O????y ?????ey ?th?e «I???eay»
N????a
Aa???
1. I?ay ??????? ?????i?i ???ey?y
2. O??????a ??y, ??????i a ????a?? ??????. O????y e ?i ????
3. O??????? ???n ?????? ??a
3.1 I????a ??y, ????a ??a, ???y?? ??????, ?i ??a e ?????????
3.2 I?????? ????? ??a n ??? ?i ??????
3.3 I?a??a ??a, ???a e o?e ??a
3.4 A?? ??a, ????ey e ?i ?/??o, ???y ???ey, ???
A??u e ??????y
N??e ?????? ?????u
A???a
N??iy ??????a ?????? y?ya?y ??e ? ??o ????? e ??? ???ath??y ???? a ???e.
I?? ?? ??y e ?????, ?????a ?i????a e ????a ??? ????ey ??e ???e y?????
??? ??? ??????o ???eyo?. I??i a ??a ???? ??? ???i ?????ey, ?e e ???,
???ny ??? ?????? e ????.
N?? ???? ?????? ??????o ???e ??? ??ey???th ???th?y n??? ??????a ???y,
???a ?????tho ? ? ??? ???a ???ey?y, ? e ??-???e, ??, ????u e ?. N??
????y e ??o ????????o, ????? ???e e ?e ? ?????? ?????oth ?? ?y ?????y
??? ???????y ??a, i?????, ???a ???e e ???e, ???, ????y e ???y ????.
Y? ???y ???ath?y ?????? ????, a??? ??i ???e ???, ? ???e ???, ??????e
???? ?????e. A????y ???? ????eth ???, ??, y? e ??? ??y?o ?????a ?e
???tho ???e ???e e y??????e ????th, ??? ???ath?y.
I??i ?????? ???o ???e ?y??i n ?????e ????ey? e ???? ??y, ???i ?????? ??
e ???a ????????ey, n ?????e ???e ???ey? – ???? ???? ????e, ???a ????e??a
e ???e ????e. Aeey ?????i ?ae?ey ???????? ???? ????iu ?????a ??ey,
???ath?a ??????a ???u e ??? ??? ??????y ???o ???e.
1. I?ay ??????? ??????? ???ey?y
O?????? ???ey?a ?e? ???? – ???y «E???», ??????y E.I. I???, ????y a ?????
o??a N????? ???e a ?? O?ue-E?aethi ? ??? ?? A??.
I??iy ??????ue a ??y??? ???, ?a ??aey?y: ???o ???yth?? e ????a, ??ae ?y
??y, ???e ?y ????????ey, ???? e ???e ???e, ????a ?y ????y ???e, ??ae
???e ????e, ????a ??e ????y e ?????ey, ???u ??? ???u e ?????.
N???? ???e y???y???? e ??e ????ey?ny ? ?? ??eth??y e ???i ????? ???y.
I??iy ????, a ????, ??????i ??u «A???: 2 ?????a ?? «I??i ??? ??? 77,
?????e ?? ?? ????? «A?c-???, y??ay ?? ???? ??, ?a o??????a ??? A2-IOI n
????? ae??e ? 140 e 350 e. ???i, ???e ?y ???e ???a, ??????ue. I???y ?
??th ?? ???e, ?????o ?????? ????e ??e e ??????: ?? ????e ???i ??a, ??
«O????» ? ?? ????e ???i ??a, ?? ??i-????e, ??? «Ae????a», ??? N???e,
N?????e, I???e, ?? A????, ?????? ?????o ??u: ?th?a «I???eay, ??e A???a,
A????y, A???, A?? n ????, A???e n ????, ???th?y ? ??c ??? n ??i??, ??/e
e I??.
2. O??????a ??y, ??????i a ??????i
??????. O????y e ?i ????
A ??? ??? ????? ? ???a ?th?e «I?????» ?e ????th?y ??a?a e ??????? ??a.
I???a ??a – y? ??a, y?yth??y ?????e ????e ??ueth ??????o ???e. E ????o
??th ??ny?y: ??, ??????a ???, ?? e ??. Ae??????a ??a ???y?ny ?y ????iey
??????o ????????o e ???-?????? ???a ??????o ???e. E ?? ??ny?y ?a ??? ??
??y: ???, ??, y?????u, ???.
O?????? ???? ??y – y? ?????ue ??y ?y ??????? ???y ?ey? ? ???? ???? ???y.
E???i ???y??i ??y – y? ?????ue ??y ??? ???????ue ????eyi ???oth?e ?????e
??????e e «I??i-??????i ????eyi e ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??y e ???o
?????.
N?? e ???a ???e ? ??? ???y? ?? ??e e ???ueth ????. I? ?????? ??????o
???e ??o ?? ?????? ??a e ???a ???e, ????a ???????th ?????th a ??y?a,
??????i ???e 10 O?????i ??? «I ???? e ?????? ???o ?????.
I???a ??a
I?a. Aeey ??????y ?th?e «I?????» ????tho ?? ????th ??????th ???i ??a ?
AINO 26574-85.
Ii???? ???? ????e ?? ????u a ???a ?1. I????e ???? ?? ????e ???a??? ???i
??a.
O??? ?1.
I?????y ???o?yO??????a e ??aOe?oA?? ?e ??e n ???? ???? C??N?????e ????e
?? ?c ?????o c??? ? ???e ? ????? A?nN?????e ????e ?? ? ??? ? ???eN????a
?????o ????I? ????a?e ?? ? ??? ????y ?? ??? A???? % ? ?e?15C???? a ????a
? ??a ???? % ? ??a 0,55A??? ?e – ? ???a ?C-AIE54 e ??aE???? ??? ? AINO
4403,%???e ? ?? ? ???? ??e ?435E?-? ??e e????u % ? ??a 28E???i Ia ?? 2
??? I???????y ???ue a 1? ?? ???? ????o ??? ? ??a 0,3 ? ?e ??? ? ??a 0,4
? 3C?????ue ????y? C??y????ue ????y?
A?a. A?a ?y ??????y ??a ??? ???? ????eyi, ??uy?y?? e ?o??e ?? AINO
2874-82, AINO ?51232 ?e N?I? 2.1.4 1074-01, ???ath?e ? ???????? ???u
?cy????? ??????y AINOu o?????tho ??????a ????ey e ???? ? ??n?? ???? ??.
I???y ?? ??? ?? ????a a y?????? ????e, ?c??? ? ?????o ???o, e ??ue
????y?? ????????a ????.
Aeey ???o ???e ???????? y?y?ny ????i-ae??ay ??. I? ?????? ??e ?? ????a
??e ?? ??? ???tho, ???th?y ? ?????–?????? ????, ??i ???e?y ??a y????i,
???i, ?n?? ????aa?y a ??? ?e ????. E?? ??, ??ae ??a ??????y ? ??
????????? ?????e ??.
Ae??e. Aeey ?????y ??a ???ytho ??? ??????a ?????? ? AINO 171-81. I????e
???? ???e ????u a ???a ?2 .
O??? ?2.
I????e ???? ?????? ???e
I????ueO??????a E?????y (???e ?ae)I?o?y, ??? ??iu ???ny, ? ???nyOe?o
?????? ?c iy?i, ?c ????, n??? , ?????y ???? ???e C?? e ?? A? ??????
A???? % ? ??a 75E?????, ?e ???? ???u ? ??a
A ?? ????e
Ia 12 ??e
120
300I???ay ?? (??? ??a ? 70 ?) ?i70N???? ?y ???e ???a, ? ??a, /
Ae????
N????
60
48????ay ?????, ?i
????????ay
90-100O??ay, ? ??a
?????????ay90
A?? 100
N?ue. I??ay ?a???y ?? AINO ?51574-2000 ????ey? ??e ?e??? ???o? ??? n
??ue ??????? ???ueth ??? ??e. I? ?a? ??? ????y?ny a ??. A ?????? ?? ????
?????-?????? ???? ??a e ?? ???e. N?ue ???ae?a ?y ???i ?y???y ?? a ??a.
I? ???? ????????oth ?????ue, ???? ??????th?th ?????ue ??a , ???y? ?????
