?. ?…•??‡?› ??……?? ?’?????‹?›• ‡????‚
?®aa®«i § a®!«i¤Y?Y¬ a?¬®®?®«iea § ?®®c ?a®?§c®-
¤?aai ¤ca¬i aeY¤Ya «ie¬? FYaac ¬? – „Y? aa ¬Ya®¬ ?aa?ae?? ?
”Y¤Ya «i®© ’®aF®c®© ?®¬?aa?Y©, a ? ¦Y c aae¬? «?ae ¬?, ?®-
a®aeY ?®Ya«? a!ea?? ?§ § aaeY?i a?¬®®?®«iea § ?®®c.
1. ??’?‹? ‘? ‘’??› „…?’??…’? ?‘’?–??
. “F®«®c®Y ?aYa«Y¤®c ?Y
„Y? aa ¬Ya ?aa?ae?? ‘®Y¤?Yea ?a a®c ? ?aa®aY©a? i
‘«a¦! ‘®Y¤?Yea ?a a®c ?¬Yia ?®«®¬®c?i ?®aa®«i § a®!-
«i¤Y?Y¬ aF®«®c® ? §aY¬ea ?®«®¦Y?© a?¬®®?®«iea § ?®®c,
?¬Y®: ? a Fa ae®c 1 ? 2 ??a ?Ya¬ , ? a Fa ae 3 ??a ®-
!?a® - a¬ , ? a Fa ae 14 ??a ?«Y©a® . ?§ ia?a § ?®®c
a®«i?® ? a Fa aee 1 ? 2 ??a ?Ya¬ ?a?®«i§aiaai a Y?®a®a®©
?®aa®i®aaii. ?¤ ?® ®!c??aY«ieY ?ae § aF®c®a a aeY«ii
aaa ®c«Y?i aeYe a«ac iaai ?a?¬Ya® a § c ¬Yaiae. ’®«i?® „Y-
? aa ¬Ya ?aa?ae?? ?¬YYa ?®«®¬®c?i ?®aa®«i § a®!«i¤Y?Y¬
aF®«®cea ?®«®¦Y?© a?¬®®?®«iea § ?®®c.
?®a?®a ae?i, ®aa¦¤Y i § aaeY?Y ??a ?Ya¬ , ¬®¦Ya
!eai ®eaa ae®c aa¬¬a, Y ?aYcee ieai $1,000,000.00. ”?§?-
cYa?®Y «?ae®, ®aa¦¤Y®Y § a® ¦Y aaeY?Y ¬®¦Ya !eai ?a?F®c®-
aY® ? eaa aea ¤® $100,000.00 ? aiaY¬®¬a § ?«icY?i ¤® aaYa
«Ya. ’iaY¬eY § ?«icY?i § aaeY?i a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®®-
¤ aY«iaac® Y c aa®Y ic«Y?Y, ® Ya?®«i?® cY«®cY? !e«? ?a?F®-
c®aYe ? ?®a®a??¬ aa®? ¬.
‚ ¤Y«Y U.S. v. United States Gypsum Co. ‚Yaa®ce© aa¤
?®aa ®c?«, ca® aF®«®c®Y ¬YaY?Y ic«iYaai ®a¤Y«ie¬ i«Y¬Y-
a®¬, ?®a®ae© ¤®«¦Y !eai ©¤Y c aF®«®c®¬ a?aaYaa®c®¬ ¤Y-
«Y. ®ia®¬a aa ¤ aa ®acYaaacY®aa? aYF®¤i F®a §¤® aaa®¦Y c
aF®«®c®¬ ¤Y«Y, cY¬ c Fa ¦¤ a?®¬.
