Oiineee ainoaea?noaaiiue oieaa?neoao
Eaoaae?a a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa e i?ioeanna
AeIIONOEOUe E CAUEOA A AYE
Caa. eao. a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa
eaiae. th?eae. iaoe, aeioeaio
______________ A.E.Nooeiei
“___” ________1999 a
Iiai?aeiaa Iaoaeuey Ieoaeeiaia
Aaoi?neee aeiaiai? eae iniiaaiea
i?aaiia?iiai eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey
(Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa)
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
aeieoi? th?eae. iaoe, i?ioanni?
______________ A.E. Oaneaeueaa?a
Aaoi? ?aaiou
______________ I.I. Iiai?aeiaa
Oiine 1999
NIAeA?AEAIEA
TOC \o “1-2” AAAAeAIEA GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778909 PAGEREF
_Toc448778909 3
Aeaaa 1. Iiiyoea th?eaee/aneay i?e?iaea e eeanneoeeaoeey aaoi?neeo
aeiaiai?ia. Ii?yaeie caeeth/aiey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a GOTOBUTTON
_Toc448778910 PAGEREF _Toc448778910 5
1.1. Iiiyoea e th?eaee/aneay i?e?iaea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a GOTOBUTTON
_Toc448778911 PAGEREF _Toc448778911 5
1.2. Iniiaaiey eeanneoeeaoeee e aeaeu aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia GOTOBUTTON
_Toc448778912 PAGEREF _Toc448778912 17
1.3. Ii?yaeie caeeth/aiey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a e aai noi?iiu
GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778913 PAGEREF _Toc448778913 22
1.4. Aeiaiai?u i ia?aaea/a eneeth/eoaeueiuo e iaeneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa
GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778914 PAGEREF _Toc448778914 31
1.5. Aeiaiai?u caeaca e aeiaiai?u ia aioiaia i?iecaaaeaiea GOTOBUTTON
_Toc448778915 PAGEREF _Toc448778915 34
Aeaaa 2. Oneiaey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a e auoaeathuea ec ieo i?aaa e
iaycaiiinoe noi?ii GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778916 PAGEREF _Toc448778916
37
2.1. Oneiaey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778917 PAGEREF
_Toc448778917 37
2.2. I?aaa ia?aaeaaaaiua ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o iieueciaaoaeth
GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778918 PAGEREF _Toc448778918 39
2.3. N?ie aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778919 PAGEREF
_Toc448778919 41
2.4. ?acia?, ii?yaeie e n?iee auieaou aiciaa?aaeaeaiey GOTOBUTTON
_Toc448778920 PAGEREF _Toc448778920 43
Aeaaa 3. Eniieiaiea iaycaiiinoae ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o GOTOBUTTON
_Toc448778921 PAGEREF _Toc448778921 49
3.1. Eniieiaiea iaycaiiinoae aaoi?ii GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778922
PAGEREF _Toc448778922 49
3.2. Eniieiaiea iaycaiiinoae iieueciaaoaeai GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778923
PAGEREF _Toc448778923 53
3.3. A?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaay ioaaonoaaiiinoue noi?ii ii aeiaiai?o
GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778924 PAGEREF _Toc448778924 56
Aeaaa IV. Iniiaaiey eciaiaiey e i?ae?auaiey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a
GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778925 PAGEREF _Toc448778925 64
4.1. Iniiaaiey, ii?yaeie e iineaaenoaey eciaiaiey oneiaee aaoi?neiai
aeiaiai?a GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778926 PAGEREF _Toc448778926 64
4.2. Iniiaaiey, ii?yaeie e iineaaenoaey i?ae?auaiey aeiaiai?a
GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778927 PAGEREF _Toc448778927 66
Aeaaa 5. Caueoa i?aa aaoi?a GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778928 PAGEREF
_Toc448778928 69
EEOA?AOO?A GOTOBUTTON _Toc448778929 PAGEREF _Toc448778929 78
AAAAeAIEA
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaea o?eaeaeueii cao/ao i?eioeeiu, cae?aieaiiua no. 1
A?aaeaeaineiai Eiaeaena ?O (?aaainoai o/anoieeia, naiaiaea aeiaiai?a e
ae?.), e oai ia iaiaa, a?aaeaeaineia, a a /anoiinoe, aaoi?neia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ana aua o?aaoao cia/eoaeueiie aei?aaioee. O/eouaay
yoi, a ianoiyuae ?aaioa io?aaeaiu iniiaiua oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey
aaoi?neiai i?aaa, eioi?ua eiatho ianoi a ioa/anoaaiiie e ca?oaaaeiie
eeoa?aoo?a, a oaeaea i?iaaaeai aiaeec, iicaieeaoee iainiiaaoue aeaiioth
iiceoeeth.
Oae, ionoonoaea a CiAI iiiyoey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a auei eiiiaine?iaaii
iiiyoeai ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a, noi?ioee?iaaiiiai iiiaieaoiae
i?aeoeeie. Aeoiaaony, /oi ?acaeoea e niaa?oainoaiaaiea a?aaeaeaineiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ia eneeth/aao iaiaoiaeeiinoe
ia?auaiey e ?aiaa aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao. Yoi iicaieyao
eneaoue iiaua iooe iaiiaeaiey, eniieueciaaoue oa ii?iu, eioi?ua
i?iaa?aiu a?aiaiai. A nayce n yoei aieueoea niiiaiey aucuaaao ?yae
i?aaeeiaeaiee, aianaiiuo a i?iaeo o?aoueae /anoe AE ?O, a /anoiinoe i
aeaeaiee aeiaiai?ia ia eniieueciaaiee ?acoeueoaoia oai?/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe ia oai?/aneea e eiiia?/aneea iieueciaaoaeueneea
aeiaiai?u. E oioy i?iaeo aua ioeoeeaeueii ia i?eiyo, oaea nae/an
neaaeoao caaeoiaoueny i iaoeaeaniia?aciinoe i?aaeeiaeaiiiai aeaeaiey
aeiaiai?ia. Iaoaeaee iu iiyoue oioei ieacaoueny “aia?aaee ieaiaou anae”:
yoi aeaeaiea iaaeoiaiiia, aai iao ie a iaeiie no?aia ie?a. Ca/ai
ecia?aoaoue /oi-oi iiaia, a ia eniieueciaaoue ieiaeu iiiaieaoiae
i?aeoeee, iieo/eaoae io?aaeaiea a ia?aa?aoa ia iniiaaieyo eeanneoeeaoeee
e aeaeao aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a.
Iiaeiaiay iaaei?aaioaiiinoue yaeyaony oaeoi?ii, iiaoaeeaoei eneaoue
ioaaou ia ?yae ia?aoaiiuo i?iaeai a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ca?oaaaeiuo
no?ai. Aiaeec eioi?iai iicaieee, a /anoiinoe, ii?aaeaeeoue i?aaeiao
aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a.
Noano?aoii aea aeaiiie ?aaiou yaeyaony aeaaa i caueoa i?aa aaoi?a, aac
eioi?ie aii?in i i?aaiia?iinoe eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey ia aue au
iieiinoueth ?ane?uo. Iniiaaieai aeey iiaeiaiiai caeeth/aiey noaei
aaoi?neia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, iai?aaeaiiia ia anaia?ioth caueoo i?aa
aaoi?a, a oaeaea noi?ioee?iaaiiay oaia aeeieiiiie ?aaiou. A nayce n yoei
oioaeinue au ioiaoeoue, /oi aaoi?neee aeiaiai? ia yaeyaony aaeeinoaaiiui
iniiaaieai aeey i?aaiia?iiai eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey, iineieueeo
?inneeneia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai aeiioneaao e aacaeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey. E,
oai ia iaiaa, eiaiii aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey iieo/atho ana aieueoaa
?ani?ino?aiaiea, a oneiaeyo iino?iaiey aeaiie?aoe/aneiai iauanoaa,
yaeyynue aa?aioii iaania/aiey i?aa e eioa?ania noi?ii aaoi?neiai
aeiaiai?a.
Aeaaa 1. Iiiyoea th?eaee/aneay i?e?iaea e eeanneoeeaoeey aaoi?neeo
aeiaiai?ia. Ii?yaeie caeeth/aiey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a
1.1. Iiiyoea e th?eaee/aneay i?e?iaea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a
A oeeaeeenoe/aneie eeoa?aoo?a a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie aeiaiai?
?anniao?eaaaony eae acaeiiay naeaeea eee eae niaeaoaiea noi?ii,
iai?aaeaiiia ia aicieeiiaaiea, eciaiaiea eee i?ae?auaiea a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaiioiioaiey.
A eeoa?aoo?a iiaeii ano?aoeoue iiaeiaiua ii?aaeaeaiey aeiaiai?a. Oae, ii
iiaieth I.E. Aa?o, aeiaiai? — yoi aieaaie aeo, iniiaaiiue ia acaeiiii
niaeaoaiee noi?ii, iai?aaeaiiue ia aicieeiiaaiea, eciaiaiea eee
i?ae?auaiea th?eaee/aneeo ioiioaiee. Aiaeiae/iia ii?aaeaeaiea aeaao
O.E. Aaaca, n oie eeoue ?acieoeae, /oi ii iacuaaao oeaeue aeiaiai?a:
iaeeo/oaa oaeiaeaoai?aiea iio?aaiinoae anaai iauanoaa e ioaeaeueiuo aai
/eaiia.
Ii?aaeaeaiey aeiaiai?a, ia ioee/athuaany ii nouanoao io auoaeceiaeaiiuo,
ano?a/athony e a nia?aiaiiie eeoa?aoo?a. Oae, I.Ae. Aai?ia, iiieii anaai
i?i/aai, iiae aeiaiai?ii iiieiaao e aeieoiaio, cae?aieythuee oaeo
onoaiiaeaiey iaycaoaeuenoaaiiiai i?aaiioiioaiey.
A iiaeiaiuo ii?aaeaeaieyo a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaiai aeiaiai?a aeoeaio
aeaeaaony ia aieaaia ia/aei, a oaeaea ia niaea?aeaiea i?aaiioiioaiey.
Aiaeec oi?ioee?iaie iiiyoey aeiaiai?a, eioi?uo a eeoa?aoo?a aieaa /ai
aeinoaoi/ii, i?eaiaeeo e auaiaeo i i?aaeeueiinoe auneacuaaiey
A.A. Ieaaiceooa, n oi/ee c?aiey eioi?iai aieaaie iiiaio a niaeaoaiee
yaeyaony iniiaiui. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a aeiaiai?a aeieaeia auoue au?aaeaia
aiey noi?ii, e oieueei i?e yoii oneiaee ii yaeyaony niaeaoaieai.
I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a aieaecuyaeaiea iai?aaeaii ia aeinoeaeaiea
ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aaiauo iineaaenoaee. Niaa?oaiii iaaeinoaoi/ii au?aaeaiey
aiee iaeiie noi?iiie. Yoa aiey aeieaeiu auoue aeiaaaeaia aei naaaeaiey
ae?oaie noi?iiu e aini?eiyoa ath.
Eae ?acoeueoao i?eiyoey naeaeaiiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey aoi?ay noi?iia
au?aaeaao naith aieth. Niaeaniaaiiinoue aieue i?eaiaeeo e caeeth/aieth
aeiaiai?a, o.a. e iiae/eiaieth oai oneiaeyi, eioi?ua noi?iiu iaiai?eee e
e iaycaoaeueiinoe eo auiieiaiey.
Noa?a aeaenoaey a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo aeiaiai?ia aeinoaoi/ii oe?iea. Iia
ioaaouaaao eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie noauaeoaie.
Aeiaiai?u, naycaiiua n nicaeaieai e eniieueciaaieai i?iecaaaeaiee
eioaeeaeooaeueiiai oai?/anoaa, ninoaaeytho naiinoiyoaeueioth a?oiio
a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo aeiaiai?ia. Iaeie ec ieo caeeth/athony
i?aaiecaoeeyie (ecaeaoaeuenoaaie, oaao?aie, ?aaeei-, eeiinooaeeyie e
o.ae.) e aaoi?aie ii iiaiaeo nicaeaiey e eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiee
oai?/anoaa, ae?oaea aicieeatho a nayce n aeayoaeueiinoueth eoeueoo?iuo
o/?aaeaeaiee, ?ani?ino?aiythueo e eniieuecothueo i?iecaaaeaiey aaoi?ia.
Aiciiaeiu aeiaiai?u iaaeaeo a?aaeaeaiaie ia nicaeaiea e eniieueciaaiea
i?iecaaaeaiey aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey ee/iuo iio?aaiinoae. I?e/ai naaiaeiy
ia iaycaoaeueii auoiaeeoue iai?yioth ia iaeaaeaoaey aaoi?neeo i?aa. Ia
ie?iaii oai?/aneii ?uiea nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai iin?aaeieeia. Ia/eiatho
iiyaeyoueny iie e o ian.
A ?innee iaeaieaa e?oiiie iiaeiaiie i?aaiecaoeeae yaeyaony ?inneeneia
aaoi?neia iauanoai (?AI), aeaenoaothuaa ia iniiaaiee Onoaaa io
30.09.93 a., eioi?ia caeeth/eei aeiaiai?u n iiiai/eneaiiuie
i?aaiiaeaaeaoaeyie, eae n iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie, oae e n ?inneeneeie.
Iai?eia?, ia?aae auioneii aeenea oe?ia aeaeaao cai?in a ?AI, eioi?ia a
naith i/a?aaeue ia?auaaony e i?aaiiaeaaeaoaeyi n i?aaeeiaeaieai
caeeth/eoue aaoi?neee aeiaiai?.
Iiiyoea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a oi?ie?iaaeinue iinoaiaiii. Iineieueeo
ecaeaoaeueneee aeiaiai? aue iaeiei ec iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo
aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia, aeinoaoi/ii i?ineaaeeoue iiaeoiaeu e aai
ii?aaeaeaieth.
A th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a 30-40-o aiaeia ecaeaoaeueneee aeiaiai?
oieeiaaeny eae iaeei ec niiniaia io/oaeaeaiey, “ia?aonooiee” aaoi?ii
i?eiaaeeaaeauaai aio eneeth/eoaeueiiai i?aaa ia ecaeaiea e
?ani?ino?aiaiea naiaai i?iecaaaeaiey. Oaeia oieeiaaiea iniiauaaeinue ia
caeiia, iineieueeo Iniiau aaoi?neiai i?aaa 1928 a. ?anniao?eaaee
ecaeaoaeueneee aeiaiai? eae niaeaoaiea “Ia onooiea aaoi?neiai i?aaa”.
Aieaa iiae?iaiay oi?ioee?iaea niaea?aeaeanue a caeiia Ia aaoi?neii i?aaa
?NON? 1928 a. A iai ecaeaoaeueneee aeiaiai? ii?aaeaeyeny eae niaeaoaiea,
“a neeo eioi?iai aaoi? onooiaao ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie eneeth/eoaeueiia
i?aai ia ecaeaiea i?iecaaaeaiey, iaea/aiiiai a iauaeoeaioth oi?io, a
ecaeaoaeue iaycuaaaony ecaeaoue e i?eiyoue ana caaenyuea io iaai ia?u e
?ani?ino?aiaieth yoiai i?iecaaaeaiey.
Oai?ey “onooiee, io/oaeaeaiey” aaoi?neeo i?aa iaoea iiaeaea?aeeo a
?aaioao aieaa iicaeieo eao. Oae, A.A. Eaaaoia iieaaae, /oi aaoi? iiaeao
ia?aaeaaaoue ae?oaei eeoeai naia i?aai ia iioaeeeiaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey e
i?aai ia aai iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue.
E?eoeeoy oai?eth “io/oaeaeaiey”, “onooiee”, A.N. Aioeiiiia e
A.A. Oeaeoeoe iiae/a?eeaaee, /oi eneeth/eoaeueiue oa?aeoa? i?aa aaoi?a
ninoieo a eo iaio/oaeaeaaiinoe, iaiooi?aeeiinoe io ee/iinoe aaoi?a a
oa/aiea anae aai aeecie eee a oa/aiea n?iea, ii?aaeaeaiiiai caeiiii aeey
iniauo neo/aaa, a iaaeiionoeiinoe ia?aianaiey i?aa aaoi?a ia ae?oaia
eeoei.
Oaeei ia?acii aue iaia/ai eiie iiaeoiae e iiieiaieth aaoi?neiai
aeiaiai?a — ia eae niiniaa io/oaeaeaiey aaoi?neeo i?aa, a eae niiniaa
?aaeecaoeee i?eiaaeeaaeaueo aaoi?o i?aa.
A 50-a aiaeu aicieeea oai?ey “?ac?aoaiey”. A.E. Aaenaa?a n/eoae, /oi ii
aeiaiai?o aaoi? ?ac?aoaao iioaeeeiaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey. I?eia?ii a oi aea
a?aiy auneacuaaaony iuneue, /oi i?e ia?aaea/a i?iecaaaeaiey i?aaiecaoeee
aaoi? oieueei ?aaeecoao i?eiaaeeaaeauaa aio i?aai ia auione
i?iecaaaeaiey a naao. Oaeei ia?acii, iaia/aaony eiay oaiaeaioeey a
o?aeoiaea ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a — eae niaeaoaiey ia eniieueciaaiee
i?iecaaaeaiey.
Iinea eiaeeoeeaoeee a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a 1964 a. e
aeeth/aiey a iaai ?acaeaea “Aaoi?neia i?aai” ooaa?aeeeinue aaeeiia
iiiyoea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a. A no. 503 AE ?NON? aeaaaeinue neaaeothuaa
ii?aaeaeaiea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a: “ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o aaoi?
ia?aaeaao eee iaycoaony nicaeaoue e a onoaiiaeaiiue aeiaiai?ii n?ie
ia?aaeaoue naia i?iecaaaeaiea i?aaiecaoeee aeey eniieueciaaiey
iaoneiaeaiiui ii aeiaiai?o niiniaii, a i?aaiecaoeey iaycoaony
inouanoaeoue eee ia/aoue yoi eniieueciaaiea a onoaiiaeaiiue aeiaiai?ii
n?ie, a oaeaea oieaoeoue aaoi?o aiciaa?aaeaeaiea, e?iia neo/aaa
oeacaiiuo a caeiia”.
N i?eiyoeai 7 ethey 1993 a. AN ?O caeiia “Ia aaoi?neii i?aaa e niaaeiuo
i?aaao” ainnoaiiaeaia eiino?oeoeey ia onooiea, ia?aaea/a i?aa ii
aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o. ia?aaea/a eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa iiaeao
inouanoaeyoueny ia iniiaa aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a i ia?aaea/a
eneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa eee ia iniiaa aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a i ia?aaea/a
iaeneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa (no. 30).
N eiino?oeoeeae ia onooiea i?aa ninaaenoaoao ?ac?aoeoaeueiay
eiino?oeoeey — aaoi? aeaao niaeanea ia ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaenoaey ii
eniieueciaaieth aai i?iecaaaeaiey (no. 16). Iiaeiaiay
iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue io?aaeaaony ia ii?iao caeiia, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo
aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey aeiaiai?iuo ioiioaiee aaoi?a e iieueciaaoaey. Anee
aaoi? ?ac?aoaao ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaenoaey a ioiioaiee naiaai i?iecaaaeaiey
(aini?iecaiaeeoue, ?ani?ino?aiyoue, ioaee/ii eniieiyoue e o.ae.), oi aio
aiana ia iaaei ia?aaeaaaoue i?aaa. Ii nooe aeaea aaoi? niaianoii n
i?aaiecaoeeae ii?aaeaeyao niinia eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey.
Iiaeiaiay iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue io?aaeaaony e ia ii?aaeaeaiee
i?aaeiaoa aeiaiai?a. Oae, niaeanii no. 31 CiAI, i?aaeiaoii aeiaiai?a
aunooiatho i?aaa, a ia ?acoeueoaou oai?/anoaa aaoi?a, ia aai
i?iecaaaeaiea. A yoii iiaeii oaaaeeoueny, i?iaiaeece?iaaa i. 2 no. 31,
aaea neacaii, /oi i?aaeiaoii aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a ia iiaoo auoue i?aaa
ia eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey, ia ecaanoiua ia iiiaio caeeth/aiey
aeiaiai?a. A i. 5 no. 31 ioia/aaony oaeaea, /oi i?aaeiaoii aaoi?neiai
aeiaiai?a ia iiaoo auoue i?aaa ia eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey, eioi?ua
aaoi? iiaeao nicaeaoue a aoaeouai, i?iecaaaeaiea eae i?aaeiao aaoi?neiai
aeiaiai?a ioioei ia aoi?ie ieai. Ia?aiao?u e oa?aeoa?enoeea oaea ia
oiiieiathony a nouanoaaiiuo oneiaeyo aeiaiai?a.
Anee aeiionoeoue oaeoth neooaoeeth, /oi aaoi? ia?aaeae i?aaiecaoeee
i?iecaaaeaiea e niioaaonoaothuea i?aaa. I?aaiecaoeey oo?aoeea
i?iecaaaeaiea eee iii ieacaeinue a oaeii ninoiyiee, eiaaea
eniieueciaaoue aai iaaiciiaeii. I?iecaaaeaiey iao, a i?aaa inoaeenue.
Iaeiaei ioaeii o/eouaaoue, /oi eniieuecothony ia i?aaa, a i?iecaaaeaiea
eae ?acoeueoao oai?/anoaa aaoi?a. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e auaiaeo, /oi
i?aaeiaoii aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a aeieaeii auoue niioaaonoaothuaa
i?iecaaaeaiea. Iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea oiio iiaeii iaeoe a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
ae?oaeo no?ai. Oae, a O?A ia?aui ioieoii ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a
yaeyaony ioieo i aai i?aaeiaoa. A yoii ioieoa aiai?eony, /oi i?aaeiaoii
ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a yaeyaony i?iecaaaeaiea iiae ii?aaeaeaiiui
iacaaieai, eioi?ia aeieaeii auoue i?aaenoaaeaii ecaeaoaeuenoao aaoi?ii a
iieiii iauaia aei niaeaniaaiiiai noi?iiaie n?iea. E?iia oiai, aeiaiai?
niaea?aeeo iieiaeaiea i oii, /oi ?oeiienue inoaaony nianoaaiiinoueth
aaoi?a e aeieaeia auoue aica?auaia aio ecaeaoaeuenoaii ii aai
o?aaiaaieth iinea auoiaea i?iecaaaeaiey a naao (i. 6.2. ecaeaoaeueneiai
aeiaiai?a). Oaeiai iieiaeaiey ia niaea?aeao ie i?aaeiea, ie iuiaoiea
ii?iaoeaiua aeou e aeiaiai?u ?innee. A iii eiaei au aaaeiia cia/aiea,
iineieueeo a ?inneeneii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa cae?aieaii iiiyoea
eioaeeaeooaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe (no. 44 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, no.no. 2, 138
AE ?O e ae?.).
Aeaenoaothuaa aaoi?neia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia niaea?aeeo iiiyoey
aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a. A eeoa?aoo?a ano?a/athony ?acee/iua ii?aaeaeaiey
aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a. Oae, ii iiaieth I.E. Eeue, aaoi?neee aeiaiai? —
“yoi niaeaoaiea aaoi?a e i?aaiecaoeee — iieueciaaoaey ii iiaiaeo
nicaeaiey eee eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey iaoee, eeoa?aoo?u e
eneonnoaa”.
?aiaa oaea ioia/aeinue oeaeaniia?aciinoue ii?aaeaeaiey aaoi?neiai
aeiaiai?a ia iniiaa aiaeeca ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a, oae eae
iineaaeiee iaeaieaa iieii o?aaoee?iaai aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
e enneaaeiaai th?eaee/aneie iaoeie, /oi ii?aaaeuaaao eniieueciaaiea
auaiaeia, noi?ioee?iaaiiuo ia aaca i?eiaiaiey ii?i ia ecaeaoaeueneii
aeiaiai?a, a oaeaea neiaeeaoaeny i?aeoeee eo ?aaeecaoeee ae?oaeie
aaoi?neeie aeiaiai?aie.
Ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo eao ioiioaiea e ecaeaoaeueneiio aeiaiai?o, eae e e
aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o aiiaua, auei iaiaeiicia/iui. Aai ?anniao?eaaee eae
aeiaiai? ia onooiea aaoi?ii naieo i?aa, io/oaeaeaiee, ia?aaea/a, i
?aaeecaoeee aaoi?ii naieo i?aa, i ?ac?aoaiee aaoi?a eniieueciaaoue naia
i?iecaaaeaiea. N?aaieoaeueii iaaeaaii iiyaeeanue iiaay o?aeoiaea
ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a (e aai ?aciiaeaeiinoae) eae aeiaiai?a ii
ieacaieth aaoi?o oneoa, ii oneoa iniaiai ?iaea, ieacuaaaiuo ia noieueei
aaoi?o, neieueei iioaioeeaeueiiio /eoaoaeth.
I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi oaeay oa?aeoa?enoeea ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a
iiaeao auoue ioianaia e aeiaiai?o ia ecaeaiee i?iecaaaeaiey ca n/ao
n?aaenoa aaoi?a. A caeeth/aaiii aaoi?ii e ecaeaoaeuenoaii aeiaiai?a
i?aaeoniao?eaathony: iaycaoaeuenoaa e ioaaonoaaiiinoue noi?ii; aeaeu
i?aaeeaaaaiuo aaoi?o oneoa (eiinoeueoaoeee, eeoa?aoo?iia e oaoie/aneia
?aaeaeoe?iaaiea, iaoeiiieniua ?aaiou, ooaeiaeanoaaiii-a?aoe/aneia
ioi?ieaiea, ei??aeoo?a, iiaeaioiaea i?eaeiae-iaeaoa e o.ae.). Ca
ieacaiea oneoa aaoi? aiciauaao ecaeaoaeth iiianaiiua ?anoiaeu iethn
i?eaueue (aeioiae) a ?acia?a 20% e noiia oaeoe/aneeo cao?ao. Ana, /oi
aaoi? ecaeaao ca naie n/ao, i?eiaaeeaaeeo aio, o.a. yaeyaony aai
nianoaaiiinoueth. Aaoi? iieo/aao oe?aae ecaeaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey,
eioi?ue ii ai?aaa ?aaeeciaaoue (?ani?ino?aieoue) nai eeai /a?ac
eieaioi?aiaoth naoue.
*oi aea eanaaony ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a a eeanne/aneii iiieiaiee, oi
caeanue neeaaeuaaaony eiay ea?oeia. Aaoi? ia ianao ?anoiaeia ii auioneo
i?iecaaaeaiey. Ii aeaao ?ac?aoaiea ecaeaoaeuenoao niaa?oaoue oaeea
aeaenoaey, eae aini?iecaiaenoai i?iecaaaeaiey, ?ani?ino?aiaiea aai
yecaiiey?ia, eiii?o e o.ae. (no. 16 Caeiia 1993 a.). Iinea auoiaea
i?iecaaaeaiey a naao, ii ia?a aai i?iaeaaee aaoi? iieo/aao
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea.
