia
aeo?oeaa. I?e ioionea iieeaatho ?anoiieaiiui ianeii eee nionii iiei/iui.

Ai?io iaiuiie ioaa?iie.

Auno?icaii?iaeaiiue ai?ioae eeaaeoo a Eeiyuoth iiaenieaiioth aiaeo,
auno?i Aeiaiaeyo AeI eeiaiey e aa?yo 3-5 iei. Eiiaoee naaaeaai Ai?ioa,
ca/euaiiua io aieiauo aeeeie, aa?yo oae aea. Eiina?ae?iaaiiue ai?ioae
i?ia?aaatho a nianoaaiiii ioaa?a. Naa?aiiue ai?ioae ioeeaeuaatho ia
aeo?oeaa. I?e ioionea iieeaatho ?anoiieaiiui ianeii eee iiei/iui nionii.

Eoeo?oca ioaa?iay.

Iiaeaioiaeaiiua ii/aoee aa?yo a iiaenieaiiie aiaea aei aioiaiinoe. I?e
ioionea ii/aoeia oeaeeeii oaeaeytho eenouey, ioaeaeueii iiaeatho ianei
neeai/iia. Iiaeii niyoue ca?ia n ii/aoea, cai?aaeoue eo nionii e
aeiaanoe aei eeiaiey. Eoeo?oco eiina?ae?iaaiioth i?ia?aaatho aianoa n
ioaa?ii, iinea /aai aai neeaatho, a ca?ia cai?aaeytho neeai/iui ianeii
eee nionii iiei/iui eeai niaoaiiui.

Nia?aea ioaa?iay.

Iiaeaioiaeaiioth nia?aeo eeaaeoo a eeiyuoth iiaenieaiioth aiaeo e aa?yo
aei aioiaiinoe. I?e ioionea io/ee aa?aiie nia?aee ?acaycuaatho,
Oeeaaeuaatho ia oa?aeeo eee ii?oeeiiiia aethaei, oe?aoatho aaoi/eaie
caeaie iao?ooee, ioaeaeueii iiaeatho nion nooa?iue. Iiaeii ioaa?ioth
nia?aeo cai?aaeo nionii iiei/iui, I?ia?aoue e i?e iiaea/a iieeoue
?anoiieaiiui neeai/iui ianeii.

A?oeoiee.

Iiaeaioiaeaiiua a?oeoiee ia?aaycuaatho ieoeaie, ioaa?eaatho a
iiaenieaiiie aiaea, iiea noaiao iyaeie. Eo auieiatho e eeaaeoo
iniiaaieai aaa?o, /oiau noaeea aiaea. I?e ioionea a?oeoiee oe?aoatho
caeaiueth. Ioaeaeueii iiaeatho nion aieeaiaeneee eee nooa?iue.

Ith?a ec ii?eiae eee naaeeu.

Ii?eiaue aa?yo oeaeeeii eee ia?acatho aeieueeaie e i?eioneatho a
iaaieueoii eiee/anoaa aiaeu n aeiaaaeaieai ianea. Naaeeo aa?yo, i/euatho
io eiaeeoeu. Caoai ii?eiaue eee naaeeo i?ioe?atho, niaaeeiytho n nionii
iiei/iui n?aaeiae aonoiou eee niaoaiiui e i?ia?aaatho. Ioioneatho ith?a
ni neeai/iui ianeii eee niaoaiie.

Aethaea ec i?eiouaiiuo iaiuae

Aeey i?eioneaiey iaiuae aiaeu aa?oo iaiueoa, /ai aeey iau/iie aa?ee:
0,2-0,3 e ia 1 ea. Iiyoiio a ioaa? ia?aoiaeeo iaiueoa ?anoai?eiuo
aauanoa. I?eioneatho ii?eiaue, ?aio, naaeeo, eaionoo, oueao, eaaa/ee,
iaoenniiu, iiieaei?u. Iaiue aeey i?eioneaiey ia?acatho aeieueeaie,
eoaeeaie, a eaionoo – aeieueeaie, eaaae?aoeeaie eee nieiieie.