!. ?a ¦¤ a??© ?®aa®«i
„Y? aa ¬Ya ?aa?ae?? ?¬YYa e?a®??Y ?®«®¬®c?i a aa«Y¤®-
– 2 –
c ?Y ?a?c aa®aa? ae?a¬ ? aaeY?i a?¬®®?®«iea § ?®®c.
a®c®¤i a ?®Y a aa«Y¤®c ?Y, „Y? aa ¬Ya ?aa?ae?? ¬®¦Ya ?a?®«i-
§®c ai a ? §ec Y¬®Y “’aY!®c ?Y ?a ¦¤ a?®Y aa«Y¤®c –
?Y” (’?), ?YaY¤ a®!aacY® ?®¤ cY© ae®a¬ «i®F® ?a?®c®F® § –
ic«Y?i. ’? ¤ Ya a §aYeY?Y ?aa«Y¤®c ai ¤®?a¬Yae, a®¤ie?-
Yai c® c« ¤Y?? ?®¤®§aYc Y¬ea, ?®aYa?Yce?a ? aaYai?a «?ae, ?®-
a®aeY Y ic«iiaai ?®¤®§aYc Y¬e¬? ?® ¤Y«a ® aaeY?? a?¬®®-
?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaac . ?®F¤ „Y? aa ¬Ya ?aa?ae?? ?®«ac Ya
¤®aa a®c®Y ?®«?cYaac® ¤®? § aY«iaac, ® ¬®¦Ya ?®¤ ai Fa ¦-
¤ a??© ?a? c ”Y¤Ya «i®¬ ©®®¬ ‘a¤Y ?® ¬Yaaa a®¦¤Y?i
®acYac?? ?«? ae?a¬e ®acYac?? . ®a«Y ?®¤ c? ?a? „Y? aa ¬Ya
?aa?ae?? aa ®c?aai aci§ ”Y¤Ya «ie¬? a c?« ¬? a®aeY¤aae,
”Y¤Ya «ie¬? a c?« ¬? ® „®? § aY«iaac a ? ¤aaF?¬? ?a?¬Y?¬e¬?
?a®aeYaaa «ie¬? ®a¬ ¬?.
2. ??’?‹? ‘? ‘’??› ”…„…?‹??‰ ’???‚?‰ ????‘‘?? (”’?)
”’? ?¬YYa ?a?«ic?aY«i®Y ?a c® ?®aa®«?a®c ai ? a Fa ae 5
??a ® ”Y¤Ya «i®© ’®aF®c®© ?®¬?aa??, ?®a®ae© a? §ec Ya Y-
cYaaeY a?®a®!e ?®?aaYae??. ? a ? ¦Y ¬®¦Ya ?®aa®«?a®c ai
?a?®«Y?Y ??a ?«Y©a® . ‘YF®¤i, ®¤ ?®, aa «® ?®ia®, ca®
aYa¬? “YcYaaeY a?®a®!e ?®?aaYae??” c?«ic Ya c aY!i !a®-
«ia® «i!®Y aaeY?Y a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaac , ? ”’?
?¬YYa ?a c® ?®aa®«?a®c ai ?a?®«Y?Y «i!®F® a?¬®®?®«i®F®
§ ?® .
”’? ic«iYaai aYFa«ia®ae¬ FYaac®¬, a®aa®ie?¬ ?§ ?ia?
c«Y®c, § c Y¬ea ?aY§?¤Ya®¬. ‡¤Yai ?a®aeYaa c? Yaai a®
a«ae ?i caaa? ”’? ?YaY¤ ‘a¤iY© ?¤¬??aaa a?c®F® a c . —Y-
aY§ 90 ¤Y© ?®a«Y ®?®c ?i ia®F® a«ae ?i ‘a¤ii ¤®«¦Y ce-
?aaa?ai ” c «i®Y aYeY?Y”. ?acYac??, a.Y. ae?a¬ , ?a®a?c ?®-
a®a®© cY¤Yaai ?a®aeYaa, ¬®¦Ya ?Y««?a®c ai ia® c «i®Y aYeY-
?Y ? ?ia? c«Y ¬ ”’?. …a«? caY c«Ye ?®¬?aa?? a®©¤aaai c®
¬Y??, ca® ¤Y©aac?i ae?a¬e !e«? Y§ ?®e, ®acYac?? ¬®¦Ya
?Y««?a®c ai ®?iai ? ??Y««iae?®®¬a aa¤a ‘®Y¤?Yea ?a a®c.