A ecaeaoaeueneii aeaea caaeaenoaiaaiu ianeieueei iainiaeaiiuo a
oicyenoaaiiii e i?aaiaii ioiioaiee i?aaiecaoeee: ecaeaoaeuenoai,
oeiia?aoey, eieaioi?a. Ii iiaieth E. O?ioeaiei, aeieaeia nouanoaiaaoue
aaeeiay i?aaiecaoeey, iauaaeeiythuay yoe iainiaeaiiua i?aaiecaoeee.
Iineieueeo i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe ia?oia?ia ecaeaoaeueneiai aeaea
aeinoaoi/ii /aoei ia ii?aaeaeaiu, ia ecaeaoaeuenoai aiceiaeaia
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca auiieiaiea eie naieo iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo iaycaiiinoae.
N/eoaaony, /oi ecaeaoaeuenoai aeieaeii iinoaaeyoue oe?aaee eieaioi?aiaui
i?aaiecaoeey, oae eae iii yaeyaony nianoaaiieeii eieae (oiaa?a).
Ioaa?aay oaeie iiaeoiae, E. O?ioeaiei ioia/aao, /oi ecaeaoaeuenoai ia
iiaeao auoue nianoaaiieeii oe?aaeae, eae ooaeiaeiee, yaeythueeny
nianoaaiieeii nicaeaiiie ei ea?oeiu, ia iiaeao auoue nianoaaiieeii
iiiai/eneaiiuo ia/aoiuo eiiee.
Ecaeaoaeuenoai iiaeao eiio?iee?iaaoue eieaiecaeaoaeueneee i?ioeann aei
iiiaioa ecaioiaeaiey neaiaeueiiai yecaiiey?a ecaeaiey. Iinea iiaeienaiey
i?aaenoaaeoaeai ecaeaoaeuenoaa neaiaeueiiai yecaiiey?a eieae ?aaioa
ecaeaoaeuenoaa n/eoaaony iieiinoueth caaa?oaiiie. Ecaeaoaeuenoai
ioaa/aao ca ioi?ieaiea eieae, aa iieea?aoe/aneia eniieiaiea. Iii
caeeth/aao aeiaiai? n oeiia?aoeae, a ii ecaioiaeaiee oe?aaea aeieaeii
iinoaaeoue ia/aoioth i?iaeoeoeeth eieaioi?aiaui i?aaiecaoeeyi, eioi?ua
ii?aaeaeytho oe?aae. A neo/aa iaaeiiinoaaee auiouaiiie ia/aoiie
i?iaeoeoeee. oo?ao acuneeaaaony n ecaeaoaeuenoaa, a iii a naith
i/a?aaeue acuneeaaao yoio oo?ao n oeiia?aoee.
Ai anai yoii i?ioeanna auionea i?iecaaaeaiey aaoi? ia o/anoaoao, iiyoiio
aiai?eoue ia ecaeaoaeueneii aeiaiai?a eae i aeiaiai?a ia ieacaiee oneoa
aaoi?o a?yae ee i?aaiia?ii.
Ioiioaiey a i?ioeanna ecaeaiey aicieeatho iaaeaeo iainiaeaiiuie
th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie.
Aaoi? anooiaao a ioiioaiey n ecaeaoaeuenoaii, ?ac?aoay aio
eniieueciaaoue naia i?iecaaaeaiea. N yoie oi/ee c?aiey ecaeaoaeuenoai
aeieaeii auoue aaaeouae i?aaiecaoeeae a oeaii/ea ecaeaoaeuenoai —
oeiia?aoey — eieaioi?a. Io oiai, aoaeao ee caeeth/ai aaeeiue aeiaiai?,
ii?aaeaeythuee eo i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, eee ecaeaoaeuenoai caeeth/eo n
eaaeaeui ec ieo ioaeaeueiue aeiaiai?, nooue ia iaiyaony. E. O?ioeaiei
aunooiaao i?ioea i?eciaiey ecaeaoaeuenoaa aaeeinoaaiiui e iieiii?aaiui
nianoaaiieeii, iieaaay, /oi iii inouanoaeyao oieueei /anoue ?aaio e
?aaeueii iiaeao ianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoue eeoue ca eo ea/anoai e
naiaa?aiaiiinoue auiieiaiey.
Aeoiaaony aa?iie caeanue yaeyaony oi/ea c?aiey N.A. *a?iuoaaie:
iiiaeanoaaiiinoue noauaeoia nianoaaiiinoe ia oe?aae eneeth/aaony.
Ecaeaoaeuenoai ia ?aniieaaaao ?aaeueiie aeanoueth iaae oe?aaeaie e ia
niiniaii oi?aaeyoue ie ecaioiaeaieai, ie ?aaeecaoeeae eiea. Aea aio e ia
iaaei oi?aaeyoue, oa?aeoa? aai ioiioaiee n ecaioiaeoaeai e ?aaeecaoi?ii
ii?aaeaeyaony aeiaiai?ii. Eae ioia/aao A.O. sseiaeaa, aeiaiai?
noaiiaeony iniiaiui ?aaoeyoi?ii yeiiiie/aneeo naycae, i?ienoiaeeo
ei?aiiia eciaiaiea a niioiioaiee oneiaee aeiaiai?a, ii?aaeaeyaiuo naieie
noi?iiaie, n oae iacuaaaiuie iaycaoaeueiuie oneiaeyie.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii. ia?oia?u ii eieaiecaeaieth ai?aaa naie ii?aaeaeyoue
oneiaey aeiaiai?a e ia?o ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca eo iaauiieiaiea.
O/eouaay aeiaiai?iue oa?aeoa? ioiioaiee, aicieeathueo iaaeaeo noi?iiaie,
no?aiii cao/eo ooaa?aeaeaiea E. O?ioeaiei, /oi i?aaii iia?aoeaiiai
oi?aaeaiey oe?aaeii iaeaaeatho iii/a?aaeii aeaa i?aaia: a ia?eiae
iaoiaeaeaiey ecaeaiey a i?iecaiaenoaa — oeiia?aoey, a a ia?eiae aai
?aaeecaoeee — eieaioi?aiaay i?aaiecaoeey.
N o/aoii auoaeceiaeaiiiai iiaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue iiiyoea aaoi?neiai
aeiaiai?a e, oai naiui, ono?aieoue i?iaae a aeaenoaothuai aaoi?neii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o aaoi? ia?aaeaao eee
iaycoaony ia?aaeaoue i?eia?aoaoaeth naie i?aaa ia eniieueciaaiea
i?iecaaaeaiey a i?aaeaeao e ia oneiaeyo, niaeaniaaiiuo noi?iiaie.
Ia iie acaeyae, oaeay oi?ioee?iaea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a. i?aaeeiaeaiiay
A.I. Na?aaaaui, iaeaieaa oaea/ia, /ai i?aaeoniio?aia no. 1138 a i?iaeoa
III /anoe AE ?O: “ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o i?aaiiaeaaeaoaeue ia?aaeaao
i?aai ia eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey ae?oaiio eeoeo … eee
i?aaeinoaaeyao ae?oaiio eeoeo i?aaa ia eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey a
oeacaiiuo a aeiaiai?a i?aaeaeao”.
Aaoi?neee aeiaiai? aunooiaao iniiaiie i?aaiaie oi?iie, a ?aieao eioi?ie
aaoi? eiaao aiciiaeiinoue o?oaeeoueny iaae nicaeaieai i?iecaaaeaiee.
Aianoa n oai, aaoi? iiaeao nicaeaaaoue oi eee eiia i?iecaaaeaiea a
?aieao o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee n i?aaiecaoeeae, eioi?ay ioaeaeaaony a
eniieueciaaiee aai i?iecaaaeaiee. A yoeo neo/ayo i?aaiaie oi?iie,
iiin?aaenoaothuae eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiee aaoi?a, aunooiaao
o?oaeiaie aeiaiai?. A nayce n yoei aiieia caeiiiia?ii aicieeaao aii?in i
?aca?aie/aiee yoeo aeiaiai?ia. Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi e ii o?oaeiaiio e ii
aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o iiaoo ecaeaaaoueny iaeie e oa aea i?iecaaaeaiey,
niaea?aeaiea yoeo aeiaiai?ia ?acee/ii: a iaeiii neo/aa ioiioaiey
?aaoee?othony ii?iaie o?oaeiaiai i?aaa, a ae?oaii — a?aaeaeaineiai.
Ianeieueei iicaieyao oa?aeoa? oai?/anoaa, aaoi? nai ecae?aao oi?io
acaeiiioiioaiee n i?aaiecaoeeae.
A i?eioeeia aii?in i ?aca?aie/aiee aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a n o?oaeiaui
eiaao cia/aiea eeoue a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea aaoi? — eniieieoaeue ?aaio ia
ca/eneai a ooao (nieni/iue ninoaa) i?aaiecaoeee. Iineieueeo iiae/eiaiea
?anii?yaeeo, onoaiiaeaiiiio a i?aaiecaoeee, ia iicaieyao
eaaeeoeoee?iaaoue neiaeeaoeany iaaeaeo noi?iiaie ioiioaiey aaoi?neie
i?aaiauie, /oi auoaeaao ec no. 15 ECiO. Oio aea i?eciae —
iiae/eiaiiinoue aioo?aiiaio ?anii?yaeeo ?aaiou i?aaiecaoeee — iicaieyao
ioa?aie/eaaoue io o?oaeiaiai aeiaiai? e aeiaiai? iiae?yaea. I?e
?anniio?aiee aaoi?neiai nii?a /anoi eae ?ac e i?eoiaeeony auyniyoue,
eaeie ec o?ao iacaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia caeeth/ai, anee ii iiaiaeo
?acoeueoaoa oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe noi?iiu naycaiu oae iacuaaaiui
“o?oaeiaui niaeaoaieai”. Aii?in i i?e?iaea oaeiai niaeaoaiey aeieaeai
auoue auyniai aei ?anniio?aiey nii?a ii nouanoao, oae eae niaeanii
no. 80 AIE ?NON? enooeu inaiaiaeaeathony io oieaou noaeaaiuo ?anoiaeia
ii nii?ai, auoaeathuei ec aaoi?neiai i?aaa (eae, ai?i/ai, e ii eneai i
acuneaiee ca?aaioiie ieaou); a oi a?aiy eae i?e ia?auaiee n eneii i
acuneaiee ieaou ii aeiaiai?o iiae?yaea noaeaaiua ?anoiaeu iiaeeaaeao
oieaoa ia iaueo iniiaaieyo. *oi aea aeieaeii neoaeeoue
?aca?aie/eoaeueiui i?eciaeii i?e ?anniio?aiee iiaeiaiuo nii?ia?
I.A. Eeue auaeaeyao i?e ionoonoaee iniiaaiee aeey i?eciaiey ioiioaiee
o?oaeiauie i?aaeiao. Oae, anee caeeth/aaony aeiaiai? ia nicaeaiea
?acoeueoaoa oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe — i?iecaaaeaiey iaoee, eeoa?aoo?u
eee eneonnoaa, oi oaeia niaeaoaiea ie /oi eiia, eae aaoi?neee aeiaiai?
ni anaie auoaeathueie ionthaea iineaaenoaeyie. Aeoiaaony oaeay iiceoeey
aiieia ii?aaaeaia, iia i?ecaaia, i?aaeaea anaai, iaania/eoue caueoo i?aa
e eioa?ania aaoi?a, iineieueeo iieiaeaiea aaoi?a ii oaeiio aeiaiai?o
aeieaeii auoue ia ooaea ii n?aaiaieth n iieiaeaieai, cae?aieaiiui a
caeiia.
I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a iaa noi?iiu iaiaa?eaatho iniaaiiinoe
caeacuaaaiie ?aaiou, /oi e ii?aaeaeyao oa?aeoa? i?eiaiyaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe — oai?/aneie eee eniieieoaeueneie. Aiaoia yoi iiaoo auoue
noiaeiua i?aaeiaou, iai?eia?, ea?oeia, iaienaiiay naiei ooaeiaeieeii,
eee aea eiiey ea?oeiu ae?oaiai ooaeiaeieea. A ia?aii neo/aa iiyaeyaony
i?iecaaaeaiea — iauaeo aaoi?nei-i?aaiaie io?aiu, ai aoi?ii — iau/iue
?acoeueoao ?aaio, iiyoiio ii iiaiaeo eiiee e caeeth/aaony ia aaoi?neee
aeiaiai?, a eeoue aeiaiai? iiae?yaea.
A no. 2 CiAI neacaii, /oi caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?O ia aaoi?neii i?aaa e
niaaeiuo i?aaao yaeyaony /anoueth a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, e aaoi?neei ioiioaieyi i?eiaiythony iniiaiua ia/aea, ia
eioi?uo iniiauaaaony a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, a eiaiii:
?aaainoai o/anoieeia ?aaoee?oaiuo ioiioaiee, iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue
nianoaaiiinoe, naiaiaea aeiaiai?a, iaaeiionoeiinoue i?iecaieueiiai
aiaoaoaeuenoaa eiai-eeai a /anoiua aeaea, iaiaoiaeeiinoue
aani?aiyonoaaiiiai inouanoaeaiey a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa, iaania/aiey
ainnoaiiaeaiey ia?ooaiiuo i?aa, eo noaeaaiay caueoa (no. 1 AE). Enoiaey
ec yoiai, iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi aaoi?neee aeiaiai? yaeyaony
a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaui e niioaaonoaaiii e iaio i?eiaiythony ii?iu iauae
/anoe iaycaoaeuenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Ia?ooaiea noi?iiaie aeiaiai?iuo
iaycaiiinoae aea/ao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii no. 34 CiAI. ?ani?ino?aiaiea
iieiaeaiea ia iaycaoaeuenoaao ia aaoi?neea aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey
iicaieyao i?eiaiyoue no. 310 AE, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie
“iaeiinoi?iiiee ioeac io eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa e iaeiinoi?iiiaa
eciaiaiea aai oneiaee ia aeiioneaaony, ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii”.
Ii iauaio i?aaeeo, aaoi?neee aeiaiai? iineo eiinainoaeueiue, acaeiiue e
aiciacaeiue oa?aeoa?.
*oi eanaaony oi?iu aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a, oi niaeanii no. 32 CiAI
aaoi?neee aeiaiai? aeieaeai auoue caeeth/ai a ienueiaiiie oi?ia.
Eneeth/aiey ninoaaeytho aeiaiai?u ia eniieueciaaiee i?iecaaaeaiey a
ia?eiaee/aneie ia/aoe. aeey eioi?uo i?aaeoniio?aia onoiay oi?ia.
Oioy CiAI ie/aai ia aiai?eo i iineaaenoaeyo ianiaethaeaiey ienueiaiiie
oi?iu aeiaiai?a, a aeaiiii neo/aa i?eiaieia ii?ia no. 162 AE ?O, aaea
neacaii, /oi ianiaethaeaiea i?inoie ienueiaiiie oi?iu naeaeee eeoaao
noi?iiu i?aaa a neo/aa nii?a nineaoueny a iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea naeaeee e aa
oneiaee ia naeaeaoaeueneea iieacaiey, ii ia eeoaao eo i?aaa i?eaiaeeoue
ienueiaiiua e ae?oaea aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Ianiaethaeaiea i?inoie
ienueiaiiie oi?iu naeaeee aea/ao aa iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoue a neo/ayo,
i?yii oeacaiiuo a Caeiia eee a niaeaoaiee noi?ii.
E?iia oiai, Caeii ioaeaeueii ii?aaeaeyao oi?io aeiaiai?ia, eanathueony
i?iaeaaee yecaiiey?ia i?ia?aii aeey YAI e aac aeaiiuo e i?aaeinoaaeaiey
ianniaui iieueciaaoaeyi aeinooia e yecaiiey?ai i?ia?aii e aac aeaiiuo
(iai?eia?, aeeneaoa). A iiaeiaiuo neo/ayo i?eiaiyaony ii?ia i. 3 no. 14
Caeiia ?O “I i?aaiaie io?aia i?ia?aii aeey yeaeo?iiiuo au/eneeoaeueiuo
iaoei e aac aeaiiuo” io 23.09.92 a., iauee niune eioi?ie caeeth/aaony a
oii, /oi, iieo/ay yecaiiey? iaoa?eaeueiiai iineoaey i?ia?aiiu eee aacu
aeaiiuo, iieoiaoaeue eee iieo/aoaeue n/eoaaony iiaeienaaoei aeiaiai?,
nouanoai eioi?iai eceiaeaii ia yoii yecaiiey?a.
A iiauo yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaeyo aic?anoaao ?ieue aeiaiai?a aiiaua e
aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a a /anoiinoe. I?aaeaea anaai eiaaony a aeaeo
aeeyiea, eioi?ia aaoi?neee aeiaiai? eae i?aaiaay oi?ia ieacuaaao ia
?aaeecoaiua ioiioaiey. A ?aieao einoeoooa “aaoi?neia i?aai”
?aaoee?iaaiey eiouanoaaiiuo e ee/iuo iaeiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee eiaao
naie iniaaiiinoe. Ai-ia?auo, yoe ioiioaiey naycaiu n nicaeaieai e
eniieueciaaieai i?iecaaaeaiee eioaeeaeooaeueiiai oai?/anoaa. Ai-aoi?uo,
naii eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey aeiioneaaony ia iniiaaiee aeiaiai?a n
aaoi?ii eee aai i?aaii?aaiieeaie ca iaeioi?uie ecuyoeyie,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuie ii?iaie i naiaiaeiii eniieueciaaiee i?iecaaaeaiey.
1.2. Iniiaaiey eeanneoeeaoeee e aeaeu aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia
A aeaenoaothuai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia aaoi?neii i?aaa iao ia?a/eneaiey
aeaeia aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia, eioi?ua niaea?aeaea no. 504 AE ?NON?
1964 a. Aiaeaie neeaaeuaaaoayny i?aeoeea inoaaeea a ianeaaenoai ?yae
aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue na?oiie?iaaiu ii ?acee/iui
iniiaaieyi.
A eeoa?aoo?a ano?a/aaony aeinoaoi/ii i?aaeeiaeaiee i eeanneoeeaoeee
aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia. Iaeia ec aiciiaeiuo eeanneoeeaoeee niaea?aeaeanue
a oaea oiiiyiooie no. 504: aaoi?neee aeiaiai? ia ecaeaiee i?iecaaaeaiey;
aaoi?neee aeiaiai? i ioaee/iii eniieiaiee i?iecaaaeaiey, aaoi?neee
aeiaiai? ia eniieueciaaiee i?iecaaaeaiey a eeiaiaoia?aoee; aaoi?neee
aeiaiai? ia eniieueciaaiee i?iecaaaeaiey ia oaeaaeaeaiee e ?aaeei;
aaoi?neee aeiaiai? i ioaee/iii iieaca i?iecaaaeaiey; aaoi?neee aeiaiai?
ia eniieueciaaiee a i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?iecaaaeaiey
aeaei?aoeaii-i?eeeaaeiiai eneonnoaa. Ia?a/aiue yoio yaeyaony i?eia?iui:
a caaeneiinoe io niiniaa eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey iiaoo
caeeth/aoueny e eiua aaoi?neea aeiaiai?u.
Ii iiaieth A.I. Na?aaaaa aaoi?neea aeiaiai?u, i?aaeaea anaai, aeaeyony
ia a?oiiu a caaeneiinoe io aeaea i?iecaaaeaiee, ii iiaiaeo eioi?uo iie
caeeth/athony, e i?aaeeaaaao auaeaeyoue, a /anoiinoe, aaoi?neea
aeiaiai?u ia nicaeaiea e eniieueciaaiea eeoa?aoo?iuo, iocueaeueiuo,
aoaeeiaecoaeueiuo, a?oeoaeoo?iuo e ae?oaeo i?iecaaaeaiee. Iaeiaei
neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi aeaaea anee oeacaiiua aeiaiai?u
i?aaeoniao?eaatho iaeei e oio aea niinia eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey,
aeae iineaaeieo ieacuaaao ii?aaeaeaiiia aeeyiea ia niaea?aeaiea naiiai
aeiaiai?a.
I?aaeiaoii aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a iiaoo auoue aua ia iaia?iaeiaaiiua
i?iecaaaeaiey eee i?iecaaaeaiey, eioi?ua oaea aeiaaaeaiu aei anaiauaai
naaaeaiey. Iiaeiaiia aeaeaiea ieacuaaao nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia ?acia?
aaoi?neiai aiii?a?a e oi?io aai auieaou. Oae, anee aaoi?u
iaiaia?iaeiaaiiuo i?iecaaaeaiee iau/ii iieo/atho iniaia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea
ca i?aaeinoaaeaiea iieueciaaoaeth i?aaa ia ia?aia iciaeiieaiea ioaeeee n
i?iecaaaeaieai, oi aaoi?u i?iecaaaeaiey oaea ecaanoiiai ioaeeea,
iiaeiaiie i?a?iaaoeau eeoaiu. Niaoeeoe/aneie /a?oie iineaaeieo yaeyaony
i?aai aaoi?a ia aianaiea eni?aaeaiee e eciaiaiee a nicaeaiiia ei
i?iecaaaeaiea.
Aieueoia i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea eiaao iiae?acaeaeaiea aaoi?neeo
aeiaiai?ia a caaeneiinoe io niiniaa eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey.
Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiui aeaeii aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a yaeyaony
ecaeaoaeueneee aeiaiai?, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui noi?iiu inouanoaeytho
ecaeaiea e ia?aecaeaiea ethauo i?iecaaaeaiee, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue
caoeene?iaaiu ia aoiaaa, o.a. i?iecaaaeaiee eeoa?aoo?u (iao/iuo,
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo, o/aaiuo e o.i.), ae?aiaoe/aneeo, noeaia?iuo,
iocueaeueiuo i?iecaaaeaiee e o.ae.
?ani?ino?aiaiiinoue ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a, aieaa ?aiiaa noaiiaeaiea
ii?aaeaeeee naiaia?aciia ianoi aai n?aaee ae?oaeo aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia.
Oa eee eiua aii?inu, eiathuea iauaa cia/aiea aeey aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia
anao aeaeia, ?aoathony /anoi ia iniiaaiee i?aeoeee, neiaeeaoaeny i?e
?ac?aoaiee nii?ia ii ecaeaoaeueneei aeiaiai?ai. E?iia oiai,
ecaeaoaeueneee aeiaiai? — naiue oieaa?naeueiue ii oa?aeoa?o
eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiee, a ?aieao aai eniieuecothony ethaua
i?iecaaaeaiey iaoee, eeoa?aoo?u e eneonnoaa, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue ecaeaiu
n?aaenoaaie iieea?aoee.
Ia?aaeee neo/ae, eiaaea iniiaiui niiniaii eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey
yaeyaony aai ioaee/iia eniieiaiea, caeanue aicieeaao aii?in i
caeeth/aiee iinoaiiai/iiai aeiaiai?a. Aai i?aaeiaoii iiaoo auoue
ae?aiaoe/aneea i?iecaaaeaiey, iocuea eee eea?aooi iia?u, aaeaoa,
iia?aoou e o.i., eioi?ua eniieuecothony oaao?aeueii-c?aeeuiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie (oaao?aie, oeea?iiieyie, oee?eaie e o.?.) iooai
iinoaiiaee ia noeaia. Iniaue aeoeaio neaaeoao naeaeaoue ia oii, /oi
i?iecaaaeaiey, a ioiioaiee eioi?uo caeeth/aaony iinoaiiai/iue aeiaiai?,
iiaoo auoue eae iaiaia?iaeiaaiiuie, oae e oaea ecaanoiuie ioaeeea.
A iaeanoe eeii e oaeaaeaeaiey aeaenoaotho noeaia?iua aeiaiai?u, eioi?ua
aiciiaeii ?acaeaeeoue, iniiauaaynue ia aeaea i?iecaaaeaiey: eeiioeeuei
ooaeiaeanoaaiiue, aeieoiaioaeueiue, iao/ii-iiioey?iue, aeaeiaie e ae?.
Nooue noeaia?iiai aeiaiai?a ii?aaeaeyaony oai, /oi ioiioaiey, eioi?ua ii
?aaeaiaioe?oao. ii?iaeaeathony iaiaoiaeeiinoueth eniieueciaaiey oaenoa,
ii eioi?iio nieiaaony eeiioeeuei, oaeaoeeuei, aeaeaaony ?aaeei eee
oaeaia?aaea/a, i?iaiaeeony ianniai-c?aeeuiia ia?ii?eyoea e o.ae.
Noeaia?iue aeiaiai? aeecie e iinoaiiai/iiio, iaeiaei aeoiaaony, /oi eo
aeaaiui ioee/eai yaeyaony oi, /oi eeoa?aoo?iue noeaia?ee aeiiieiyaony,
eciaiyaony e ia?a?aaaouaaaony, aeey oiai, /oiau auoue iaeneiaeueii
i?eaeeaeaiiuie e ioaeaeai eeiaiaoia?aoa. A oi a?aiy eae iinoaiiai/iue
aeiaiai? ?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey aicieeathuea iaaeaeo noi?iiaie i?e
ioaee/iii eniieiaiee i?iecaaaeaiey.
I?e ia?aaea/a i?iecaaaeaiey ia o?aiaiea a niaoeeaeueiue eioi?iaoeeiiiue
i?aai, caeeth/aaony aeiaiai? i aeaiiie?iaaiee ?oeiiene, eioi?ui
?aaoee?othony oneiaey e ii?yaeie iaia?iaeiaaiey e aeaeueiaeoaai
eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey.
N oeaeueth ioaee/iie aeaiiino?aoeee i?iecaaaeaiee ecia?aceoaeueiiai
eneonnoaa, caeeth/aaony aeiaiai? ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai caeaca. Aai
i?aaeiaoii yaeythony i?iecaaaeaiey ecia?aceoaeueiiai eneonnoaa, eioi?ua
ecaioaaeeaathony aaoi?aie ii caeacai i?aaiecaoeee e /anoiuo eeoe e
ia?aoiaeyo a nianoaaiiinoue iineaaeieo.
?aiaa i?aeoeea auee ecaanoiu aeiaiai?u ia aioiaia i?iecaaaeaiea e
aeiaiai?u caeaca. Eiuie neiaaie, yoe aeaeu aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia
oa?aeoa?eciaaeenue noaiaiueth aioiaiinoe i?iecaaaeaiey. Niaea?aeauaany a
no. 503 AE ?NON? 1964 a., ii?aaeaeaiea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a iauaaeeiyei
aeiaiai? ia aioiaia i?iecaaaeaiea e aeiaiai? caeaca. Oi aea i?ienoiaeeei
e n oeiiauie aaoi?neeie aeiaiai?aie. Iai?eia?, niaeanii Oeiiaiio
ecaeaoaeueneiio aeiaiai?o ia eeoa?aoo?iua i?iecaaaeaiey 1975 a. (i. 1),
aaoi? ia?aaeaaae eee iaycuaaeny nicaeaoue e ia?aaeaoue ecaeaoaeuenoao
aeey ecaeaiey e ia?aecaeaiey naia i?iecaaaeaiea.
