EO?NIAAss ?AAIOA
? ????? «O?y??????»
? ??:
?NIAAIIINOE IEUAAIAI I?IECAIAeNOAA”
I??, 2008
1. I??u ?????y ???? ???? ??y
E???? ??????? ????e??e ???? ???o ????a, o.a. ?????oe ? ???a e ???? ?y
?e??a, ????ny ??ay ???ue ??? – ??e??ey. I??u ?????e:
1) ????????, ????? ? ??????e ???a ????e;
2) ????e, ??th?th??y a ????eyo ? ???eyi ????? ????e, ??a?? ???e ????;
3) ???????, ????th?e ???a ????? ??????? ????? e ????? ia ???? ??a ???e
?e ????;
4) ????????e, ????? ? ???a ???y?e ???a ??? ?c ????ey o????? ??????o
???a;
5) y????e, ???ath?e ??? ??? n?????a-y????;
6) ???????e, ????? ? ??a e ???a ??? ?????? ??? ????e;
7) ???????e, ?eth?th?e ????i ??ae? ?????y ?????e ????.
Aeey ?????y ???? ???? ??uey ???yth?y ??oth?a ???.
I????????e ???? ???eytho ???? i???? n ???th ???a ??? — ?iiy?y, ?y??y,
?o?, ??ey e ??a.
I?? ????????i ??????i ???o? ?i??ytho ? ????, ?????, ?a?? ?ae. I????????
??? ???ytho ????? ???? ???? ? ??i ???o?yi, ?e ??a, ??, ??iy?a ?????e,
??, ??o, ?????ey. I????? y?o ?????e ?a?? ?????o ???a, ??ee e ????
??????i ??a, ???? ?e ??? ??a e ??? (?????) ?i???. Ae????y ????ny a ??e?
????e n ????? ???, ????i ? ?????o ???a ??o?i. O????? ????y ??? ?? a ????
15— 20° N. I?? ??? ?????? ??a i????i ????ue ?o ??? ??e ?e ????ue ???e
??a, ???e ?????o ???? ????, ??th??y a ???e ?a ? ?????i ????y. I?? ?
??atho, a ?? ??? ? ?o ? ?????y ??a. I?e ????? ?i ???ytho ?????a ???
?????e ??u, ?e ????? ?y — ????? ???e e ???e.
Aeey ??a ?????e ????????e i??e ???? ??a ????i, ??a ???uo ???o e ????o
??? ????a ???th?y 100-???? ????, ?e ???e ? ?? e ??o ??aeyo 45—50 ???, a
a ?????e ? ?????? ?????a, n ??? ????? ?e?a ??tho ???o??th?a ??? e ? ??a
??? ?aeyo i ??a ???? e ?i ?????? ????eyi ????a.
A????? ???oth?o ??? ???? i??e ?atho ?????: a ??? ???? ?? e ?o ? ?????
?????y ??? ??? ???; ????a ????? (???e ?ae, ???? e ?.) a ??o ???? ???ny,
a ??? – ?o.
E??e ???????e ???? ????? ?y?e ?e ?????, ?????oth?e e?????th ?????, ????
??? a ?e?o ? ?ny????? ??a. N y?e ??th ???ey ??????? ???ey (????ey) a
?????o ???? ????y ?????y ?y ?? ?n????. O??? ?a??th ???ey (????ey)
??????y ?? ??, ???o – ?ny? ???. I????a ?o?a ????y?e a ????a 1-10 ???
???y? ????? ???? ???? ???ey (?e???y) ?y ???i ?? ????e. A ?/??a i???a
???? ??? ????a ???ay ??? ???? ??a a I????? 1.
Aeey ????o ????a (??, ?e) ????????y ??? y?y?ny ?? ?????? ???? ?????y
? ???? e ??a. I??i ????????y ???a ??? ???aa ? ????o ???e ???? ????.
Iiy?? ?y ?y??ey ???? ?????a e ?c????e ???? ????????a ?????? ???y?ny
???-????? e ?????????.
O????? ???? ???eytho ?i???, o????? ????y, ????ey e ???y, ????? ???? e ?.
I???? ????e ???eytho ????? ?e ?????i; ? ????e ?????atho, i????, ?????
??? a ?????o ????, ????? a ????o ???? ???u, ???a e ??, ???o ??????i ??a
e o. ae. Ia ????o ????? (?????o) ????a? ???a ? ?????o ????eth ???.
O????? ????y, ????ey e ???y ???eytho ?????i.
E?????th ?????o a ?? ??? e ??e, a ?e? ??????ue e /??? ??e e ??a
?????atho ????????? ? ?? ?????y ?? ??a, i?????? ??c ??? ?? ?????? ????,
???a ??th?? ??o ???? ??????a.
N????a ???a e ???? a iy?? ????o, ?? e ??? a ????o, ??? a ??, ???? ??e a
??o?o ???? ???eytho ????????? ??ae?e (? ??????e ???e).
Aeey ?????ey ?? ??? e ?i ?????? a ???? ???y?ny ?ey??o???? ??ae – ?????a
????ey ?ey?????i ??, ????? ??c ?a???? ??? e ??c ????.
Ia ?????e ??? ???a ??a ????y ????????e ??? ????ue a ???a ???e ?? ????o
???? ???i eth?????? ??ae. O? e? ??, ??e e ???? ?tho eth?????? n???a
?c??? ???, ? ????a ???a ???? ??????? ???o ??????ue ???ey e ???o.
N????? ??? a ????o, ????? ???e a ????, ????? ???? a ??a, i?????? ???o
???o ???e, ????, ?????, ??? e ?oa? ????a ???eytho ??????.
O????? ???? ?????atho ?????? ?a???yi ?a???a ????ey a ???o ????o ??, ??,
???, ????? ??, ?eu, ???, ???. I????y a ????? ?n??? ??? ????a ?eytho ? ?
?????th ????, ???? ?????a e ????ue ?e ????.