Iiaeaioiaeaiiua iaiue oeeaaeuaatho neiai ia aieaa 20 ni (eaaa/ee e oueao
-ia aieaa 10-15 ni), aeiaaaeytho ai?y/oth aiaeo, /anoue neeai/iiai
ianea, iieiaeaiiiai ii ?aoeaioo?a, auno?i aeiaiaeyo aei eeiaiey; caoai,
oiaiueoea iaa?aa, aeiaiaeyo aei aioiaiinoe. Oueao, eaaa/ee, iaoenniiu,
iiieaei?u e ae?oaea iaiue, eaaei auaeaeythuea aeaao, i?eioneatho a
nianoaaiiii nieo. Anee i?e i?eioneatho inoaaony iiiai aeeaeeinoe, aa
neeaatho, oia?eaatho e aiiaue niaaeeiytho n iaiuaie. Aioiaua iaiue
cai?aaeytho ianeii eee iiei/iui nionii n?aaeiae aonoiou. Eniieuecotho
eae naiinoiyoaeueiia aethaei e a ea/anoaa aa?ie?a.

Iaiue i?eiouaiiua. Eniieuecotho ii?eiaue eee ?aio, a?theao, oueao,
eaaa/ee, aaeiei/aiioth eaionoo. Ei?iaieiaeu ia?acatho aeieueeaie eee
eoaeeaie, eaionoo -e?oiiuie oaoeaie. I?eioneatho a aoeueiia eee aiaea n
aeiaaaeaieai ia?aa?eia. E eiioeo i?eioneaiey aeeaeeinoue ia aeieaeia
inoaaaoueny. Iaiue ioioneatho n ianeii eee iiei/iui nionii.

Iaiue i?eiouaiiua a iiei/iii niona. Eniieuecotho ii?eiaue, ?aio eee
a?theao, oueao eee eaaa/ee, eaionoo oeaaoioth eee aaeiei/aiioth, caeaiue
ai?ioae eiina?ae?iaaiiue. Iiaeaioiaeaiiua e i?eiouaiiua n aee?ii ii
ioaeaeueiinoe iaiue, i?ia?aoue caeaiue ai?ioae niaaeeiytho n nionii
iiei/iui (eee niaoaiiui), aeiaaaeytho naoa?, nieue e i?iaa?eaatho 1 -2
iei .

Ii?eiaue n caeaiui ai?ioeii.

Ii?eiaue ia?acatho iaeeeie eoaeeaie, aeiaaaeytho aeeaeeinoue io
eiina?ae?iaaiiiai ai?ioea, ia?aa?ei e i?eioneatho. A eiioea i?eioneaiey
eeaaeoo caeaiue ai?ioae, nion iiei/iue, ia?aiaoeaatho e aeiaiaeyo aei
eeiaiey. I?e ioionea iieeaatho ia?aa?eiii eee neeai/iui ianeii.
Auno?icaii?iaeaiiue ai?ioae i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ioaa?eaatho a oa/aiea 3-5
iei, a caoai niaoeaatho n i?eiouaiiie ii?eiaueth e nionii, i?ia?aaatho.

Eaionoa aaeiei/aiiay n nionii.

Eaionoo i?eioneatho e?oiiuie aeieueeaie. I?e ioionea iieeaatho nionii
(iiei/iue, niaoaiiue, niaoaiiue n oiiaoii) eee aai iiaeatho ioaeaeueii.

Aethaea ec oooaiuo iaiuae

A noa?eio oooaiua iaiue iacuaaee “aeooiauie” e aioiaeee a aeeiyiuo
ai?oeao a ?onneeo ia/ao.