Oeiiaie iinoaiiai/iue aeiaiai? ia nicaeaiea e iinoaiiaeo
iocueaeueii-noeaie/aneiai i?iecaaaeaiey 1977 a. aue aeiaiai?ii caeaca,
/oi iiaeoaa?aeaeaao aai i. 1, aaea neacaii, /oi aaoi? iaycoaony
nicaeaoue e ia?aaeaoue oaao?o aeey ioaee/iiai eniieiaiey iia?o. aaeao,
iia?aooo.
Aiai?y i oeiiauo aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ao, aaaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi n i?eiyoeai
31.05.91 a. Iniia a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa NNN?, oo?aoeee neeo
oeiiaua aeiaiai?u eae ii?iaoeaiua aeou. I?e/ai Y.I. Aaa?eeia ioia/ae,
/oi oeiiaua aeiaiai?u ia yaeythony i?inouie aaaeiinoaaiiuie aeoaie. Eo
iiaeienaiea — oeacaoue noi?iiai iaeaieaa i?aaeeueioth, ioaa/athuoth e
eioa?anai iauanoaa, e eioa?anai aaoi?ia oi?io aeiaiai?a e aai
niaea?aeaiea.
9 ethey 1993 a. AN ?O i?eiye caeii “Ia aaoi?neii i?aaa e niaaeiuo
i?aaao, eioi?ue ioiaiee e caiaiee ii?iu ?acaeaea IV IAC “Aaoi?neia
i?aai” (no.no. 134-143) e i?aaeoniio?ae a no. 33 oieueei iaeei aeae
aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a — aeiaiai? caeaca.
Iaeiaei, cae?aieaiea a caeiia aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a caeaca ia icia/aao
eeoaiey aaoi?a aiciiaeiinoe naiinoiyoaeueii ia?aoeoueny a i?aaiecaoeeth
(ecaeaoaeuenoai, oaao?, nooaeeth), i?aaeeiaeea ae naia i?iecaaaeaiea.
A caaeneiinoe io oiai, noaiiaeony ee i?eia?aoaoaeue aaoi?neeo i?aa ii
aeiaiai?o aaeeinoaaiiui eo iaeaaeaoaeai eee ia noaiiaeony, aaoi?neea
aeiaiai?u iiae?acaeaeythony ia aeiaiai?u i ia?aaea/a eneeth/eoaeueiuo
i?aa e aeiaiai?u i ia?aaea/a iaeneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa.
I?eieiay ai aieiaiea i?iaicaeaoaiioth a?aaeaeaineei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
naiaiaeo aeiaiai?a, noi?iiu ia ia?aie/eaathony ia?a/eneaiiuie aeaeaie
aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a, eaaeaeue aeae eioi?iai eiaao naie iniaaiiinoe,
iaoneiaeaiiua eae i?aaeiaoii oae e niiniaaie eniieueciaaiey
i?iecaaaeaiey.
1.3. Ii?yaeie caeeth/aiey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a e aai noi?iiu
Eoiaii niaeaniaaiey oneiaee, eioi?ua noi?iiu ni/ooo nouanoaaiiuie,
yaeyaony caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?a (no. 432 AE ?O).
Ii?yaeie caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony noaiaiueth aioiaiinoe
i?iecaaaeaiey. Oae, ii aeiaiai?o ia aioiaia i?iecaaaeaiea aaoi?
ia?aaeaao aioiaia i?iecaaaeaiea, a ii aeiaiai?o caeaca aaoi? i?eieiaao
ia naay iaycaoaeuenoai nicaeaoue i?iecaaaeaiea a aoaeouai. CaII ia
i?aaeoniao?eaaao i?ioeaaeo?o caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a, iiyoiio ii?yaeie
ii?aaeaeyaony aeaaie 28 AE ?O “Caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?a”. N/eoatho
oeaeaniia?aciui ?anniio?aoue aeaiiue aii?in n o/aoii neiaeeaoaeny
i?aeoeee.
Aioiaia i?iecaaaeaiea, i?aaenoaaeaiiia a ecaeaoaeuenoai, eeiinooaeee e
o.ae. aei caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a n aaoi?ii, ?aoeaice?oaony,
ianoaeaeaaony. I?aaiecaoeey (oece/aneea eeoea, caieiathueany
eniieueciaaieai i?iecaaaeaiey) i?eieiaao ?aoaiea i i?eaiaeiinoe yoiai
i?iecaaaeaiey e ecaeaieth. Anee i?iecaaaeaiea aoaeao iaeia?aii, oi yoi
yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a. Oaeei ia?acii,
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay ?aaioa i?aaiecaoeee iaae aioiaui i?iecaaaeaieai
caeai/eaaaony, a a oaenoa aeiaiai?a aeieaeii auoue oeacaii, /oi
i?iecaaaeaiea i?aaenoaaeaii e iaeia?aii. Neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi ia
yoie noaaeee i?iecaaaeaiea iiaeao ia iieo/eoue iaeia?aiey i?aaiecaoeee.
A yoii neo/aa iii ia?aaeaaony aaoi?o ia aei?aaioeo, a aeiaiai? ia
aioiaia i?iecaaaeaiea aoaeao caeeth/ai eeoue iinea aai iaeia?aiey
i?aaiecaoeeae.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue, e iiiaioo caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a caeaca
(eeoa?aoo?iiai, ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai e o.ae.) i?iecaaaeaiey aua ia
nouanoaoao, a oa?aeoa? ioiioaiee iaaeaeo noi?iiaie nianai eiie.
Oae, aaoi? aoaeouaai i?iecaaaeaiey aeieaeai i?aaenoaaeoue cayaeo, ieai
eee i?iniaeo, a eioi?uo ii aeaao iienaiea naiaai oai?/aneiai caiunea,
oi?iu aai inouanoaeaiey e eniieueciaaiey iaoa?eaea. I?aaiecaoeey ai?aaa
i?aaeuyaeoue e cayaea naie o?aaiaaiey. Anooiay a ioiioaiey n oaao?ii,
aaoi? i?aaenoaaeyao oai?/aneoth cayaeo eeai o?aaiaio aoaeouaai
i?iecaaaeaiey, eioi?ue i?e?aaieaaaony e oai?/aneie cayaea. Oaao?
ieacuaaao aaoi?o oai?/aneoth iiiiuue a nicaeaiee i?iecaaaeaiey, ciaeiieo
aaoi?a n ninoaaii o?oiiu e oaoie/aneie /anoueth oaao?a, aeaao aio
eiinoeueoaoeee ii oaia i?iecaaaeaiey. N niaeaney aaoi?a a oaao?a
i?iaiaeeony ianoaeaeaiea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuo aa?eaioia i?iecaaaeaiey.
A oai?/aneie cayaea, i?aaenoaaeyaiie eeiinooaeee, aeieaeiu eceaaaoueny
iniiaiay eaeay, nthaeaoiue caiunae, aeaaaoueny oa?aeoa?enoeea aeaaiuo
aeaenoaothueo eeoe aoaeouaai noeaia?ey, niaea?aeaoueny iieiia e
iineaaeiaaoaeueiia iienaiea aeaenoaey, a oaeaea aeeaeiae, oeo?u. Io
aaoi?a o?aaoaony o/eouaaoue i?iecaiaenoaaiii-yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee,
o.a. /enei nieiaaiuo iauaeoia, ianniauo noeai e o.ae.
Ecaeaoaeuenoai oaeaea i?iaiaeeo i?aaeaa?eoaeueioth, i?aaeaeiaiai?ioth
?aaioo n aaoi?ii, eioi?ay ninoieo ec niaanaaeiaaiey, eco/aiey e ioeaiee
ieaia, i?iniaeoa eee ieaia-i?iniaeoa i?iecaaaeaiey (ia?a/iy ?acaeaeia e
iiae?acaeaeia n eceiaeaieai niaea?aeaiey eaaeaeiai), a oaeaea ec
eco/aiey e ioeaiee iaeiie ec aeaa eee iaeiiai ec ?acaeaeia aoaeouae
eieae. Iaeiia?aiaiii ooi/iyaony oei ecaeaiey, aeai? i?iecaaaeaiey,
iniiaiie e?oa /eoaoaeae, ia eioi?uo aoaeao ?ann/eoaii ecaeaiea.
Aaoi?neay cayaea, ieai, i?iniaeo eee ioaeaeueiay aeaaa ?anniao?eaathony
ecaeaoaeuenoaii, iinea /aai aaoi?o niiauaaony, i?eiyoi ee aai
i?iecaaaeaiea, ioeeiiaii eee i?iaeieaeaao eco/aoueny. I?e
iieiaeeoaeueiie ioeaiea, aaoi?neay cayaea ooaa?aeaeaaony, aeeth/aaony a
oaiaoe/aneee ieai, a n aaoi?ii caeeth/aaony aeiaiai? eeoa?aoo?iiai
caeaca.
I/aaeaeii, /oi i?aaiecaoeey ii aeiaiai?o caeaca caeioa?aniaaia iieo/eoue
aeia?iea/anoaaiiia i?iecaaaeaiea, iiyoiio i?e eco/aiee e ianoaeaeaiee
aaoi?neie cayaee iaeia ii?aaeaeyao ia?aiao?u i?iecaaaeaiey.
Ooaa?aeaeaiea oai?/aneie cayaee icia/aao niaeaniaaiea aaoi?ii e
i?aaiecaoeeae anao o?aaiaaiee, i?aaeuyaeyaiuo e aoaeouaio
i?iecaaaeaieth, a oaeaea eeoaao i?aaiecaoeeth i?aaa auoiaeeoue ca ?aiee
oai?/aneie cayaee, niaeaniaaiiie n aaoi?ii. Iiieii anaai i?i/aai, aeey
i?aaiecaoeee, caeeth/athuae aeiaiai? n aaoi?ii, nicaeathuei
i?iecaaaeaiea, nouanoaoao ecaanoiay noaiaiue ?enea. Ieeoi ia cano?aoiaai
io oiai, /oi aaoi?a iiaeao iinoe/ue oai?/aneay iaoaea/a, a aai
i?iecaaaeaiea iaeuecy aoaeao eniieueciaaoue. A oaeeo neo/ayo
i?aaiecaoeey (ecaeaoaeuenoai, oaao? e ae?.) ianao iaoa?eaeueiua oauoee,
oae eae a niioaaonoaee ni no. 33 CiAI iia iaycaia auieaoeoue aaoi?o
aaain. Iiyoiio caeiiiia?ii o?aaiaaiea i?aaiecaoeee e aaoi?o i
i?aaeinoaaeaiee ?acaa?iooiai ieaia-i?iaeoa.
*oi eanaaony aaoi?a, oi ieai-cayaea ii?iaeaeaao aai iniiaioth
aeiaiai?ioth iaycaiiinoue — nicaeaoue i?iecaaaeaiea a niioaaonoaee n
oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a. Ianiaethaeaiea aaoi?ii i?aaeuyaeyaiuo e
nicaeaaaaiiio i?iecaaaeaieth o?aaiaaiee, iaicia/aiiuo a ieaia-cayaea,
i?eaiaeeo e ia?ooaieth oneiaee aeiaiai?a e ioaaonoaaiiinoe aaoi?a ii
no. 34 CiAI.
A iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea aaaeiinoe niaeaniaaiey o?aaiaaiee e aoaeouaio
i?iecaaaeaieth, neaaeoao i?eaanoe i?eia? ec noaeaaiie i?aeoeee.
Aaoi? A. caeeth/ee aeiaiai? n eiiaeiaoii ia auiieiaiea aeaoo iiaeaeae
ai?aeueaoiuo anoaaie. A onoaiiaeaiiue aeiaiai?ii n?ie A. auiieiee ?aaioo
e naeae aa eiiaeiaoo. Ooaeiaeanoaaiiue niaao eiiaeiaoa i?eiye ?aaioo aac
caia/aiee.
Eiiaeiao auieaoee aaoi?o aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ca iaeio iiaeaeue ai?aeueaoia,
iainiiaaa ioeac iieaoeoue ae?oaoth iiaeaeue oai, /oi neoeueioi? auiieiee
aa ia ia oaio, i?aaeeiaeaiioth eiiaeiaoii. Iaeiaei noae onoaiiaee, /oi
oaia ai?aeueaoa ia auea oeacaia a oneiaeyo aeiaiai?a, e eiathueany a
aeaea aeieoiaiou iiaeoaa?aeaeatho, /oi yneec i?iecaaaeaiey
niaeaniauaaeny n caeac/eeii e aue ei ooaa?aeaeai.
Noae ia iaoae ia?ooaiee ni noi?iiu aaoi?a a /anoe auiieiaiey o?aaiaaiee
e i?aaeiaoo aeiaiai?a e oaeiaeaoai?ee eneiaua o?aaiaaiey aaoi?a, acuneaa
a aai iieueco i?e/eoathueeny aiii?a?.
I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a iaiaoiaeeii ia oieueei /aoei ii?aaeaeyoue
niaeaniaaiiua oneiaey, ii e i?aaeeueii eo ioi?ieyoue. Aica?auaynue
iiyoue e i?aeoeea i?aaeieo eao, iiaeii i?eaanoe oaeie i?eia?.
Aaoi?u iaia?oaeeee iai?aaiia?iua aeaenoaey ecaeaoaeuenoaa “Ciaiea”,
eioi?ia a iaeiinoi?iiiai ii?yaeea i?eiyei ?aoaiea i aeeth/aiee a
aeiaiai? iinoi?iiieo eeoe. Caaa?oeoue yoi aeaei a iieueco aaoi?ia ia
oaeaeinue, oae eae iie naie aeiionoeee ia?ooaiea i?aaee ioi?ieaiey
aeiaiai?a. Aaoi?u iiaeienaee /enoua aeaiee aeiaiai?a, iiyoiio
onoaiiaeoue, eae e ia eaeii yoaia a aeiaiai? auee aianaiu iiaua eeoea,
ieacaeinue iaaiciiaeiui.
I?aeoeea ciaao e ae?oaea neo/ae, eiaaea aaoi? ia?aui iiaeienuaae
aeiaiai?, eioi?ue inoaaaeny aac iiaeiene aoi?ie noi?iiu. Yoi iaecaaaeii
i?eaiaeeei e eiioeeeoai e cao?oaeiyei eniieiaiea noi?iiaie aeiaiai?a
naieo iaycaoaeuenoa.
Ia iaiaa aaaeai i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a aii?in i oii, eoi aai
caeeth/aao.
Aaoi?neee aeiaiai? caeeth/aaony, eae i?aaeei, iaaeaeo aaoi?ii e
i?aaiecaoeeae, inouanoaeythuae iiaeaioiaeo i?iecaaaeaiey e ecaeaieth e
aai ?ani?ino?aiaieth. Yoi ia eneeth/aao oiai, /oi noi?iiie aeiaiai?a
iiaoo auoue ianeaaeieee.
Niiniaiinoueth eiaoue a?aaeaeaineea i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe iaaeaeaiu ana
a?aaeaeaia n iiiaioa ?iaeaeaiey e ii aeaiue nia?oe (no. 17 AE ?O). A
niaea?aeaiea i?aainiiniaiinoe aeeth/aia aiciiaeiinoue eiaoue i?aaa
aaoi?ia i?iecaaaeaiey iaoee, eeoa?aoo?u e eneonnoaa (no. 18 AE ?O). Ii
yoe i?aaa ?aaeueii eiatho ia ana a?aaeaeaia, a eeoue oa, eoi naiei
o?oaeii nicaeaao i?iecaaaeaiey oai?/anoaa. I?e/ai aeey nicaeaiey
i?iecaaaeaiey ia o?aaoaony aeinoeaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiiai aic?anoa,
onoaiiaeaiiiai aeey ianooieaiey iieiie aeaaniiniaiinoe. Aaoi?ii
i?iecaaaeaiey iiaeao aunooiaoue aeaaea iaeieaoiee, o.a. ia aeinoeaoee 14
eao. Caeanue neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi aei aeinoeaeaiey
/aou?iaaeoeaoeeaoiaai aic?anoa aeiaiai? n iaeieaoiei aaoi?ii iiaeao
auoue caeeth/ai oieueei /a?ac aai caeiiiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae (?iaeeoaeae,
onuiiaeoaeae eee iiia/eoaeae), a i?e aeinoeaeaiee aaoi?ii 14 eao —
naeaeea ia nicaeaiea e (eee) eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey iiaeao auoue
caeeth/aia oaea iaiin?aaenoaaiii n iei. “Ianiaa?oaiiieaoiea a aic?anoa
io /aou?iaaeoeaoe aei ainaiiaaeoeaoe eao ai?aaa naiinoiyoaeueii, aac
niaeaney ?iaeeoaeae, onuiiaeoaeae eee iiia/eoaeae … inouanoaeyoue naie
i?aaa aaoi?a i?iecaaaeaiey iaoee, eeoa?aoo?u eee eneonnoaa. ecia?aoaiey
eee eiiai io?aiyaiiai caeiiii ?acoeueoaoa naiae eioaeeaeooaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe” (no. 26 AE ?O).
Aaoi?aie (niaaoi?aie) iiaoo auoue ?inneeneea, a oaeaea eiino?aiiua
a?aaeaeaia. Eo ioiioaiey n i?aaiecaoeeyie-iieueciaaoaeyie aicieeatho i?e
aeinoeaeaiee niaeaoaiey ii iniiaiui, nouanoaaiiui oneiaeyi aeiaiai?a.
Aiciiaeiu neooaoeee, eiaaea aaoi?aie i?iecaaaeaiey aunooiatho aeaia eee
aieaa eeoe, a yoii neo/aa ana niaaoi?u aunooiatho noi?iiie aaoi?neiai
aeiaiai?a. A neeo no. 10 CiAI ioiioaiey, neeaaeuaathueany aioo?e
eieeaeoeaa aaoi?ia, ii?aaeaeyaony niaeaoaieyie. A iai io?aaeathony
aii?inu, aicieeathuea a ia?eiae niaianoiie ?aaiou niaaoi?ia e eiathuea
aeey ieo eiie?aoiua i?aaiaua iineaaenoaey. ?a/ue eaeao i ii?yaeea
oeacaiey eiai, ia oneiaeyo ?anii?yaeaiey iauae ?aaioie, ?ani?aaeaeaiey
aiii?a?a e ae?. Oaeia niaeaoaiea iiaeao auoue ninoaaeaii a ienueiaiiii
aeaea e iiaeienaii anaie niaaoi?aie. Eaeiai-eeai ia?acoea niaeaoaiey
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ia i?aaeoniio?aii. Iii iiaeao auoue ninoaaeaii
ethaui niiniaii, ii ia aeieaeii niaea?aeaoue iieiaeaiee. i?ioeai?a/aueo
caeiio.
Iaeiaei oaeia ?aoaiea aii?ina ia anaaaea iaoiaeeo iiaeaea?aeeo a
eeoa?aoo?a. Oae, Y.I. Aaa?eeia n/eoaao niaeaoaiea i niaaoi?noaa
eceeoiei, iineieueeo yoi ia?aeecoao ethaua i?eoycaiey ia niaaoi?noai.
Aeoiaaony, /oi oaeay iiceoeey ia nianai ii?aaaeaia, iineieueeo
caeiiiaeaoaeue ia iaaeaeyao aeaiioth ii?io eiia?aoeaiui oa?aeoa?ii.
Noi?iiie aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a iiaoo auoue ia?aaiae/eee e ninoaaeoaee.
Oioy iie ia nicaeatho i?eaeiaeueiuo i?iecaaaeaiee, a ?acoeueoao eo
o?oaea iineo caaeneiue io i?eaeiaea oa?aeoa?, oai ia iaiaa iie
iaicia/athony a aeiaiai?a oa?ieiii “aaoi?”. Niaeanii no. 12 CiAI,
ia?aaiae/ee iieuecoaony aaoi?neei i?aaii ia nicaeaiiia ei i?iecaaaeaiea
i?e oneiaee niaethaeaiey ei i?aa aaoi?a i?iecaaaeaiey, iiaeaa?aoaainy
ia?aaiaeo eee ae?oaie ia?a?aaioea. Aiaeiae/iia i?aaeei aeaenoaoao a
ioiioaiee ninoaaeoaeae nai?ieeia e ae?oaeo ninoaaiuo i?iecaaaeaiee
(no. 11 CiAI). *oi eanaaony i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey ia?aaiae/eea eae
noi?iiu aeiaiai?a, oi iii ii?aaeaeyaony no. 7 CiAI, a eioi?ie ia?aaiae
i?iecaaaeaiey i?eciaaony naiinoiyoaeueiui iauaeoii aaoi?neiai i?aaa, e
no. 12 CiAI, cae?aieythuee ca ia?aaiae/eeii aaoi?neia i?aai ia
auiieiaiiue ia?aaiae.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ie i?aaeiaa, ie iuia aeaenoaothuaa
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia i?aaeoniao?eaatho aeaeu ia?aaiaeia. A
iinoaiiaeaieyo I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?innee ia aaoi?neii aiciaa?aaeaeaiee
iiaeii iaeoe oeacaiea eeoue ia ioaeaeueiua eo aeaeu, oiaaea eae a
th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a iienuaaeenue aaoi?neea, aaoi?ece?iaaiiua,
iiaeno?i/iua, i?iiaaeooi/iua ia?aaiaeu.
A niaeanii Eino?oeoeee ii i?eiaiaieth Iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia
?NON? io 22.04.75 a. ? 242 “I noaaeao aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca
ioaee/iia eniieiaiea i?iecaaaeaiee eeoa?aoo?u e eneonnoaa” “anee
i?iecaaaeaiea nicaeaii aaoi?ii ia aeaoo eee ianeieueeeo ycueao aac
iaiai?ee i oii, eaeie oaeno yaeyaony i?eaeiaeueiui, a eaeie ia?aaiaeiui,
iii i?eciaaony i?eaeiaeueiui ia eaaeaeii ec yoeo ycueia”.
A Iinoaiiaeaiee Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? “I noaaeao aaoi?neiai
aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca ecaeaiea i?iecaaaeaiee iaoee, eeoa?aoo?u e
eneonnoaa” io 19.12.88 a. ? 532 iacaaiu aaoi?neea, iiaeno?i/iua e
i?iiaaeooi/iua ia?aaiaeu.
Ia i?aeoeea ano?a/athony neooaoeee, eiaaea aaoi?, nicaeaa i?eaeiaeueiia
i?iecaaaeaiea, nai ia?aaiaeeo aai ia ae?oaie ycue. Iai?eia?,
A. Ei?iae/oe iaienae iueano “O?iio” ia ?onneii ycuea e ia?aaae aa ia
oe?aeineee. A iiaeiaiuo neo/ayo aaoi? ia?aaiaea aunooiaao a aeaoo
eiinoanyo: aaoi?a e ia?aaiae/eea ni anaie auoaeathueie ec yoiai
iineaaenoaeyie.
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy ana /aua ano?a/aaony iiiyoea “i?iiaaeooi/iue
ia?aaiae”, oae eae eniieuecothony ia?aaiaeu, naeaeaiiua n i?eaeiaea ia
ae?oaie ycue, eioi?ua noaiiayony iniiaie aeey nicaeaiey ycueiaiai
aa?eaioa. Iai?eia?, i?eaeiaeueiia i?iecaaaeaiea ia oo?eiaineii ycuea
ia?aaaaeaii ia ?onneee ycue. Caoai ia?aaiae ia ?onneii ycuea
eniieuecoaony aeey ia?aaiaea ia iieaeaaneee ycue. Oaeei ia?acii,
ia?aaiae ia ?onneii ycuea aoaeao i?iiaaeooi/iui ia?aaiaeii, ii a oi aea
a?aiy ii aoaeao i?eaeiaeii ii ioiioaieth e ia?aaiaeo n iaai.
CiAI, i. 3 no. 7 i?eciaao ninoaaeoaey nai?ieea eee eiiai ninoaaiiai
i?iecaaaeaiey noauaeoii aaoi?neiai i?aaa, i?aaeinoaaeyy aio
ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaa. A nai?iee iiaoo aoiaeeoue ?anneacu, noaouee e
ae?oaea eeoa?aoo?iua i?iecaaaeaiey. Ninoaaeoaee a naiae ?aaioa
ia?auathony e i?iecaaaeaieyi, yaeythueiny i?aaeiaoii /ueaai-eeai
aaoi?neiai i?aaa eeai ia?aoaaeoei a iauanoaaiiia aeinoiyieai niaeanii
no. 28 CiAI.
E?iia ninoaaeoaey noi?iiie a aaoi?neii aeiaiai?a iiaeao aunooiaoue
eeoa?aoo?iue ia?aaio/ee.
Aei ioiaiu i?aaeiaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia aaoi?neii i?aaa ii
noeaia?iiio aeiaiai?o aeiioneaeinue i?eaea/aiea nooaeeae n niaeaney
aaoi?a o?aoueeo eeoe aeey aianaiey iii?aaie e aei?aaioee eeoa?aoo?iiai
noeaia?ey.
Iaeiie ec noi?ii aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a iiaoo auoue ianeaaeieee oia?oaai
aaoi?a. Iaeiaei iauai eo i?aa oaea, /ai o aaoi?ia. Eae i?aaeei, ii
aeiaiai?o aaoi? aa?aioe?oao, /oi eiaiii ii aeaenoaeoaeueiue aaoi?
i?iecaaaeaiey, /oi iii nicaeaii ei ee/ii (eeai a niaaoi?noaa), a oaeaea
/oi iii ia ia?ooaao i?aa e eioa?ania ae?oaeo aaoi?ia (i?aaii?aaiieeia).
Anee aea noi?iiie aeiaiai?a aunooiaao ianeaaeiee, oi ii aa?aioe?oao
ecaeaoaeth, /oi oieueei ii aaeeinoaaiiue ianeaaeiee i?aa oia?oaai,
iaeiaei aiciiaeii nouanoaiaaiea ianeieueeeo ianeaaeieeia. I?e yoii naia
i?aai ianeaaeiee aeieaeai iiaeoaa?aeeoue, i?aaeinoaaea naeaeaoaeuenoai i
i?aaa ia ianeaaenoai eeai ?aoaiea noaea i i?eciaiee eiie?aoiiai eeoea
ianeaaeieeii aaoi?neeo i?aa. A naeaeaoaeuenoaa i i?aaa ia ianeaaenoai
iioa?eon aeaeaao caienue i oii, /oi ianeaaeoaiia eiouanoai ninoieo ec
aaoi?neiai i?aaa. Anee aea ianeaaeieeia ianeieueei. oi a naeaeaoaeuenoaa
oeacuaathony ana ianeaaeieee e ianeaaenoaaiiay aeiey eaaeaeiai eeoea.
A iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea oiai, /oi oia?oee aue aaoi?ii, aeinoaoi/ii
i?aaeuyaeoue iioa?eono, iai?eia?, ethaia ecaeaiiia i?iecaaaeaiea aaoi?a
eeai ni?aaeo ec ecaeaoaeuenoaa, ?aaeaeoeee aeo?iaea, aaea i?iecaaaeaiey
ia/aoaeenue.
Ae?oaie noi?iiie aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a aunooiaao
i?aaiecaoeey-iieueciaaoaeue: ecaeaoaeuenoai, oaao?, eeiinooaeey e o.ae.
Eioi?ua a niioaaonoaee ni no. 48 AE ?O yaeythony th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie.
Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiui yaeyaony aaoi?neee aeiaiai?, ii eioi?iio
iaeiie ec noi?ii yaeyaony ecaeaoaeuenoai.
Iauai i?aaiii/ee ecaeaoaeuenoaa eae noi?iiu aeiaiai?a ii?aaeaeyaony
niaeaniaaiiuie n aaoi?ii oneiaeyie. Eae e aaoi?, ecaeaoaeuenoai iaycaii
iaaeeaaeaua auiieiyoue acyoua ei ia naay iaycaoaeuenoaa.
Noi?iiu aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a ii?aaeaeythony i?e aai caeeth/aiee, oae eae
eaaeaeay ec ieo aeieaeia au?aceoue naia aieaecuyaeaiea. Iaeiaei
noauaeoeaiue ninoaa aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a a ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo iiaeao
eciaiyoueny. I. 4 no. 31 CiAI cae?aieyao i?aaeei, niaeanii eioi?iio
caiaia ia noi?iia i?aaiecaoeee aiciiaeia, eiaaea i?eia?aoaiiua ii
aeiaiai?o i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii ia?aaeathony
ae?oaei i?aaiecaoeeyi.
Iniiaaieyie aeey caiaiu aaoi?a eae noi?iiu aeiaiai?a iiaoo auoue
nia?oue, aeeeoaeueiay aieaciue eee eiiaiaee?iaea.
Aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie aaoi?neea aeiaiai?u niaea?aeaee iniaua oneiaey,
niaeanii eioi?ui aaoi? ia?aaeaaae ecaeaoaeuenoao naie i?aaiii/ey ii
eniieueciaaieth i?iecaaaeaiey ca ?oaaaeii, anee yoe i?aaiii/ey ia auee
ia?aaeaiu ?aiaa ae?oaie i?aaiecaoeee. I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a aaoi?
iaycai aue iinoaaeoue a ecaanoiinoue i?aaiecaoeeth.
Yoi ia?aie/aiea nouanoaiaaei iinoieueeo, iineieueeo aaoi? ia iia
?anii?yaeaoueny naiei i?iecaaaeaieai. Iiiiiieey ainoaea?noaa ia yenii?o
e eiii?o aaoi?neeo i?aa eeoaea nicaeaoaey i?iecaaaeaiey aiciiaeiinoe
naiiio anooiaoue a aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey n ca?oaaaeiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie.
I?eiyoia Niaaoii Ieieno?ia NNN? Iinoaiiaeaiea “I ia?ao ii
aeaiiiiiieecaoeee a iaeanoe yenii?oa e eiii?oa aaoi?neeo i?aa” ? 1095 io
26.10.90 a. iaania/eei aaoi?ai naiaiaeo auai?a: naiinoiyoaeueii no?ieoue
aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey n ca?oaaaeiuie ia?oia?aie eee n iiiiuueth
iin?aaeieeia, ia noi?iia eioi?uo iiaoo aunooiaoue i?aaiecaoeee,
oi?aaeythuea eiouanoaaiiuie i?aaaie ia eieeaeoeaiie iniiaa, ?inneeneea
ecaeaoaeuenoaa, oaao?u e ae?oaea i?aaiecaoeee.
1.4. Aeiaiai?u i ia?aaea/a eneeth/eoaeueiuo e iaeneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa
Noaiaiue iaeaaeaiey i?aaaie ii?iaeeea aeaa aeaea aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia: i
ia?aaea/a eneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa e i ia?aaea/a iaeneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa.
Eneeth/eoaeueiinoue aaoi?neeo i?aa annioeee?oaony n iiiiiieeae eo
aeaaeaeueoea, n aai aaeeinoaaiiie iaae ieie aeanoueth Aii?in ia
eneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aaao e ia eneeth/eoaeueiie i?e?iaea aaoi?neeo i?aa
aeaeaei ia eiaeeooa?aioiu aeey th?eaee/aneie iaoee. Ia i?ioyaeaiee
aeinoaoi/ii aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie eaeao aai ianoaeaeaiea. ?anniao?eaay
iauaa iiiyoea ia eneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aaao A.O. Oa?oaiaae/ ooaa?aeaeae,
/oi: “Eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai i?aaenoaaeyao th?eaee/aneoth aiciiaeiinoue
niaa?oaiey ecaanoiiai ?iaea aeaenoaee n ono?aiaieai anao i?i/eo io
iiae?aaeaiey. Ianneaiuie noauaeoaie eneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa yaeythony ana
nia?aaeaeaia”.
Nia?aiaiiue enneaaeiaaoaeue A.I. Na?aaaa oniao?eaaao eneeth/eoaeueiue
oa?aeoa? “a i?eciaiee oiai, /oi oieueei nai iaeaaeaoaeue aaoi?neiai
i?aaa (o.a. aaoi? eee aai i?aaii?aaiiee) iiaeao ?aoaoue aii?in ia
inouanoaeaiee aaoi?neeo i?aaiii/ee e i?aaeaea anaai naycaiiuo n
eniieueciaaieai i?iecaaaeaiey”. I?e yoii A.I. Na?aaaa, ?aooy ca
eneeth/eoaeueiinoue aaoi?neeo i?aa, a iauai?eiyoii a oeeaeeeciaaiiuo
no?aiao niunea”, aeiioneaao iaeioi?oth aeia?iaiauaiiinoue, aiai?y ia
“eca?auaiiii cia/aiee” oa?ieia “eneeth/eoaeueiinoue aaoi?neiai i?aaa”,
ioia/aiioth ei “a o?oaeao aieueoeinoaa niaaoneeo niaoeeaeenoia ii
aaoi?neiio i?aao” (a oii /enea A.I. A?eaaiiaa, I.A. Naaaeueaaie).
Caeiiii “Ia aaoi?neii i?aaa e niaaeiuo i?aaao” i?aaeoniio?aii ianeieueei
eiia, aieaa oceia iaiieiaiea oa?ieia “eneeth/eoaeueiua i?aaa”.
I. 2 no. 30 CiAI i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi aaoi?neee aeiaiai? i ia?aaea/a
eneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa ?ac?aoaao eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey
ii?aaeaeaiiui niiniaii e a onoaiiaeaiiuo aeiaiai?ii i?aaeaeao oieueei
eeoeo, eioi?iio yoe i?aaa ia?aaeathony, e aeaao oaeiio eeoeo i?aai
cai?auaoue iiaeiaiia eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey ae?oaei eeoeii”. N
?aaeecaoeeae yoiai iieiaeaiey iiaeii iiciaeiieoueny ia i?eia?a eieaa
I. Aiaoeai “Iii?iuaeoanue n aieaciyie”, aaea neacaii, /oi
eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai aa ioaeeeaoeee i?eiaaeeaaeeo ecaeaoaeuenoao
“Niaaoneee nii?o” (Iineaa) e /oi ecaeaiea i?iecaaaeaiey aac ?ac?aoaiey
ecaeaoaeuenoaa n/eoaaony i?ioeaii?aaiui e i?aneaaeoaony ii caeiio.
A aeaiiii neo/aa ecaeaoaeuenoai ecaanoeei i naieo eneeth/eoaeueiuo
i?aaao, eioi?ua iii iieo/eei. Aianoa n oai nai aaoi? ai?aaa cai?auaoue
eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey ae?oaeie eeoeaie, anee eeoei, eioi?iio auee
ia?aaeaiu eneeth/eoaeueiua i?aaa, ia inouanoaeyao caueoo yoiai i?aaa.
Eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai ia aeeth/aao a naay i?aai ia?aonooiee iieo/aiiuo
i?aa o?aoueeie eeoeai (noaeeoeaice?iaaiea) A i?aaa eioaeeaeooaeueiie
nianoaaiiinoe noaeeoeaicey ?anniao?eaaaony eae ia?aaea/a i?aa
eeoeaiceaoii o?aoueaio eeoeo, eioi?ay ia?aie/aia oneiaeyie
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe e enoa/aiey n?iea aeaenoaey iniiaiiai aeiaiai?a.
Niaeanii i. 4 no. 31 CiAI “i?aaa, ia?aaeaiiua ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o,
iiaoo ia?aaeaaaoueny iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii ae?oaei eeoeai eeoue a
neo/ayo, anee yoi i?yii i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii”, o.a. iiiyoea
eneeth/eoaeueiinoe i?aa ia aeeth/aao a naay a neeo i?yiiai oeacaiey
i?eaaaeaiiie noaouee i?aai ia?aaea/e o?aoueei eeoeii
(noaeeoeaice?iaaiey) i?aa, iieo/aiiuo ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o. Oaeei
ia?acii, i?eia?aoaiea eneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa ia eniieueciaaiea
i?iecaaaeaiey ia icia/aao aiciiaeiinoe eo iineaaeothuae ia?aonooiee
o?aoueei eeoeai.
Iacaaiiay ii?ia caeiia, ii anae aeaeeiinoe, ioiineony eeoue e
i?aaii?aaiieeai (oece/aneei eee th?eaee/aneei eeoeai) aaoi?a. Nai aaoi?
ia iniiaaiee no. 16 CiAI eiaao eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai ia eniieueciaaiea
i?iecaaaeaiey a ethaie oi?ia e ethaui niiniaii, aeeth/ay i?aai
inouanoaeyoue naiiio eee ?ac?aoaoue o?aoueei eeoeai, ana oeacaiiua a
i. 2 no. 16 CiAI aeaenoaey. I?e yoii neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi ia?a/aiue
i. 2 no. 16 ia yaeyaony en/a?iuaathuei.
Iauai eneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa aaoi?a e iauai eneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa
i?aaii?aaiieea, i?aaiiaeaaeaoaey, ianeaaeieea (eniieuecoy
iiiaeanoaaiiinoue oa?ieiieiaee caeiia) yaii ia niaiaaeaao. Aaoi? eiaao
i?aai ?ac?aoaoue o?aoueei eeoeai eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey, a
i?aaiiaeaaeaoaeue eeoue i?aai cai?auaoue eniieueciaaiea ae?oaeie eeoeaie
(i. 2 no. 30 CiAI).
Ec anaai auoaeceiaeaiiiai neaaeoao auaiae i iaiaoiaeeiinoe o/aoa ?aaeee
nia?aiaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e aeaeueiaeoae oai?aoe/aneie i?i?aaioea
i?iaeaiu eneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, o.e. ia aucuaaao
niiiaiee, /oi iaeei e oio aea oa?iei “eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai” ia iiaeao
auoue ?aciui ii niaea?aeaieth aeey o?aoueeo eeoe, a caaeneiinoe io
iauaia ia?aaeaiiuo ii aeiaiai?o i?aa, eioi?ui oaeiaia i?aai ia?aaeaaony.
Ae?oaei aeaeii aaoi?neiai aeiaiai? yaeyaony aeiaiai? i ia?aaea/a
iaeneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa. Yoio aeiaiai? ?ac?aoaao iieueciaaoaeth
eniieueciaaoue i?iecaaaeaiea ia?aaia n iaeaaeaoaeai eneeth/eoaeueiuo
i?aa ia?aaeaaoei oaeea i?aaa, e (eee) ae?oaei eeoeai, iieo/eaoei
?ac?aoaiea ia eniieueciaaiea yoiai i?iecaaaeaiey oaeei aea niiniaii.
Aeey aeaiiiai aeiaiai?a oa?aeoa?ii, /oi eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey
aeiioneaaony ia?aaia n naiei aaoi?ii e ae?oaeie eeoeaie, iieo/eaoeie io
iaai ?ac?aoaiea ia eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey aiaeiae/iui niiniaii. A
i. 4 no. 30 Caeiia 1993 a. iiae/a?eeaaaony, /oi i?aaa, ia?aaeaaaaiua ii
aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o, n/eoathony iaeneeth/eoaeueiuie, anee a aeiaiai?a
i?yii ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia. Aeaiiia iieiaeaiea aucaaei
iieiaeeoaeueioth ioeaieo A.I. Na?aaaaa, eioi?ue n/eoaao, /oi oaeia
?aoaiea aii?ina caneoaeeaaao iiaeaea?aeee eae iiauoathuaa o?iaaiue
aaoi?nei-i?aaiaie io?aiu.
1.5. Aeiaiai?u caeaca e aeiaiai?u ia aioiaia i?iecaaaeaiea
Aeiaiai? caeaca i?aaeoniio?ai no. 33 CiAI. Ii yoiio aeiaiai?o aaoi?
iaycoaony nicaeaoue i?iecaaaeaiea a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a e
ia?aaeaoue aai caeac/eeo.
Enoiaey ec iiiyoey aeiaiai?a caeaca, aeaiiia aaoi?neei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, ec oa?ieia “aaoi?” eneeth/athony ianeaaeieee e eiua
i?aaii?aaiieee.
E aaoi?neei aeiaiai?ai caeaca i?eiaiythony iauea oneiaey, eanathueany
aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia, a oaeaea aeiiieieoaeueiia oneiaea i auieaoa aaaina
oeacaiiiai a i. 2 no. 33 CiAI.
I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a caeaca neaaeoao o/eouaaoue ii?io,
niaea?aeauothny a i. 5 no. 31 CiAI, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie i?aaeiaoii
aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a ia iiaoo auoue i?aaa ia eniieueciaaiea
i?iecaaaeaiee, eioi?ua aaoi? iiaeao nicaeaoue a aoaeouai.
Iaaeaeo oai a aeiaiai?a caeaca eae ?ac e ii?aaeaeythony i?aaa
I?aaiecaoeee ia i?iecaaaeaiea, eioi?ia aaoi? iaycoaony nicaeaoue a
aoaeouai.
Aeey oiai, /oiau i?iecaaaeaiea, nicaeaaaaiia ii aeiaiai?o caeaca, ia
iiaeiaaeaei iiae i. 5 no. 31 CiAI, aai neaaeoao oeacuaaoue eae iiaeii
aieaa oi/ii e eiie?aoii: iauai, aeae, aeai?, noa?a i?eiaiaiey, iacaaiea
e o.i. Eia/a aiai?y, iauaeoii aeiaiai?a caeaca aeieaeii auoue
i?iecaaaeaiea, oaea caaeoiaiiia aaoi?ii, a iiaeao auoue, aeaaea oaea
neiaeeaoaany a aieiaa aaoi?a, ii aua ia iieo/eaoaa iauaeoeaioth oi?io,
ia iauaeoe?iaaiiia.
Anee oneiaea i oi/iii e eiie?aoiii iaicia/aiee caeacuaaaiiai
i?iecaaaeaiey aoaeao niaethaeaii, oi iao i?aiyonoaee e oiio, /oiau
i?aaeiaoii aeiaiai?a caeaca auei ia iaeii, a ianeieueei i?iecaaaeaiee e
/oiau aeiaiai? caeaca caeeth/aeny ia aeeeoaeueiue n?ie.
I. 2 no. 33 CiAI onoaiaaeeaaao iaycaiiinoue caeac/eea auieaoeoue aaoi?o
aaain a n/ao onoaiiaeaiiiai aeiaiai?ii aiciaa?aaeaeaiey.
I?e yoii ?acia? aaaina, ii?yaeie e n?iee aai auieaou caeiiii ia
?aaoee?othony, a ii?aaeaeythony niaeaoaieai noi?ii. Enoiaey ec niunea
i. 3 no. 31 CiAI, eioi?ui onoaiiaeaii, /oi aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ii
aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o ii?aaeaeyaony a aeaea i?ioeaioa io aeioiaea,
iieo/aiiiai io eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey, aaainii neaaeoao n/eoaoue
noiio, eioi?ay auiea/eaaaony aei oiai, eae o iieueciaaoaey ia?aciaaeny
yoio aeioiae. Iiyoiio ii aeiaiai?o caeaca aaainii aeieaeai n/eoaoueny ia
oieueei ieaoaae, eioi?ue auiea/eaaaony aei ia?aciaaiey aeioiaea o
iieueciaaoaey.
A i. 2 no. 33 CiAI oeacuaaaony ia aaain, eioi?ue oiea/eaaaony “a n/ao
iaoneiaeaiiiai aeiaiai?ii aiciaa?aaeaeaiey”. Ionthaea aeieaeai auoue
naeaeai auaiae, /oi aaain au/eoaaony ec iniiaiiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey, a
oaeaea /oi aaain yaeyaony aica?aoiui. Iaeiaei noi?iiu aeiaiai?a iiaoo
i?aaeoniio?aoue auieaoo aacaica?aoiiai aaaina.
A aeiaiai?a caeaca iiaoo auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu iaiaeiie?aoiua eee
ia?eiaee/aneea aaainiaua ieaoaaee, iieaoa eiiaiaee?iai/iuo ?anoiaeia
aaoi?a, a oaeaea ae?oaeo aai ?anoiaeia, naycaiiuo n nicaeaieai
i?iecaaaeaiey. Neaaeoao, iaeiaei, o/eouaaoue, /oi a yoeo neo/ayo oaeie
aeiaiai? iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae o?oaeiaie aeiaiai?, a nicaeaiiia
i?iecaaaeaiea aoaeao n/eoaoueny neoaeaaiui a niioaaonoaee ni no. 14
CiAI.
A no. 33 Caeiia 1993 a. aiai?eony ia iaeiii aeaea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a —
i aeiaiai?a caeaca, eioi?ue caeeth/aaony a oio iiiaio, eiaaea
i?iecaaaeaiea aua ia nicaeaii aaoi?ii.
Iaeiaei, cae?aieaiea a caeiia aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a caeaca ia eneeth/aao
oiai, /oi aaoi? naiinoiyoaeueii iiaeao ia?aoeoueny a i?aaiecaoeeth
(ecaeaoaeuenoai, oaao?, nooaeeth), i?aaeeiaeea ae naia aioiaia
i?iecaaaeaiea.
Iineieueeo ?oeiienue i?iecaaaeaiey a yoii neo/aa ia?aaeaaony aac
caeeth/aiiiai aeiaiai?a, aaoi? iiaeaa?aaaony aieueoiio ?eneo.
I?aaiecaoeey ia naycaia iaycaoaeuenoaii ii niaethaeaieth n?iea
?anniio?aiey iinooieaoae ?oeiiene e auiieiaiey ?aoaiey ii iae.
Aeaaa 2. Oneiaey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a e auoaeathuea ec ieo
i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii
2.1. Oneiaey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a
I?iaicaeaoaiiay no. 421 AE ?O naiaiaea aeiaiai?a io?aceeanue e ia
aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ao. Oae, no. 31 CiAI onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi aeiaiai?
aeieaeai i?aaeoniao?eaaoue: niiniau eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey, n?ie e
oa??eoi?eth, ia eioi?ua ia?aaeaaony i?aai, ?acia? aiciaa?aaeaeaiey e
(eee) ii?yaeie ii?aaeaeaiey ?acia?a aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca eaaeaeue niinia
eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey, a oaeaea ii?yaeie e n?iee auieaou
aiciaa?aaeaeaiey. I?aaeoniio?aia oaeaea aiciiaeiinoue aeeth/aiey a
aeiaiai? “e ae?oaeo oneiaee. eioi?ua noi?iiu ni/ooo nouanoaaiiuie aeey
aeaiiiai aeiaiai?a”.
A aac. 2 i. 1 no. 432 AE ?O eiinoaoe?oaony: “nouanoaaiiuie yaeythony
oneiaey i i?aaeiaoa aeiaiai?a, oneiaey, eioi?ua iacaaiu a caeiia eee
eiuo i?aaiauo aeoao eae nouanoaaiiua eee iaiaoiaeeiua aeey aeiaiai?ia
aeaiiiai aeaea, a oaeaea ana oa oneiaey, ioiineoaeueii eioi?uo ii
cayaeaieth iaeiie ec noi?ii aeieaeii auoue aeinoeaiooi niaeaoaiea”.
Eae aeaeii ec auoaeceiaeaiiiai, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai aeinoaoi/ii oneiaii
ii?aaeaeyao nouanoaaiiua oneiaey, i?eieiay ai aieiaiea i?eioeei naiaiaeu
aeiaiai?a, niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui noi?iiu naie ii?aaeaeytho naie
iaycaiiinoe.
Aeoiaaony, /oi aii?in i nouanoaaiiuo oneiaeyo neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue n
iiceoeee aeeniiceoeaiinoe e eiia?aoeaiinoe i?aaiauo ii?i. Oae, anee
noi?iiu ia i?aaeoniio?aee oaeea oneiaey, cae?aieaiiua caeiiii eae n?ie e
oa??eoi?ey, oi aeaiiue i?iaae ono?aiyaony naiei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. A
aio oneiaey i aiciaa?aaeaeaiee e ia?aaeaaaaiuo ii aeiaiai?o i?aaao
yaeythony nouanoaaiiuie, ionoonoaea eioi?uo a aeiaiai?a aea/ao i?eciaiea
aai iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui.
A i?aaeiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia aaoi?neii i?aaa niaea?aeaeinue
iieiaeaiea i oii, /oi oneiaey caeeth/aiiiai n aaoi?ii aeiaiai?a,
oooaeoathuea aai iieiaeaiea ii n?aaiaieth n iieiaeaieai. onoaiiaeaiiui a
caeiia eee a oeiiaii aeiaiai?a, iaaeaenoaeoaeueiu e caiaiythony
oneiaeyie onoaiiaeaiiuie caeiiii eee oeiiaui aeiaiai?ii (no. 506 AE
?NON? 1964 a.).
Caeii 1993 a. aeaao aieaa niaea?aeauoth oi?ioee?iaeo (i. 7 no. 31):
oneiaey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a, i?ioeai?a/auea iieiaeaieyi ianoiyuaai
caeiia, yaeythony iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie. Caeanue ?a/ue ia eaeao ia
oooaeoaiee iieiaeaiey aaoi?a, i caiaia iaaeaenoaeoaeueiiai oneiaey
oneiaeai, onoaiiaeaiiui caeiiii.
I?eia? ec i?aeoeee i?aaeieo eao, eiaaea a aeiaiai? aeeth/aeenue oneiaey,
oooaeoathuea iieiaeaiea aaoi?a, iiaeao auoue iieacaoaeueiui e aeey
iuiaoiae neooaoeee.
Aaoi? Y. e ecaeaoaeuenoai “Eneonnoai” caeeth/eee aeiaiai? ia ecaeaiea
noaouee “A. Eioai” iauaiii iaeei aaoi?neee eeno. E?iia oneiaey ia
ecaeaiee noaouee a nai?ieea, aeiaiai? onoaiaaeeaae, /oi noaouey
n/eoaaony iaeia?aiiie iinea iaeia?aiey ecaeaoaeuenoaii nai?ieea a
oeaeii.
Noaouey auea i?aaenoaaeaia a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie. Ecaeaoaeuenoai ia
i?aaeuyaeei e Y. ieeaeeo i?aoaicee ii ea/anoao ?oeiiene, aa
eiiieaeoiinoe e ae?oaei ia?aiao?ai. Iaeiaei ecaeaiea nai?ieea
aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy ioeeaaeuaaeinue, a a ia?oa 1983 a. ecaeaoaeuenoai
iinoaaeei Y. a ecaanoiinoue i ?anoi?aeaiee caeeth/aiiiai n iei aeiaiai?a
ia oii iniiaaiee, /oi auionoeoue nai?iee iaaiciiaeii ec-ca
iai?aaenoaaeaiey ae?oaeie aaoi?aie naieo noaoae e eeethno?aoeaiiai
iaoa?eaea.
I?aaenoaaeoaeue eioa?ania aaoi?a a ia?iaeiii noaea E?aniii?aniaineiai
?aeiia a. Iineau caiye i?aaiaoth iiceoeeth, nooue eioi?ie naiaeeeanue e
oiio, /oi Y. caeeth/ee naiinoiyoaeueiue aeiaiai?. Aaoi? auiieiee naie
iaycaoaeuenoaa, auoaeathuea ec yoiai aeiaiai?a, a ecaeaoaeuenoai ia
cayaeei ieeaeeo i?aoaicee e ea/anoao i?aaenoaaeaiiie ?oeiiene.
Aeeth/aiea a aeiaiai? oneiaey i oii, /oi iaeia?aiea noaouee naycuaaaony
n iaeia?aieai nai?ieea a oeaeii, iai?aaiia?ii, oae eae oooaeoaao
iieiaeaiea aaoi?a ii n?aaiaieth n iieiaeaieai, onoaiiaeaiiui caeiiii. Ii
iiaieth AAAI, a aeiaiai? aeieaeii auei auoue aeeth/aii oneiaea i oii,
/oi n?ie ecaeaiey noaouee ia/eiaao oa/ue n iiiaioa iaeia?aiey anaai
nai?ieea.
Iai?aaenoaaeaiea iaoa?eaeia aeey nai?ieea ae?oaeie eeoeaie a aeaiiie
neooaoeee ia aeeyao ia ioiioaiey Y. e ecaeaoaeuenoaa. Nieeaea?iay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ianooiaao, anee iia i?aaeoniio?aia aeiaiai?ii eee
onoaiiaeaia caeiiii. Iineieueeo a aeiaiai?a ia onoaiaaeeaaeanue
nieeaea?iay ioaaonoaaiiinoue, a aaoi? aeia?iniaanoii auiieiee naie
iaycaoaeuenoaa. ia?iaeiue noae oaeiaeaoai?ee aai o?aaiaaiea e acuneae n
ecaeaoaeuenoaa i?e/eoathuaany aio aiciaa?aaeaeaiea.