‚® caY¬i a aa¬®aaY?i ?Y««iae?? ??Y««iae?®e© aa¤ a aa¬ aa?c –
Ya a®«i?® ae ?a «?c?i c ¤Y«Y ¤®aa a®c®F® ?®«?cYaac ¤®? § –
aY«iaac.
– 3 –
”’? Y ¬®¦Ya ®?aY¤Y«iai a §¬Ya eaa ae®c ?«? aa®? aiaY¬®F®
§ ?«icY?i. ‚¬Yaa® ia®F® ® ¬®¦Ya ?®aaY!®c ai, ca®!e ae?a¬
c®§¤Ya¦ « ai ®a ®?aY¤Y«Y®F® c?¤ ?®cY¤Y?i. ‘ ¤aaF®© aa®a®-
e, ”’? ?¬YYa ?a c® ?®aaY!®c ai c aa¤Y ce?« ae eaa ae ¤®
$10,000.00 § aaeY?Y aa¤Y!®F® ?a?? § , § ?aYe ieYF® ®?aY-
¤Y«Y®Y ?®cY¤Y?Y.
—?‘’›‰ ??’?‹?
®«YY 90% ¤Y« ?® aaeY?i a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ –
aY«iaac – ia® Fa ¦¤ a??Y ?a?? c aaea ?aaae®c, !®«ie?aac® ?§
?®a®aea c? iaai c aeY¤Ya «iea a ©®ea aa¤ a.
‚ ? a Fa aeY 4 ??a ?«Y©a® F®c®a?aai ® c®§¬YeY?? a!ea-
?®c c aa®©®¬ a §¬YaY a®¬a, ?a® a¬®¦Ya ¤®? § ai, ca® YF®
?aY¤?a?ia?Y ?«? a®!aacY®aai ?®aYa?Y« a!ea®? ?§-§ aaeY?i
a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaac .
. a c® ?a?
1) “eYa! ?aY¤?a?ia?i ?«? ?¬aeYaaca
YaY¤ aY¬, ? ? c aae© ?aaYae ?®«ac?a ?a c® ?a?, ¤®«¦®
!eai ?®? § ® «?c?Y aeYa! ?aY¤?a?ia?i ?«? a®!aacY®aa? c
aY§a«ia aY aaeY?i a?aaYaa®c®F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaac .
2) ’®«i?® Y¬®F?Y ?®«ac?ce?Y aeYa! ?¬Yia ?a c® ?a?
?®F?Y «i¤?, ?®a®aeY Y ?¬Y«? ae®cea ®a®eY?© a aa-
e?aY«Y¬ a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaac , ¬®Faa ?®«ac?ai
aeYa! ®a ia®F® aaeY?i. ?a?¬Ya, Ya«? ®¤ ae?a¬ ce§ec Ya
! ?a®aaac® ¤aaF®© ae?a¬e ?§ § a?e?cYa?®© aeY®c®© ?®«?a???,
a® ia ae?a¬ aa ®c?aai ?ai¬®©, ® Y Y¤?aacY®© ¦Yaac®©.
?aY¤?a®ae, ?®?a? aY«?, ®!eYaacYeY ®aF ?§ ae??, ¤aaF?Y ae?a¬e,
?¬Yie?Y ?®aa ?aeY ®a®eY?i a ia®© ae?a¬®©, ac®«YeY a !®a-
???, ¤Ya¦ aY«? ?ae?©, c a«ac Y Ya«? ae?a¬ – ?®a?®a ae?i,-c®a
¤ «Y?® Y ?®«e© a??a®? ?®aaa ¤ ce?a «?ae. ‘?®aYY caYF®, ca® ?
®¤® ?§ ceeY?YaYc?a«Yea «?ae Y !a¤Ya ?¬Yai ?a c ?a? c
aa®ieY¬ a«ac Y. ’®«i?® ?ai¬ i ¦Yaac a?e?cYa?®© aeY®c®© ?®-
– 4 –
«?a??? ¬®¦Ya ?®¤ ai ?a?. ‘a¤e ¬®F® a § ?®¤acYa¦¤ «?, ca® ?aY-
¤?a®ae, ?®?a? aY«?, a !®a??? ? a.¤. Y ?¬Yia ?a c ?a?,
¤ ¦Y Ya«? ®? ?aYaYa?Y«? aaeYaacYe© aeYa!.