A???? ???eytho ??????, y????????e e ???e ????. N????a ?? ????e?tho
???? ?o?? a ????o ??a ?????y ??? ????o ???a ???? a ???o ??i?o n ???oth?e
???? ?????ey e ?????? ??. E??a?? ????? ?? ???eytho ?????i ??? ?oy?e ?
???oa ????i a?????? ???a. N????a ?? ?????atho, ??ay ?????oth ???o
???? a ????o ??o. N????a ??? a ????o ???eytho ??i ???e ?i ? ???? e
???ae?ey ???? ??? ? ?i ????e. E????? ??a?eytho ?????i ????a ?e ??? ?oy?e
???? 0,1 i ???th, a ??a n ???th ?-??a.
I????????a ??? ?????ey ???? ???o ???o? ???yth?y ?y ?????ey ??e ?e?????e
???????, ???y ??????uo, ?e???o e ??? ????, ???o ?y ????a ???? e ???yth?o
??o i???? ?e ????. O?? ??a???y ?o???yth?y ???? ?????y? ?iy??????,
????eyth?o ??? ? ????? ??iyi?i ???o ???ey?e, ?aae?ey?e ???? e ????i??
???y.
A ????a ?? ??????i e ???i ?????? ???i ????th?y ??? ?????? ??? ???e
(IOe?) e ????????i ???a (EOA). A???e ??????? IOe? y?yth?y ???? ????ey,
??????iay ???????? e ???y ??????ue, ?i ???y? ???i ?????i e ????a??
?????? ?? ?e ??????? ? ??? AeIE, ?????th?a a ??ue ??? ?????eyo a eth?e
??????e ???? ?e ??e, a ??a a ?ia? ???? ???th?e ??u e ????a ???y. I??
IOe? ???? ?????? e i?????i ?y ?????y ???a ? ??? AeIE a ????o e ???,
?????ny ?????e ????a.
A ??iy?a ??y ??ae IOe? e ?i ?????e ???yth?y ?y ?y??ey AIE a ????o ???y,
???i ??a e ???, ???e ??????? iy? ?????y????o ????. O??? ?????ath?y
??i??e ????ey ?????????i ???a, ?i?? ?yae ????? ENI, ??????th?o ?i?e ??ae
??????i e ??????e ????o ??i ???????a (???????ay ?????, ?u?? ????, ????,
???th?a ??o e o.ae.). ?????i ?yae ??????o ??-??? ? ??? i??a IOe? ?y ??
?????? (OeIEE y?ae????e ????????a, ???ey «A??? e ?.)
I?? EOA ???? ???e ????????th, ?i IOe?, ?e ?e ?????a ??? ????? ? ??? ??a.
I?????? i??a y?y?ny ???y ???? ????ey. I????, ????? ?yae ????? ? ??? ???i
???a, ???yth?o ???? ??? a ???a ????? ??o. I?? ?c??? a «???o ???y?, ????
?y ???a ???? ???, ? ????? AeIE.
1. E?? e ? ??: ????? ????
E?? – ??? ? ????? ???o ???y (??a ?ee). Eo ?????tho ? ??a ???? ????, a
??a ???e e ???. O??????? ??u ???y ????, ??????a a ??e ???a, ??????atho
???? a ??? ????o ?? ???? 24…35 a a ??. I?????e?? ??u ? ???e, ?e?, ?na
e ???o, ????o ? ??e ???tho ????? ??????e ????th. A? ??u ??? ????i. I???i
????? ??u a ???a ???y ??e e ?e ????o ?????yo.
A ??e ??? ?????tho ??oth?a ?? e ??a ??: ? ???e – y?e? ???i e ???i ???,
???; ? ?? – ?n ?????e e ?????? (??ee, ??? e ??? ??a), ????e (?e ????
???o a ????? ?????ey ??i ?e ????a); ? ??? – ??o e???, ?????? (??e e
??oue); ? ??a – ??i ?????a (???, ???e e ??? ??a); ? ?? – ??u ?ae???oth,
?th??th (??? e ??? ??a), ??uey e ???i; ? y??y – ??o ???oth (?????th) iy?
???a e y??oth ?ao ???a (????th); ? ???e ???u – ??o “I????y” e “A??”; ?
???? – ??o ?????th iy? ???a, e?? ?y ???a (???th) e ????? ???e (??oth).
E?? ??, ?e ???o ???u ?????tho ??oth ??o.
E???i ??u ???o ? ??? ? ?????i ???a e ????? ???a ??a. N?????a ???? ?atho
???ue ???e ? ???? e ???u ????e ????? ??a. E?? – ???e ???o, ???e ????tho
??? ????? ????a, e ?y?? ?????a a ?e ??o-?? ???? ??i ????ny ? ???? ??. Ia
???a ?ey?a ? ???th ?i??ue e ???e ?ae ????o e ????oeey ???????? ????. A
???? ?????? ????e y?i o ??e ??i ? ?????o ????o ?????e e ???ny. Iiy?? ?e
????a ??u ????i ?????? ???tho ???? ??a ???i ????. E??e ?ae ??u ? ???e –
y??a, ? a?ue ??a y?i ???e, ??? ??ue ??i ??? ???ny e ????ny ????y e?? –
???, ?th?y ?e ????? ????a ??-“???ith”. A? ai??y ?c?? a ???? ??o ???
?????? ????? ?? e ?????. I? ????a ?? ????ny e ????a ????? i?e – ??e,
?????? ? ???? ?e o????? ??. Ii ??? ???e ??u, ????e e ??e ?aeyo i ???
?ae??? ??i e ???ey?y a oe??.
Aeey ????y ??a ?????o e ??????o ?? a ??o ???????? ??a?a ?????? ??y?? ???
?eth?tho ????o ??a ??e e ??i, a ??a a?? ?e ???i ????. I? ?????? ?????
??a ????? ????ue y?a, a ???? ??th?y ??a ????, a ????? ??????y ??ae ???
??? ??u, ???y?ny ???????ue.
A? ??a ????ny ???y ???? ?? ?e ??a a ??? (? ???, ?o?a, ????? ?? e ???