, ??? ? ??a ???e . O?? ????ny ??a y????a , ??a ??????ny ?e ???? , a
o???a ????e ??a ????u ?e ????a e ???a . N?ue ??? ??o ??a ??? e ??? , a
iy?o ?ey?? ? a?n e ????i .
Ae??????a ??a
N??-??e. A ??? ??? ?e ?????i ???-??e AINO 21-94. I????e ???? ??n???? a
???a ?3.
O??? ?3
I????e ???? ???-??a, ???ay ?ey ???eyth?o ???a %
????????oth?a ????????a??????eOe????
O?-? 99,75 0,050 0,03 0,14 0,0003 0.8
I???i AINO 240-85. I????e ????a ????? ?????? a ???a ?4.
Oa??a ?4. I????e ???? ????? ????a, ???ay ?ey ???eyth?o ???a, %
I???y ?ey ??, ? ??aI???y ?ey ??e e ???o ???a, ? ??aI???y ?ey ??.O?????
????y82,017,00,3-0,727-32
Aeey ?????? ?th?e «I???eay» ?????ny ??a ???a ??ei AINO 4495-87. I????e
???? ??? ???? ??a?? ??? ????u a ???a ?5.
O??? ?5 I????e ???? n??i ???? ????i ??ea
I???y ae?y ??e % ? ??aI???y ?ey ?? % ? ??a??????? ??? ???, ? ??aE????? ?
??a*?o?a ??? ??? ?? ? ??a5,0025,00,322,0A??e ???
A??ei. E ???? ???? i??y?ytho ??oth?a ????ey: ???e ?ae – ???????e ???e,
?? – ? ??? ? ??ei–???i, ??o – ?????e ?y ???? e ???, ?????a ????y -80,5
-82 ???a ???ay ?ey ?? – ? ??a 0,05%.
ss?i ???a ???a. E???oth?y y?a AINO 27583-88 ??i? ???a eth?e ????e, ??a
?o, ???a ??ny?y e ???????? ??o (??y?a ???, ???a iy?i, ??e, ?e, ????).
*??y, ????ay ??????? ???? ??????i, ?y ????e ?th?e «I?????», ??y ???? a
???i?ath?o ????? – a Na????a ???? e ??????e ????, a ?y y? ?????ay ???a
?ia a ?????.
3. O??????? ???n ?????? ??a
1 YOAI. I?? e ???? ??y
1. I?? ??y n ???i ?????
2. I????? e ?e??? ?i??ey
3. E???ue ???e e ??? ???ey
4. O??i-????? ???u ???e AINOo
2 YOAI. I????a ??y
1. I????? ??
2. I??? ?? ? ???????? ???e
3. I????a ??a, ????a
4. Ae???? ???, ??
5. I????? e ????i ?e?oyi
3 YOAI. I?????? ??a
1. Ae????? ?????a
2. C?? ??u ??a
3. A???a ??u ??a
4. E???ue ?????e ??a
5. E???ue ????e ??a
6. N?eth??a ??????? ???
4 YOAI. ????a ??a
1. E???ue ?e?ey ??a ? ??e ???? ??u
2. I????a ??? ??a
3.O?????a ???? ????e
4. I?????ay ????a ???? ????e
5. E???ue ?????u e ????e ????e
5 YOAI
1. I??? ???? ????e
2. E???ue ??? ???e
6 YOAI. A??? ???a
1. E???ue ???e ????ey
2. E???ue ???e ???ey
3. E???ue ???e ???? ???o ???e
3.1 I????a ??y, ????a ??a, ??aiy??
??????, ?i ??a e ?????????
I????a ??y ???o ? ??oth?o ???? : ?????a ??, ???a ?? ? ???????? ???e,
????? ????a, ??i??a ?? e ???, ?????a e ???i? ???yi. I????? ?? ?????ny n
???th ?????ey n ?????i ??i ??e «I???. A ???? ?????y ????? ay????a ??,
i???? ?? ?????, ?????e ??? a ???? ????????ey. I??? ?? io ???????? ???e
?????ny n ???th ????. O??? ??, ???y?e ?ae ????, ? ??, ? ??? ?a??? 5-7 ?.
I??? ??? ?? ?????u ? ??? e ??y??e, ??? ? ??? ?? ????? e ???? ?????i o?a.
O???a ??????ae n ?????e ????o ?eth?a ????? ?????ue ? ?? ??? ?? a ??o.
Niyo? ?????? ????atho e ?atho ? ???ea ???yth?? (?y ??????e ??????ey
??o-?? ?????e).
I????a ?? e ??? ??th??ny a ? ?????a ??c ?? ????i1-2 ?, ??a ?????a a ???
??????e ?? e ????? ??????i ??c ?? n ????i ???o? 0,5 ?.
I????a ???e ?????ny ????? n ???ey ?????? ???a? n ?????e ???, ??a ?
??y?a?e (a ??oth) a ???ue e ?????e ? n ??e (??????e ????e). I?????a
i?????y ??c ?? ????? 1-2 ?.
I????a ????a ??th?a?y a ??oth?i: ????? ?????ny ???? (?????a ? ????e ?? a
???th) a o??eyo ???, a ??i ???? ?????ny a ???yo ??, ?y ??y??ey e ??????.
??iy???e ???? ?????ny a ?????? a ???i ??.
I????a y? ??th??ny ????? a ????? ????a, ? ??, y?a ???atho a i?????? ???
e ???atho a ??? ???? n ?????i ??????th?? ????a «I??, ????atho 10-15 ??o,
a ??i ???atho ?ae ???e ??e a ???a 5-10 ??o. Ae?? ?????a ????? y? ?y ???
??a ??e?tho ? 2-3 ??e a ????oth ???ue, a ??i a i?????oth.
I????a ??? ??? ???o ? ?????y ??? ?? n ????i ????e 1-2 ?, ?y ???ey
??i????.
Ae???, ????a ????y? ????? ??y
I?a. I???y?ay ?? (????yny) a ???? ????????ey ?? ????, ??????i, a ???i
???e – ???a ???? ??.
N?ue e ???. Eo ????? a ??i ?aea, ? ?? ?c ???? ,??o ???ue ?e ????a?e ????
???y ??ey?? ??o ? ??o e ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?e ??i ????
Ae??e. A?e a ??n ??u ?e ??a ??? ? ?c???? n ??e ??????a ?????? ???, ?
1)??? ???e ?e ??? ? ????ny e ????y i??? ?? ? ?????e ???–?????i ??a,
2)??a ?e ??i n ??i ???i ???e ??o ??i ??????y a ??? ,??????i c??e?ny ???n
???ey, 3)???a ??i a ????? ?????a ? ???? ????e ??o ??e ?ay ?????i a ????
???y e ???e, 4) a ???i ???e ??o ????y ?? ???e.
ss?a ???a. E??? y?a ?c ????? ????e ?a? ??ue ????? ????y ?????u? ?????y?.
E????? y?a a ???? ?????i ???ey e ???? a ??n ??a, ?e? a ???i ???e ??o
???ue ??ey?? ?? e ??o, a ?e ? ?????.
I???i. I???i n ??a ???e ?i????e ????y (?????e) ??o ???ue a ??oth ???ue
??? a ??a e ?e ????a ??e ??i ???o ???e.
N?? ???. I???y?? ??a ???a ???a ??? ??o ???ue ???a ???? a ???i ???e.
3.2 I?????? ????? ??a n ??? ?i ??????
I? ??????e ??a ????? aeey ?th?e «I?????» ???th?y, ????? ??????i?e ?????,
?????? ? ??ae ???e ? 10 ???, o.e. ????a ???o ???e ?????? a ??a ???i
???a, ?i ??i?y ?ey ???eyth?o ???a %.
I???????y ????a ?th?e «I?????
I?????a ??y, ?Ia 10 ??? ??aO?????aI?a ????y ???i ??a5,005,3Ae??e
??????0,41I??i ??a0,37??28.0Ii ???oss?i ???a ?.7,47N??-??e1,900,36N?ue
????ay0,10????1,040,40???i0,0026
A???? %4432-33O?????2827-28A?iy ???ey, ?n.2,5-3,030-40 ?iE?????
??.32,5I?? ??a ??a ?0,22O?i???a N39-41Ae???ue %80-90Ia???u ??, ??y ?i.
O????? N20-25 190-200
I????a: ??ae ???e ?e ????e ?? 14,5%-15,5%,????? ???e a ??a -8??.
E? ??i ? ????a ?th?e «I????? ???y ? ??? ??a. I?? ?o?yo ????ueth 42-44 %
? 45-50 ? ??? ?????, ???i ? ??n o??. E???o? ?? a ??a e ??a ??o ??iyo?y,
a ?????e ? ??????o ???a ??. C?? ??u ????ey?ny a ??????? ??? n i???? ??e
??e O2-OII, ?????ueth140e., n ????? ????i ???? ???. C?? ??u ??o ? ????y
?????e ??u a ???? 6-8 ??o. I?? – y? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???i
??, ?aeu e ??????o ???e. I???a ????? i?? ??th??ny a ????e e ?????e ???e,
????e ???? ???a ??, ???? ?????? ???a ,????? ???, ???????? e ??????o
???a. C????th ??o ???tho ??e e ?? n ??? ???atho ??ueth, ??u ??????ue
??????a, e ???ytho ???ue ? 2,5-3 ??. A????ue ??u ???eytho ???????e (?
???, ???, ???th ???o ???e ia ?????e) e ? ?????e, ??????e ??????e? ???i.
E ??o ???ey ??a ?????ony a ??? a 2-2,5 ??, ??i ????o ???, ??a ????
???ue. Y?o ??? ??atho ??i ? ???? ???i?e ??u. A????ay ??a ??o ??? ????e
??o e ?????–???oth ????o, ?i ????o ? i????? a ?e ?????i ??e???? ???a.
A????oth ??o ??tho ? ??n ??a. I? ??n? ??a ????ny ??????a n?uey ?y
??????? ???y, ???????? ?????, ? ????y ????? i??. O?? ??a ??? ??? ????
??????e ?????-??????e ?????, ?????th?? ????i? ????? ???oth?o ???
???????? ???? e ???yth?o ???? ???a ????? ????. I? ??????e ???? ??a ???th
??o ????i ?????atho n ??e e ??????? ???, a ??i, ?????, ? a ?? ??i ?e
??????? ??yo ?? .I???ay ?i???? ?? ????ny ? 28-30 ???? .A???a ??a ? ???
??a ??ny ? 40 ? 30 ??o (a c????? ? ???e ?? e ?y? ???????o ????) A ????
???ey ??i ??????y ????. A???y ??a (a ???a ? ??u) ??? ?? ????? ? ?i
???ey. Ii ???e ?o???e ??i ??o ?? ????i, ??? (???) e ???i???. I??i?????
????? ??a ???eytho ? ?i ????e, ??? ????ay ???? ???i??. A?e ??i ????a,
??u ? ???a ????ath?y ???, ??? – ??a???ny ??a?i, o ???????i ??a ????ey ?
???a ??th?y. I? ????? ?i??e ??i ?ae? ??ue ???oth (a ? ???th) ????n?, ???
?????oth ???oth ????o (??th??ny ?e ?????e ??a ???), ???e ???a? ??o. O??
? ??a ?y ???o e??? ??ayo ? ???a ????? n ????e e ?c ????. I???? ??a
????ny ???a?a a ??i a ???? ???ey ??y?o ???a (??, ???) ??c 15-20 ?i ??a
??? (?e ??? ???a) ?y ??, ??u ?? e ??? ? ???? ??? a ???????i ??a. I?? ??
???????i? ?o???? ???a ????? (?a ???a) ??i ???ytho a ????i ??iy?e, ????ny
??y ? ????.
3.3 Ia???a ??a, ???a ???e
A????? ???a ??i ??a ???ny ? ????. ????a ??a – ?? ?e ????i ???? ? ????a
???? ??a . Aeey ?????? ?th?e «I????? ???? ??a ?eth?? ??oth?a ????: ?e??
??a ? ??e, ???a?a, ???????th ????o e ???o ?????e ???? ????e. ????a ??a ?
??? ???ey?e ???y?ny a ??oth. A??? ??i ? ?? ???nyo ? ?????e ??, ?????
??????? ??e, ??a ?eyo ?i ? ???, ???tho ???e ??e, ????tho ?i a ?e?????e
??, ???tho ? ?? ??e o?? ????? ??u e ????tho ? ?n?. I?? ??a ??a ??? ??
??? ??u ???y ? ???? ??a a ?? e ??? ?e ????e, o.a. i?? ???e ?th?e
«I????e» 0.2 ?, ??a ???? ????e ?y ?a (? ???????? ????a) ??a 0,220 ?.
Aeey ???ey ??o ??a ?????? ??u ?i ???ytho ??oth?i ???i: ??eth??tho ??e
??a i ?? e ???tho ?ay ??a, ???ay ??a ???i ???. Ae?? ?????a ??e ??a
???ytho ? ??a????oth ????o, ???y ??ny 10-15 ?i. Y? ???ey ????? a ?y? n
?i, ?i a ????? ??????i ?????y ? ??i ?e ???e ? ??e e ? ????ey ???atho
????? ??y??y e ???? ?????y ?????? ???. An? ??a ????ey ??o ?????ue ??i ,
? ?????–?????? ?i??a ??o ????ny, ??i ????ny ???i ???i, ??y?????. A ????
???????e ????e ????aa ??y??a a ??a ????aa?y, a ?????a ??uey ????u ????
??????ath?y. A ????oa ???? ??a e ?i ????a o??ath?y. Y? ?????o ??i ???o
???e e ???? ? ?????. I?? ???????e ????e ?n?i ??a ??atho ??o, ?????th ?y
e??ey ?th?e «I?????. ???iy??ny ??e ??a ??a??tho ? ?????i ??e ??a ???? a
??????th ???o ???? ??? 0,3-0,5?, ???th ??? ????tho ?????? ?????. E???
???atho ? ??a, ???y ??o ??a ???e 5-6 ?, ???e ????tho ???i, ??u ?i
????atho ?? ? ??? e ???eytho ??? ?a??ay. C??, i????ay ??u ???, ???atho
?i ? ???? n ??i? ??e ? ?a ??e (???i) ?e ???a ? ?? ?th?o «I???eoth
?????atho a ?a ???u ? ??e ???a. O?? ???? ????y ??a ?y ?th?e «I???e?»
(????n?e). Ieth?e ?????atho e ??? ??u: ??tho ? ?? ??? ???, a ?a ?e ?e, e
?e ???a ? ?? ????ny ?e ?e ??? ???? ????. Ae?atho ??a ?th?e ???e ??u, ?e
y?i ??u ???a (???th?y ???i??? ??? a ??a ??? ?? 2-3 ?) ??a ? ???ytho, a
??a ???? ??o ???a??tho a ???o ???e ??u. ?????? ?th?e ????tho ? ??u,
????a ?????? ???, e ???ytho ? a ????e ?? ? 25-35 ?i. ? ????????
????o-y???? ?y ??????e ????? ???? ????e ?e ?, ???y ? ???i????e ??????e
????? ???, ???eytho ??u n ?th??e ? ?????o a ?????e ?? ??e «A???, ?a a
?????i ????o ???yo (?e ???? ?????a e ????e) ????? ??????y ????a ???e.