2.2. I?aaa ia?aaeaaaaiua ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o iieueciaaoaeth
Caeii 1993 a. nouanoaaiii eciaiee iiaeoiae e ii?aaeaeaieth i?aaeiaoa
aeiaiai?a. A /. 1 i. 1 no. 31 CiAI oeacuaaaony, /oi a aeiaiai?a aeieaeiu
auoue oeacaiu “eiie?aoiua i?aaa”, ia?aaeaaaaiua ii aeiaiai?o. Neiai
“eiie?aoiue” ia cia/eo, /oi a aeiaiai?a iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu auoue
ia?a/eneaiu ana i?aaiii/ey, ioia/aiiua a no. 16, a oaeaea ana iau/iua
ninoaaiua /anoe yoeo i?aaiii/ee: aeiaiai? neaaeoao n/eoaoue ninoiyaoeiny
e niioaaonoaothuei caeiio aeaaea a oii neo/aa, anee aaoi?neea i?aaiii/ey
aoaeoo oeacaiu a iai eeoue iauei ia?acii. Aeiionoei, /oi a aeiaiai?a
oeacaii: “I?aaeiaoii ianoiyuaai aeiaiai?a yaeythony ana i?aaa, oeacaiiua
a no. 16” eeai “I?iaeaaaoe ia?aaeaao ii aeiaiai?o ana i?eiaaeeaaeauea
aio eiouanoaaiiua i?aaa. e?iia i?aaa ia ia?aaiae”.
A i. 2 no. 31 CiAI aiai?eony, /oi i?aaeiaoii aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a ia
iiaoo auoue i?aaa ia eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey, iaecaanoiua ia iiiaio
caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a, a a i. 5 yoie aea noaouee aiai?eony, /oi
i?aaeiaoii aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a ia iiaoo auoue i?aaa ia eniieueciaaiea
i?iecaaaeaiee, eioi?ua aaoi? iiaeao nicaeaoue a aoaeouai. Yoe iieiaeaiey
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi caeiiiaeaoaeue n/eoaao i?aaeiaoii
aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a i?aaa ia eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey, a naii
i?iecaaaeaiea ioiaeaeiooi ia caaeiee ieai.
Niauaiea aeoeaioa n ?acoeueoaoa oai?/aneiai o?oaea aaoi?a ia aai i?aaa
a?yae ee ii?aaaeai. Ia i?aeoeea iiaeao auoue ianeieueei neooaoeee,
eioi?ua noaayo iiae niiiaiea aii?in i i?aaeiaoa aeiaiai?a. Iai?eia?,
aaoi? caeeth/aao aeiaiai? eeoa?aoo?iiai eee ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai caeaca.
Aua iao i?iecaaaeaiey e iao i?aa, eioi?ua aicieeatho o aaoi?a a
ioiioaiee i?iecaaaeaiey. Aaoi? nicaeae i?iecaaaeaiea e ia?aaeae aai
naiaio eiio?aaaioo, ii iineaaeiee n/eoaao aai iai?eaiaeiui e
eniieueciaaieth. Iaeiiaoe, i?iecaaaeaiea iiaeao auoue iia?aaeaeaii,
oo?a/aii ai a?aiy yeno?aiaeueiuo neooaoeee (aieia, iiaea? e o.ae.). Ai
anao oaeeo neo/ayo aaoi?u, caeeth/ay aeiaiai?, ii caeiio ia?aaeatho
i?aaa, ii yoe i?aaa ia iiaoo auoue ?aaeeciaaiu ec-ca ionoonoaey
i?iecaaaeaiey. Eae au oi ie auei, i?e caeeth/aiee aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a
aeieaeiu auoue eiie?aoii niaeaniaaiu e aii?in i aeaeao e oa?aeoa?a
ia?aaeaaaaiuo ii aeiaiai?o i?aa, e aii?in i oii i?iecaaaeaiee, a
ioiioaiee eioi?iai aeaenoaotho yoe i?aaa.
Aaaeii oaeaea iiae/a?eiooue, /oi aaoi?neia i?aai eae niaieoiiinoue
noauaeoeaiuo i?aa eeoea aicieeaao a neeo oaeoa nicaeaiey i?iecaaaeaiey
iaoee, eeoa?aoo?u e eneonnoaa (no. 9 CiAI). ?acoeueoao oai?/aneiai
o?oaea aaoi?a iiaeao auoue i?aaeiaoii ioiioaiee iaaeaeo aaoi?ii e
ae?oaeie eeoeaie. Iiea iao i?iecaaaeaiey, iao i?aa, eioi?ua auoaeatho ec
oaeoa aai nicaeaiey.
Iaeiaei a aeaenoaothuai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iao oeacaiee i o?aaiaaieyo e
i?iecaaaeaieth eae i?aaeiaoo aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a. Aeoiath yoi
iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi caeii i?aaeinoaaeyao noi?iiai niaeaniaaiea
o?aaiaaiee, ioiinyueony e i?iecaaaeaieth.
2.3. N?ie aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a
A ioee/ea io AE ?NON?, CiAI ia aiceaaaao ia iieueciaaoaey aeaaiie
iaycaiiinoe, ?aaee eioi?ie caeeth/aaony aeiaiai? — i?enooieoue a
onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee e eniieueciaaieth iaeia?aiiiai ei i?iecaaaeaiey.
N?ie, ia eioi?ue ia?aaeaaony aaoi?neia i?aai ii aeiaiai?o, iiaeao
cia/eoaeueii aa?uee?iaaoueny: caeii ia onoaiaaeeaaao ieeaeeo
i?aaeaeueiuo n?ieia. Ia i?aeoeea iaeioi?ua aaoi?neea aeiaiai?u
eniieiythony a iiiaio eo caeeth/aiey e n?aco aea i?ae?auathony
(“aeeaia”ioaee/iia eniieiaiea). N ae?oaie noi?iiu, aeiaiai? iiaeao auoue
caeeth/ai ia aanue n?ie aeaenoaey aaoi?neiai i?aaa.
Aeiionoeiu e aaoi?neea aeiaiai?u n iaii?aaeaeaiiui n?ieii.
*. 2 i. 1 no. 31 CiAI aaiaeeo aeiiieieoaeueiia i?aaeei aeey aaoi?neeo
aeiaiai?ia, eioi?ua caeeth/aiu aac oeacaiey ia n?ie aeaenoaey. A yoii
neo/aa aaoi? iiaeao a ethaie iiiaio ii enoa/aiee iyoe eao n aeaou
caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a iaeiinoi?iiia ?anoi?aiooue aeiaiai?. Iaeiaei
naeaeaoue yoi iiaeii i?e oneiaee, anee iieueciaaoaeue aoaeao ienueiaiii
i?aaeoi?aaeaeai ia yoii ca oanoue ianyoeaa aei ?anoi?aeaiey aeiaiai?a.
Aeaiiia i?aaeei i?eiaiyaony e a oii neo/aa, eiaaea aeiaiai? caeeth/ai ia
iaii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie.
Anee aeiaiai? caeeth/ai “aac ia?aie/aiey n?ieii”, ii aeieaeai
aeaenoaiaaoue a oa/aiea anaai n?iea aeaenoaey aaoi?neiai i?aaa.
Ia noaaeee eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a noi?iiu /anoi ia niaethaeatho n?iee. Yoi
ii?iaeaeaao ia?ooaiea oneiaee aeiaiai?a. *oiau yoi ecaaaeaoue,
iaiaoiaeeii auiieiaiea noi?iiaie naieo iaycaoaeuenoa a n?iee,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeiaiai?ii. Caeanue neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi n?iee
auiieiaiey aaoi?ii naieo iaycaoaeuenoa ioaaouaatho: a) n?ie
i?aaenoaaeaiey i?iecaaaeaiey i?aaiecaoeee; a) n?ie iiaoi?iie naea/e
i?iecaaaeaiey iinea aianaiey eciaiaiee eee aei?aaioee, a oaeaea
oaoie/aneiai ioi?ieaiey i?aaenoaaeaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey. Ae?oaea n?iee,
eioi?ua noi?iiu ni/ooo nouanoaaiiuie aeey aeaiiiai aeiaiai?a, iie
onoaiaaeeaatho naie.
Aieaecuyaeaiea noi?ii i?e niaeaniaaiee anao oneiaee aeiaiai?a, a oii
/enea e n?ieia, yaeyaony iniiaiiieaaathuei. Ii iii ia anaaaea
oeene?oaony ienueiaiii, /oi i?eaiaeeo e eiioeeeoo.
Iai?eia?, ?anniio?ei neaaeothuoth neooaoeeth. Ecaeaoaeuenoai i?aaeuyaeei
ene a noaea i aica?aoa aaoi?ii E. auiea/aiiiai aio aaaina. Naie eneiaua
o?aaiaaiey iii iniiauaaei ia oii, /oi aaoi? ia?ooee n?ie i?aaenoaaeaiey
?oeiiene iinea aei?aaioee. Ecaeaoaeuenoai i?aaenoaaeei eiieth ienueia.
iiaeienaiiiai caaaaeothuei ?aaeaeoeeae, a eioi?ii onoaiaaeeaaeny n?ie
i?aaenoaaeaiey ?oeiiene. Aaoi? io?eoeae iieo/aiea oaeiai ienueia.
Noae ia i?eiye ai aieiaiea ienueii ecaeaoaeuenoaa a iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea
naieo eneiauo o?aaiaaiee ii aeaoi i?e/eiai. Ai-ia?auo. iii auei
iiaeienaii caaaaeothuei ?aaeaeoeeae, eioi?ue ia yaeyaony oi?aaiii/aiiui
eeoeii. Ai-aoi?uo, i?aaeinoaaeaiiia ienueii auei aieaecuyaeaieai eeoue
iaeiie noi?iiu, oiaaea eae o?aaiaaeinue niaeaniaaiea n?iea iaaeie
noi?iiaie. Noae ioeacae a enea ecaeaoaeuenoao, iineieueeo n?ie
i?aaeinoaaeaiey ?oeiiene iinea iaeia?aiey ia aue niaeaniaai. a /ai ia
auei aeiu aaoi?a.
Iaycaiiinoue aaoi?a i?aaenoaaeoue i?iecaaaeaiea niaeanii oneiaeyi
aeiaiai?a naycaia n iaycaiiinoueth i?aaiecaoeee i?eiyoue i?aaenoaaeaiiia
ae i?iecaaaeaiea, ?anniio?aoue aai, ?aoea i?e yoii aii?in i aiciiaeiinoe
eee iaaiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey. N?ie ?anniio?aiey i?aaenoaaeaiiiai
i?iecaaaeaiey aeieaeai onoaiaaeeaaoueny noi?iiaie e ienueiaiii
oeene?iaaoueny eae iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea iaaeeaaeauaai auiieiaiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa ii aeiaiai?o.
Anee i?e ?anniio?aiee i?aaenoaaeaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey i?aaiecaoeey
i?eaeao e auaiaeo i iaiaoiaeeiinoe aai aei?aaioee, noi?iiu
niaeaniauaatho a?aiy, eioi?ia ia iaa ioaiaeeony.
Ii ecaeaoaeueneiio aeiaiai?o aaoi?o aeey /oaiey ei??aeoo?u
i?aaeinoaaeyaony n?ie, niaeaniaaiiue noi?iiaie. Caaea?aeea aaoi?ii
ei??aeoo?u, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, ia?ooaiea n?iea aeaao i?aai
ecaeaoaeuenoao auionoeoue a naao i?iecaaaeaiea aac aaoi?neie ei??aeoo?u
eee ion?i/eoue auione ia a?aiy caaea?aeee.
Iaycaoaeuenoaa i?aaiecaoeee oaeaea naycaiu n niaethaeaieai ii?aaeaeaiiuo
n?ieia. E iei ioiinyony: a) n?ie ?anniio?aiey i?iecaaaeaiey i?e aai
i?aaenoaaeaiee aaoi?ii; a) n?ie iiaoi?iiai ?anniio?aiey i?iecaaaeaiey
iinea aei?aaioee; a) n?ie eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey, i?aaa ia eioi?ia
ia?aaeaiu i?aaiecaoeee; a) n?ie auieaou aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey.
Ia?ooaiea oeacaiiuo n?ieia i?aaiecaoeeae cao?oaeiyao naiaa?aiaiiia e
iaaeeaaeauaa eniieiaiea aeiaiai?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa aiiaua e aaoi?a eae
noi?iiu aeiaiai?a, a /anoiinoe.
2.4. ?acia?, ii?yaeie e n?iee auieaou aiciaa?aaeaeaiey
I?aai ia aaoi?neia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea — iaeii ec i?aaiii/ee aaoi?a ia?yaeo
n i?aaii ia eiy, ia iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue e ae?.
Nouanoaiaaaoay aeieaea aiaea i?ioeaaeo?a iieenoiie iieaou o?oaea aaoi?a,
oaia?ue ia eiaao noieue oe?ieiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey: aiciaa?aaeaeaiea
ii?aaeaeyaony a aaoi?neii aeiaiai?a a aeaea i?ioeaioa io aeioiaea ca
niioaaonoaothuee niinia eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey. Anee yoio niinia
en/eneaiey aiciaa?aaeaeaiey iaaiciiaeai a nayce n oa?aeoa?ii
i?iecaaaeaiey eee iniaaiiinoyie aai eniieueciaaiey, aiciaa?aaeaeaiea
onoaiaaeeaaaony a aeaea oeene?iaaiiie noiiu (i. 3 no. 31 CiAI).
?aiaa ai a?aiaia Niaaoneiai Nithca nouanoaiaae aeinoaoi/ii ioeaaeaiiue
iaoaieci nai?a aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca ioaee/iia eniieiaiea
i?iecaaaeaiee. Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io 19.12.88 a. ?
531 “I noaaeao aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca ioaee/iia eniieiaiea
i?iecaaaeaiee eeoa?aoo?u e eneonnoaa” aue ii?aaeaeai ii?yaeie nai?a
aaoi?neiai aiii?a?a, ooaa?aeaeaiu ieieiaeueiua noaaee aaoi?neiai
aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca nicaeaiea e eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiee.
Ii?aaeaeaiea iaeneiaeueiuo noaaie aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ia aoiaeeo
a iaycaiiinoe I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O. 21.03.94 a. iii i?eiyei Iinoaiiaeaiea ?
218 “I ieieiaeueiuo noaaeao aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca iaeioi?ua
aeaeu eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiee eeoa?aoo?u e eneonnoaa”. A iai ?a/ue
eaeao i ieieiaeueiuo noaaeao aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca iaeioi?ua aeaeu
eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiee eeoa?aoo?u e eneonnoaa.
Ii?aaeaeyy cia/aiea ieieiaeueiuo noaaie, neaaeoao auaeaeeoue
neaaeothuaa: ai-ia?auo, iieueciaaoaee ia ai?aaa auiea/eaaoue
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ii noaaeai ieaea ieieiaeueiuo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
Iinoaiiaeaieai, a, ai-aoi?uo, onoaiiaeaiea ieieiaeueiuo noaaie yaeyaony
aa?aioii iaania/aiey i?aa e eioa?ania aaoi?a.
Niaeaniaaiea ?acia?a aiciaa?aaeaeaiey i?ecaaii onoaiiaeoue aaeain
eioa?ania aaoi?ia e iieueciaaoaeae. Yoiio niinianoaoao aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaiecaoeee, oi?aaeythueo eiouanoaaiiuie i?aaaie ia eieeaeoeaiie
iniiaa, aunooiathueo a ea/anoaa iin?aaeieeia. I?e/ai, eae ioia/aao
I.A. Iaoaaiiiaa, iin?aaeie/aneee aa?eaio ?aoaiey aii?ina aaoi?neeo i?aa
ia i?aaeiieaaaao eiiia?/aneeo eioa?ania i?aaiecaoeee, oi?aaeythueo
eiouanoaaiiuie i?aaaie ia eieeaeoeaiie iniiaa, o.e. iiaeiaiiai ?iaea
i?aaiecaoeee ia ai?aaa caieiaoueny eiiia?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth,
niaeanii no. 45 CiAI.
Oeiainiaua oneiaey, ia eioi?uo iieueciaaoaeyi i?aaeeaaaaony caeeth/eoue
niaeaoaiea n i?aaiecaoeeyie, oi?aaeythueie eiouanoaaiiuie i?aaaie ia
eieeaeoeaiie iniiaa, ca/anooth ieeae ia naycaiu n onoaiiaeaiiuie
ieieiaeueiuie noaaeaie aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey, ?an/ao noii
niaeaoaiey, eae i?aaeei, ia i?eaiaeeony. Iauai?eiyoua a ie?iaie i?aeoeea
iaoiaeeee en/eneaiey aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey, a /anoiinoe, ca
ioaee/iia eniieiaiea ia oaeaaeaeaiee e ?aaeei, cia/eoaeueii oi?iuathony,
i?eaiaey e aeenaaeaino eioa?ania o/anoieeia aeaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee a
iieueco naiaei?unoiuo eioa?ania i?aaiecaoeee, oi?aaeythueo
eiouanoaaiiuie i?aaaie ia eieeaeoeaiie iniiaa.
I?iaeaia iiiiiieee aaoi?nei-i?aaiauo iauanoa ia iiaa aeey ie?iaiai
niiauanoaa. Iauai?eciaiiui yaeyaony iieiaeaiea i oii, /oi
aeayoaeueiinoue aaoi?nei-i?aaiauo iauanoa eae aaniethoiuo iiiiiieenoia
aeieaeia auoue iiae aaeaeaaoiui eiio?ieai. A ?yaea no?ai (iai?eia?,
O?aioeey) i?eiaiyaony anaiauee aioeo?anoianeee caeii. A oao no?aiao,
aaea aaoi?nei-i?aaiaua iauanoaa ia iiaeiaaeatho iiae aioeo?anoianeia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai (iai?eia?, Aa?iaiey) i?aaeoniio?aia a?aeo?aaeiay
i?ioeaaeo?a. Oae, a Aa?iaiee, a neo/aa nii?a iaaeaeo aaoi?nei-i?aaiauie
iauanoaaie e iieueciaaoaeyie i ?acia?a aiciaa?aaeaeaiey niioaaonoaothuay
eeoeaicey aoaeao auaeaia, anee cai?ioaiiia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea oiea/aii eee
iieiaeaii ia aeaiiceo aei noaeaaiiai ?aoaiey i noaeaaiie oieaoa.
A caeiia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea, auiea/eaaaiia ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o,
eiiaaea eiaioaony “aaoi?neei aiciaa?aaeaeaieai” (i. 4 no. 16; i. 2
no. 28 CiAI). Yoi au?aaeaiea icia/aao, /oi ?a/ue eaeao i
aiciaa?aaeaeaiee, auiea/eaaaiii ii aaoi?neiio i?aao. Ii yoi
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea auiea/eaaaony ia iaycaoaeueii aaoi?o: iii auiea/eaaaony
e ae?oaei aeaaeaeueoeai aaoi?neeo i?aa, ia?aaeathuei i?aaa ii aaoi?neei
aeiaiai?ai.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue ?aiaa, a ea/anoaa iau/iiai niiniaa ii?aaeaeaiey
?acia?a aiciaa?aaeaeaiey aunooiaao ii?aaeaeaiea aai a aeaea i?ioeaioa io
aeioiaea, iieo/aiiiai io eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey (/. 1 i. 3 no. 31
CiAI).
Iai?eia?, anee ia?aaeaiu i?aaa ia i?ieao eeiioeeueia — yoi i?ioeaio io
noii, nia?aiiuo i?e i?ieaoa e o.ae.
Eaeia aeieaeai auoue yoio i?ioeaio (1%, 5%, 20%), a Caeiia ia
ii?aaeaeaii. ?aoaiea aeaiiiai aii?ina inoaaeaii ia oniio?aiea noi?ii
aeiaiai?a.
Noi?iiu aeiaiai?a iiaoo onoaiiaeoue eeai iaeei ii?aaeaeaiiue i?ioeaio ca
aanue iauai eniieueciaaiey, iai?eia?, 5% io i?iaeaaeiie oeaiu eieae
iacaaeneii io oe?aaea, eeai eciaiaiea yoiai i?ioeaioa a caaeneiinoe io
iauaia eniieueciaaiey, iai?eia?, ca ia?aua 10.000 yec. eieae — 5%, ca
iineaaeothuea 10.000 yec. eieae — 7% e o.ae. I?e yoii eiae/ii
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi i?e oaaee/aiee iauaia eniieueciaaiey i?ioeaio,
oiea/eaaaiue a aeaea aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey, aeieaeai iiauoaoueny,
a ia iiieaeaoueny, eae auei onoaiiaeaii a niaaoneii aaoi?neii i?aaa.
Oneiaea i oii, /oi aiciaa?aaeaeaiea aeieaeii ii?aaeaeyoueny a aaoi?neii
aeiaiai?a a aeaea ii?aaeaeaiiiai i?ioeaioa io aeioiaea, yaeyaony
?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiui — caeiiiaeaoaeue eae au ?iiaeoaeeeaaao” noi?iiu e
onoaiiaeaieth aiciaa?aaeaeaiey oaeei niiniaii.
Aianoa n oai, Caeii aeiioneaao aiciiaeiinoue ii?aaeaeaiey
aiciaa?aaeaeaiey eiui ia?acii, anee ii?aaeaeeoue aiciaa?aaeaeaiea a
aeaea i?ioeaioa io aeioiaea “iaaiciiaeii … a nayce n oa?aeoa?ii
i?iecaaaeaiey eee iniaaiiinoyie aai eniieueciaaiey” (i. 3 no. 31).
Neaaeoao n/eoaoue, /oi anee noi?iiu iiaeienaee aaoi?neee aeiaiai?, ii
eioi?iio aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ii?aaeaeaii “eiui ia?acii”, ie iaeia ec noi?ii
— ie aaoi?, ie iieueciaaoaeue oaea ia iiaeao nnueaoueny ia oi, /oi
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea iiaeii auei ii?aaeaeeoue a aeaea i?ioeaioa io aeioiaea.
Ia i?aeoeea a e?aoein?i/iuo aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ao aaoi?neia
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea /anoi ii?aaeaeyaony eae ?aciaia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ca
aanue iauai eniieueciaaiey (oeene?iaaiiay eee iaooaeueiay noiia) a a
aeiaiai?ao iinyueo aeeeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?, aiciaa?aaeaeaiea /anoi
onoaiaaeeaaaony a ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ao iieaou o?oaea (I?IO) eee a
eiino?aiiie aaethoa (iau/ii a aeieea?ao NOA), ?acoiaaony, n auieaoie aai
a ?oaeyo ii ioeoeeaeueiiio eo?no iaiaia aaetho ia aeaiue ieaoaaea. Yoe
i?eaiu ii?aaeaeaiey ?acia?a aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey caueuatho aaoi?a
a oneiaeyo eioeyoeee.
A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo ?acia? aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ii?aaeaeyaony a aeaea
i?ioeaioa io i?eauee, eioi?ay aeieaeia auoue iieo/aia io eniieueciaaiey
i?iecaaaeaiey.
Aaoi?neee aeiaiai? iiaeao i?aaeoniao?eaaoue auieaoo aaaina (no. 33
CiAI).
Aaainii n/eoathony ethaua noiiu, auiea/eaaaiua aei oiai, eae o
iieueciaaoaey ia?acoaony aeioiae io eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey.
Iaycaiiinoue auieaou aaaina onoaiaaeeaaaony eeoue aeey aeiaiai?ia caeaca
(ni. i. 2 no. 33 CiAI).
Aeiaiai? iiaeao i?aaeoniao?eaaoue ?acee/iua n?iee auieaou
aiciaa?aaeaeaiey.
Anee n?ie auieaou aiciaa?aaeaeaiey a aeiaiai?a ia oeacai,
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea aeieaeii auiea/eaaoueny n?aco aea iinea ia?aciaaiey
aeioiaea o iieoiaoaey.
*. 2 i. 3 no. 31 CiAI aaiaeeo i?aaeei ia eiaeaenaoeee ieieiaeueiuo
noaaie aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey iaeiia?aiaiii n iiauoaieai (eee
iiieaeaieai) ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea.
Yoi i?aaeei ia eiaeaenaoeee i?eiaiyaony oieueei e oai ieieiaeueiui
noaaeai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey, eioi?ua ooaa?aeaeaiu (eee aoaeoo ooaa?aeaeaiu)
I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O.
I?aaeei ia eiaeaenaoeee ia aeieaeii i?eiaiyoueny e ?acia?ai e noiiai
aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey, eioi?ua onoaiiaeaiu a ioaeaeueiii aaoi?neii
aeiaiai?a (anee aeiaiai? eniieiyaony naiaa?aiaiii).
I?aaeei ia eiaeaenaoeee aeieaeii i?eiaiyoueny eeoue e oai neo/ayi,
eiaaea ieieiaeueiay noaaea aaoi?neiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ii?aaeaeaia ia a
aeaea i?ioeaioa io aeioiaea, a eiui ia?acii, iai?eia? a oaa?aeie noiia.
Iineieueeo ana ooaa?aeaeaiiua ieieiaeueiua noaaee au?aaeaiu a aeaea
i?ioeaioa, iaiaoiaeeiinoe a i?eiaiaiee i?aaee ia eiaeaenaoeee e yoei
noaaeai ia aicieeaao.
CiAI i?aaeoniao?eaaao oaeaea auieaoo aiciaa?aaeaeaiey a aeaea
oeene?iaaiiie noiiu, o.a. ia caaeneo io oe?aaea auiouaiiuo eiea,
aeo?iaeia, eiiiaeo-eannao e o.i.
A aeiaiai?ao iiaeiaiiai ?iaea aeieaeii auoue oeacaii iaeneiaeueiia
eiee/anoai eiiee, eioi?ia iieueciaaoaeue ai?aaa ecaioiaeoue e
?ani?ino?aieoue. I?aauoaiea yoiai /enea eiiee o?aaoao caeeth/aiey iiaiai
aeiaiai?a.
Aaoi? eee eiie i?aaiiaeaaeaoaeue iiaeao ioeacaoueny io aaoi?neiai
aiciaa?aaeaeaiey e onooieoue eiouanoaaiiua i?aaa aacaiciacaeii.
Aeaaa 3. Eniieiaiea iaycaiiinoae ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o
Eae oaea iaiaeiie?aoii ioia/aeinue, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?O ia aaoi?neii
i?aaa e niaaeiuo i?aaao yaeyaony /anoueth a?aaeaeaineiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oaeei ia?acii, aaoi?neee aeiaiai? yaeyaony
a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaui e niioaaonoaaiii e iaio i?eiaiythony ii?iu iauae
/anoe iaycaoaeuenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
Onoaiaaeeaay aeiaiai?iua i?aaiioiioaiey, noi?iiu no?aiyony e
ii?aaeaeaiiiio ?acoeueoaoo, iai?eia?, nicaeaoue e ia?aaeaoue
iieueciaaoaeth i?iecaaaeaiea. Yoi aeinoeaaaony ?aaeecaoeeae aaoi?ii e
iieueciaaoaeai i?aa e iaycaiiinoae, ninoaaeythueo niaea?aeaiea
aeiaiai?iiai iaycaoaeuenoaa.