Aeey i?eaioiaeaiey oooaiuo aethae iaiue ia?acatho aeieueeaie, eoaeeaie,
nieiieie, neaaea iaaea?eaatho, aeiaaaeytho nion, niaoeee i oooao, cae?ua
iinoaeo e?uoeie. Ia?aae oooaieai ia iaaea?eaatho oieueei eaionoo e
naaeeo.

Eaionoa oooaiay.

Ia?acaiioth nieiieie naaaeoth aaeiei/aiioth eaionoo eeaaeoo a eioae
neiai ia aieaa 30 ni, aeiaaaeytho aoeueii eee aiaeo (20-30% iannu nu?ie
eaionou), aee? e oooao aei iieoaioiaiinoe, ia?eiaee/anee iiiaoeaay.
Caoai aeiaaaeytho ianne?iaaiiua ia?acaiiua nieiieie eoe, ii?eiaue, aaeua
ei?aiuey, ianne?iaaiiia oiiaoiia ith?a, eaa?iaue eeno, ia?aoe e oooao
aei aioiaiinoe. Ca 5 iei aei eiioea oooaiey eaionoo cai?aaeytho io/iie
ianne?iaeie, ?acaaaeaiiie aiaeie (eee aeeaeeinoueth io oooaiey),
naoa?ii, nieueth, oenonii. I?e eniieueciaaiee eaaoaiie eaionou oenon ec
?aoeaioo?u eneeth/atho, ii?io naoa?a oaaee/eaatho aei 10 a ia ii?oeeth.
Iiaeaioiaeaiioth eaaoaioth eaionoo oooao n aeiaaaeaieai aoeueiia, aee?a,
ianne?iaaiiiai oiiaoiiai ith?a a oa/aiea 1,5-2 /. Caoai aeiaaaeyth’!’
ianne?iaaiiua iaiue, eaa?iaue eeno, ia?aoe, naoa? e oooao aua 20-30 iei.
Ca 5 iei aei aioiaiinoe cai?aaeytho io/iie ianne?iaeie.

Iiaeii aioiaeoue oooaioth eaionoo ni oieeii eee eii/aiie A?oaeeieie. Eo
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii iaaea?eaatho e eeaaeoo a eaionoo a ia/aea oooaiey.
Auoiieaoeeny i?e iaaea?eaaiee ‘aee? eniieuecotho aeey ianne?iaaiey
iaiuae. Iiaeii aioiaeoue oooaioth eaionoo n a?eaaie. Aeey yoiai
ia?aaioaiiua naaaeea a?eau ia?acatho aeieueeaie e aea?yo aei aioiaiinoe.
I?aaeaa?eoaeueii ioaa?eaatho, ia?acatho nieiieie e iaaea?eaatho.
Iaaea?aiiua a?eau aeiaaaeytho e eaionoa a eiioea oooaiey.

Naaeea oooaiay.

Naa?aiioth a eiaeo?a naaeeo i/euatho, ia?acatho nieiieie eee eoaeeaie,
i?ia?aaatho n aee?ii, aeiaaaeytho ianne?iaaiiue eoe, niaoaio eee nion
niaoaiiue e oooao 10 iei. I?e ioionea iiaeii iinuiaoue caeaiueth. Aianoi
ianne?iaaiiiai eoea e naaeea, ia?acaiiie eiioeeaie, iiaeii aeiaaaeoue
naaaeea yaeiee, nion niaoaiiue e oaeaea i?ioooeoue 10 iei.

?aao ec iaiuae.