‚ aa®ieYY caY¬i ??Y««iae?®eY aa¤e ?? ? Y ¬®Faa ?a?©-
a? ? Y¤?®¬a ¬Y?i – ¬®¦Ya «? a !®a?? ae?a¬e- aae?aY«i ?¬Yai
?a c® ?a? ?a®a?c ia®© ?®¬? ??, a ? ? ? ® !e« ac®«Y §
®a? § ac aac®c ai c aaeY?? a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaa-
c .
3) ®?ea?? aa ¤ aa?§?a®c ai ?®¤a®¤ ? ?a ca ?a?, ’Yaae
) ’Yaa “ai¬®F® aeYa! ”
’Yaa “?ai¬®F® aeYa! ” !e« aae®a¬a«?a®c c ¤Y«Y Loeb v.
Eastman Cod c Co.(1910). ‘a¤ ®a?«®?« ?a? c« ¤Y«iae ?ae?© ?®a-
?®a ae??, aa ceY© ¦Yaac®© aaeY?i a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ –
aY«iaac . ‘a¤ ?®aa ®c?«, ca® ¤«i a®F®, ca®!e ?¬Yai ?a c®
?a?, ?aaYae ¤®«¦Y ?®? § ai ca® aeYa! ?a?c?Ye© Y¬a !e« ?ai-
¬e¬. ?¤ ?® aa¤a Y a¤ «®ai ia® aae®a¬a«?a®c ai aYa¬? “?ai¬®©
aeYa!”, § aY¬ ?a?«icY?Y¬, ca® aa¤ ?a?§ «, ca® “?ai¬®©
aeYa!” !e« YaY a ¬®© ?®a?®a ae??. ‘®®acYaaacY®, «i!®Y
¤aaF®Y «?ae®, ?®aaa ¤ ceYY ?§-§ aci§? a ia®© ?®a?®a ae??, ?¬Y«®
«?ei ?®acYe© aeYa!.
!) ’Yaa “i!«®c?®”
’Yaa “i!«®c?®”, ?®a®ae© !e« aae®a¬a«?a®c c ¤Y«Y
Conference of Studio Unions v. Loews, Inc.(1951), aaY!aYa,
ca®!e ?aaYae ?®? § « a®, ca® “® a®¤?aai c a®© c aa? i?®®¬?-
??, ?®a®a i ?®? « ?®¤ a¤ a ?§ § ?aY?a eY?i ?®?aaYae?? c
®?aY¤Y«Y®© ®aa a«?.” ‘a¤ § ?«ic?«, ca® ?a®aea®i§ ? YF® c«Ye
¬®Faa ?®¤ ai ?a? § aeYa!, ?a?c?Ye© ?¬ aaeY?Y¬ a?¬®®-
?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaac .
4) Y§ ?®cY®aai ?a?cY¤Yea aYaa®c
?! ?§ ceeY?YaYc?a«Yea aYaa®c YcYa®ia® a«®¦e c ?a?-
¬YY??. ‚ aY§a«ia aY, aYeY?i aa¤®c Y ®a«?c iaai ®a®!e¬
– 5 –
?®aa®iaac®¬, ¤ ¦Y aYeY?i ‚Yaa®c®F® aa¤ . ‚ ®!eY¬, ®¤ ?®,
aa¤e ?a?§ ia ¤c «i!?¬ea ?¬? ?« aa ?aaae®c – ?®?a? aY«? aa-
e?aY«i ? ?®?aaYae aae?aY«i. “ ia®F® ?a c?« ¬®F® ?a?«icY-
?©. ‚ ®a®c®¬ ?a?§ Yaai a®, ca® !®«ie?aac® ?®?a? aY«Y© ?