?????a) n ???oth?i ?th??? e ????. E????y ????a ??o ??-“???a” ? ??a. Eo
???eytho a ??i ?? ?e ??i-??? ???? (????). Ae??e ??? ????y ??y??? ??u
???i ? ????? ????i. O? ????aatho ????? (?????) ??a ???u, ?? e o.ae.,
?????a a ??? a 6-8 ?c. E??a ????? ??a ???tho ? ?????? ??? ??, ???u e
????? ??? ????. O?? ? ??? ??a ??u a????atho ???a ?????u: ? ?a??tho n
???e ?????? e ?????tho ? ??? ?e ??e ??? ???i?e. E???i ?? e ???u ?????y
?i ?????u ?????e. E ?y????i ????eyi ?e ??? ?? ??nyo ????a (??, ??o e
??). A ??? ?????u ?aae??e. A???? ??? ?? ??? ?? a ???? 12…15,5%. N??i
???otho ????? ????, ???? ???o, ?????? e ??? y?a, ???, ??????o ???? e
?????o ??i. Io ????ey ? ??nyo ?? ??u e ?????? ?iae?? ????eyi ????????
?????ey.
I???ytho ??a ????? ?????a e??. A y? ??? ??yo ??, ?? e ????a ????e ??,
????????ue ??e e ?y???? ??????, ?ae ???i ???tho ????a ??? ?? e ??io ??u,
?y?e ?y ??e. A ?????e ? ???? ?????? ??y, ???ia ?i ????e e ?????? ??
?y???? ?????? ????ny ??? a ??oth?o ????: o ??a 4…5,2; ?? ? ???e
3,2…4; ?? 4,3…5,2; ???? 5,5…6,6; o ?ny?o 3,3…4,1.
I?? ???? ??u.
E??N????a ?a-???????i y?a (? ??a), %N?a??? ?i-???i y?a a ????????i y?a
(? ??a), %E????i (? ??a), %?????? ??i??? i???A??e ??I??e ??A??e
??Ae???ay ??aA??e ??I??e ??Ao?? ??A??e ??I??e ??oA??e ??A??e ??Ia??
??A??e ??I?? ?????a99,298,798,0-0,51,01,50,30,40,60,30,40,4A???ay
??a:y??a-99,298,3–3,04,0-0,30,5-0,40,5???—98,3—-0,1–0,7-I?y?y ??a
?????y ?????y99,098,5–0,51,0-0,40,7-0,30,7-???ay ??a:?????y e
?????ay99,799,298,7-4,09,013,0-0,20,30,20,40,5????y—98,2——-0,8-ss?
??y ??a:???ay (?a ???)-99,6——0,7–0,3-y??ay (?a
???)99,0——0,9–0,3-I??/?y ??a-99,2———0,3-A???ay ??a:??e ??o
????e—–0,1–3,0–0,5-???e ??o—–1,0–0,8–0,5-2. I???????a ????
A ????a ??y ? ????? iy???????th?o ???ey?e ?a ?? ??i ???? ???: «A y?o
???e ? ?????????». I?????, ????e a ???i, ??o ????ny ? ???e ???? ?-? ???e
? ????, ??????oth?e i ?i, ?i a ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???e! E? ? ???? y?
????ue, ? ??? ??????e, ? ???y ?a i ????eyo, ????aeytho ?iy?y «????????
???? e «???e, ????? ? ?????e ????????i ??y», a ?? y? ??eth?i ??? ???u.
N???i AINO ? 51953-2002 «E??? e ????????», ????????e ????? ???tho ????,
???? e??? ?????i ?i??u a ????? ?????, ?????, ?i????? ?e ???????e ????e.
49-e Y????e ????e ? ???i ae???i A???? ?????e ???????y ?? ??oth?a ?????a
???????? ????i: «??a? ????, o ???o ?? ?e ??a ????o ??????e ???? ??i
????e a ?????? n ???e? ?????? ???o ????a a ??i ? ?????, ?????, ??????o
?e ???????o ?????.
I???????o ????a, ?????o a ?????e O???? e ????eth ?e ?????? ???o ????a,
???? N?I? 2.3.2.560-96, ??????y ??i 20 ??a.
E?????? ????a a iy?? ??????? ?????i ?i, ?i ??ue ??i ???ey?yi ???e ????ny
i??????ue iy?, ?ath?a ?????????? ??????ua ??????? – ??????ny ?????o
???eth a ?????? ??iy?e e ?ath?a ??oth ???y??th?th ?????ue (ANN), a ??a
iy?, ????? ???a ????? n??????e ?a?. E?? ??, ? ??a iy?????a ??ue ??? ?ey
????e y??i-???, ?y ?????? ???e ???e ?????y ??i ? ??o ???i?? ??????, ?e
?e ????ue ???? a 3-3,5 ?? ??, ?i ?ay?? 2 ??a e a 2 ?? ??, ?i ???i ??y?.
E?????? ???? ???? y????i a ????? ?????? ???, ?y ?y???y ????e ??e,
??eyth??y ??a ??a?, ? ?i ????? 10% e ??a ??y.
E???u ? ??i ???????i ???yi ??tho ?? ????a??a, ?????y e ?????y. I? ?
??aeatho y????th?e ?????ueth, ? ?atho ????oth ANN, ???y ?iy?y?ny a ?????
??????? ?e ???? ???? ???a???e.
I???a ???? ????a ? ???? ??a ???? ???o ???? e ????ey? ??e ??ue ?? ??a
????a – ???u e ??????. Eo ?????a ???ey? ?????ue ???? ????y?ny ?e ????? n
?????? ay?? ??i??o ???, ????? ?????e.
I? ???e ?????a ?????a c?? ? ????yth?y a ??. I??a ???? a ?????e ?? ????
?i ??????eth: ?????y ????yy ????a ?????o ??i, ????y?ny e ???? ???o ?
??ithth ??o ?????ae ???a e ??? ???? ??? ?????ae – ?e????. I??y ??ey
???a???e ????o ?e 50-65°N: ?? ????o ??? ?????o ??i, ????y? ??ue ???u e
???? ????a ??????. C?ia ??? ????ath?y a ????, ? ???ytho ?ith ??o. I? ??a
???o ?????ao ?????y ????a ????i? ??i, ???? ? ???? ????. ???? ??i
????ath?y a ?ny?e ?c. *?? ??????a ????o a ??. I????y ????, ???th?e ???e
???y??th?e ?????ueth e ???ath?e /??? ??a.
Ia??th??y ay?? ????? ???? ??a ????ey ?????ny a ??, ?e?ath?e ??????e
?????. E?? ??, ?y ?? ????? ???n ????????i ?????? ????ey, ?????th??y ???i
??e ?ey n ????? ??e – ?e ????? ???n ?????.
E???u ???tho ?????? ????????a ??, ???????? ??????e ??? e ???? ???aey?a a
?? ? ?? ???ey ? ?????e ??? ????? ??. I???a ??? ????e a ???a ???? y???e,
???y ?????? ????ueth, ??tho ???y???? ??????eth ??o ????e ????? ?? e
y?yth?y ???????e .
E?? ??, ?????u, ?????th?a a iy?? ????, ???atho ?????? ???ea ?
??????i-???i???? ???? ????a e ???ue ? ?????? ? ??y ???????: ???a ??a e
?? ??????ny ??????? ???e ????, ?i ???y? ????eth ???u e ???o ?e ????
???????y, ?e e ??a? ay???, ???e, ANN. I??a ???ey ? ???ytho ????a ???
????. Ae????a ??? ???? ???th e ???y??th?th ?????ue.
Iiy?? ?y ???ey ????a, ???th?o ????? ??????i-???????? ?????, ? ????tho
?????? ????yi.
E? ?????ue ??, ???? ???? ?????e ???? ??? – ?????, ?????, ??????e ?e
???????e ?i?a. I? ?i a ?? ????y?y ?ny?e ??a ???????? ????a, ???a
????th?y ?e ?????? ???o ????a, ?e a ??? ??, ?e e a ??a? ????????o
??????? ???e.
I???? ???????? ???? ????e?i ?? ???th?y ? ??? ???o e ????i ? ????? ????.
Eo ???? ?? – y? ???e, ???? ???, n ????? ???, ?????e e ae?. I?y? n ??
???? ??? ??? ???????? ????, ????? ??i ???? ????y ? ????o ???a: ???th?a,
????? ??????, ????y?a e ?.
*?a ??i ?y ?????? iy??i??? ???ytho ??oth?a ?????e:
A 1404 – ????? ????;
A 1412 – ???????o, y???????? o???????? ?e ????ueth ???a;
A 1414 – ???????e ???????o;
A 1420 – ????e ???e, y???????? ???? ?????;
A 1422 – ???????e ???????o.
Aeey ?????? y?o ????a ????tho:
a) ????? (????, ?????o ??y), ???a ???e ???eytho ?????a ???e, e ??a ???e
??yth?y ? ????;
a) ????th ?? ???????? ???u e ????????;
a) ???? ????? ???u;
a) ???? ???? ???u.
A???a ? ?. a) e a) ????th?y ?y ??????i ?y???y ????? ??e ????, a ????
???? (a) – ?y y?????e (??????) ??????a ???? n ?????? ???o e ???o y??a.
Ae??a ???? a ????o ????e ?y?? e ??aey?y a ???????? ?????o, ?e ?i ?e ?
??o ?i?? ??a ???ueth ????.
I???????a ???? ???yth?y ? ?e?i a ???e ???e???e .
I????a ???? ???tho a ????? ????e ????a ??eyth?? ???? (???? ????, ?????o
??y e ?.), a ????? ?? ???th?y ??a ???? ???ey?? ??. O?? ???? ???tho ?????
??????th ????, ? ????? ay???th, a ??a ???e ?????oueth.
E???u, ???????? ????e (????y?a), ???tho ?e ????? ??? ????a ????a n
?ey?e, ??????e, ??? ????e ?e ?????a, ? ???ath?e oi?o ???????. I??????
?????ueth ??o ????a y?y?ny ?, ?i ? ????????a ???? a ???? ??iy?e ?atho
?????i ???th ay???, ?i o ???o ????a. A??a n ?i ??a ????ey ? ???? ???tho
???a ??ie.
O??????a ???? ???y? ???? ????u n ????? ??????th e ??????eth, ??? ???eyi
?, ???eth, ??????th-????eth.
A??????a ???? ???o ay??? ?i ?????, ? ???? ? ?????? e ?????coth?th
?????ue. O?? ???? ???ytho ?e ??????????e, ??n???.
N???????? ???? – y? ???ou ????? ?????e ???????e ???o?e n ?????? ?????o n
???e ?e ???e y??? ?y?th ? ??????i ???i ?th??? ????. Y? ???? ?atho
????oth ?????o ???????, ???th ??????ue, ????oth ?????? e ?????? ?ey.
N??a ???? ???tho ?e ???? ????? ???e ???? ??o ??e, a ????? ??????ey ?
??????o ??i n ???th ????o ?????? ?????. I? y?i ???y?ny ????ay ?o? ?ey, ?
????y ??????ue.
E? ??i ? ?????i ??, ???oe????a ???? ? ?atho ???? ????y e ??? ????e.
I??a, e ?ae??????e, e ???e ???e ????? i??????e (a ???e ?????e ??????i?o
???? ?? ? ????tho) ??o ?oue ???i ? ????y ?e ????, a ???a ??? ?i ???????
??a (Bt-o???), ??ath?? ???iuo-????? e ??eth?i ?????i ?y ???? e ????.
E???, ??iy?e ?????e ??? ? ????a, ??a e ???a ? ??????ny ?e ???o, ???e
??a-?? ??u ??? ?????e. A ?????? n i. 3.5.5 AINO ? 51074-2003 (I?ae??
???a. E????y ?y ?????y. I?? ????ey) «…E????th ? ??????e ?????e
???????? ????? ? ??nyo ? ???a ????, ia ????? ??a (AeIE), ?????i ? ?????e
???????? ?????».
Ie a ??i ?a??a, ?? ????? ? ??i????????i ??y, ? a ????o, ???a?o ???e, ?
???ny ??? «?????e ?????????. O?? ???i, ???e, ???????? ? ?e ?o, e ????? ?
????a ?i ????y, ??????? ? ???o ??a ??? ???ueth.
E?? ???u ???tho ??o ???
I??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????i ???a ??i ????th?y ????yi a ???? ???ey e
?????? ?????e, ???a ??atho ? ???? e ??????th ????.
AE?u, ????a ? ??e e ????? ? ???? ??y, ?e ??? ?????a e ?c ???a ??a ??o
???y?ny ???????a ??y. A ????i ??? i? ????th?y ????i ????yi, ???th??y
???? ???tho ????i???? ?e???e ??a e a ???e ?e ???e ???e ???atho ???a ????
? ???? ????. A ??? i?? ??a ??o ????? ???? e ??????a ?????y. Iiy?? a
??oth ???ue ????? ? ?????e ?eeth?? ???????a ?? n I2 ???a, ???, ???.
N????a ??a a ??a???? ?? ?????i ??iy? ?????? ???. ????, ??????y ???a ??
???y? a ???a, a ????a ????i ?? ?e ????e ?????a. A ??o ? ??? ?? ????,
?????thu? ???? e ????.
I? ???e ??a ??a ???th?y ??????y?? ???a ????ey — ????u, ??? e ??????y??
???u, ???a e ?????atho ??????e ??o ????? ??a. N ???? ???e a ??o ???th?y
??a ????a ????a ???? ????y. AE?u, ?????ny ??a, ??? ???? ????? ????, ?
????? ? ????. I????a ???a?y ???th?y a ????? ???ey ? ae?u ???ey??i ????a
e ???atho ??e?? ???? ? ??? ????, a ??a ??????? ?ey?a ? ??e ???? ????.
I???y? ?????? y?yth?y ???a ????u e ???, ???? ????y ??a. I? ??? ????ny a
????? ?? ??????, ? a ??? ?????o. Ae???u ????tho a ??o n ????i?? ????e. A
??o n ????i ?????i ?????? ??? (???? ????a) ????atho ??? — ????????. I?
?????e ??a ??a ????o ??e??e ???th?y ??, ??ae e ???ae ?e??a. A ?????o ??o
????? ?c?a ????a ????ey ????o ??? ?n?o ????? ????a ?????, ?????ny a ??o.
I????a ????o ??? ??? ??o ?????ue e a ????? ??a??ey ? ?? ???ey??i ????a.
Iie???a ????a ??? ???u ?atho ??a ??oth ???ey?oth ??o, ?i ???u ????i ??.
Aeey ????ae??y ??????? ????ey ??a e ?i ???ytho ???????. Y?o ???n ??a??y
??????e ??a. N???ue ???ey ?????e ??th??ny a ?i, ?i ?e ??a ???i ???tho a
???th ? ????? ????? e ?i ??i ???tho ??oth ???th, ???y?th e ??a ??a. Ii
????o ???y a ??????e ??ie ???e ???atho ?a ?? ???????e: ?? ??y??otho
?????th ????o ????a, ??? ?????tho ????eth o? ??????ny ???????. N????o
??a ??? ???a, ???a ? ???y ?y?i ????????i ????i, ???atho ???ey ???????e,
o. a. y?yth?y ? ???e??e.
E ??????eyi e ? ?????i ??uy?ytho ??oth?a ????ey:
1) ? ??? ???? ???? ?y ?a??? ???? ?????;
2) ? ??? ??iy? ????????o e??? ??;
3) ??? ????iy? ?? ? ????y a ???a ?????i ???e.
I????a ????? ??, ?????u, ????e ??? ????a, ??a ??atho y?????? ???????.
I???? ??????? — ?????u, o????u, ?????u.
I?y? n ??????? ????? ?e ?????e ??a ????yo ??a i????????a e ??????? ????.
I???? a ???? ??y?y e ????o, o. a. e ?????th ??. ???ey y? ?????y a ??o,
????? ???? ???? e ??. *?? ?a ??? ?????a ???? ????.
A ?????? ??? ? ????a ?????e ?ey? ???a ???? ???, ??????y a ????i ????a.
I? ????? ???, a n ?i e ???y ?n? ??? ??y?ny ? ??a. A ?y? n y?i ????????
??a ??a ????u ?e ????.
N???otho e ??? i???u ???e ??e ??a. O?, ?y??? a ???? ??a ???i ???? e ???
???????y ???e??i ???? e ?????? ???. ?????a ????? ??o e ?????th ??????a,
?ath?? ??? ??o. Iiy?yth?y ??? e ??? ?i?y?? ??? e ???? ???ey, ?y??? n
????? ????? ????? ?ae ?ey?? ????a e ????ey ??? ???y?.
E?? ???? ?atho ??e ?y ????a?
“Ai ?? ???eyo e ???? ?????? ??a ????, ???a ?c ???ey y?y?ny ???? ??? ? ??
????o ???a ??e ???u e ?c ???? ??ue ?ea ? ? ??e ???a ?????. Y? ???? y
????? – ???i”. O? ??e ?a a 1838 ?? ?????e ???? AE?? Ith???, ???e ???a
??? ???a??? a ???a ???? ?e e ??????e ?ith ??eth ????. N?? “??a?” (??e)
????? ? ????? ??a “????”, ?i ???? “???th?e ??? ??i”. A? ??a ? ??a ????
??e. I? ???eytho ??i 50% ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????. O ???a ????? ??? ????ny a
???? ? 45 ? 95%.
A?? y?yth?y ??? ? ???o ??a?o ?????? ???a ??e ???e (??e, ?????a ???u,
????, ??), ? ? ??? ???eth e ??????i ???yi ?e ??iatho a ?e ??? ??i. I??
30% ?? ??? ??????i ?? ????y a ???, ??i 20% – a ??yo e ??ae?eyo e ??i 10%
– a ??. Ii ???? ???e ???e ?? ????? y?yth?y ????, ???a, ?ey e ?????tho a
? o?a e a ??? ee?? ?? a ??i ?????, ?i ? ??a ???ytho ?y?i ?????i ??? ?y
??e ??/??o ???e. A? ????, ????y?a a ????a: ??????a ??, ??????a ???e,
????? ??c ????? ????, i???y ?y????ue e ?a?a ??a ?????ny ?????.
I???a ???????a ????, ? ???o ??iyo ??e, – y? ??????. E????i ?????o ???? –
? ???? ??? 28. A? ????a ?????? ?????ny a ???a ??? ????ey? ??e ????a
????a ????o ?????o. Io ? ????y ??nyo ???? e ???? ???.
A?? ??tho ????th ?? a ???ay????e ?? ?????. I? ?????e ???? ???? ?????th?y
? ?????o, ???a, ??? ??? ????? a a??e ??a, ???atho a ??ue e ???atho ? ?a
??e e ??? ????a. C?? ????ay ??ue ?????o ?????y ? ??? ??? ????o ???a e
???, ??ue—? ??? ????, ????a e ??? ?????? ??? ???a, a ????a ne?? ?e
y??????e ????. O.a. ??e ???ytho ??????? (????), ??ey??? (???u), ??????
(?????, ??????i e ?.), ???? (????, ???i e ?.) ???e.
A?? y?yth?y ????i ?????i ???y ????? ? ??oth?i ????:
1. N ???e ?y?? ???? ?iy??ey ??e – ??i ???a, ????? ??, ??????ue ???,
?????ue e ??o, ?????ue e ?????th e ?? ???eth.
2. A????y ???? ????i, ?????o e ?., ????? ???n ?n???.
3. O???u ??tho ?? ?????e ??????o ?a??.
4. A??? – ????tho ???? ????.
5. I??????u – a ?????? ???e ???eytho ?????a ???a ??a a ????a e y?yth?y
???ey? ??????? ???a.
6. A?? ????eytho ??? ?????o y???ia ??? e ???.
7. Nay??y ?????? ????? ??, ??e ??cotho ???a ????? ????u, ???eyth?a
?????eth ??.
C??u ??a a ????a ???? ?????e ?????o, a ??a ??e ??o ??????ueny ??? ?
?????o, ???ath?o n ??e, e ???ath??y ??? ??? ????a. Ec ???a, ??y?o a ???
????a e ??a, ??e ? i??oth?y.
A?? – ????e y??? ???y ?y ????a. I?? ??? ???e ????a ???th?y ?-? i????a
??a. I??a ?????ey a ???e ?????, ?i a ???a ??eyi ?????? ?????? ??a. I??
??i ??? n y?i ?y?? ???? ?????, ????y ??? ????e ??u, ?????? ????y, ????a
??? ??????i? ???u e ?. Iiy?? ? ???a???? ??? ????? ??y? ??? ?e??a ???eth
????? ?????? ??a a ???a.
A?? ????, ?i ??e ? ??? ?i ???o ???? ???e ? ?i ????, ? e ??iy? ???n ???ey
????a.Y? ???o ????e ??????e ??? ??a?y?? ?? e ???y? ?c ???a ???? ?????
??y ?????? ?????e ???ue ??? a ??e. A y? ?? ?????ue y????i e ?c ???i
???yo?y n ???? ???. I? ????e ???? ??????ny ????c, o.a. ????a ?? ?i ??n.
A???y ?? ?????o ???u yi??e ? ???? ??.I?????a ????? ????i ??? ??a ???
???? i?e ????o ??c 3-5 ??a ??a ???. Ae????? ???no? ??a e ?????ue
???????, ???????o ????a ???y? y????i ???ny n ???? a??a. A?? ???? ??????,
??a ?e ????i, ? ???o ???? ????? ????i, ???yth?e ???? ????? ?e ?????
“aaeu ?y ????ey”.A? ?? ??? ???? ??a a ???e ?y?? n ???? ??th a ????a ??e
??a. I?? ??a ?????? ? ??ey?th ??ue ??? ????a a ??i ????a. Ca ???? y?o
???e e i???? ???ey ??e ??a a 1998 a ?? ??? ???? I????oth ??eth a ???e
????. I?????ay ?????y ??e ??a a ????a ??o ????ue e ????th ???ay????e ???
???a e ??? ????. I???e e ?????ue ????e ??a a ?o ???? – y? ?eie, e ?????
??a a ??i ???a ? ??? ???ey? ??c???i ?????? ????? ??e ??a a ????a ????.
Ae????? ????? a?? a ???e ????i n ?????e ????? ??y???o ??? ???? ??u.I?oeu
y?yth?y i???i ?????? y???e a ????a. A ???i 1 ? ???? ??e ???o 20 E?e a
??e ? ?????a ???ay????e. N????o ????a ??o??? ? ??? ????? ????. A?e a ??i
???a ?????? ??a, ? ?????a ??/a?? ???? ? ??? ? ???? ???, ? e ??o ????
????ue ???ueth.
I???u, ???ath?a ?e i????a ??a.
I????e ??? a ???e ???? o ??e ????? ??a e ???ey, a o ???? – ???? ????y a
???, ????a ?y????e ??c ????? ????, ????a ??????i ??, ????a ???ey ?????o
???a, ???? n ????e ???, ????a i?y? e ????????e.
A? y? ?y?? n ?i, ?i ??e ???otho ?????e ? ?? ????o ??i??. A 70 ??o ?????
?????a ??? o eth?e, ????? ??y ??th?th?o ???????a ??u n ????? ?????i ??a.
I????? y? ?-? ????o ????e a ?y????e ????e ??u. Ae??? ??a ????o ??????
???c? e ???eyi, ?e ?e ????y ???ue ?????y ???e. I????y ??? e ??? ????
???? – ???? e ?????a, ?–? ?? ???y?ny ???a ??????? ????a. E?? ??, ???ay
i??????? ??i ??????ny ??ai??? A12, A, Ae, E e ?e ??a, ?i ??a ?ey? ?
??iy?a ???uey. Ae??? ???a??i ??a a ????a ??o ??ue ??a?a ?????y ?????e ?y
??i ???c?.
E??? ??a.