Neiai “?aao” caeinoaiaaii ec o?aioeocneiai a ia/aea XVIII a. e
i?ienoiaeeo io aeaaiea, icia/athuaai “aicaoaeaeaoue aiiaoeo”. Aeey ?aao
eniieuecotho ?acee/iua iaiue, iaai? eioi?uo caaeneo io naciia e ae?oaeo
oneiaee. Ia?acaiiua aeieueeaie eee e?oiiuie eoaeeaie ea?oioaeue,
ii?eiaue, ?aio eee a?theao, aaeua ei?aiuey neaaea iaaea?eaatho, eoe
ianne?otho. Aaeiei/aiioth eaionoo ia?acatho oaoeaie, i?eioneatho;
oeaaoioth ?acae?atho ia ioaeaeueiua nioeaaoey e aa?yo. Caoai ea?oioaeue,
eoe e ei?iaieiaeu iaaea?aiiua niaaeeiytho n nionii e?aniui, oiiaoiui eee
niaoaiiui e oooao 10-15 iei. Iinea ;)oiai aeiaaaeytho ia?acaiioth nu?oth
oueao eee eaaa/ee, i/euaiiua io eiaeeoeu e naiyi, i?eiouaiioth
aaeiei/aiioth eee aa?aioth oeaaoioth eaionoo e i?iaeieaeatho oooeoue
15-20 iei. Ca 5-10 iei aei aioiaiinoe eeaaeoo caeaiue eiina?ae?iaaiiue
ai?ioae, ?anoa?oue /aniie e niaoeee. I?e ioionea ?aao iieeaatho aee?ii e
iinuiatho caeaiueth.

Ea?oioaeue, oooaiiue n a?eaaie.

Nu?ie ea?oioaeue, ia?acaiiue eoaeeaie eee aeieueeaie n?aaeiaai ?acia?a,
iaaea?eaatho. Iiaeaioiaeaiiua naaaeea a?eau ia?acatho eiioeeaie e
aea?yo. Nooaiua a?eau iinea caia/eaaiey aa?yo, a caoai oeieotho e
iaaea?eaatho. A iaaea?aiiue ea?oioaeue aeiaaaeytho iaaea?aiiua a?eau,
niaoaio eee niaoaiiue nion, niaoeee, nieue e oooao 15-20 iei.

Aethaea ec aea?aiiuo iaiuae

Iaiue, eae i?aaeei; aea?yo nu?uie, a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo –
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ioaa?aiiuie. A nu?ii aeaea aea?yo iaiue, niaea?aeauea
iaonoie/eaue i?ioiiaeoei e aeinoaoi/iia eiee/anoai aeaae. Yoi
ea?oioaeue, eaaa/ee, oueaa, iiieaei?u, aaeeaaeaiu e ae?. Iaiue,
niaea?aeauea aieaa onoie/eaue i?ioiiaeoei, i?aaeaa?eoaeueii aa?yo eee
i?e ioneatho, eciaeue/a10’1, a caoai aea?yo (iaiuiua eioeaou ec eaionou,
naaeeu, ii?eiae e ae?.).

AEa?yo iaiue a iaaieueoii eiee/anoaa aee?a (5-10% iannu iieooaa?eeaoa)
iniiaiui niiniaii e a aieueoii (niioiioaiea i?iaeoeoa e aee?a 1:4) – ai
o?eoth?a.

I?e aea?ea a iaaieueoii eiee/anoaa aee?a ea?oioaeue, iaiue e ecaeaeey ec
ieo eeaaeoo ia i?ioeaaiue eee neiai?iaeo niacaiioth aee?ii, iaa?aoui aei
150-160’N, e aea?yo n iaaeo noi?ii aei ia?aciaaiey iiaeaea?enoie
ei?i/ee. Caoai aeiaiaeyo aei aioiaiinoe a aea?i/iii oeaoo. Aeey aea?ee
eniieuecotho ia?aa?ei, eoeeia?iue AEe?, ?anoeoaeueiia ianei.

Ai o?eoth?a iaiue (ea?oioaeue, ?ai/aoue eoe, caeaiue iao?ooee) aea?yo a
niaoeeaeueiuo aiia?aoao (o?eoth?ieoeao eee aeoaieeo i?ioeaiyo n oienoui
aeiii e anoaaiuie iaoaeee/aneeie naoeaie). Oaiia?aoo?a aee?a aeieaeia
auoue 175-180’N. AeEss aea?ee ai o?eoth?a eo/oa eniieueciaaoue nianue
?aoeie?iaaiiiai ?anoeoaeueiiai ianea n eoeeia?iui aee?ii a niioiioaiee
1:2 eee eoeeia?iue aee? (o?eoth?iue).

AEa?aiua iaiue iiaeatho eae naiinoiyoaeueiia aethaei, ioioneay n ianeii,
niaoaiie, nionaie, naaaeeie e nieaiuie iao?oeaie e iiieaei?aie, e a
ea/anoaa aa?ie?a.

Ea?oioaeue aea?aiue.

I?eaioiaeytho ec nu?iai eee aa?aiiai ea?oioaey. Nu?ie ea?oioaeue
ia?acatho a?oni/eaie, aeieueeaie, eoaeeaie eee eiioeeaie, i?iiuaatho a
Oieiaeiie aiaea, /oiau eoni/ee ia neeaeaaeenue e ia i?eeeiaee e
i?ioeaith. Ca oai aai ianooeaatho, eeaaeoo ia i?ioeaaiue n ?acia?aoui
aee?ii neiai 4-5 ni, aea?yo aei ia?aciaaiey ?oiyiie ei?i/ee,
ia?eiaee/anee iiiaoeaay, nieyo e i?iaeieaeatho aea?eoue aei iyaeinoe.
Anee i?e aea?ea ia ieeoa ea?oioaeue iieiinoueth ia i?iaea?eeny, oi aai
neaaeoao iinoaaeoue ia ianeieueei ieioo a aea?i/iue oeao.

Ea?oioaeue, naa?aiiue a eiaeeoea, ioeaaeaeatho, i/euatho, ia?acatho
e?oaei/eaie eee eiioeeaie, eeaaeoo oiieei neiai ia neiai?iaeo n
?acia?aoui aee?ii, iinuiatho nieueth e aea?yo, ia?eiaee/anee ano?yoeaay,
aei ia?aciaaiey ?oiyiie ei?i/ee.

I?e ioionea aea?aiue ea?oioaeue eeaaeoo ia oa?aeeo eee ii?oeeiiioth
neiai?iaeo, iieeaatho ?anoiieaiiui ianeii, iinuiatho caeaiueth,
aeiiieieoaeueii a naeaoieea iiaeii iiaeaoue naaaeea, nieaiua,
ia?eiiaaiiua iao?oeu, iiieaei?u, naeao ec naaaeae eaionou eee eaaoaiie.

Ea?oioaeue iiaeii i?eaioiaeoue n eoeii eee n eoeii e a?eaaie. A yoii
neo/aa ia?aae ioioneii aai niaoeaatho n ianne?iaaiiui eoeii eee n
ianne?iaaiiui eoeii e iaaea?aiiuie a?eaaie.

Ea?oioaeue, aea?aiiue ai o?eoth?a.

ea?oioaeue ia?acatho a?oni/eaie, nieiieie (iae), oiieeie e?oaei/eaie
(/einu), eoaeeaie, oa?eeaie, (e?oiiuie – oaoi, n?aaeiaai ?acia?a –
ia?ecueai, iaeeeie – ioacao), no?oaeeie. I?iiuoue e oi?ioi ianooaiiue
ea?oioaeue caeeaaeuaatho a ?anoiieaoeeny aei 170-180’N aee? e aea?yo aei
ia?aciaaiey, ?oiyiie ei?i/ee e iyaeie eiinenoaioeee (8-10 iei).
AEa?aiiue ea?oioaeue ioeeaeuaatho ia aeo?oeaa aeey noaeaiey aee?a e
iinuiatho iaeeie nieueth. Ea?oioaeue, aea?aiiue ai o?eoth?a, eee
ea?oioaeue o?e, eniieuecotho eae naiinoiyoaeueiia aethaei e a ea/anoaa
aa?ie?a.

Eoe o?e.