Noi?iiu aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a i?eieiatho ia naay acaeiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa,
eioi?ua iie aeieaeiu eniieiyoue iaaeeaaeauei ia?acii a niioaaonoaee n
oneiaeyie iaycaoaeuenoaa e o?aaiaaieyie caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (no. 309 AE
?O). O?aaiaaiea i iaaeeaaeauai eniieiaiee iaycaoaeuenoa ioiineony e
aaoi?neei aeiaiai?ai, eae e e ae?oaei a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaui niaeaoaieyi.
Yoe iaycaoaeuenoaa naycaiu n auiieiaieai oneiaee aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a,
aai i?aaeiaoa, ianoa e n?ieia, a oaeaea iauaia eniieueciaaiey
i?iecaaaeaiey.
3.1. Eniieiaiea iaycaiiinoae aaoi?ii
O/anoieee aeiaiai?iiai i?ioeanna niaeaniauaatho oneiaey, eioi?ua
oa?aeoa?iu aeey ?aciuo noaaeee aeiaiai?a: caeeth/aiey, eniieiaiey e
i?ae?auaiey. Eaaeaeay ec yoeo noaaeee ii?iaeaeaao aeey iaaeo noi?ii
aeiaiai?a ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe.
Eiaaea aaoi? e i?aaiecaoeey aeiaiaa?eaathony i nicaeaiee i?iecaaaeaiey,
ia aaoi?a aiceaaaaony iaycaiiinoue auiieieoue caeacaiiia aio
i?iecaaaeaiea a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a e ia?aaeaoue
i?iecaaaeaiea i?aaiecaoeee a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie e a iaoneiaeaiiii
ii?yaeea. Ecaeaoaeuenoai iieo/eo i?iecaaaeaiea aeey ecaeaiey e
ia?aecaeaiea, oaao? — aeey ioaee/iiai eniieiaiey, oaeaeiiiaiey — aeey
iinoaiiaee ii eeoa?aoo?iiio noeaia?eth oaeaoeeueia e o.ae.
Iaycaiiinoe aaoi?a ii nicaeaieth i?iecaaaeaiey aeieaeia ni/aoaoueny n
ae?oaie aai iaycaiiinoueth — ii auiieiaieth o?aaiaaiee, eioi?ua cayaeyao
i?aaiecaoeey e ?acee/iiai ?iaea i?iecaaaeaieyi. A?yae ee i?aaiecaoeee
i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a ioeaaeoony io aiaeaie neeaaeuaaaoaeny
i?aeoeee, eiaaea, iai?eia?, eeoa?aoo?iia i?iecaaaeaiea aeieaeii
niioaaonoaiaaoue ii?aaeaeaiiiio aeaeo eeoa?aoo?u, aeai?o, i?eeaaaaiiio e
aeiaiai?o i?iniaeoo (cayaea, ieaio, o/aaiie i?ia?aiia). I?e yoii
aeieaeai niaethaeaoueny iauai i?iecaaaeaiey. Iiieii yoiai aaoi?
iaycuaaaony auiieieoue oneiaey i aiaoiai ioi?ieaiee ?oeiiene
eeoa?aoo?iiai i?iecaaaeaiey: iia aeieaeia iiaeienuaaoueny aaoi?ii eee
anaie niaaoi?aie (anee nicaeaaony eieeaeoeaiia i?iecaaaeaiea),
i?aaenoaaeyoueny eiiieaeoii e a aiaeiii aeey ia/aoe aeaea (eiiiaeoiinoue
?oeiiene icia/aao iaee/ea anao /anoae, eioi?ua ii oneiaeyi aeiaiai?a e
i?eeiaeaiiiio e iaio ieaio-i?iniaeoo aeieaeiu aieoe a ecaeaiea).
A i?aaeiea aiaeu i?e ia?aaea/a ?oeiiene ecaeaoaeuenoao i?iaa?yeinue
oaeaea ea/anoai ioi?ieaiey aaoi?neiai i?eaeiaea, eioi?ia aeeth/aei
eiiieaeoiinoue, auiieiaiea o?aaiaaiee AINO 7.3.-77 “I?eaeiaeu oaenoiaua
aaoi?neea e ecaeaoaeueneea”, niioaaonoaea iauaia i?aaenoaaeaiiiai
i?eaeiaea aeiaiai?iiio. Ia?ooaiea o?aaiaaiee e aiaoiaio ioi?ieaieth
?oeiiene i?eaiaeeei e oiio, /oi ecaeaoaeuenoai aica?auaei aaoi?o
?oeiienue aeey aianaiey niioaaonoaothueo iii?aaie. I?e iiaoi?iie naea/a
i?eaeiae ?anniao?eaaeny ecaeaoaeuenoaii (n oi/ee c?aiey n?ieia) eae
iinooieaoee aia?aua. ?oeiienue n/eoaeanue naeaiiie a iaaeeaaeauai aeaea,
anee ecaeaoaeuenoai iinea aa iieo/aiey ia i?aaeuyaeyei aaoi?o o?aaiaaiee
i aeioeiiieaeoiaaiee eee aeiioi?ieaiee ?oeiiene.
E i?iecaaaeaieth, caeacaiiiio aaoi?o oaao?ii, nouanoaotho naie
o?aaiaaiey. Iii aeieaeii niioaaonoaiaaoue oai?/aneie cayaea aaoi?a,
ooaa?aeaeaiiie oaao?ii. I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a-caeaca o?aaiaiou
aoaeouaai i?iecaaaeaiey iiaoo i?eciaaaoueny ?aaiicia/iuie oai?/aneie
cayaea.
I?e aeinoeaeaiee niaeaney i nicaeaiee i?iecaaaeaiey aeey oaao?a noi?iiu
ii?aaeaeytho aeai? i?iecaaaeaiey, /enei aeoia, onoaaiia iacaaiea. N?iee
e ii?yaeie i?aaenoaaeaiey caeii/aiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey oaao? niaeaniauaaao
n aaoi?ii. I?e iiaeaioiaea eeoa?aoo?iiai noeaia?ey aeey
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oaeaaeceiiiiai oeeueia aaoi? aeieaeai enoiaeeoue ec
oai?/aneie cayaee, ooaa?aeaeaiiie oaeaeiiiaieae. A iae eceaaathony
iniiaiay eaeay, nthaeaoiue caiunae, oa?aeoa?enoeea aeaaiuo aeaenoaothueo
eeoe aoaeouaai noeaia?ey. Noeaia?ee aeieaeai niaea?aeaoue iieiia e
iineaaeiaaoaeueiia iienaiea aeaenoaey, aeeaeiae, oeo?u, o.a.
i?aaenoaaeyoue niaie caeii/aiiia ae?aiaoo?ae/aneia i?iecaaaeaiea. I?e
iaienaiee noeaia?ey aaoi? ia iiaeao i?aauoaoue iauai, eioi?ue
en/eneyaony eiee/anoaii no?aieoe iaoeiiieniiai oaenoa ia eaaeaeoth
/anoue oaeaoeeueia, e aeieaeai o/eouaaoue i?iecaiaenoaaiii-yeiiiie/aneea
iieacaoaee i?e iinoaiiaea aeaiiiai oeeueia (/enei iauaeoia, nuaiie ia
iaoo?a e o.ae.).
O?aaiaaiey e noeaia?eth oeeueia aiaeiae/iu auoaiienaiiui.
Iauei o?aaiaaieai e i?iecaaaeaieyi anao aeaeia eeoa?aoo?u e eneonnoaa
aeieaeii auoue iaaeeaaeauaa ea/anoai. Iaeiaei ie caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia
aaoi?neii i?aaa i?ioeuo eao, ie iuia aeaenoaothuaa ia niaea?aeeo iiiyoey
“iaaeeaaeauaa ea/anoai i?iecaaaeaiey”.
N oi/ee c?aiey N.A. *a?iuoaaie, yoi iiiyoea ioaaouaaao: aeooaeueiinoue
oaiu, i?iaeaiiinoue ?aaiou, iiaecio eioi?iaoeee, eioi?oth ianao ?aaioa,
aeoaeio ?ac?aaioee oaiu eee i?iaeaiu, iiaea/o iaoa?eaea (noeeue
eceiaeaiey).
N/eoath, /oi oeaeaniia?acii auei au aeeth/eoue a aaoi?neia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ii?io, cae?aieythuoth iaaeeaaeaua eniieiaiiia
i?iecaaaeaiea. Iia aeiiieieea au o?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e
i?iecaaaeaieyi, e niinianoaiaaea au caueoa i?aa e eioa?ania aaoi?a.
Eniieiaiea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a naycaii n ia?aaea/ae aaoi?ii nicaeaiiiai
ei i?iecaaaeaiey i?aaiecaoeee e ni anaie iineaaeothueie aeaenoaeyie ii
iiaeaioiaea e auoiaeo a naao.
I?aaiecaoeey ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o caeioa?aniaaia a iieo/aiee
?acoeueoaoa oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe aaoi?a, eniieueciaaiea eioi?iai
iicaieyao iieo/eoue ii?aaeaeaiioth yeiiiie/aneoth auaiaeo. Aiceiaeaiea
ia aaoi?a oaeie iaycaiiinoe, eae ee/ii auiieieoue caeacaiioth ?aaioo,
ioaa/aao ia oieueei eioa?anai i?aaiecaoeee, ii eioa?anai aaoi?ia a
oeaeii — oii?yaei/aieth ioiioaiee ii niaaoi?noao. iaiaoiaeeiinoue
i?eaea/aiey e ?aaioa iaae i?iecaaaeaieai o?aoueeo eeoe iiaeao auoue
iaoneiaeaia ?acee/iuie i?e/eiaie — oa?icie iaauiieiaiey i?iecaaaeaiey a
n?ie, aieaciueth aaoi?a e o.ae., ii aaoi? ai?aaa i?eaea/ue e ?aaioa iaae
i?iecaaaeaieai o?aoueeo eeoe, oieueei n niaeaney caeac/eea. *oi iau/ii
ioi?ieyaony ninoaaeaieai iiaiai eee eciaiaieai i?aaeiaai aeiaiai?a.
Ia?aie/aiey eanathony eeoue oai?/aneie /anoe ?aaiou, a iineieueeo aeey
nicaeaiey i?iecaaaeaiee o?aaoaony e /enoi eniieieoaeueneay ?aaioa (nai?
iaoa?eaea, iiaeno?i/iue ia?aaiae e o.i.), oi ia?aie/aiee ia i?eaea/aiea
o?aoueeo eeoe n yoie oeaeueth ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony.
Ia aaoi?a oaeaea aiceaaaaony iaycaiiinoue i?aaenoaaeoue caeacaiiia aio
i?iecaaaeaiea a ii?aaeaeaiiue aeiaiai?ii n?ie. I?iecaaaeaiea iiaeao
auoue i?aaenoaaeaii aein?i/ii, anee aeiaiai?ii ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia.
Aeaiiue ii?yaeie ia ?aaeaiaioe?oaony caeiiii, iaeiaei oaeie auaiae
noi?ioee?iaai ia iniiaa aiaeeca caeiia e a niioaaonoaee ni neiaeeaoaeny
i?aeoeeie. Niaeaoaieai noi?ii iiaeao i?aaeoniao?eaaoueny ia?aaea/a
i?iecaaaeaiey ii /anoyi.
Iaycaiiinoueth aaoi?a yaeyaony aai o/anoea a iiaeaioiaea i?iecaaaeaiey e
eniieueciaaieth. Niaea?aeaiea aeaiiie iaycaiiinoe caaeneo io aeaea
i?iecaaaeaiey e niiniaa aai eniieueciaaiey. Oae, ii ecaeaoaeueneiio
aeiaiai?o aaoi? iaycai ii o?aaiaaieth ecaeaoaeuenoaa aac iniaiai
aiciaa?aaeaeaiey /eoaoue (i?iniao?eaaoue) ei??aeoo?o i?iecaaaeaiey a
niaeaniaaiiua noi?iiaie n?iee, n o/aoii a?aoeeia aeaeaeaiey eieaeiuo
ecaeaiee a i?iecaiaenoaa.
3.2. Eniieiaiea iaycaiiinoae iieueciaaoaeai
I?aaiecaoeey, i?eieiathuay i?iecaaaeaiea aaoi?a, aeieaeia aai
?anniio?aoue e ioeaieoue, o.a. i?eiyoue ?aoaiea ia iaeia?aiee
ia?aaeaiiiai ae ii aeiaiai?o i?iecaaaeaiey eee i aai ioeeiiaiee ii
iniiaaieyi, i?aaeoniio?aiiui aeiaiai?ii, i iaiaoiaeeiinoe aianoe a
i?iecaaaeaiea iii?aaee, oi/ii oeacaoue eo nouanoai. Nouanoaiaaaoea
oeiiaua aaoi?neea aeiaiai?u onoaiaaeeaaee n?iee ?anniio?aiey
i?aaenoaaeaiiiai aaoi?ii i?iecaaaeaiey. Oae, a niioaaonoaee n i. 5
Oeiiaiai ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a ia eeoa?aoo?iua i?iecaaaeaiey io
24.02.75 a. ? 88 n eci. io 1.10.80 a. ? 499 e io 15.11.89 a. ? 356, ia
ecaeaoaeuenoai aiceaaaeanue iaycaiiinoue ?anniio?aoue ?oeiienue a
30-aeiaaiue n?ie n aeiaaaeaieai ii 4 aeiy ia eaaeaeue aaoi?neee eeno e
ienueiaiii ecaanoeoue aaoi?a i ?acoeueoaoao ?anniio?aiey i?iecaaaeaiey.
Anee ienueiaiiia niaeaoaiea ia iai?aaeyeinue aaoi?o a onoaiiaeaiiue
n?ie, i?iecaaaeaiea n/eoaeinue iaeia?aiiui.
A nayce n ionoonoaeai oeiiauo aeiaiai?ia a ianoiyuaa a?aiy, noi?iiu
aeiaiai?a aeieaeiu niaeaniauaaoue n?iee ?anniio?aiey i?iecaaaeaiey naie,
eae, ai?i/ai, e ae?oaea n?iee, n eioi?uie naycaii auiieiaiea
iaycaoaeuenoa.
Eiaaony a aeaeo ia oieueei n?ie ?anniio?aiey i?iecaaaeaiey
i?aaiecaoeeae, ii e a?aiy, eioi?ia ioaiaeeony aaoi?o ia aei?aaioeo
i?iecaaaeaiey. E?iia niaeaniaaiey n?iea aei?aaioee i?iecaaaeaiey,
i?aaiecaoeey iaycaia niaethaeaoue ae?oaea i?aaeea, eanathueany nouanoaa
e eiee/anoaa aei?aaioie. O?aaiaaiey i aei?aaioea i?iecaaaeaiey aeieaeiu
cayaeyoueny a i?aaeaeao oneiaee aeiaiai?a i aai i?aaeiaoa. Aaaeii, /oiau
iie auee iai?aaeaiu ia nicaeaiea i?iecaaaeaiey, niioaaonoaothuaai
oai?/aneie cayaea eee ieaio. I?aaiecaoeey ioi?ieyao naie i?aaeeiaeaiey i
aianaiee a i?iecaaaeaiea iii?aaie ienueiaiii e iaoneiaeeaaao nouanoai
iaiaoiaeeiuo eciaiaiee.
Ia i?aeoeea ano?a/aeenue neo/ae, eiaaea o?aaiaaiey i?aaiecaoeee,
cayaeaiiua ii ianeieueeo ?ac, i?ioeai?a/eee ae?oa ae?oao. Eiiaaea
o?aaiaaiey aianoe oa eee eiua eciaiaiey aeeyee ia nouanoai nicaeaaaaiiai
i?iecaaaeaiey. O?aaiaaiey i aei?aaioea i?iecaaaeaiey (oa?aeoa? iii?aaie
e eciaiaiee) aeieaeiu niaeaniauaaoue n aaoi?ii. Aiciiaeii, /oi
iaeii?aciaay aei?aaioea i?iecaaaeaiey ia i?iaeaeiao aaoi?a e aai
oeo/oaieth. I?aaiecaoeey aoi?e/ii iiaeao aeaoue naie caia/aiey, ii
eiee/anoai aei?aaioie ia iiaeao auoue aaca?aie/iui. oeiiaua aaoi?neea
aeiaiai?u i?aaeoniao?eaaee ia?aie/aiey /enea aei?aaioie i?iecaaaeaiey. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy niioaaonoaothuaa i?aaeei ionoonoaoao.
A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue aei?aaioee oaea
iaeia?aiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey. Aaoi?o aiaiyaony a iaycaiiinoue aianoe
eni?aaeaiey, anee iaeia?aiiia i?iecaaaeaiea iaaiciiaeii auionoeoue a
naao ii ianoiyoaeuenoaai, ia caaenyuei io noi?ii. Iaeiaei
caeiiiaeaoaeueii ia cae?aieai ia?a/aiue iniiaaiee, ii eioi?ui iiaeii
auei au o?aaiaaoue iiaeiaiie aei?aaioee.
I?aaeoniao?eaaaony, /oi e /eneo iniiaaiee iaiaoiaeeii ioiineoue oieueei
oa yaeaiey e niauoey, ianooieaiea eioi?uo iaaiciiaeii auei
i?aaeaeaeaoue, a oaeaea ianooieaiea eioi?uo ia caaeneo io aiee noi?ii
aeiaiai?a. Yoi ioe?uoey, enoi?e/aneea niauoey, aeoeee iieeoe/aneiai
oa?aeoa?a, eiaaoea ianoi a i?ioeanna iiaeaioiaee i?iecaaaeaiey e auioneo
a naao. N.A. *a?iuoaaa n/eoaao, /oi yoio ia?a/aiue aeieaeai auoue
en/a?iuaathuei. Iaoiaeo aiieia ii?aaaeaiiie oaeoth iiceoeeth, iineieueeo
en/a?iuaathuee ia?a/aiue yaeyaony aa?aioii caueou i?aa aaoi?a io
i?iecaiea iieueciaaoaey.
Iiieii i?aaeeiaeaiiuo iniiaaiee aei?aaioee iaeia?aiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey
neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo iaaiciiaeiinoue ?aaeecaoeee i?iecaaaaeiey aaoi?a
n?aaenoaaie eeii, oaeaaeaeaiey, oaao?a e ae?., aicieeooth iinea
caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a.
Caeacuaay aaoi?o nicaeaiea oiai eee eiiai i?iecaaaeaiey, i?aaiecaoeey
caeioa?aniaaia a oii, /oiau iii auei aunieiooaeiaeanoaaiiui e
ea/anoaaiiui, a iioiio iia aeieaeia ieacuaaoue iiiiuue aaoi?o. Oi?iu
yoie iiiiue ?acee/iu: eiinoeueoaoeee, ?aaeaeoe?iaaiea, ianoaeaeaiea
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuo aa?eaioia i?iecaaaeaiey. Iai?eia?, aeey ae?aiaoo?aa
nouanoaaiiui yaeyaony ciaeiinoai n ninoaaii o?oiiu, oaoie/aneie /anoueth
oaao?a, aanaaeu n aeoa?aie, aeey eioi?uo ieoaony ?ieue, e o.ae.
Oai?/aneia nio?oaeie/anoai e acaeiiaeaenoaea aaoi?a e i?aaiecaoeee —
caeia ii?iaeueiuo aeiaiai?iuo ioiioaiee.
A i?aaeiea aiaeu eeiinooaeey auea iaycaia i?eaeaeaoue aaoi?a e
ianoaeaeaieth eeoa?aoo?iiai noeaia?ey, a aaoi?o aiaiyeinue a
iaycaiiinoue niaianoii n oai?/aneeie ?aaioieeaie nuaii/iie a?oiiu
nicaeaaaoue eeiinoeaia?ee (i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oai?/aneoth ?ac?aaioeo) e
i?eieiaoue o/anoea a iiaeaioiaea ?aaeenna?neiai noeaia?ey. A
iaycaiiinoue aaoi?a aoiaeeei oaeaea o/anoea a ?aaioa nuaii/iie a?oiiu
aeey aea/e eiinoeueoaoeee eeii?aaeenna?o-iinoaiiaueeo e aeoa?ai ii
aii?inai, naycaiiui n o?aeoiaeie noeai, ia?acia aeaenoaothueo eeoe,
ianoaiiaeie aeaenoaey e o.ae., a oaeaea a ianoaeaeaieyo eeiiiaoa?eaea e
caeii/aiiiai eeiioeeueia.
Iaycaiiinoueth i?aaiecaoeee, auoaeathuae ec aeiaiai?a, yaeyaony oieaoa
aaoi?o aiciaa?aaeaeaiey. Niaeanii no. 31 Caeiia 1993 a., noi?iiu i?e
caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a niaeaniauaatho ?acia? aiciaa?aaeaeaiey, ii?yaeie
ii?aaeaeaiey ?acia?a aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca oio eee eiie niinia
eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey, ii?yaeie e n?iee aai auieaou.
N 1993 a. eciaiai ii?yaeie ii?aaeaeaiey naiiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey. Iii
ii?aaeaeyaony a aaoi?neii aeiaiai?a a aeaea i?ioeaioa io aeioiaea ca
niioaaonoaothuee niinia eniieueciaaiey i?iecaaaeaiey. Anee yoi
iaaiciiaeii inouanoaeoue a nayce n oa?aeoa?ii i?iecaaaeaiey eee
iniaaiiinoyie aai eniieueciaaiey, aiciaa?aaeaeaiea naycuaaaony n
caoeene?iaaiiie a aeiaiai?a noiiie. Ii?aaeaeaiea aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ia
ia?aie/eaaaony i?ioeaioii io aeioiaea eee oeene?iaaiiie noiiie. Caeii
aeiioneaao e eiie niinia, eioi?ue ii?aaeaeytho naie noi?iiu aeiaiai?a.
Ia?yaeo n ?anniio?aiiuie iaycaiiinoyie a aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ao iiaoo
i?aaeoniao?eaaoueny e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea iaycaiiinoe eae aaoi?ia, oae e
iieueciaaoaeae (o/anoea aaoi?a a ?aaioa ii iiaeaioiaea i?iecaaaeaiey e
ia?aecaeaieth, i?aaeinoaaeaiea aaoi?o ii?aaeaeaiiiai /enea aanieaoiuo
yecaiiey?ia i?iecaaaeaiey e o.ae.).
3.3. A?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaay ioaaonoaaiiinoue noi?ii ii aeiaiai?o
A?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaay ioaaonoaaiiinoue eiaao ianoi, eiaaea iaeia ec
noi?ii ia eniieiyao eee iaiaaeeaaeauei ia?acii eniieiyao aeiaiai?iua
iaycaoaeuenoaa (no. 34 CiAI). Niune aa ninoieo a oii, /oi e ia?ooeoaeth
i?eiaiythony onoaiiaeaiiua caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii ia?u aicaeaenoaey.
aeaeouea aeey iaai io?eoeaoaeueiua. yeiiiie/anee iaauaiaeiua
iineaaenoaey eiouanoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a. Aeaeaaony yoi ia oieueei ?aaee
iaeacaiey aeiiaiiai, ii e a eioa?anao ae?oaie noi?iiu.
Aii?in i iiiyoee a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe iiiaea aiaeu
yaeyaony nii?iui a th?eaee/aneie iaoea. Iaeie aaoi?u iiieiatho iiae
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth eniieiaiea iaycaiiinoe iiae i?eioaeaeaieai, ae?oaea —
ianooieaiea iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee aeey i?aaiia?ooeoaeae. E oioy i
iiiyoee ioaaonoaaiiinoe auneacaiu ?acee/iua noaeaeaiey, iauei
i?aaenoaaeyaony neaaeothuaa. Ai-ia?auo, ioaaonoaaiiinoue anoue
neaaenoaea i?aaiia?ooaiey. Ai-aoi?uo. aeey aa ianooieaiey iaiaoiaeeii
onoaiiaeoue aeiiaiia iiaaaeaiea i?aaiia?ooeoaey. A-o?aoueeo.
ioaaonoaaiiinoue naycaia n iaaeaaii?eyoiuie iineaaenoaeyie aeey
i?aaiia?ooeoaeae.
A th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a iniiaaieai a?aaeaeainei0i?aaiaie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe o?aaeeoeeiiii i?eciaaony i?aaiia?ooaiea, iiae eioi?ui
i?eiyoi iiieiaoue ia niioaaonoaothuaa caeiio aeaenoaea eee aacaeaenoaea,
eiiaaea iauaaeeiyaiia iaeiei oa?ieiii “i?ioeaii?aaiia iiaaaeaiea”.
I?ioeaii?aaiinoue iiaaaeaiey, o.a. ia?ooaiea niioaaonoaothueie
aeaenoaeyie eee aacaeaenoaeai ii?i i?aaa, ?anniao?eaaaony eae aaniethoii
iaiaoiaeeiue i?eciae anyeiai ia?ooaiey, aeaeouaai a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaoth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue.
Aiieia i/aaeaeii, /oi eeoei, aeiionoeaoaa ia?ooaiea noauaeoeaiiai
a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, iiaeao ianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoue eeoue ca
iineaaenoaey, i?e/eiaiiua eiaiii yoei ia?ooaieai, o.a. iaeiei ec oneiaee
ioaaonoaaiiinoe yaeyaony iaee/ea i?e/eiiie nayce iaaeaeo ia?ooaieai e
ianooieaoeie iaaaoeaiuie iineaaenoaeyie. I?e/ai eae ioia/aao
I.E. A?aaeineee, “onoaiiaeaiea i?e/eiiie nayce eiaao i?aaiaia cia/aiea,
a naia i?e/eiiay naycue i?eia?aoaao oa?aeoa? iaiaoiaeeiiai oneiaey
aeiaiai?iie ioaaonoaaiiinoe eeoue oiaaea, eiaaea ?a/ue eaeao i
aiciauaiee oauoeia”.
Eae iauaa i?aaeei iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai aeey i?eaea/aiey noi?iiu e
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea aeiaiai?iiai iaycaoaeuenoaa yaeyaony aeia.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi a nia?aiaiiie th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a
i?aeoe/anee ionoonoaoao oai?aoe/aneee aiaeec aeiu eae oneiaey
a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. A aeieo?eia a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa
eniieuecoao ii?aaeaeaiea aeiu ii oa?ieiieiaee n oaieiaiui i?aaii,
oi?ioee?oy iiiyoea aeiu eae iaeia aeiioaoe/aneia ineoe/aneia ioiioaiea
i?aaiia?ooeoaey e naiei aeaenoaeyi e eo iineaaenoaeyi.
Aiaeec anao ii?i AE, eae i?aaeoniao?eaathueo iieiaeaiey ia
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca iaeniieiaiea eee iaiaaeeaaeauaa eniieiaiea
iaycaoaeuenoa, oae e onoaiaaeeaathueo ia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe. iiaeeaaeauea
i?eiaiaieth ca ?acee/iua ia?ooaiey eiie?aoiuo aeaeia iaycaoaeuenoa.
iicaieyao naeaeaoue auaiae i oii, /oi ?inneeneia a?aaeaeaineia i?aai. a
niioaaonoaaiii e aaoi?neia, enoiaeeo ec iaee/ey o?ao oi?i aeiu: oiunea,
iainoi?iaeiinoe e a?oaie iainoi?iaeiinoe.