A?e ????? ??a a ???a ??????i ????o ?????a ?y ?????y ????? ???a, ? ??a ?
y?? ?o. E??? ?????o a ??? ??? ??? ?????ny ?e ???? y???. A ???? ???a ??i
?n??ny ? y????, ???a ???eytho ?? ????a e ???? a ?ny? ?c ??oa ??a, ?i
????y ?y ?????y ????? ???a. I??i, ?y ?????a eth?e ?e ????? ?????o ?????
???? ?????a ??a 1,7 ?. ? ????i ?? ??o ???? e ?????y?? ?????yi.E????a
?????a ??? n ??e ? ???? ???, ????o ?e ? ??o ??????y a ????a. A??i y??
??? ????? ???e ?e?a a ?th?? e ????a ????ey, ??a ?e ????, ???th ??e ???
??a? ???? ? ????a. E?? ?? ??oth ???oue ?????o ??th??a ?o????i ????i ???.
E????a ????? ??? ???? e ??? ???e ???c?, ?i a ?ith ???ue ?????o ???th
???y. E?? ??, ???y ??? iy?ay ?? ??i ???? ??a ????, ?e ???, e ?ei??a ? ?o
a ???? ?????a ??o ??????y a ????, ???y ???? ???u. I???u, ?y??? n ????
??a, ???ath?y ??? ??i. I???tho ??????ue ??a a ???a ? ????? ???o.
*? ???th?y ?????a e ??e???? ??e?
N???otho ????i ????o ??????e ???: ? ???o, ???eth, ???????o ????eth e
o.ae. Y? ??e??? ?i, ?i ?oy y?????e ??? a??a ? ??e e ?eth?? a ?ay ?? ??u
C, H, O, N, S, (??? P) e ??e i???? ? ???? ?? 20 ?????o. Ii n ?o?e ???u a
??? ? ???e ??o ???ue ? ????i ?ny?? ? ??i ?ny/ e ?? ????a ??????? ???? a
????o ???eyo, e ???? ??a ??o ????ue ?????? ??????ua ??? (?????e ?th
?????oth ??th). Ii ??a ??, n ??e ?a?y ???e ???? ???, ???ey?? ? ???????
???? e ?????i ?e ????? ?????o ?????o, ??e ??a??yth?y ? ?????a e ??????a.
Aeey ?ae???ey ???ay????e e ???????ey ?? ??o ????? ??? ?????? ??iy?? ??i
???? e y???. A??? y???, ??y?e a ??? ???, ???e ??i ?? ??i ????? – ???ae.
A??a ???ey ???? n?????? a? ?????a ? ????e?u e ??y?a ??e. Aeey y?? ? ?ae?
?? a ?? ???a ?e ????, n?a e ??? a ?? ????a e ??a?a, ????? ? ????? ????.
E??i?? ???? ??? ?????????y ???a ???o ?????a. A ? ????e? a ???eyo
????oth?y ?a ?????a ?y ?o ??e.
I????th?a ? ??o ??????ue ????a ?????? e ?y?? ??? ???? ? a ?? ??. O??
?????o ?e???? ???: ??i, ???, ????i, ??i?, ???ei, ??i, ????i, ?????i.
I?????e ??ath?y ?e? ?eth?th?a a ??? yoe ??? ?????o ?????o. I??i ????,
????? y? ??e ? ??o ?? ???? ????? ?????e ?? e o???u.
I???? ?????e ??? ?y ?e??a y?yth?y: iy?, y?a, ??, ???, ??o e ??. A ???a ?
????a e ??a a ????a ? ????? ?????ey e ????y ???.
I??? ????o ???: ????? ? ?y ??????i ????a ??e, ?????ny a ????o ????o
???y? A????i, ??????. A ??iy?a ??y ????, ?i ???y ???? ??? ????o ??a ???o
? ? ???????i ???a. I????a ???? ?y ?????y ???u ???ey ??? ? 20 ?????o
?atho ?? 8, ???a y?yth?y ?????? a ???e ?y ????i ???? (e ? ?? ??? ?y ???a
???i ????).
I??????????a????? ?????o, a ? 100 a
???????u?????yy?a????ay???????.?.????ue????i10,20,050,20,160,130,02???4,
0 – 7,01,10,341,41,20,80,1????i4,9 – 4,00,80,220,90,80,480,09??i3,2 –
4,20,90,240,970,90,450,1???i2,0 – 2,70,60,160,80,70,30,08??i3,2 –
4,80,80,31,51,50,240,1????2,2 – 3,50,40,090,40,50,140.03?????i2,0 –
4,00,70,170,70,60,580,09????(??1,50,30,090,60,210,1
I????? ?????? ? ????oth?y a ????a e ??? ?y???? ????ue a ???? n ??e. A
?????? n ??a??e ????????i ???y ??i ???ue ??oth?a ????, ?????oth?a ?????a
?????e a ??? ? ????i? ?????o ?y ????a ????i ???? e ? ?????a ?????y,
?????thu? ???o ??????y ??a. E?? n???, ??? ???? ??a ?? ?ae? ?? ????? ???
?e ????o n????eyo ?????o ?????o, o.a. ????e?th?o ? ?????????. A?e ??e-??
? ????o ?????o a ??? ?? ??o ???, ? e ??? ?????? ia ??o ?? ????th ??????
?????. I???y n y?e ??e ??ey ???? ?????? ???, ?????ny a ????o ???y, ? ???
??i ???? ? ????oth ???????ue. E???a ???????i ???a ????o ????a ???ei, ?i
??e ????i ?????iey ??? ?????otho ????a ??????i ??. A?? ??, ??????? ???
a??a y? ?e ??yo ? ????e, o.e. ? ???? ????? ???? ?????ny e 100%. I?? ???
???ue ???ey e ?o?o i???? ????i ??????y: ??? (75-80%), iy? (70-75%), ??
(75-80%). A ?? ??y, ??? ?????? ????, ???? ????, ???? ??e ????? ??????e
????: a ????, ????, ????i ?????ue ???o ??? e ?????, a ???a – ??? e ????.
A ?????a ?????? ????? ??????ny ????? ??????? ?????o. O?? ???i, a ???e
?????? ??e ????y ???i ?? ????ny ?????? ???o ???e??: ???, o????a e ????a,
???a a ????e ?? ????tho ???? ??.
C??a ?????? ??????? ???? ????o ????a ???y? ?????i ??a ?????i ?????? ?y
??????ey ??????? ?????? ??????i ????a ????? ???o ????a ? ???? ????i
????ey ????th?o ? ??????th ???? ?????o. N y?e ??e ??ey ????y?? y?y?ny
????a ?????? e ???? ????a.
A? ?????? ???o i???? a ?????a ??i ??y? ae??ue ? ???, ???th?a ?e ??????a,
?e e ?????e ? ?????i ???a.
I??y ??? – ???? ????. E??i ??? ??e ????th ?????? ?????e ? ??? ????, ? e
????i i????. A 100 a ??? ????ny 3 a a??. I?-??a ??? a ?? – y? ??a 1/2
???? ?????e ???? a ???? ??a. A?? ??? ???? ?a ?????? e a ????i ?????e,
?????i ????o. A ???? ??? ????ny a ?????? ?????o ia??? – a?????a, ??ay ?y
?????y ????? ?y????e ???. Aeey eth?e, ???th?o n ???? ?????, ???? ??e
?atho ???????? ????, o.e. ???tho ?y????ue ??? e ???e ???u. I?? ???e
????? ???y y?yth?y ??e?? ?? ??a e ???a. A ???a n????y 17% ???, ???a
????? ???? e ????i ???a ????? ?????e ?????? ????a. ????? ?? ???? ??i 20%
??a, ??a ??? – ??i 23%. O?? ???i a ?e?a e ???? ????o ??? ??? ???th?y
?????a ??e.
A??y ??? – iy?, ??, y?a. E???a ???????i ???a ????o ????a ????, ?i ???ue
???ey iy?? ??o?? ??ue ???. A?????ay ???? ?e?a ?? ? ??, ????o ? ???????
???u ??? ???. O?????, /? ??e ?? e ??? ????a ??y ?? ????i ??a ?????th?y e
???ath?y a ????a ????, ?i ??e iy?. A??a ??? e ?????i ????i y?yth?y y?a,
a ?o ????ny ??? ? ???????o ???o ??e. Aei ??iy?? ???e ?????? ???e ???o
????y ???i ?? ? ?y? ???a, a ?i ??a e ?????o, ?-???o ????y e iy?. A ?y?
??i e o ?ae??? ??i ????y ????tho ?i????a ???u ? ????a ?? iy?. A E?? ?
?yo ?ay??, a ??e ????i ??? ??? ? ???o. N?ay?, ?e ???i, ? ?yo ??? e n
??????? ??ny?y e iy? ??e e ey??e. A a ?????a ??i A?e e A??u ??? ?????ny
???a iy?. Iy? ??e ?????ny ?y ???y a E??, a iy? ey??e ????y ?e???? ?
O???. Ii ??????y ???oue iy? ????o ???? ???o ? ???i ? ?????? ???ey ???,
???i ? ????ey a ?i y?????? aa??a e ??? ?????. A i??y?a ??y ?o ???o ????e
?????, ?i ??????y ???? ??? ???ai iy? (?e ?? iy? ey??e) ? ??a? ?? iy?
???? ???? ??a e ???. Iy?, ?????, ??ue ???? ?i?? ????y ???? ????eth
?????? ????i ??a – a ????o ??ao iy? e ??u ????ny ? 14 ? 24% ?e?.
A?????y??? ??? e ??? ???. I???u ?? ??? ??i y?yth?y ???? ???e ??????
?????? ??a, n ???? ii ? ???????o ???o e ???e ??y??? ?????. I???u ??? e
??? ??? ?e ????e ??a a ?????? ???e ??o ??iyoue ?? ??a. Y? ????, ?i ?
???o ?eth?? a ?ith a y?????? ? ????eth ??a ????aao e a ??????o ????yo n
????? ??????i ??????y.
O??y ??? – ??, ??????a ???y, ??u, ????? ???y. I???a ???? ????a y?e ???,
????? ???a ????? ????a, – ????a ????a y???ae. E? ? ??????i ??? ??o ?????
???e e iy?e ??? y?ya?y ????ue. E???? ????y?ny ????? ??? ??i a ??????
???o ?????o. A 100 a ????y ????ny 2 a ??a. A ????o ??? ??a ??a ????ny ?
4,7 ? 7% ??a. E ?e ?????? ???? ????? ??a e ????y ?????ny a ?o ?????? ??e
?????ytho ??th ?????ue ???? a ??? ???? ? 30 – 35%.
*???ay ??? – ??. Ae??ay ?????ue ????i ???? a ??o ???ey? 80 – 100 a, ? ?o
???i ??a 1/3 ??? ?n??y? ?????? ??a.
Iy?y e ??ay ??? – ??e e ?o?u. A ??? e ???o ????ny ??i 1,2 – 1,5% ???, ?
?e ?????i ?????e ??? e ???a e y? ??e ?atho ??a?a a ???e ????. A?? ????ey
e ???, ???? ???u, ???? ???? ?????a ?????? a ??o ? ?????yo, ?e ??e ????i
??????y.
I?????? ??ue ??i ????a ??eiytho ?? ??oth, ?????y ???? ??o???e ?????e ?y
????ey e i????y ???? ??????i ?? ???e, ???ath??ny ???????e ???y?, ?????,
????. I????yth??ny ? ?????a e ??????a, ???th??ny ???? ?e ?????i ???
?????o ???e?? (??i, ???, ????i, ???i, ???ei, ??i, ????i, ?????i). Ii
????y ???????ue ????a n ??e ??ey ???????i ???a, e ?, ?i ??e ????i
??????y ??a ?????otho ????a ??????i oa?, ?i ?n????a; ???i, ?i ????ey
????o i????, ? ???? ????i ????ey ????th?o ??????th ???? ? ?????o, ???y?
??????ue ?????ue ???? a ??? e ????? ? ???th ??y???.
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