?ai/aoue eoe ia?acatho eieueoeaie, iaie?otho a ioea, aea?yo a ?acia?aoii
aee?a 3-5 iei aei ia?aciaaiey cieioenoie ei?i/ee. AEa?aiue eoe auieiatho
ooiiaeie, aeatho aee?o noa/ue, ia nieyo. Eniieuecotho a ea/anoaa aa?ie?a
e aeoooaeno, ?uaa e ae?oaei aethaeai. Caeaiue o?e.

Aaoi/ee iao?ooee iitho, ianooeaatho e aea?yo a ?acia?aoii aee?a 1-2 iei
aei oaiii-o?iii-cae?iiai oeaaoa. Caoai aa auieiatho, aeatho aee?o noa/ue
e eniieuecotho a ea/anoaa aa?ie?a e oe?aoaiey e ?uaiui aethaeai: ?uaa,
aea?aiiay a oanoa; ?uaa aea?aiay n caeaiui ianeii.

Eaaa/ee aea?aiu

Iieiaeua eaaa/ee n ieioiie iyeioueth e iaeeeie naiaiaie i/euatho oieueei
io eiaeeoeu. O E?oiiuo eaaa/eia, e?iia oiai, Oaeaeytho naiaia. Eaaa/ee
ia?acatho e?oaei/eaie eee eiioeeaie, iinuiatho nieueth e iaie?otho a
ioea, iaaea?eaatho n iaaeo noi?ii aei ia?aciaaiey ?oiyiie ei?i/ee. I?e
ioionea iieeaatho niaoaiie eee nionii niaoaiiui, niaoaiiui n oiiaoii,
iinuiatho eciaeue/aiiie caeaiueth iao?ooee eee oe?iia. Iiaeii iiaeaoue
eaaa/ee n iiieaei?aie eee iiieaei?aie e a?eaaie. A Yoii neo/aa i?e
ioionea aie?oa eaaa/eia ?aneeaaeuaatho aea?aiua iiieaei?u. A?eau eeaaeoo
naa?oo ia e?oaei/ee eaaa/eia, iieeaatho nionii (niaoaiiui, niaoaiiui n
oiiaoii) eee niaoaiie, iinuiatho eciaeue/aiiie caeaiueth.

Anee aea?aiua eaaa/ee eniieuecotho a ea/anoaa aa?ie?a, oi eo ia?acatho
eiioeeaie eee eoaeeaie.

Oueaa, aaeeaaeaiu, iiieaei?u aea?aiua.

Oueao i/euatho io eiaeeoeu e naiyi, ia?acatho eiioeeaie. Aaeeaaeaiu
i?iiuaatho, i/euatho io eiaeeoeu, ia?acatho e?oaei/eaie, nieyo e
inoaaeytho ia 10-15 iei aeey oaeaeaiey ai?a/e, caoai i?iiuaatho e
ianooeaatho. Oueao e aaeeaaeaiu nieyo, iaie?otho a ioea, iaaea?eaatho n
iaaeo noi?ii e aeiaiaeyo aei aioiaiinoe a aea?i/iii oeaoo.

Aethaea ec caia/aiiuo iaiuae

Caiaeatho eo a aea?i/iii oeaoo i?e oaiia?aoo?a 250-280’N aei ia?aciaaiey
ia iiaa?oiinoe aethaea iiaeaea?enoie ei?i/ee e i?ia?aaaiey aioo?aiieo
neiaa aei 80’N. Ii oaoiieiaee i?eaioiaeaiey caia/aiiua iaiue iiaeii
?acaeaeeoue ia o?e a?oiiu: iaiue, caia/aiiua a niona; caiaeaiee e
ioaeeiae; oa?oe?iaaiiua iaiue.

Iaiue, caia/aiiua a niona.