Oiuoeaiiay aeia caeeth/aaony a iaia?aiiuo aeaenoaeyo eeai aacaeaenoaeai
eeoea n oeaeueth iaeniieiaiey eee iaiaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa eeai nicaeaiey iaaiciiaeiinoe aai eniieiaiey.
Aeia aeieaeieea a oi?ia iainoi?iaeiinoe eiaao ianoi oiaaea, eiaaea eeoei
i?e eniieiaiee iaycaoaeuenoaa ia i?iyaeyao oo noaiaiue caaioeeainoe e
iniio?eoaeueiinoe, eaeay o?aaiaaeanue io iaai ii oa?aeoa?o
iaycaoaeuenoaa e oneiaeyi iai?ioa. e a ?acoeueoaoa n aai noi?iiu ia
i?eiyou ana iaaeeaaeauea ia?u aeey iaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa.
A ea/anoaa e?eoa?ey auaeaeaiey oaeie oi?iu aeiu, eae a?oaay
iainoi?iaeiinoue, iiaeii i?eciaoue iai?iyaeaiea eeoeii oie ieieiaeueiie
noaiaie caaioeeainoe e iniio?eoaeueiinoe, eaeoth iiaeii auei au
iaeeaeaoue io anyeiai o/anoieea eiouanoaaiiiai iai?ioa e iai?eiyoea
eeoeii i/aaeaeiui ia? a oeaeyo iaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa.
I?eiaieoaeueii e o/anoieea aaoi?neeo i?aaiioiioaiee aii?inu
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ?aoaeenue a Iniiaao a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
1961 a., AE ?NON? 1964 a., oeiiauo aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ao. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy ?yae iieiaeaiee ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe niaea?aeeony a Caeiia 1993 a.
Oiiieiaiea ?aiaa aeaenoaiaaaoeo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia e aiiaue
i?eiyouo naycaii n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth niiinoaaeoue ?acee/iue iiaeoiae
caeiiiaeaoaey e ioaaonoaaiiinoe noi?ii aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue, iauea ii?iu a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa iaiin?aaenoaaiii
?ani?ino?aiythony ia aaoi?neea ioiioaiey. A aii?inao ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca
ia?ooaiea iaycaoaeuenoa caeiiiaeaoaeue eae i?aaeaea (no. 36 Iniia
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa), oae e iuia (no. 393 AE ?O)
i?eaea?aeeaaaony i?aaeea. /oi a neo/aa iaeniieiaiey eee iaiaaeeaaeauaai
eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa aeieaeieeii ii iaycai aicianoeoue e?aaeeoi?o
i?e/eiaiiua yoei oauoee. *oi aea eanaaony ii?aaeaeaiey ?acia?a oauoeia,
oi caeanue i?eiaieiu i?aaeea no. 15; i niioiioaiee oauoeia e iaonoieee —
no. 394; ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca iaeniieiaiea aeaiaaeiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa —
no. 395; i aeia aeieaeieea — no. 401; i aeia e?aaeeoi?a — no. 404 e ae?.
Aianoa n oai, a?yae ee e aaoi?neei ioiioaieyi iiaoo auoue i?eiaieiu
ii?iu no. 397, oae eae iie ia niioaaonoaotho niaoeeoeea i?aaeiaoa
aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a.
A AE ?NON? 1964 a. ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea oneiaee aaoi?neiai
aeiaiai?a iinayuaiu no. 511 e no. 512. Aeey aaoi?a ianooieaiea
iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee auei naycaii n aai aeiiaiui iiaaaeaieai. A
no. 511 aeaaaeny ia?a/aiue aeiioneaaiuo aaoi?ii ia?ooaiee oneiaee
aeiaiai?a. A iaai aoiaeeei: iai?aaenoaaeaiea i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaaaeaiey
a onoaiiaeaiiue aeiaiai?ii n?ie; auiieiaiea caeacaiiie ?aaiou ia a
niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a eee iaaeia?iniaanoii; ioeac io
aianaiey eni?aaeaiee, i?aaeeiaeaiiuo aaoi?o a ii?yaeea e i?aaeaeao,
onoaiiaeaiiuo aeiaiai?ii; ia?ooaiea iaycaiiinoe ee/ii eniieieoue ?aaioo;
ia?aaea/a i?iecaaaeaiey o?aoueei eeoeai i?e iaee/ee caeeth/aiiiai
aeiaiai?a.
A ea/anoaa iineaaenoaee yoeo ia?ooaiee /. 1 no. 511 AE ?NON?
i?aaeoniao?eaaea ?anoi?aeaiea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a e aiceiaeaiea ia
aaoi?a iaycaiiinoe aa?iooue iieo/aiiia ii aeiaiai?o aaoi?neia
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea. Yoo iaycaiiinoue aaoi?a auei i?eiyoi n/eoaoue ia?ie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, iineieueeo aa nouiinoue au?aaeaaony i?eciaeii
iaaeaaii?eyoiinoe i?aaeoniio?aiiuo naieoeee i?aaiaie ii?iu iineaaenoaee
aeey i?aaiia?ooeoaey, a yoi a naith i/a?aaeue iicaieyao aicaeaenoaiaaoue
ia niioaaonoaothuea eioa?anu ia?ooeoaey n oeaeueth iiaoaeaeaiey aai e
i?aaiia?iiio iiaaaeaieth.
Niaeanii ae?oaie oi/ea c?aiey, iaycaiiinoue aica?aoa aaoi?ii iieo/aiiiai
ii aeiaiai?o aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ia iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae
ioaaonoaaiiinoue, eai iia ia auoiaeeo ca ?aiee nianoaaiii niaea?aeaiey
ia?ooaiiiai i?aaiioiioaiey e aunooiaao eae iai?ioiay noi?iia
iaeniieiaiey eee iaiaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey aaoi?ii i?eiyoie ia naay ii
aeiaiai?o iaycaiiinoe. ?acaeaeyy yoi iiaiea, n/eoath iaiaoiaeeiui
auaeaeeoue neaaeothuaa. aaoi? auiieiee iaycaoaeuenoai ii nicaeaieth
i?iecaaaeaiey a n?ie e a iaaeeaaeauai aeaea naeae aai i?aaiecaoeee,
eioi?ay iaeia?eea ?acoeueoao o?oaea aaoi?a. Eiae/ii, /oi aaoi? aeieaeai
iieo/eoue i?e/eoathuaany aio aiciaa?aaeaeaiea. Auieaoa aiii?a?a — yoi
i?yiay iaycaiiinoue ecaeaoaeuenoaa, cae?aieaiiay a i. 13 Oeiiaiai
ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a ia eeoa?aoo?iua i?iecaaaeaiey 1975 a.
Ia?a/aiue ia?ooaiee, ca eioi?ua aaoi? ian ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii no. 11 AE
?NON?, aini?iecaiaeeeny a oeiiauo aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ao. Yoio ia?a/aiue
ia?ooaiee aeiiieiyeny a oeiiauo aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ao, eioi?ua
i?aaeoniao?eaaee ioaaonoaaiiinoue aaoi?a ca ia?ooaiea iaycaiiinoe
o/anoaiaaoue a iiaeaioiaea i?iecaaaeaiey e auoiaeo a naao. Niaeanii
Oeiiaiio ecaeaoaeueneiio aeiaiai?o, aaoi? aue iaycai ii o?aaiaaieth
ecaeaoaeuenoaa aac iniaiai ia oi aiciaa?aaeaeaiey /eoaoue ei??aeoo?o
i?iecaaaeaiey. I?e caaea?aeea ei??aeoo?iuo iooeneia ecaeaoaeuenoai eiaei
i?aai auionoeoue a naao i?iecaaaeaiea aac aaoi?neie i?aaee eee
ion?i/eoue aai auione ia a?aiy caaea?aeee. Ion?i/ea auionea
i?iecaaaeaiey aeaeea aeey ecaeaoaeuenoaa aeiiieieoaeueiua ?anoiaeu, eai
iii aeieaeii auei iiea/eaaoue iieea?aoe/aneiio i?aaei?eyoeth i?inoie,
aucaaiiue ii aeia aaoi?a (i. 22 Oeiiaiai ecaeaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a ia
eeoa?aoo?iua i?iecaaaeaiey). Oauoee, iiianaiiua ecaeaoaeuenoaii,
ioiineeenue ia n/ao aaoi?a a ?acia?a ia nauoa 20% noiiu aiii?a?a.
I?e /oaiee ei??aeoo?u aaoi? aeieaeai aue inouanoaeoue i?aaeo a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aaeaeao. Eiiuthieoo?iay, aaoi?neay i?aaea a i?aaeaeao 2%
i?iecaiaeeeanue ca n/ao ecaeaoaeuenoaa. Anee noieiinoue i?aaee i?aauoaea
2:, oi aaoi? aiciauae ?anoiaeu ii naa?oii?iaoeaiie i?aaea a ?acia?a ia
nauoa 20: noiiu aiii?a?a.
Aiaeiae/iua iieiaeaiey niaea?aeaeenue a Oeiiaii ecaeaoaeueneii aeiaiai?a
ia i?iecaaaeaiey ecia?aceoaeueiiai eneonnoaa (i. 19) e a Oeiiaii
ecaeaoaeueneii aeiaiai?a ia iocueaeueiua i?iecaaaeaiey (i. 21).
I?aaiecaoeey eae aoi?ay noi?iia aeiaiai?a a niioaaonoaee ni no. 512 AE
?NON? e oeiiauie aaoi?neeie aeiaiai?aie ianea ioaaonoaaiiinoue eeoue a
oii neo/aa, anee iia a onoaiiaeaiiue aeiaiai?ii n?ie ia auioneaea
i?iecaaaeaiea a naao. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue i?aaiecaoeee caeeth/aeanue a oii,
/oi iia aeieaeia auea auieaoeoue aaoi?o aiciaa?aaeaeaiea iieiinoueth.
I?aaiecaoeee aeiioneaee e ae?oaea ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?ii iaycaoaeuenoa. ca
eioi?ua i?aeoe/anee ia ianee ieeaeie ioaaonoaaiiinoe, iai?eia?:
nie?auaiea iauaia nicaeaiiiai aaoi?ii i?iecaaaeaiey, i?iione n?ieia ia
?anniio?aiea i?iecaaaeaiey e aai ioeaieo e o.ae.
A ioee/ea io ?aiaa aeaenoaiaaaoaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. eioi?ia oioue
eae-oi eiie?aoece?iaaei neo/ae ioaaonoaaiiinoe noi?ii, Caeii 1993 a.
niaea?aeeo oieueei iaeio noaoueth ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii aaoi?neiio
aeiaiai?o (no. 34). Oae, i. 1 no. 34 Caeiia onoaiaaeeaaao. /oi noi?iia
ia eniieieaoay eee iaiaaeeaaeauei ia?acii eniieieaoay iaycaoaeuenoaa ii
aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o, iaycaia aicianoeoue oauoee, i?e/eiaiiua ae?oaie
noi?iia. aeeth/ay oiouaiioth auaiaeo.
Iineieueeo caeii yaeyaony /anoueth a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
oieeiaaiea iiiyoee oauoeia, oiouaiiie auaiaeu e i?aaee eo aiciauaiey
iiaeii iaeoe a AE ?O (i. 2 no. 15.)
Ionthaea i/aaeaeii, /oi iaycaoaeuenoaa ec aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia ia
ioianaiu e oai iaycaoaeuenoaai, ?acia? ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii eioi?ui
ia?aie/ai (i. 1 no. 400 AE).
Aianoa n oai, enoiaey ec iaueo ii?i AE, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi a
eiie?aoiii aaoi?neii aeiaiai?a noi?iiu iiaoo ia?aie/eoue ?acia?
ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeytho iaeioi?ua iniaua neo/ae, eiaaea
?acia? ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii aeiaiai?o ia iiaeao auoue ia?aie/ai (i. 2
no. 400; i. 4 no. 401 AE).
I. 2 no. 34 CiAI niaea?aeeo ii?io, ia?aie/eaathuoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue
aaoi?a a neo/aa iai?aaenoaaeaiey ei caeacaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey a
niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a: ii iaycai aicianoeoue eeoue
?aaeueiue oua?a, i?e/eiaiiue caeac/eeo, ii ia aai oiouaiioth auaiaeo.
Oi?ioee?iaea no. 34 Caeiia iau e iaei /oi aeaao eeoeai, anooiathuei a
aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey. noiyueany a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ii i?eioeeio
naiaiaeu, eiaaea noi?iiu naie niaeaniauaatho oneiaey, a ?aieao eioi?uo
iie aoaeoo acaeiiaeaenoaiaaoue, a oaeaea iaycaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua
i?eieiaao ia naay eaaeaeay ec ieo. Eacaeinue au, i?e oaeii iiaeoiaea
iaania/eaaaony ?aaiii?aaea noi?ii aeiaiai?a, eai ei i?aaeinoaaeaia
aiciiaeiinoue naiaiaeiiai aieaecuyaeaiey. E noaey ii anaio, eiaiii
naiaiaea aieaecuyaeaiey yaeyaony noano?aoii aicieeiiaaiey aano?aeiuo
neooaoeee: a caeeth/aaiuo iuia aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ao iiaeii ano?aoeoue
ia?aaeienaeueiua caiene a?iaea oiai, /oi ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii aaoi?neiio
aeiaiai?o ianooiaao a neo/aa iai?aiaeieeiie neeu. Aeoiaaony, /oi ai
ecaaaeaiee iiaeiaiuo iaaei?acoiaiee, neaaeoao aeeth/eoue a aaoi?neia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai aeeniiceoeaioth ii?io ia iaycaoaeuenoaao,
ii?aaeaeythuoth oneiaey acaeiiaeaenoaey noi?ii.
Aeaaa IV. Iniiaaiey eciaiaiey e i?ae?auaiey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a
4.1. Iniiaaiey, ii?yaeie e iineaaenoaey eciaiaiey
oneiaee aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a
Aiciiaeiinoue eciaiyoue oneiaey aeiaiai?a yaeyaony aaaeiui i?aaiii/eai,
i?eiaaeeaaeauei noi?iiai. Yoi i?aaiii/ea iaoneiaeaii i?aaii eeoe,
o/anoaothueo a aeiaiai?a, ia naiaiaeo aeiaiai?a (no.no. 1; 421 AE ?O),
?aaeecoy eioi?ia noi?iiu ai?aaa eae caeeth/aoue aeiaiai?u, oae e
eciaiyoue eo.
Iaeiaei aeey iaania/aiey noaaeeueiinoe a?aaeaeaineiai iai?ioa aaaeii
caueoeoue eaaeaeoth ec noi?ii io i?iecaieueiiai eciaiaiey aeiaiai?a
ae?oaie noi?iiie. A nayce n yoei iauea oneiaey e ii?yaeie eciaiaiey
aeiaiai?a ?aaeaiaioe?oaony caeiiii, inoaaeyy a niioaaonoaee n iauei
i?eioeeiii a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa i aeeniiceoeaiinoe i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey a?aaeaeaineiai iai?ioa ?aoaiea ?yaea aii?inia ia
oniio?aiea noi?ii.
?aaoee?iaaieth aeaiiiai aii?ina iinayuaia ae. 29 AE ?O.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi AE ?NON? iniiaaieyie aeey eciaiaiey oneiaee
aeiaiai?a n/eoae: iniiaaiey, i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii, niaeaoaieai
noi?ii eee ?aoaieai noaea (no. 233).
A no. 450 AE ?O aeaneo: “eciaiaiea … aeiaiai?a aiciiaeii ii
niaeaoaieth noi?ii, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii ianoiyuei Eiaeaenii,
ae?oaeie caeiiaie eee aeiaiai?ii”. A iniiaa eciaiaiey aeiaiai?a ii
niaeaoaieth noi?ii iaoiaeeony niaianoiia aieaecuyaeaiea aai o/anoieeia,
niioaaonoaothuaa aiea eaaeaeiai ec ieo e iai?aaeaiiia ia eciaiaiea
aeiaiai?a ia niaeaniaaiiuo iaaeaeo ieie oneiaeyo.
Eciaieoue aeiaiai?, anee niaeaoaiea ia yoii ia aeinoeaiooi, iiaeii ii
o?aaiaaieth caeioa?aniaaiiie noi?iiu, i?e/ai oieueei a noaeaaiii
ii?yaeea e eeoue i?e iaee/ee ii?aaeaeaiiuo iniiaaiee. A niioaaonoaee n
i. 2 no. 450 AE ?O, noae ai?aaa i?eiyoue oaeia ?aoaiea ia eciaiaiee
oneiaee aeiaiai?a oieueei: “1) i?e nouanoaaiiii ia?ooaiee aeiaiai?a
ae?oaie noi?iiie”, i?eciaaay nouanoaaiiui “ia?ooaiea aeiaiai?a iaeiie ec
noi?ii, eioi?ia aea/ao aeey ae?oaie noi?iiu oaeie oua?a, /oi iia a
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie eeoaaony oiai, ia /oi auea ai?aaa ?ann/eouaaoue
i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a”; “2) a eiuo neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
Eiaeaenii, ae?oaeie caeiiaie eee aeiaiai?ii”.
Iiieii auoaeceiaeaiiiai, a ea/anoaa iniiaaiey eciaiaiey aeiaiai?a
no. 451 AE ?O iacuaaao nouanoaaiiia eciaiaiea ianoiyoaeuenoa. Oeaeueth
aeaiiie noaouee yaeyaony iauaa o?aaoee?iaaiea ioiioaiee noi?ii
aeiaiai?a, eiaaea nouanoaaiiia eciaiaiea ianoiyoaeuenoa i?eaiaeeo e
cia/eoaeueii aieueoae ia?aiaieoaeueiinoe eniieiaiey, ii ia aucuaaao
iieioth eee /anoe/ioth iaaiciiaeiinoue eniieiaiey aeiaiai?iuo
iaycaoaeuenoa.
Naii ii naaa nouanoaaiiia eciaiaiea ianoiyoaeuenoa ia neoaeeo iniiaaieai
aeey eciaiaiey aeiaiai?a, anee ei i?aaeoniio?aii eee ec iaai auoaeaao
eiia.
Neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi eciaiaiea oneiaee ia i?ae?auaao aeiaiai?a, a
aiineo a aai niaea?aeaiea iiaua yeaiaiou. Eciaiaiea oneiaee oeene?oaony
a aeiiieieoaeueiii niaeaoaiee, eioi?ia, ii nouanoao, iaiyao iaeioi?ua
oneiaey ?aiaa caeeth/aiiiai aeiaiai?a. I?ioeaaeo?a ioi?ieaiey
aeiiieieoaeueiiai niaeaoaiey oaeay aea, eae e i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a
(no. 452 AE ?O). Oieueei a neo/aa iaaeeaaeauaai ioi?ieaiey,
aeiiieieoaeueiia niaeaoaiea noaiiaeony iaiouaieaiie ninoaaiie /anoueth
aeiaiai?a. Iii iiaeao eanaoueny i?iaeeaiey n?iea i?aaenoaaeaiey
i?iecaaaeaiey i?aaiecaoeee, ooi/iaiey iauaia i?iecaaaeaiey, eciaiaiey
aai aeai?a, noaaee aiciaa?aaeaeaiey.
No. 453 AE ?O ii?aaeaeyao a ea/anoaa iineaaenoaee eciaiaiey aeiaiai?a
neaaeothuaa: “1) … iaycaoaeuenoa noi?ii nio?aiythony a eciaiaiiii
aeaea; 2) iaycaoaeuenoaa n/eoathony eciaiaiiuie n iiiaioa caeeth/aiey
niaeaoaiey noi?ii ia eciaiaiee … aeiaiai?a …, a i?e eciaiaiee
aeiaiai?a a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea — n iiiaioa anooieaiey a caeiiioth neeo
?aoaiey noaea”.
4.2. Iniiaaiey, ii?yaeie e iineaaenoaey i?ae?auaiey aeiaiai?a
Aaoi?neea aeiaiai?u iiaoo i?ae?auaoueny ii ?aciui iniiaaieyi. Iaeie ec
ieo ianooiatho iacaaeneii io aiee noi?ii, ae?oaea, iai?ioea,
i?aaeiieaaatho i?iyaeaiey aiee noi?ii, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo iieuecoaony
i?aaeinoaaeaiiui ae i?aaii.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi CiAI ia niaea?aeeo ieeaeeo ii?i i i?ae?auaiee
aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia, iiyoiio yoio aii?in ?aaeaiaioe?oaony a iniiaiii
aeaaie 29 AE ?O “Eciaiaiea e ?anoi?aeaiea aeiaiai?a”.
Iaeaieaa /anoiui iniiaaieai aeey i?ae?auaiey aeaenoaey aaoi?neeo
aeiaiai?ia yaeyaony enoa/aiea n?iea eo aeaenoaey. Iineieueeo /aua anaai
ca yoio ia?eiae noi?iiu eniieiytho naie iaycaiiinoe ii aeiaiai?o, oi yoi
yaeyaony naiinoiyoaeueiui iniiaaieai i?ae?auaiey aeiaiai?a. Iaeiaei eae
ioia/aao A.I. Na?aaaa “noi?iiu naiei aeiiieieoaeueiui niaeaoaieai iiaoo
i?iaeeeoue n?ie aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a, ii anee aaoi? i?ioea yoiai
aic?aaeaao, aeiaiai? i?ae?auaaony”.
Ia i?aeoeea aiciiaeiu neo/ae, eiaaea ecaeaoaeuenoai, iioaeeeiaaaoaa
i?iecaaaeaiea, iiaeao auoue ia caeioa?aniaaii a aai ia?aecaeaiee,
ianiio?y ia oi, /oi niaeanii aeiaiai?o iiaei aeaeaoue yoi iaia?aie/aiii
/enei ?ac a i?aaeaeao n?iea aai aeaenoaey. A yoii neo/aa aaoi?neee
aeiaiai? iiaeao i?aaeoniao?eaaoue aiciiaeiinoue aein?i/iiai i?ae?auaiey
aai aeaenoaey.
A ea/anoaa iniiaaiey i?ae?auaiey aeiaiai?a iiaeao aunooiaoue
iaaiciiaeiinoue aai eniieiaiey. A yoi aiciiaeii ii i?e/eia nia?oe
aaoi?a; niaethaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie oaeiu, ca ia?ooaiea eioi?ie a
niioaaonoaee ni no. 283 OE ?O “?acaeaoaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie oaeiu”,
i?aaeoniio?aia oaieiaiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue; eeeaeaeaoeey th?eaee/aneiai
eeoea e o.ae.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi nia?oue aaoi?a aea/ao ?acee/iua iineaaenoaey.
Oae, aeiaiai? eeoa?aoo?iiai, ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai, noeaia?iiai caeaca
i?ae?auaaony, oae eae iaycaoaeuenoaa nicaeaoue i?iecaaaeaiea a aoaeouai
iinyo ee/iue oa?aeoa? e ia iiaoo auoue ia?aaeaiu ae?oaei eeoeai.
Aeiaiai? ia aioiaia i?iecaaaeaiea iiaeao auoue i?ae?auai a nayce ni
nia?oueth aaoi?a oieueei i?e ionoonoaee ianeaaeieeia. A yoii neo/aa
anooiaao a aeaenoaea no. 29 CiAI, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie i?e
ionoonoaee ianeaaeieeia aaoi?a caueoo i?aa iineaaeiaai inouanoaeyao
niaoeeaeueii oiieiiii/aiiue i?aai ?O.
Eae oaea auei ioia/aii, aaoi?neee aeiaiai? i?ae?auaao naia aeaenoaea a
neo/aa eeeaeaeaoeee i?aaiecaoeee, a yoii neo/aa acaeiiua i?aoaicee
noi?ii (ii aica?aoo auiea/aiiiai aaoi?o aaaina e o.ae.) i?eieiathony a
ii?aaeaeaiiua n?iee.
I?ae?auaiea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a aiciiaeii iooai aai ?anoi?aeaiey ii
eieoeeaoeaa noi?ii. Iaeiaei ie i?aaeiaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ie iuia
aeaenoaothuaa ia niaea?aeao oeacaiee ia yoio n/ao. oioy aii?in i i?aaa
?anoi?aiooue aeiaiai? yaeyaony nouanoaaiiui aeey noi?ii. “Naiaiaea”
aeiaiai?a, aeaeeii, aiai?eo naia ca naay, iicaieyy noi?iiai naiei
?aoaoue e yoio aii?in. Aeoiaaony, /oi ?anoi?aeaiea aeiaiai? aeieaeii
auoue naycaii n iiaaaeaieai noi?ii. Nouanoaaiiia ia?ooaiea oneiaee
aeiaiai?a, naycaiiia n iaauiieiaieai eee iaiaaeeaaeauei auiieiaieai
oneiaee aeiaiai?a, yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey aai ?anoi?aeaiey. Oae,
iai?eia?, ioeeiiaiea i?iecaaaeaiey ii iai?eaiaeiinoe, ioeac aaoi?a io
aei?aaioee i?aaenoaaeaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey, ia?ooaiea auiieiaiey ae?oaeo
iaycaoaeuenoa ii aeiaiai?o i?eaiaeeo e aai ?anoi?aeaieth.
Aiai?y i ii?yaeea ?anoi?aeaiey aeiaiai?a, oi niaeanii no. 452 AE
“niaeaoaiea … i ?anoi?aeaiee aeiaiai?a niaa?oaaony a oie aea oi?ia,
/oi e aeiaiai?a…”. Oaeei ia?acii, AE ?O i?aaeoniao?eaaao i?ae?auaiea
aeiaiai?a iooai ioi?ieaiey niaeaoaiey. Oioy eiiaaea i?ae?auaiea
aeiaiai?a i?ienoiaeeo aaoiiaoe/anee, iai?eia?, ii cayaeaieth iaeiie ec
noi?ii.
Aei neo ii? aue ?anniio?ai aii?in n o/aoii aieaecuyaeaiey noi?ii,
iaeiaei aiciiaeiu neo/ae, eiaaea iaeeoei onoaiiaeaiiia a caeiia
iniiaaiea aeey iaeiinoi?iiiaai ?anoi?aeaiey aeiaiai?a. I?e yoii ia
oiiiyiooa iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia?auaiey a noae. A oaeiai ?iaea neooaoeeyo ca
noi?iiie i?eciaaony ii?aaeaeaiiia i?aai, eioi?ui iia iiaeao
naiinoiyoaeueii ?anii?yaeeoueny. Aeey yoiai noi?iia ia ioaeaeaaony a
?aoaiee noaea, i?aaeoniio?aiiiai no. 450 AE ?O i?e ?anoi?aeaiee
aeiaiai?a ii o?aaiaaieth iaeiie ec noi?ii, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii a
Caeiia eee aeiaiai?a.
Oae, niaeanii no. 31 CiAI: “i?e ionoonoaee a aaoi?neii aeiaiai?a oneiaey
i n?iea, ia eioi?ue ia?aaeaaony i?aai, aeiaiai? iiaeao auoue ?anoi?aioo
aaoi?ii ii enoa/aiee iyoe eao n aeaou aai caeeth/aiey, anee
iieueciaaoaeue aoaeao ienueiaiii oaaaeiieai ia yoii ca oanoue ianyoeaa
aei ?anoi?aeaiey aeiaiai?a”.
Ii?aaeaeyy iiiaio, n eioi?iai neaaeoao n/eoaoue aeiaiai? i?ae?auaiiui,
ii iauaio i?aaeeo neaaeoao ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny ii?iie, cae?aieaiiie a
no. 453 AE ?O, niaeanii eioi?ie “iaycaoaeuenoaa n/eoathony i?ae?auaiiuie
n iiiaioa caeeth/aiey niaeaoaiey noi?ii i ?anoi?aeaiee aeiaiai?a …, a
i?e ?anoi?aeaiee aeiaiai?a a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea — n iiiaioa anooieaiey a
caeiiioth neeo ?aoaiey noaea i ?anoi?aeaiee aeiaiai?a”.
Ae?oaia aeaei. eiaaea ?a/ue eaeao i ?anoi?aeaiee aeiaiai?a a ii?yaeea
no. 31 CiAI: aeiaiai? neaaeoao n/eoaoue i?ae?auaiiui n iiiaioa, eiaaea
aaoi? aeiaae aei naaaeaiey iieueciaaoaey i naiai aeaeaiee ?anoi?aiooue
aeiaiai?.
Anee aeiaiai? aue ?anoi?aioo a neaaenoaea nouanoaaiiiai ia?ooaiey aai
oneiaee iaeiie ec noi?ii, ae?oaay noi?iia ai?aaa o?aaiaaoue aiciauaiey
oauoeia, i?e/eiaiiuo ?anoi?aeaieai aeiaiai?a (i. 5 no. 453 AE ?O).
Aeaaa 5. Caueoa i?aa aaoi?a
Iiiyoea eioaeeaeooaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe aicieeei a Aa?iia 150 eao
iacaae, eiaaea ienaoaee noaee nicaeaaaoue niaoeeaeueiua iauanoaa aeey
aueiea/eaaiey aiii?a?ia ec ecaeaoaeae. A ?innee caeii ia io?aia
aaoi?neiai i?aaa aue i?eiyo a 1911 aiaeo. Iaeiaei i?inouanoaiaae ii
iaaeieai, oae eae ?aaiethoeey, naeaeaaoay ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie
i?ioeaianoanoaaiiuie, oi?acaeieea aai aieioue aei 1964 a. AE ?NON?,
aia?aua “aniiiieaoee” ia eioaeeaeooaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe, nouanoaaiii
ioee/aeny io ca?oaaaeiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoa. Eaaeiaou Ananithciiai
aaaionoaa aaoi?neeo i?aa (CAAI) caiieiieee ia?aiaeaoua a ooaoneia
nio?oaeieee Eoayiee, aeey eioi?uo aeaaiui e aaeeinoaaiiui aaoi?ii auei
ainoaea?noai. E iaua/aeiaa/aneei noaiaea?oai ?inney aa?ioeanue
3.08.93 a., n i?eiyoeai Caeiia ia aaoi?neii i?aaa e niaaeiuo i?aaao,
eiaaea eioaeeaeooaeueiay nianoaaiiinoue ieacaeanue iiae caueoie iiaiai
caeiia. Ii aeinoaoi/ia ee yoa caueoa, a yoii i?aaenoieo ?acia?aoueny a
ianoiyuae aeaaa.
*. 1 no. 48 CiAI i?aaeoniao?eaaao a?aaeaeaineoth. oaieiaioth e
aaeieieno?aoeaioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?ooaiea aaoi?neeo i?aa.
Ia?auaynue e ?aiaa aeaenoaiaaaoaio oaieiaiiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao, iiaeii
ioiaoeoue. /oi a iai ii?aaeaeaiiia ianoi ioaiaeeeinue caueoa aaoi?neeo
i?aa. Ia?ooaiea aaoi?neeo i?aa naycuaaeinue n auioneii iiae naiei eiaiai
/oaeiai iao/iiai, eeoa?aoo?iiai, iocueaeueiiai ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai
i?iecaaaeaiey eee n eiui i?enaiaieai aaoi?noaa ia oaeia i?iecaaaeaiea; n
iacaeiiiui aini?iecaaaeaieai eee ?ani?ino?aiaieai oaeiai i?iecaaaeaiey;
n i?eioaeaeaieai e niaaoi?noao. Aeaiiia iieiaeaiea niaea?aeaea no. 141
OE ?NON? 1960 a., eioi?ay ii n?aaiaieth ni no. 177 OE ?NON? 1926 a. n
aiaeiae/iui ninoaaii i?anooieaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaea aieaa no?iaia
iaeacaiea ca ia?ooaiea aaoi?neeo i?aa. Oae, e i?eia?o, anee ii OE ?NON?
1926 a. naiiaieueiia eniieueciaaiea eeoa?aoo?iuo, iocueaeueiuo,
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo e iao/iuo i?iecaaaeaiee iaeacuaaeinue
eni?aaeoaeueii-o?oaeiauie ?aaioaie ia n?ie aei o?ao ianyoeaa eee
oo?aoii, oi OE ?NON? 1960 a. i?aaeoniao?eaae iaeacaiea a aeaea eeoaiey
naiaiaeu ia n?ie aei iaeiiai aiaea eee oo?aoa. Iiaue OE ?O, i?eiyoue
24.05.96 a. i?iaeieaeaao eeieth ia i?ana/aiea aeaenoaee. iai?aaeaiiuo
i?ioea aaoi?a e ?acoeueoaoia aai o?oaea. Oae, niaeanii no. 146 OE ?O
i?aaeoniio?aiu ?acee/iua iaeacaiey ca iacaeiiiia eniieueciaaiea iauaeoia
aaoi?neiai i?aaa eee niaaeiuo i?aa, a ?aaii i?enaiaiea aaoi?noaa, anee
yoe aeayiey i?e/eieee e?oiiue oua?a.
A ioee/ea io oaieiaii-i?aaiaiai niiniaa caueou aaoi?neeo i?aa,
i?aaeoniao?eaathuaai inoaeaeaiea e iaeacaiea i?aaiia?ooeoaey,
a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie niinia iicaieyao aeinoe/ue ainnoaiiaeaiey
ia?ooaiiuo i?aa. Iaeiaei, anee i?aaeiaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai — AE ?NON?
1964 a. — niaea?aeaei ia?a/aiue ia?ooaiee ee/iuo iaeiouanoaaiiuo e
eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa aaoi?ia, oi CiAI ioeacaeny io eiie?aoecaoeee
ia?ooaiee i?aa aaoi?ia. E ana aea no. 48 CiAI auaeaeyao iaeei ec aeaeia
ia?ooaiey aaoi?neeo i?aa: eiio?aoaeoeeth, i?aaenoaaeythuoth niaie
naiiaieueiia e i?ioeaicaeiiiia ecaioiaeaiea e aieueiia e i?ioeaicaeiiiia
ecaioiaeaiea e ?ani?ino?aiaiea /oaeiai i?iecaaaeaiey. Eiio?aoaeoiuie
i?eciathony yecaiiey?u io?aiyaiuo a ?O i?iecaaaeaiee e oiiia?aii,
eiii?oe?oaiua aac niaeaney iaeaaeaoaeae aaoi?neeo e niaaeiuo i?aa a ?O
ec ainoaea?noaa, a eioi?ii yoe i?iecaaaeaiey e oiiia?aiiu ieeiaaea ia
io?aiyeenue eee ia?anoaee io?aiyoueny. E ana aea, eae iieacuaaao
i?aeoeea, ?inneeneia aaoi?neia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, a a /anoiinoe, ii?ia
cae?aieaiiay a no. 48, ianiaa?oaiii, aa?aioee i?aaiia?iiai
eniieueciaaiey eioaeeaeooaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe a ?innee, a iniaaiiinoe
i?aa eiino?aiiuo aaoi?ia ionoonoaotho, a eieue iao aa?aioee — ia aoaeao
e eiaanoeoeee. Oae, a 1995 aiaeo NOA aeeth/eee ?inneth a nienie no?ai n
iaaeaaiiieo/iie neooaoeeae a noa?a io?aiu eioaeeaeooaeueiie
nianoaaiiinoe e oaia?ue i?aoaicee ii iiaiaeo ie?aonoaa iiaoo iiaea/ue ca
niaie oi?aiaua naieoeee ii ioiioaieth e ?innee (ii e?aeiae ia?a yoi
aeiioneaaony aia?eeaineei caeiiii).
Iuoaynue ?aoeoue aicieeooth i?iaeaio, 5.12.98 a. aue i?eiyo Oeac
I?aceaeaioa ?O ? 1471 “I ia?ao ii ?aaeecaoeee i?aa aaoi?ia
i?iecaaaeaiee, eniieieoaeae e i?iecaiaeeoaeae ia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ca
aini?iecaaaeaiea a ee/iuo oeaeyo aoaeeiaecoaeueiiai i?iecaaaeaiey eee
caoeicaiene i?iecaaaeaiey”. A Oeaca ?a/ue, i?aaeaea anaai, eaeao i
caueoa i?aa aaoi?ia, aaiceiuo ia oa??eoi?eth ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
i?iecaaaeaiee, inoaaeyy oaeei ia?acii a noi?iia caueoo i?aa
ioa/anoaaiiuo aaoi?ia. E oioy caeiiiaeaoaeueii cae?aieai ii?yaeie caueou
aaoi?a i?ia?aiiu YAI, yoiai oai ia iaiaa iaaeinoaoi/ii.
Oae, a niioaaonoaee n Caeiiii ?O “I i?aaiaie io?aia i?ia?aii aeey
yeaeo?iiiuo au/eneeoaeueiuo iaoei e aac aeaiiuo” io 23.09.92 a., a
a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaii ii?yaeea aaoi? i?ia?aiiu YAI i?e ia?ooaiee naieo
i?aa ai?aaa o?aaiaaoue: i?eciaiey i?aa; ainnoaiiaeaiey iieiaeaiey,
nouanoaiaaaoaai aei ia?ooaiey i?aa, a oaeaea eeeaeaeaoeeth oa?icu
ia?ooaiey i?aa, aiciauaiey i?e/eiaiiuo oauoeia. a ?acia? eioi?uo
aeeth/athony noiiu iai?aaiia?ii iieo/aiiuo ia?ooeoaeai aeioiaeia;
auieaou ia?ooeoaeai eiiiainaoeee a ?acia?a io 5.000-e?aoiiai aei
50.000-e?aoiiai caeiiiaeaoaeueii onoaiiaeaiiiai ?acia?a ieieiaeueiie
iany/iie ca?aaioiie ieaou. E?iia oiai, aaoi? iiaeao o?aaiaaoue
eiiiainaoeee io ia?ooeoaey aai i?aa ca iiianaiiue ii?aeueiue oua?a.
Aiai?y ia aaeieieno?aoeaii-i?aaiaii ii?yaeea caueou i?aa aaoi?ia, oi a
niioaaonoaee ni no. 1504 Eiaeaena ?NON? ia aaeieieno?aoeaiuo
i?aaiia?ooaieyo, ioaaonoaaiiinoue i?aaeoniio?aia ca iacaeiiiia
eniieueciaaiea a eiiia?/aneeo oeaeyo yecaiiey?ia i?iecaaaeaiey: anee iie
yaeythony eiio?aoaeoiuie (ecaioiaeaiiuie eee eniieuecoaiuie n ia?ooaieai
aaoi?neiai i?aaa); anee ia yecaiiey?ao i?iecaaaeaiee oeacaia eiaeiay
eioi?iaoeey ia eo ecaioiaeoaeyo e i ianoao i?iecaiaenoaa, a oaeaea eiay
eioi?iaoeey, eioi?ay iiaeao aaanoe a caaeoaeaeaiea iio?aaeoaeae, anee ia
yecaiiey?ao i?iecaaaeaiee oie/oiaeai eeai eciaiai ciae io?aiu aaoi?neiai
i?aaa, i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo eo iaeaaeaoaeai. Caeanue neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi
aaoi?u, i?aaiiaeaaeaoaee i?e ninoaaeaiee aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia
caeioa?aniaaiu a iaeneiaeueiii ia?aie/aiee i?aa iieueciaaoaeae, /oiau
nio?aieoue iiiiiieeth i?aaiiaeaaeaoaey ia yecaiiey?u i?iecaaaeaiey,
auiouaiiua a iai?io. e oaaee/eoue aiciiaeiinoue i?eaea/aiey ia?ooeoaeae
e ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca iacaeiiiia eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiee. Aeoiaaony
oaeay iiceoeey aaoi?a aiieia ii?aaaeaia, eieue iao caeiiiaeaoaeueii
cae?aieaiiie aeinoaoi/iie caueou, iaeuecy aini?aiyonoaiaaoue aaoi?o a
caueoa naieo i?aa. E caeanue, ii iiaieth ?. Oaiaoiaa: “i?aaeeueii
iinooiatho oa i?aaiiaeaaeaoaee, eioi?ua ia/aoatho oaeno eeoeaicee ia
oiaeiaea yecaiiey?a i?iecaaaeaiey, aa?iaoe/ii iaa?iooiai i?ic?a/iie
ieaieie. Anee iieoiaoaeue, iciaeiieaoenue n niaea?aeaieai eeoeaicee, ia
niaeanai n aa oneiaeyie, ii iiaeao aica?aoeoue ia?ane?uoue iaeao n
yecaiiey?ii i?ia?aiiu aianoi i?eia?aoaiey e iieo/eoue ia?aoii oiea/aiiua
aeaiueae”. Oioy, aaconeiaii, yoi iio?aaoao ii?aaeaeaiiuo iaoa?eaeueiuo
cao?ao ia iaaeeaaeauoth oiaeiaeo ?ani?ino?aiyaiuo yecaiiey?ia, a oaeaea
ia i?aaiecaoeeth ?aaeno?aoeee iieueciaaoaeae.
Aica?auaynue iiyoue aea e ia?ooaieth ciaea io?aiu, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue,
/oi iiaeiaiia iacaeiiiia eniieueciaaiea aea/ao ca niaie iaeiaeaiea
oo?aoa ia a?aaeaeai a ?acia?a io iyoe aei aeanyoe ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia
iieaou o?oaea, a ia aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe — a ?acia?a io aeanyoe aei
aeaaaeoeaoe ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea n eiioeneaoeeae
eiio?aoaeoiuo yecaiiey?ia. Ia eeoei, eioi?ia niaa?oeei oa aea aeaenoaey
e a oa/aiea aiaea iiaeaa?aaeinue aaeieieno?aoeaiiio acuneaieth ca iaeii
ec auoaoeacaiiuo ia?ooaiee, iiaeao auoue iaeiaeai oo?ao a noiia io
aeanyoe aei aeaaaeoeaoe ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea, a ia
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe — a noiia io o?eaeoeaoe aei iyoeaeanyoe ieieiaeueiuo
?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea n eiioeneaoeeae eiio?aoaeoiuo yecaiiey?ia
i?iecaaaeaiee.
Ia anaaaea aaoi?, a neeo ?acee/iuo i?e/ei nai inouanoaeoue caueoo naieo
aaoi?neeo i?aa. O/eouaay yoi, Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?O “I ainoaea?noaaiiie
iieeoeea a iaeanoe io?aiu aaoi?neiai i?aaa e niaaeiuo i?aaao” io
7.10.93 a. ? 1607, iaeia?yaony nicaeaiea aaoi?aie ?inneeneiai aaoi?neiai
iauanoaa (?AI) n oeaeueth ?aaeecaoeee e caueou aaoi?neeo i?aa.
Iaeiaei a caueoo ia?ooaiey i?aa aaoi?ia iiieii i?aaiecaoeee,
niaoeeaeueii ia oi oi?aaiii/aiiuo, aunooiatho n?aaenoaa ianniaie
eioi?iaoeee — aacaou. aeo?iaeu. Oae, “Eeoa?aoo?iay aacaoa” iioaeeeiaaea
caiaoeo ia ioiioaieyo, neeaaeuaathueony iaaeaeo aaoi?aie e Eueaianeei
ecaeaoaeuenoaii “Eaiaiy?”. Ienaoaeue A. Eo?oye, aeiaaaeaiiue aei
io/ayiey i?iecaieii ecaeaoaeuenoaa, ?anoi?a aeiaiai? e ia?aoeeny a noae.
Aai eneiaua o?aaiaaiey auee oaeiaeaoai?aiu iieiinoueth. E oioy a aeaiiii
neo/aa noae ia?aaeee i?aaa aaoi?a, ii ioaeeeaoeey eiaea ii?aaeaeaiiia
iauanoaaiiia cao/aiea.
I?aeoeea caueou aaoi?neeo i?aa iaaiaaoa. A 1991 aiaeo niaoeeaeueiia
eiino?oeoi?neia ath?i “Eiioo?” auea?aei noaeaaiue i?ioeann i?ioea oe?iu
“Aa?ii?iinenoaia”, aeiaeaoenue i?eciaiey iacaeiiiiai eniieueciaaiey
naiaai i?ia?aiiiiai i?iaeoeoa. A yiaa?a 1996 a. eiiiaiey “E” auea?aea
i?ioeann i?ioea E*I “Iaen” (i?aaaea, iooai i?eiaiaiey ia caeiiia ia
aaoi?neii i?aaa eee i?aaiaie io?aia i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey. a Caeiia
?O “I caueoa i?aa iio?aaeoaeae”).
Niaeanii iaoa?eaeai Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai oi?oia “Oaoiieiaee aaciianiinoe” e
“Aoi?ie ana?inneeneie eiioa?aioeee ii aaieianeie aaciianiinoe”,
i?ioaaeoeo a Iineaa a yiaa?a 1996 aiaea, eiiiuethoa?iua i?anooieaiey
i?aaenoaaeytho na?ueacioth iianiinoue. A n iianaianoiie
eiiiuethoa?ecaoeeae yoa i?iaeaia aua aieueoa onoaoaeyaony. Eae ioia/aao
?. Oaiaoia, a iineaaeiaa a?aiy noaee iiyaeyoueny yeaeo?iiiua aeaeeioaee
e a?oeau, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie aeinooiiua ec eieaeueiuo eee
iauaaeinooiiuo eiiiuethoa?iuo naoae oaeeu, niaea?aeauea i?iecaaaeaiey,
au?aaeaiiua a oeeo?iaii oi?iaoa. N oi/ee c?aiey caueou io
iaiainiiaaiiiai ouaieaiey caeiiiuo eioa?ania aaoi?ia auei au i?aaeeueiui
aianaiea a Caeii ?O “Ia aaoi?neii i?aaa e niaaeiuo i?aaao” eciaiaiee,
cai?auathueo ?ai?iaeooee?iaaiea aac niaeaney aaoi?a e auieaou
aiciaa?aaeaeaiey yeaeo?iiiuie aeaeeioaeaie e a?oeaaie. Iiae oa?ieiii
?ai?iaeooee?iaaiea iiieiaaony oaeneieeueiia aini?iecaaaeaiea iooai
oioieiie?iaaiey (ena?ieiie?iaaiey) eee n iiiiuueth ae?oaeo oaoie/aneeo
n?aaenoa, eiuo, /ai ecaeaiea.
O/eouaay iiaecio i?iaeaiu, nicaeathuoth neiaeiinoue aeey noaeae e
aaeaieaoia, a oaeaea ia?anoathuaa o/anoea ?innee a Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii
yeiiiie/aneii iai?ioa, aeoiaaony, /oi aeaiiue aii?in aeieaeai auoue
?aoai eae n o/aoii iiiaieaoiae ca?oaaaeiie i?aeoeee, oae e
iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiauo ii?i.
A ?acaeouo no?aiao eioaeeaeooaeueiay nianoaaiiinoue io?aiyaony e i?aaii
eiie?iaaiey, e aieaa aeanoeeie ii?iaie iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa,
caueuathuei aa io einaaiiiai eniieueciaaiey.
I?eaa?aeaiiinoue iiaie ?innee ii?iai e i?eioeeiai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
i?aaa iaeaieaa iineaaeiaaoaeueii e th?eaee/anee aanueia niaea?aeaoaeueii
i?iyaeeanue a ?ac?aaioea e i?eiyoee oaenoa iuia aeaenoaothuae
Eiinoeoooeee ?O. Iia i?iaicaeaoaao (/. 4 no. 15), /oi iauai?eciaiiua
i?eioeeiu e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u ?O yaeythony ninoaaiie /anoueth
aa i?aaiaie nenoaiu. Anee iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aeiaiai?ii ?O onoaiiaeaiu
eiua i?aaeea, /ai i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii, oi i?eiaiythony i?aaeea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeiaiai?a. Yoa eiiieaeniay eiinoeoooeeiiiay ii?ia oaea
naiei niaea?aeaieai a iaeneiaeueiie noaiaie niinianoaoao “aa?iiiecaoeee”
aioo?aiiaai ?inneeneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e ii?i iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
i?aaa, /oi ii iiaieth E. Aeeciaoea, yaeyaony iaeiie ec iniiaiuo oeaeae
aeayoaeueiinoe Anaie?iie i?aaiecaoeee eioaeeaeooaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe.
Eco/aiea aua?aiiie oaiu, a oiaea iiaeaioiaee e iaienaiiie ianoiyuae
aeeieiiiie ?aaiou, iicaieeei ii?aaeaeeoue ?yae i?iaeai, nouanoaothueo a
noa?a aeaenoaey aaoi?neeo aeiaiai?ia, e iiiuoeo caeiiiaeaoaey aieaa eee
iaiaa iieii ?aoeoue eo. Oae, a neo/aa aicieeiiaaiey ?aciiaeanee e
iayniinoae ii iiaiaeo niaea?aeaiey aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a aeaenoaoao
i?acoiioeey: “Ana i?aaa ia eniieueciaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey, i?yii ia
ia?aaeaiiua ii aaoi?neiio aeiaiai?o, n/eoathony iaia?aaeaiiuie” (aac. 1
i. 2 no. 31 CiAI). Yoi — iaeii ec i?iyaeaiee caeiiiaeaoaeueii
au?aaeaiiie caaiou iauanoaa ia eniieueciaaiee iauaeoia eioaeeaeooaeueiie
nianoaaiiinoe oieueei n niaeaney noauaeoa yoiai i?aaa (ii oa?ieiieiaee
no. 138 AE — “n niaeaney i?aaiiaeaaeaoaey”).
Neaaeiaaiea iacaaiiui iinooeaoai ia eneeth/aao eiiieaen i?iaeai,
aicieeathueo ec aaoi?nei-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee. Caeanue i?iyaeyaony
iaeioi?ay iaaeineacaiiinoue ii?i aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia
aaoi?neii i?aaa, a /anoiinoe ia aaoi?neii aeiaiai?a.
I?aaeaea anaai, ionoonoaea caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai cae?aieaiey iiiyoey
aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a, a i?aaeeiaeaiiia a i?iaeoa III /anoe AE,
ii?aaeaeaiea aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a ia nianai oi/ii io?aaeaao nouiinoue
aeaiiiai aeiaiai?a, oi?ioee?oy aai iiiyoea a caaeneiinoe io aeaea
aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a. Oaeay iiceoeey ia niinianoaoao yooaeoeaiinoe
aini?eyoey i?aaiauo ii?i noi?iiaie.
Ii?aaeaeyy nouanoaaiiua oneiaey aeiaiai?a, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai enoiaeeo
ec i?eioeeia naiaiaeu aeiaiai?a, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui, noi?iiu iiaoo
ii?aaeaeeoue aeey naay e ae?oaea oneiaey, anee ni/ooo eo oaeiauie.
Ia noaay oeaeueth iii?aiea, i?iaicaeaoaiiiai a?aaeaeaineei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i?eioeeia naiaiaeu aeiaiai?a, n/eoath, /oi
oeaeaniia?acii auei au cae?aieoue cae?uoue ia?a/aiue nouanoaaiiuo
oneiaee. Aeoiaaony oaeay iiceoeey aiieia ii?aaaeaiia, iineieueeo iia
yaeeanue au aa?aioii iaania/aiey i?aa e eioa?ania noi?ii.
E ana-oaee, ianiio?y ia ?yae ia?aoaiiuo i?iaeai a aeaenoaothuai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ioiineoaeueii aeiaiai?iuo ioiioaiee, ana yoi ia
oiaeyao ?iee aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a. E i?aaeaea anaai neaaeoao o/eouaaoue
oi aeeyiea, eioi?ia aaoi?neeo aeiaiai? ieacuaaao ia ?aaeecoaiua
ioiioaiey.
Iineieueeo aaoi?neee aeiaiai? ioaaouaaao ioiioaiey ii nicaeaieth e
eniieueciaaieth i?iecaaaeaiee eeoa?aoo?u, iaoee, eneonnoaa, aai
aicaeaenoaea neacuaaaony ia oieueei ia iiaaaeaiee noi?ii ii auiieiaieth
iaycaoaeuenoa, ii, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, ia ea/anoaa naiiai i?aaeiaoa
aeiaiai?a — i?iecaaaeaieyo iao/iiai e ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa.
?ieue aaoi?neiai aeiaiai?a i?iyaeyaony oaeaea a oii, /oi aai noi?iiu,
naycaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaaie ii nicaeaieth e eniieueciaaieth i?iecaaaeaiee
eeoa?aoo?u, iaoee, eneonnoaa. no?aiyony e aeinoeaeaieth aaeeiie oeaee: e
auioneo aunieiea/anoaaiiie ia/aoiie i?iaeoeoeee, iinoaiiaea aeooaeueiuo
eeii- e oaeaoeeueiia ?acee/iuo aeai?ia e o.ae. N iiiiuueth oaeeo
i?iecaaaeaiee ?aoaaony caaea/a oaeiaeaoai?aiey eoeueoo?iuo iio?aaiinoae
a?aaeaeai, eo i?aanoaaiiiai e ynoaoe/aneiai ainieoaiey, iiauoaiey
eoeueoo?iiai o?iaiy. A oi aea a?aiy aicaeaaaaiua ia iniiaa aaoi?neiai
aeiaiai?a i?iecaaaeaiey iao/iiai e ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa
i?aoiiiaeatho aeooiaiua oeaiiinoe e iaiaauatho ioa/anoaaiioth eoeueoo?o.
EEOA?AOO?A
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