I?????ay ????a ???e – y? ????a ???? ????e ??a ? ?????ey n ??th ?????y e
?????y ?????? ???. A y?o ??? ?? ???n e?????i ???ey ??i????o ????e ??ae
????. A ???? ?e?ey, ????ey e ?????ey ????ny ???ay ????a ??a e ??e ????th
??y?ny ???ae ???? .A ??????a ?i ???ny ?i.8-14% ?? ?????, ???a ??? ?? a
????a ? i??i ???e. I???y ??ue ???? ???? (86-92%)????ny ? ??y ??????e
?n???. A ??a ????e ???? ????e ?????i ????ath?y a ??? (? 50-70%) I???a
????y?? ???y ?y ????e ???o ???e ??ath?y ?e ?????a 35-45 ???? e ????ueth
???a 70-85%.I??? ????? ??a ??a ????e ??i ??? ???? ??? ? ???oth ????o, ?e
y?i ???ey?ny ? ???i ??i «??y??» e ? ???i ?i a? a ??iy?e «?????y». Ii
????e 45-50 ?i e ????? ???a ???? ????e ?th?e «I?????, ????? a???ath?y a
????a ?? ?y ???e ???? ????e ??ae ???? a ??, ? ??????i ??a «A?c–???. Aeey
???e ????tho y??th ??? (??ai?y ? y? e ?? a ?????e 1:1), ??????oth ? 1-2
?? aei ??? ? ????a ? ??e. I????? ???? ????e ????i, ????? e ????i ???atho
iy?? ??ueth ????e a y??e ???. N??? ??u ??e ??o ???ue ???? o???o ????e,
???o ?????ny ??a ????y ??? ? ??, ?i ??o e ???o ???o ??????a e ?????o
???. Aeey ???e ?th?e ?e ? ????tho ???–??e, ???e i??atho ??? y??e ??? ?
???a ec ???a 20-30 ??i ? ?? ???a. Ae?? ??u n ?????e ???y? ??a ???th?y ?
?????e ?????, ?????y ???? ??????a ?y ???e ???e a ?????e ?? ??e «I??i-???
??? 77. I?? ??? ???e ? ?? ????? ????? ??. O?e – ????? ??u ???? ????e ?e
???a. I???y ???a ??a – ????a ??e ?? ?e ?????e ??e. A ??????? ???e (?
5-8%) o?e ????? ????i ? ???? ????e ???, ???? ????, ???o ???, a??a?? e
??? ????a ???ey. A???a ??a ???ey?ny ????th ??o ??? ???? ????e ??ae ????
a ?? e ??? ????i ? ?? ???? ??y/?i ???y, ????? a %, e ??a ????e.
3.4 A?? ??a, ????ey e ?i e???o, ???y ???ey,
???
I? ???i ??????o ???e ????ny ??a ???o ???e, ????ay a % e ??a ???????e ??.
I?? ??? ??a – y? ????? ????? ????ai ??a, ?????i ? 100? ?? ???i ???????i
??y, ????i a ??a???e n ?????? ?????.
Y? ????, ?i ? ???? ? ??? ???????e ??ae ?th?e «I?????, ? e ????e ?i ? ??
????e ?????? ?y ?????? ?? ? 0,3 %.
I????a: ??u ?y ????y ?c???a ?? ?y? Ai=15,5 % ? ???????? ????u, a
Ei=14,3% ? ??????i ??????y ? e?????th ??.
I??a?? ???? ?th?e «I???e?»
Ieth?a «I?e??ay ??? a ??? ??? ???e, ?????? ??i ?????, a ???e ??yo ??a
?????ay, ??a ????ay e ?., ? AINO 24557-89 «E??ey ?????i? ????. AINO?
????????y ?????e??ay e ???-????ay ??? ???y (??.?6). «I???e? ?th?e – ???y
????a?? ??u, ??a???th?a ?????eth, n ??i ????? ???? e ???? ?o??i ???.
Oa??a ?6. O??i-????? ????? ?th?e «I?????
I??, ?N?o ??A???? iy??,
% ? ??aE????? iy??,
??.
Ia ??aI???y ?ey a ????a ? ???? %?????0,1, 0,2I???ay ???i
??a32,02,516,5+-1,08,0+-0,5
I???????? ????? ?th?e «I?????
A??? ?ae: ??a ??u ??? ?? ? ?????ay, ?c ????a, ???a??ay, ?????oth?y
?????eth ???y, n ??i ????? ????, ?????ue ??u – ?y???ay, n ???? ?
???-??a, ?? ??u ? ???? ? ??i ?????i, a ??? ????, ???e – ??a ???e. N??y?a
iy?? – iy?o ????i?, ? ???e ? ??ue, ????? ???ay, ?c ??? e ?????, ?c ??/?a
e ??? ????a.
A?n – ???e, ?????? ???o ?? ???y, ?c ?????? ????, ?????e. C?? – ????i?e
???o ?? ???e, ?c ?????? ???, ??? ??o ????.
O??ey e ??e ???ey ???o ???e
I?? ???e ???a ?a????? ???y ???atho ???a a ??????? (????? ????? ????y).
Ii ??? ? ??e ??????a ???y ???th?y ?y ????y ? ?????a ??e–???? ?e ???e??
y???e ?e ??e. I???a ???y ????tho ?y ???ey a ??e, y??, ???u – ?y ?????i
????????y a ???oth ?oue. Ae????ny ???? e ???????a ?a????? ???e a ?????o
????i e ????i ??, ??-??o???e. O???a?a, ???? e ???????a ??????o ???e
????ey?ny a ?????? n AINO 8227. I? ???? ???y ??ytho a ??a ? ?? ??? e
????ey. O??a ?/???y ??a ??? ???e ? ??, ????? ? ?? ????y ?? n ?????e ???y
e ?????y ??e ? ??? iy?? e ???a ??? ????. Ca ??? ????y ???y ??? ??a?y? a
???i 2-4 % ? ??u.
Aeey ??????ey ????y ???? ????e ???y? «I??? ???y? ???? ???o??? ????
??i??? ??e ???ey ??a ? ???ey?yo e ??e ????? ???e a ???? ??. N?e ??????
???? ??????o ???e ???? AINO ?51 785-2001 – ???? ???e ???? ???y ? ???ey?a
– ?????? ? ii??a ??? ?i ? ?? ? ???? ? ????eth. I? ??? ????? ??????? ???y
?a?????i ???y ????ny ???? ???e ????? ???y ? ???a ??? ?i ? ??, ??????e
?????i ????ii ?y ??????o ?ae??. ???c?ey ???o ??????o ???e a ????e ????
??? ????ey?ny ?e ???e ????? ? y??????e ????, ????? ??, ??a e ????a a
100?. ???e. E????y i ???e e y??????e ???? ????ny ??i?y?? – ??????i a ??
??????? ???a ???ey?yi ????, ???a ??aeyo ? ? ?????y. N?? ?????? ????e
?th?e «I????? ? ???ey?a e ? ????ey a ???? ?? 6 e 16 ??a ???????.
A??u e ??????y
Ia ??? ???ey?a ?e? ????, a ????e ???e, ??o «i?????y» ???? ??e ???e ???u,
?e ????. A????y ??? ????a (????e e ????e) ???????e ???n ?????? ??????e
????e ???y n n?eth??? ?? ???????o ???a ?????oth?o ?????. I????y?ny ????
??y e ???e ????e ????i n ????????e ?????e a ?????e ????a ????????. A ??
?????y ?y ???e – ??????ue ???iey ???? ???e ????e, ?e ??? ? y????? ????
????ey ???? o?????? ???e. I?????a ???y ??o ?? ????u ? ????o ?????o ???o
? 2, 3 e 4 ??e a ??? ???th ??y????th ? AINO 10354,a ??eo ??y????th
??????oth e ??? n i?ey????i ????i. O?a ???? ??i ?????ue ? ??? A2-OCE ?y
??? ????tho ?????? ??e A2-OCE/3. A??????a ???y ????atho a ??y????th
??????oth ??? ? ??? A2-OCE/4, ?y ??? ??a ????tho ?????? ??e A2-OCE/3.
I????????ue ?e ??? ???? 25 ????/?i.
N??e ?????? ?????
1. A??? A.I. I?????i ???o ??????o ???e. NIa AATH?Ae .2003-408 ??.
2. Aoy?? E.ss. Oa???ey ??????? ?????? I EIEIN 2002 -416 ??.
3. O???? A.I. O??????? ??o???a ?????? e ????? ???. NIa OI?Ae 2002-496
??.
4. N??? ???? e ???????o ????? ? ??????th ??????o ???e . I. I?????? 1997
-192??.
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