*aua anaai aeey caiaeaiey eniieuecotho ea?oioaeue, eaaa/ee, oeaaoioth
eaionoo. Ea?oioaeue caiaeatho iinea ioaa?eaaiey (eoaeeaie, iieiaeie
ea?oioaeue oeaeuie eeoaiyie) e iinea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai iaaea?eaaiey
(nu?ie eee naa?aiiue a eiaeo?a). Iiaeii caia/ue e ea?oioaeueiia ith?a.
Caiaeatho ea?oioaeue iiae niaoaiiui nionii. Eiiaaea nion
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii niaoeaatho n ianne?iaaiiui eoeii e iaaea?aiiuie
a?eaaie. Iiaeaioiaeaiiue ea?oioaeue, caeeoue nionii, iinuiatho oa?oui
nu?ii, na?ucaeaatho aee?ii e caiaeatho. I?e ioionea iinuiatho caeaiueth.

Ea?oioaeueiia ith?a -aeey caiaeaiey aueeaaeuaatho ia niacaiioth aee?ii
ii?oeeiiioth neiai?iaeo eee i?ioeaaiue, iiaa?oiinoue niacuaatho nianueth
yeoea ni niaoaiie eee niaoaiie, iaiinyo eiaeeie oci? e caiaeatho.
Ioioneatho n ianeii.

Iaaea?aiiua eaaa/ee eeaaeoo ia niacaiioth aee?ii neiai?iaeo e caeeaatho
iiei/iui eee niaoaiiui nionii n?aaeiae aonoiou, iinuiatho oa?oui nu?ii,
na?ucaeaatho ianeii e caiaeatho. I?e ioionea iieeaatho ianeii. Oae aea
aioiayo oeaaoioth eaionoo, eioi?oth i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ioaa?eaatho e
?acae?atho ia nioeaaoey.

Caiaeaiee e ioaeeiae.

Aeey i?eaioiaeaiey yoeo eoeeia?iuo ecaeaeee /aua anaai eniieuecotho
ea?oioaeue, ii?eiaue, eaionoo (aaeiei/aiioth e oeaaoioth), oueao.

Caiaeaiea ea?oioaeueiay. Naa?aiiue ea?oioaeue ianooeaatho e i?ioe?atho a
ai?y/ai ninoiyiee. Iaeio iieiaeio iannu aueeaaeuaatho neiai 2 ni ia
niacaiiue e iinuiaiiue nooa?yie i?ioeaaiue, naa?oo ?aaiiia?ii
?ani?aaeaeytho oa?o. Caoai oa?o iie?uaatho inoaaoaeny iannie,
iiaa?oiinoue ?ac?aaieaatho, niacuaatho niaoaiie, eiaeeie iaiinyo oci?,
iinuiatho nooa?yie, na?ucaeaatho aee?ii e caiaeatho. I?e ioionea
?ac?acatho ia eonee,, iieeaatho niaoaiie eee nionii oiiaoiui, niaoaiiui,
a?eaiui..

Aeey i?eaioiaeaiey ?oeaoa i?ioa?oue ea?oioaeue oeeaaeuaatho ia /enooth,
nii/aiioth aiaeie naeoaoeo, ia na?aaeeio iannu eeaaeoo oa?o, i?eaeatho
ecaeaeeth oi?io neaaea i?eiethniooiai oeeeeiae?a eee eoeaayee e
ia?aeeaaeuaatho n naeoaoee oaii aiec ia niacaiiue aee?ii i?ioeaaiue.
Iiaa?oiinoue ?oeaoa niacuaatho niaoaiie, iinuiatho nooa?yie, ca oai
iiaeii aeaeatho 2-3 i?ieiea, na?ucaeaatho ianeii e caiaaatho. Ioioneatho
oae aea, eae e caiaeaieo..

Caiaeaiea eaionoiay.

Ianno aioiayo oae aea, eae aeey eaionoiuo eioeao. Aa oeeaaeuaatho ?iaiui
neiai: ia niacaiiue aee?ii, iinuiaiioth nooa?yie i?ioeaaiue, niacuaatho
niaoaiie e caiaeatho. I?e ioionea ia?acatho ia ii?oeeiiiua eonee e
iiaeatho ni niaoaiie eee nionii iiei/iui, niaoaiiui.

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