?®?aaYa®c aae?aY«i ?®«ac ia ?a c® ?a?. ?a? §ec Yaai c
?a? a aY¬, ?a® Y ic«iYaai ? ?®?a? aY«i¬? ? ?®?aaYa ¬?.
5) ®a«Y¤?Y a §c?a?i c ?a cY ?a?
?¤® ?§ c ¦Y©e?a ?a?«icY?© ?§ ?a c?« ®! ®a? §Y ?a?
«?ae ¬, Y ic«iie?¬ai ? ?®?a? aY«i¬?, ? ?®?aaYa ¬? aae?-
aY«i, – ia® ¤Y«® Blue Shield of Virginia v. McCready(1982),
F¤Y aa¤ ?a?i« ?a? a ?«?Ya ?a?a®«®F?cYa?®© a«a¦!e, ?®a®ae©
§ ic?«, ca® ® ?®Ya a!ea?? c aY§a«ia aY aF®c®a ¬Y¦¤a ?a?a? –
a®a ¬? ? aaa a®c aY«Y¬ ®! ®a? §Y ?aY¤®aa c«Y?Y ae®¤®c
«YcY?Y ?a?a®«®F ¬? ?® aaa a®c®¬a ?®«?aa. Yaa?®a®, ca® ¦Yaa-
c ¬? ?aY¤?®« F Y¬®F® aaeY?i a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ –
aY«iaac !e«? ?a?a®«®F?. ?¤ ?® § aaa a®c e© ? ae?Ya, ?®a®a®-
¬a !e«® ®a? § ® c ae®¤ a ?a?a®«®F?cYa?®Y «YcY?Y, a ? ¦Y
?®Ya a!ea??. §aYe i ?a?, ‚Yaa®ce© aa¤ ?®aaY!®c « ca® !e:
(1) “eYa! ?aaae ¤®«¦Y !eai “a §a¬e¬” ?®a«Y¤aac?Y¬ aa-
eY?i a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaac ; ?
(2) “eYa! ?aaae ¤®«¦Y !eai “Ya §aec® ?YaY?«YaY a
aeYa!®¬, ?®a®ae© § F®c®ae??? ?« ?a®c «? Yaa? ?a?-
a®«®F ¬…” (†Yaac ¬ aaeY?i a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®-
®¤ aY«iaac )
6) a c® ?a? c ¤Y« a Parens Patriae
Parins Patriae – ia® ?a?, c ?®a®a®¬ ?aaae®¬ ceaaa? Ya aa-
cYaY ®a ?¬Y? ac®?a ?®¤¤ ea. ®ia®¬a ?a? Parens Patriae
c?«ic Ya c aY!i i«Y¬Yae ? ? c aa®F®, a ? ? ?a!«?c®F® ?a c .
’ ? ? ? „Y? aa ¬Ya ?aa?ae?? ? ”Y¤Ya «i i ’®aF®c i ?®¬?aa?i
a¦Y ?¬Yia ?a c® ?®aa®«?a®c ai ce?®«Y?Y a?¬®®?®«iea § –
?®®c ®a ?¬Y? ®!eYaac , ?®aeY?ae?i Parens Patriae ®a®a?aai ?
?®aa®«i § aeY¤Ya «ie¬? a?¬®®?®«ie¬? § ?® ¬? a® aa®a®e
ea a®c ¤«i !« F Fa ¦¤ ia®F® ea a .
– 6 –
‚ ¤Y«Y Hawaii v. Standart Oil co. of Cal., 1972, ‚Yaa®c-
e© aa¤ ?®aa ®c?«, ca® ea a Y ¬®¦Ya ?®¤ c ai ?a? § aaeY-
?Y a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaac , ?®a®a®Y Ya«® aeYa!
? ? Fa ¦¤ ¬ ea a , a ? ? i?®®¬??Y ea a c aeY«®¬. ‚ 1976 F.
?®FaYaa ?a?i« ??a • aa -‘?®aa -®¤?® ®! “«aceY?? ?a?a-
a aa®c®F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaac , ?®a®ae© ?®§c®«iYa ea a ¬, ¤Y©aacai
cYaY§ ?a FYYa «iea ?a®?aa®a®c, ?®¤ c ai c aa¤ ®a®cY
¤®?aa?e Parins Patriae § «i!®Y aaeY?Y ??a ?Ya¬ . ?a a
¬®¦Ya ?®«ac?ai c®§¬YeY?Y a!ea?®c c aa®©®¬ a §¬YaY. ?¤ ?®,
?® aa aaaa, ce?« cY i aa¬¬ ¬®¦Ya !eai a¬YieY § acYa
ce?« a ¤aaF?¬ ?®aaa ¤ ce?¬ «?ae ¬, ?® ?a?a, ?aY¤aa c«Y®¬a
ia?¬? «?ae ¬?. ‘a aaa a ?¦Y ?®§c®«iYa ea aa c§ea??c ai a!ea??
a®«i?® ®a «?ae ?®aaa ¤ ce?a ?®aaY!?aY«Y©, Y ®a «?ae ?®aaa –
¤ ce?a ae?a¬.
!. a c?«® ?®acY®F® ?®?a? aY«i
‚ ¤Y«Y Hannover Shoe, Inc. v. United Shoe Machinery
Corp., 1968, ‚Yaa®ce© aa¤ ?®aa ®c?«, ca® ?aaYae c ¤Y«Y ® ¬®-
®?®«?§ ae?? ¬®¦Ya ?a®a?ai aa¤ ce?« a?ai Y¬a cai ¬®®?®«iai
aeY?a, a.Y. a §?aea ¬Y¦¤a ?®?aaYa®© ? Y§ ?®®© aeY®©,
? ? c®§¬YeY?Y aeYa! , ¤ ¦Y Ya«? ?aaYae ?YaY¤ « c aai ac®YF®
aeYa! ?®?a? aY«i¬, ?®¤ic aeYe.
‚ ¤Y«Y Illinois Brick Co. v Illinois (1977), ‚Yaa®ce©
aa¤ a¤Y« « ®cYi c ¦e© cec®¤ ?§ ceeYa? § ®F® ?a c?« .
?®acYe© ?®?a? aY«i, a® Yaai a®a, ?a® ?a??« a «?ae , Y-
?®aaY¤aacY® ?a??ceYF® a ®acYac?? , Y ¬®¦Ya ?®¤ c ai ?a? ®
?a?c?Y®¬ Y¬a aeYa!Y.
?§e?Y aa¤e ?®¤acYa¤?«? ia® ?a c?«®, ¤®?®«?c YF® YeY ®¤-
?¬ ?®«®¦Y?Y¬. ’Y?Yai ®® ®a®a?aai Y a®«i?® ? ?®acY®¬a
?®?a? aY«i, ® ? ? ?®acY®¬a ?a®¤ caea.
1) ?a®c ?a c?« Illinois brick.
“ ia®F® ?a c?« Yaai ¤c a?«iea ¤®c®¤ , a®ai ca®a®© a« –
!YY ?Yac®F®.
– 7 –
( )‘«®¦®aai cec?a«Y?i a!ea?®c.
?®F¤ aeY ?a®¤a?a ?®¤?¬ Yaai, a?a®a ? ¤ Ya. ?®F¤ ?ai-
¬®© ?®?a? aY«i ?« a?a ¬®®?®«?? ?«? ? aaY«i ¬®®?®«?aa?cYa?ai
aeY?a, a® YaaYaacY® ® ?YaY¤ aa iaa aeY?a ?®a«Y¤aie?¬
?®?a? aY«i¬. ?¤ ?®, ® cai¤ «? a¬®¦Ya ?YaY¤ ai cai aeY?a
?®?a? aY«i¬, a ? ? ? c aY§a«ia aY ?®¤ia?i aeY a? ¤Ya a?a®a.
‚ ?®¤ c«iieY¬ !®«ie?aacY a«ac Yc aa¤e Y a¬®Faa ®?aY¤Y-
«?ai ? ? i c aai ¬®®?®«?aa?cYa?®© aeY?? !e« ®?« cY ?ai-
¬e¬, ? ? i ?®acYe¬ ?®?a? aY«Y¬.
(!) ‘¤Ya¦?c ?Y
…aai ¤aaF®© aFa¬Ya, ?®¤¤Ya¦?c ie?© ?a c?«® ?®acY®F®
?®?a? aY«i. ‚® ¬®F?a a«ac ia a!ea?? ? ¦¤®F® ®a¤Y«i®F® ?®?a-
? aY«i ®cYi ¬ «e. …a«? !e ? ¦¤e© ?§ ?a ¤®«¦Y !e« a ¬ ?®¤ –
c ai c aa¤, a® ??a® !e ia®F® ¤Y« ai Y aa «. a c?«® Illinois
Brick ®a¤ Ya caY a!ea?? ®¤®¬a ?aaaea, ?¬Y® a®¬a, ?®a®ae©
?ai¬ai ¤Y©aac®c « a ®acYac??®¬.
2) ?a?«icY?i ? ?a c?«a Illinois Brick
?§e?Y aa¤e a®§¤ «? a«Y¤aie?Y ?a?«icY?i ? ?a c?«a
Illinois Brick. ? ®¤® ?§ ?a Y !e«® ®¤®!aY® ‚Yaa®ce¬ aa-
¤®¬.
) YY aaeYaac®c ce?© ?®aa ?a aaa ®c«Y®Y ?®«?-
cYaac® ?® aaa ®c«Y®© aeYY.
…a«? ¤® ?®ic«Y?i ? aaY«i aaeYaac®c « ¤®F®c®a ?a®¤ ¦? ®?-
aY¤Y«Y®¬a ?®?a? aY«i ? c Y¬ F®c®a?«®ai, ca® ¬®®?®«?aa?-
cYa? i aeY? !a¤Ya ®?« cY ?a®¤ cae®¬, a® a®F¤ ¬e ¬®¦Y¬
!eai acYaYe, ca® aeY? aeY«??®¬ ?YaYe« ?®acY®¬a ?®?a? aY-
«i. ?¤ ?® ¤«i ia®F® a¦®, ca®!e c ?®aa ?aY ?¬Y«®ai ? ? ?®-
«?cYaac® ?a®¤ c Y¬®F® ?a®¤a?a , a ? ? aa¬¬ aeY??. …a«? ?®-
«?cYaac® Y a? § ®, a® ?®acYe© ?®?a? aY«i ®acYa?a ? aaY«i
aY¬, ca® !a¤Ya ¬YieY ?®?a? ai, ? c aai aeY?? !a¤Ya a?« cY
?ai¬e¬ ?®?a? aY«Y¬.
– 8 –
!) “c aa??? ®aa iaai ?a ©?¬?
…a«? “?ai¬®© ?®?a? aY«i” ic«iYaai Y ¦Yaac®© aaeY?i
a?¬®®?®«i®F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaac , ®¤?¬ ?§ YF® ac aa??®c,
a® ¦Yaace ia®F® aaeY?i ¬®Faa ?®¤ ai ?a? ? ? ?a®a?c ? aaY«i,
a ? ? ?a®a?c “?ai¬®F®” ?®?a? aY«i.
’®¦Y ?a?«icY?Y ®a®a?aai ? ? a«ac i¬, ?®F¤ ?ai¬®© ?®?a-
? aY«i ¤Y«Y ic«iYaai ¤®cYa?¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?Y¬ ?«? ?®«®aaii
?®aa®«?aaYaai ¬®®?®«?aa®¬ ?«? c«Y®¬ ? aaY«?.
a) ?a?? ?a c«YeY § ?aYeY?Y
„Y«® Illinois Brick aYe Ya ?a®!«Y¬a cec?a«Y?i a!ea?®c.
’ ??Y ?a®!«Y¬e Y c®§?? ia c ?a? a, ?a c«Yea § ?aYeY-
?Y. ?§e?Y aa¤e ac?a ia, ca® ¤ ¦Y ?®acYe© ?®?a? aY«i ?¬YYa
?a c® ?®¤ ai ?a?, ?a c«Ye© § ?aYeY?Y ¬®®?®«?? ?«?
? aaY«i.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter