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Зарубежная Европа и Азия

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?aoa?ao

ia oaio: “Ca?oaaaeiay Aa?iia e Acey”

CA?OAAAEIAss AA?IIA

Ca?oaaaeiay Aa?iia caieiaao ieiuaaeue 5,1 iei ei2. I?ioyaeaiiinoue n
naaa?a ia tha — 5 oun. ei, n caiaaea ia ainoie — aieaa 3 oun. ei. YAI
ii?aaeaeyaony o?aiy /a?oaie:

1) ninaaeneei eiiiaeoiui iieiaeaieai yoeo no?ai ii ioiioaieth ae?oa e
ae?oao;

2) i?eii?neei iieiaeaieai aieueoeinoaa no?ai;

3) aunieie noaiaiueth ec?acaiiinoe aa?aaiaie eeiee, niinianoaiaaaoae
?acaeoeth ii?neiai o?ainii?oa.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia oa??eoi?ee Aa?iiu iaoiaeeony 40 noaa?aiiuo,
yeiiiie/anee ?acaeouo ainoaea?noa — iiia?oee e ?anioaeeee, oieoa?iua e
oaaea?aoeaiua ainoaea?noaa. Eiaaony iaeia eieiieaeueiay oa??eoi?ey,
i?eiaaeeaaeauay Aaeeeia?eoaiee, — Aea?aeoa?. N ia/aea 90-o aa. a Aa?iia
nouanoaoao aaeeiia aa?iiaeneia yeiiiie/aneia i?ino?ainoai — Aa?iiaeneee
nithc, i?iecioae e?ao nioeeaeenoe/aneiai eaaa?y e iauaaeeiaiea Aa?iaiee.

I?E?IAeIUA ?ANO?NU

Ieia?aeueiua ?ano?nu Aa?iiu neeueii enoiuaiu, iiyoiio iaania/aiiinoue
eie iaauniea. Ia naaa?a eiathony ?oaeiua iieaciua eneiiaaiua, naycaiiua
n Aaeoeeneei ueoii, e oiieeaiua, ia?aciaaaoeany a iiuiii inaaei/iii
/aoea ae?aaiae ieaooi?iu, ia thaa a iieiaeie neeaae/aoie ciia
iaia?oaeaiu iieaciua eneiiaaiua eae iaaiaoe/aneiai, oae e inaaei/iiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey. E?oiiaeoea iaooaaaciaua i?iaeioeee ?acaaaeaiu ia
oaeueoa Naaa?iiai ii?y (inaaeaathony a iniiaiii Aaeeeia?eoaieae e
Ii?aaaeae), ia iiaa?aaeuea Ieaea?eaiaeia, a oaeaea a Eoaeee e ?oiuiee.
Oaieueiua ianoi?iaeaeaiey ?ac?aaaouaathony a Aa?iaiee, Aaeeeia?eoaiee,
Iieueoa, *aoee, O?aioeee, Aaia?ee, ?oiuiee, Eniaiee, Aieaa?ee.
AEaeaci?oaeiua ianoi?iaeaeaiey — a Oaaoeee, O?aioeee, Ii?aaaee, Eniaiee.
Oeaaoiuie iaoaeeaie Aa?iia ia aiaaoa. Eiathony ianoi?iaeaeaiey iaaeiie
?oaeu a Iieueoa, Ii?ooaaeee, Oaaoeee, THaineaaee, ?oiuiee, aethieieaauo
?oae a A?aoeee, Aaia?ee, O?aioeee. Aieueoea caianu nieae anoue a
Aa?iaiee, O?aioeee, Aaeeeia?eoaiee, Eoaeee, Ieaea?eaiaeao, Iieueoa;
iineaaeiyy oaeaea aiaaoa na?ie e na?aa?ii.

Aeae?iyia?ai?ano?nu cia/eoaeueiu a ?aeiiao Aeueieeneeo, Neaiaeeiaaneeo,
Aeeia?neeo, Aaeeaineeo e Ea?iaoneeo ai?. Iaania/aiiinoue aiaeiuie
?ano?naie iaaeinoaoi/iay, ca eneeth/aieai Neaiaeeiaaee, Aeueieeneeo e
Aaeeaineeo oa??eoi?ee. E?iia oiai, iiiaea ?aee neeueii caa?yciaiu. A
no?oeoo?a caiaeueiiai oiiaea aieueooth aeieth ninoaaeytho ia?aaaouaaaiua
caiee, oioy iaania/aiiinoue iaoiae ia aeooo ianaeaiey ieaea
n?aaeiaie?iaiai iieacaoaey. ?aca?aia aeey ?anoe?aiey caiaeue oaea
i?aeoe/anee iao, iiyoiio iaeioi?ua ainoaea?noaa, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
Ieaea?eaiaeu, “ioaiaauaatho” oa??eoi?eth o ii?y. E?oiiuie eaniuie
?ano?naie iaeaaeatho Oaaoeey e Oeieyiaeey.

IANAEAIEA

A ca?oaaaeiie Aa?iia i?iaeeaaao aieaa 510 iei /ae. *eneaiiinoue
ianaeaiey ?anoao iaaeeaiii, o. e. anoanoaaiiue i?e?ino i/aiue iae eee
?aaai ioeth, a a Aa?iaiee e Aaia?ee aeaaea io?eoeaoaeueiue.
Iaeiia?aiaiii oaaee/eaaaony aeiey iiaeeeuo ethaeae — 20—23% ianaeaiey, a
aeiey aeaoae iaaeaao — 16—17%. Yoi iaeia ec i?e/ei i?aa?auaiey Aa?iiu a
aeaaiue ie?iaie oeaio? o?oaeiaie eiiea?aoeee (14 iei eiino?aiiuo
?aai/eo). Ii iaoeeiiaeueiiio ninoaao ianaeaiea aeiaieueii iaeii?iaeii:
aieueoay /anoue ioiineony e eiaeiaa?iiaeneie ycueiaie naiuea, iaiueoay —
e o?aeueneie. Ia?yaeo n iaeiiiaoeeiiaeueiuie anoue iiiaiiaoeeiiaeueiua
ainoaea?noaa, a iaeioi?uo ec ieo iaaethaeaaony iaino?aiea
iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo ioiioaiee, iai?eia? a THaineaaee, Ainiee e
Aa?oeaaiaeia, Eniaiee, ?oiuiee, Aaeueaee. Ainiiaenoaothuay ?aeeaey —
o?enoeainoai, i?aaenoaaeaiiia eaoieeoeeciii, i?ioanoaioeciii e
i?aaineaaeai. Ieioiinoue ianaeaiey — iaeia ec naiuo aunieeo a ie?a: a
Ieaea?eaiaeao, Aaeueaee — aieaa 300; a Aa?iaiee, Aaeeeia?eoaiee — aieaa
200 /ae./ei2. O?iaaiue o?aaiecaoeee — iaeei ec naiuo aunieeo a ie?a: a
Aaeueaee — 97%, Eneaiaeee — 91%, Ieaea?eaiaeao — 89%, a Aeaiee e
Aa?iaiee — ii 86%, Oaaoeee — 83%, O?aioeee — 73%. Eiee/anoai
aaeiia?aoeee caeanue aieueoa, /ai a NOA e ssiiiee aianoa acyouo.
E?oiiaeoea — Eiiaeiineay, Ia?eaeneay e ?aeinei-?o?neay. A iineaaeiea
aiaeu oneeeeny i?ioeann noao?aaiecaoeee.

OICssENOAI

Ca?oaaaeiay Aa?iia inoaaony e?oiiaeoei oeaio?ii ie?iaie yeiiiieee. Aa
noiia?iue AAI ninoaaeyao 30% io ie?iaiai, iia caieiaao ia?aia ianoi
(aieaa 50%) a ie?iaie oi?aiaea, eeaee?oao a noa?a cieioiaaethoiuo
?aca?aia e caa?aie/iuo eiaanoeoeee. Yeiiiie/aneoth iiuue ?aaeiia
ii?aaeaeytho no?aiu—/eaiu “Aieueoie naia?ee”: Aa?iaiey, O?aioeey,
Aaeeeia?eoaiey e Eoaeey, i?e/ai eeaea?noai ia?aoei e Aa?iaiee. O iaeuo e
n?aaeieo no?ai yeiiiieea niaoeeaeece?oaony ia ioaeaeueiuo io?aneyo.
Auaoea nioeno?aiu Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu eiatho ia?aoiaeioth yeiiiieeo io
eiiaiaeii-aaeieieno?aoeaiie e ?uii/iie e a nayce n yoei iaoiaeyony a
neiaeiuo oneiaeyo.

Iaoeiino?iaiea — aaaeouay io?aneue i?iiuoeaiiinoe ca?oaaaeiie Aa?iiu. Ia
iaa i?eoiaeeony 30% anae i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee e 70% aa yenii?oa.
Io?aneue i?eaioe?oaony a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ia o?oaeiaua ?ano?nu e
iao/ioth aaco.

Oeie/aneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue caieiaao aoi?ia ianoi iinea iaoeiino?iaiey.
Caeanue aaconeiaiui eeaea?ii yaeyaony Aa?iaiey. A iineaaeiea
aeanyoeeaoey i?iecioea ia?ai?eaioaoeey oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe n
ao?iai oaey e nieae ia oaeaaiaei?iaeiia nu?uea. I?aaei?eyoey io?anee
oyaioatho e iaooaia?a?aaaouaathuei oeaio?ai, iaoiaeyueiny a ynooa?eyo
?ae (?aei, Oaeueaea, Oaica, Naia, Yeueaa, ?iia) eee ia o?annao
iaaeno?aeueiuo iaooa- e aacii?iaiaeia.

A oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe aieueoeinoaa no?ai aaaeouaa
ianoi caiyee iaooue e aac, aeiauaaaiua eae a naiii ?aaeiia, oae e
eiii?oe?oaiua. A Aa?iaiee e Aaeeeia?eoaiee aeiau/a oaey ?acei
nie?aoeeanue, a a Ieaea?eaiaeao e Aaeueaee — i?ae?aoeeanue. A Ainoi/iie
Aa?iia ii-i?aaeiaio aieueooth ?ieue ea?aao oaieue, iniaaiii a Iieueoa e
*aoee. Ia oaieueiua aannaeiu i?eaioe?iaaiu aieueoeinoai OYN, iaeiaei,
ianiio?y ia iaeioi?ia caiaaeeaiea, ana aieaa aeoeaioth ?ieue ea?atho
AYN. A ai?iuo ?aeiiao aaeeea ?ieue AYN; ?anoao oaeaeueiue aan AAYN.

Iaoaeeo?ae/aneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue — noa?aeoay io?aneue, noi?ie?iaaeanue a
?aeiiao aeiau/e oiieeaa eee aeaeaci?oaeiiai nu?uey: a Aa?iaiee (?o?,
Naa?), Aaeeeia?eoaiee, ai O?aioeee (Eioa?eiaey), a Eniaiee (Aaeean),
Aaeueaee (Eueaae), Ethenaiao?aa, Iieueoa (Aa?oiyy Neeacey), *aoee
(Ino?aanei-Ea?aeineee ?aeii). Iicaea io?aneue ia?ai?eaioe?iaaeanue ia
i?eaiciia nu?uea e ia/aea ia?aiauaoueny a ii?neea ii?ou — Oa?aioi
(Eoaeey), Aethiea?e (O?aioeey), A?aiai (Aa?iaiey), eee aeeaea e
a?aieoeai auaoaai NNN? — Aaeaoe (?oiuiey). A ianoiyuaa a?aiy acyo eo?n
ia no?ieoaeuenoai ieie-caaiaeia. E?oiiaeoeie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie naaiaeiy
yaeythony Aa?iaiey, Eoaeey, O?aioeey, Aaeeeia?eoaiey, i?e/ai aacaea
iaaethaeaaony iaaeaiea eee noaaeeecaoeey iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa a nayce n
iieeoeeie ?ano?ninaa?aaeaiey.

Aethieieaaay i?iiuoeaiiinoue ?acaeaaaony a no?aiao, aiaaouo aieneoaie
eee aeaoaaie yeaeo?iyia?aeae — Ii?aaaee, Oaaeoea?ee, Aa?iaiee, Aano?ee.
Eeaea?u a i?iecaiaenoaa aethieiey — Aa?iaiey, Ii?aaaey, O?aioeey,
Aaeeeia?eoaiey, Eoaeey, Eniaiey, Ieaea?eaiaeu. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy
io?aneue ana aieueoa i?eaioe?oaony ia eiii?oiia nu?uea. Oae, O?aioeey ca
iineaaeiea 25 eao nie?aoeea aeiau/o aieneoia a 20 ?ac, a ii auieaaea
aethieiey caieiaao o?aouea ianoi a Aa?iia.

Iaaeiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue i?eaioe?iaaia ia nianoaaiiia e eiii?oiia nu?uea.
Eeaea?u a i?iecaiaenoaa iaaee — Aa?iaiey, Eoaeey, Aaeueaey, Iieueoa.

Eaniay i?iiuoeaiiinoue i?eaioe?oaony ia nianoaaiiua eaniua ?ano?nu e
i?aa?aoeeanue a io?aneue iaaeaeoia?iaeiie niaoeeaeecaoeee a Oaaoeee e
Oeieyiaeee.

Eaaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue oo?aoeea naia aueia cia/aiea. Iniiaiua oeaio?u
io?anee niauathony ec naaa?iuo ?aeiiia (Aaeeeia?eoaiey, O?aioeey,
Aaeueaey) a thaeiua, aaea aieueoa aeaoaaie ?aai/ae neeu. Ii?ooaaeey
noaea e?oiiaeoei oeaio?ii oaaeiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, Eoaeey —
eiaeaaaiii-iaoaiie, A?aoeey — iaoiaie.

Aa?iia iieiinoueth iaania/eaaao naay iniiaiuie aeaeaie
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee e caeioa?aniaaia ai aiaoieo ?uieao
nauoa. Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu i?iecioae ia?aoiae io iaeeiai
e?anoueyineiai oicyenoaa e e?oiiiio niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiio aunieioiaa?iiio
oicyenoao, aeeth/aiiiio a nenoaio aa?iaeciana. Iniiaiie oei
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey — oa?ia, oioy ia thaa i?aiaeaaeaao
iiiaue/uea caieaaeaaeaiea. Aeey no?ai Naaa?iie Aa?iiu oa?aeoa?ii
i?aiaeaaeaiea eioaineaiiai iiei/iiai aeeaioiiaiaenoaa, a a
ianeoaeeaathuai aai ?anoaieaaiaenoaa — ei?iiauo eoeueoo?. ?uaieianoai
noaei io?aneueth iaaeaeoia?iaeiie niaoeeaeecaoeee Eneaiaeee, Ii?aaaee,
Aeaiee. A Oeaio?aeueiie Aa?iia i?aiaeaaeaao iiei/iia e iiei/ii-iyniia
aeeaioiiaiaenoai, a oaeaea naeiiaiaenoai e ioeoeaaiaenoai.
?anoaieaaiaenoai oaeiaeaoai?yao iio?aaiinoe ianaeaiey a i?iaeiaieuenoaee
e iaania/eaaao aeeaioiiaiaenoai ei?iiauie eoeueoo?aie. A THaeiie Aa?iia
i?aiaeaaeaao ?anoaieaaiaenoai; ia?yaeo n ca?iiauie eoeueoo?aie caeanue
au?aueaathony oeeo?oniaua, aeiia?aae, ieeaee, ieiaeaeue, oaaae,
yoe?iiiniua eoeueoo?u.

O?ainii?oiay nenoaia Aa?iiu ioiineony e caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiio oeio.
Aeaeueiinoue ia?aaicie caeanue iaiiiai iaiueoa, /ai a NOA eee ?innee, ii
iaania/aiiinoue o?ainii?oiie naoueth, aa aonoioa — aieueoa. Aeaaioth
?ieue a ia?aaicea a?ocia e iannaaee?ia ea?aao aaoiiiaeeueiue o?ainii?o.
Naoue aeaeaciuo aei?ia a oeaeii nie?auaaony. Aaeeea ?ieue ?a/iuo
o?ainii?oiuo iooae, iniaaiii ?aeia e Aeoiay. A ianoao ia?ana/aiey
nooiiooiuo e aiaeiuo o?ainii?oiuo iooae aicieeee e?oiiua o?ainii?oiua
oceu — ii?oiai-i?iiuoeaiiua eiiieaenu, aeey eioi?uo oa?aeoa?ii ?acaeoea
io?aneae ii?neiai oicyenoaa e “ii?oiaie” i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ?aaioathuae ia
eiii?oiii nu?uea. E iei ioiinyony ?iooa?aeai, Eiiaeii, Aaiao?a,
Aioaa?iai, Aaa? e ae?.

A Aa?iia i?i?uou iiiaieeeiiao?iaua aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua e aaoiiiaeeueiua
oiiiaee a Aeueiao, ?aaioaao e?oiiaeoee 50-eeeiiao?iaue iiaeaiaeiue
oiiiaeue /a?ac i?ieea Ea-Iaio iaaeaeo Aiaeeae e O?aioeeae.

Ii i?eia?o NOA a Aa?iia, a ie?anoiinoyo Eaia?eaeaea, Ithioaia, Ieoeoeu,
Eeiia, aicieeee iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneea ia?ee e oaoiiiieenu. Iaeiaei
ii-i?aaeiaio nio?aiyaony ionoaaaiea a iaeanoe aunieeo oaoiieiaee no?ai
Aa?iiu io NOA e ssiiiee. Oae, ?anoiaeu ia iaoeo ec ?an/aoa ia iaeiiai
/aeiaaea a no?aiao AN ninoaaeytho 200aeiee., a ssiiiee— 470, a a NOA —
ii/oe 600 aeiee.

A Aa?iia nin?aaeioi/aiu e?oiiaeoea aaieianeea oeaio?u ie?a — Oeth?eo,
Eiiaeii, Ethenaiao?a.

Aa?iiaeneea no?aiu — iniiaiie ?aaeii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai oo?ecia. Ia?aia
ianoi caieiaao Eniaiey, eioi?oth aaeaaiaeii iinauatho aieaa 50 iei /ae.
Iaeaieaa i?eaeaeaoaeueiu aeey ioaeuoathueo i?eii?neea ?aeiiu
N?aaeecaiiiii?uey e ai?iua eo?i?ou Aeuei, a oaeaea
eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneea iaiyoieee.

Oa??eoi?eaeueiay no?oeoo?a aa?iiaeneiai oicyenoaa neiaeeeanue aua a XIX
a. iiae aeeyieai ?ano?niiai oaeoi?a. Nae/an aeaaioth ?ieue ea?atho
o?oaeiaua ?ano?nu, iaoeiaieinoue i?iecaiaenoa e yeieiae/aneee oaeoi?.
Ai?iaeneea aaeiia?aoeee e aeaaiua i?iiuoeaiiua ?aeiiu ?aniieiaeeeenue
aaeieue ine, eioi?ay i?ioyioeanue io thai-ainoi/iie /anoe Aaeeeia?eoaiee
/a?ac no?aiu Aaieethena, naaa? O?aioeee, ?aeiiu ?o?a a Aa?iaiee aei
naaa?a Eoaeee (“ai?y/ee aaiai”). Yoa ciia, caieiathuay 10% ieiuaaee AN,
aeaao 40% aai aaeiaie i?iaeoeoeee. E?iia oiai, a iineaaeiea aiaeu auno?i
ca?iaeaeaaony aua iaeia iiuiaeoay ciia, i?inoe?athuayny aaeieue
N?aaeecaiiiii?neiai iiaa?aaeuey io Aa?naeiiu aei Oo?eia e Aaioe
(“thaeiue ei?eaei?”).

A oi aea a?aiy ie a iaeiii ae?oaii ?aaeiia ie?a iao oaeiai eiee/anoaa
noa?ii?iiuoeaiiuo ?aeiiia n i?aiaeaaeaieai o?aaeeoeeiiiuo io?aneae eae a
Noa?ii Naaoa: ?o?neee e Naa?neee ?aeiiu — a Aa?iaiee; Eaieaoe?, Ei?eoe?,
THaeiue Oyeuen — a Aaeeeia?eoaiee; Yeuecan e Eioa?eiaey — ai O?aioeee;
Aa?oianeeacneee — a Iieueoa; Ino?aanei-Ea?aeineee — a *aoee.
Aieueoeinoai ec ieo iiaeii ioianoe e aeai?anneaiui oa??eoi?eyi.

A ca?oaaaeiie Aa?iia anoue e ionoaeua, a iniiaiii aa?a?iua ?aeiiu. E iei
ioiinyony tha Eoaeee, caiaae O?aioeee, Eniaiey e caiaaeo io Iaae?eaea,
Ii?ooaaeey, A?aoeey, E?eaiaeey e naaa? Aaeeeia?eoaiee, ?oiuiey,
Aaeeaineea no?aiu, naaa?i-ainoie Iieueoe.

E ?aeiiai iiaiai inaiaiey ioiinyony aeaaoi?ey Naaa?iiai ii?y, ia aeia
eioi?iai auee auyaeaiu eieinnaeueiua caianu iaooe e aaca, e iiaa?aaeuea
Ieaea?eaiaeia, aaea iaeaeaiu ia?iiiua caianu i?e?iaeiiai aaca.

Ca?oaaaeiay Aa?iia — naiue iaaieueoie ii ieiuaaee ?aaeii ie?a, ii aai
?ieue a ie?iaii oicyenoaa i/aiue aaeeea.

CA?OAAAEIAss ACEss

Ca?oaaaeiay Acey caieiaao ieiuaaeue 27 iei ei2. I?ioyaeaiiinoue n naaa?a
ia tha — ieiei 7 oun. ei, n caiaaea ia ainoie — aieaa 10 oun. ei. A Acee
?aniieiaeaiu aeaa no?aiu-aeaaioa — EI? e Eiaeey, a eioi?uo i?iaeeaaao 2
ie?ae /ae., ii anoue e iee?iainoaea?noaa. YAI oa?aeoa?ecoaony
oaeaeaiiinoueth iiiaeo no?ai ae?oa io ae?oaa, i?eii?neei iieiaeaieai
aieueoeinoaa ainoaea?noa. Iaeiaei ianeieueei no?ai ?aniieiaeaiu aioo?e
iaoa?eea.

Ia oa??eoi?ee Acee iaoiaeeony 42 ainoaea?noaa. Anee aei aoi?ie ie?iaie
aieiu aieueoeinoai ec ieo auee eieiieyie, oi nae/an ii/oe ana —
noaa?aiiua ainoaea?noaa: ?anioaeeee e iiia?oee, oieoa?iua e
oaaea?aoeaiua.

I?E?IAeIUA ?ANO?NU

Ieia?aeueiua ?ano?nu i/aiue ?aciiia?aciu. A i?aaeaeao inaaei/iiai /aoea
iaoe?iuo ieaooi?i e eioeiaei nin?aaeioi/aiu oiieeaiua iieaciua
eneiiaaiua, aeaeaciua ?oaeu e ae?oaea ieia?aeueiua ?ano?nu inaaei/iiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Ii aeaaiia aiaaonoai iaoa?eea — yoi eieinnaeueiua
caianu iaooe. A i?aaeaeao Aeueieenei-Aeiaeaeneiai e Oeoiieaaineiai
neeaae/aouo iiynia, a oaeaea ia iaeioi?uo ueoao e ieaooi?iao n
i?aiaeaaeaieai iaaiaoe/aneeo eio?ocee nin?aaeioi/aiu ?oaeiua eneiiaaiua.

E?oiiaeoee iaooaaaciaue ?aeii — Aeeaeiee Ainoie, o. a. no?aiu
Ia?neaeneiai caeeaa. Yoi i?aaeaea anaai Naoaeianeay A?aaey, caieiathuay
1-a ianoi a ie?a ii aeiau/a iaooe (420 iei o a 1994 a.), E?ai, IAY,
Eoaaeo, E?ae. Ii caianai iaooe yoio ?aeii caieiaao 1-a ianoi a ie?a, aai
iaania/aiiinoue ioeaieaaaony i?eia?ii ia 80— 100 eao. Naaanoieiinoue
aeeaeiaainoi/iie iaooe a 10—20 ?ac ieaea, /ai a ae?oaeo ?aeiiao. Iiieii
Aeeaeiaai Ainoiea iaooue eiaaony ia ainoiea EI?, oaeueoao Eiaeiiacee, a
A?oiaa, Iiaia, Iaeaecee. I?e?iaeiue aac aeiauaatho Eiaeiiacey (4-a ianoi
a ie?a), IAY, Naoaeianeay A?aaey, E?ai, Iaeaecey, EI?, Eiaeey. Aiaaou
oaeai, aeaeaciie e ia?aaioeaaie ?oaeaie EI? (1-a ianoi a ie?a ii aeiau/a
oaey e aeaeaciie ?oaeu) e Eiaeey. O?iiiaua ?oaeu aeiauaathony a Eiaeee
(3-a ianoi a ie?a), Oo?oeee, Oeeeiieiao, E?aia. Ieiayiiua ?oaeu
aeiauaathony a EI?, Iaeaecee, Eiaeiiacee (niioaaonoaaiii 1-a, 2-a e 3-a
ianoa), a Oaeeaiaea, ssiiiee; aieueo?aiiaua — a EI? (1-a ianoi), EIAe?,
Oaeeaiaea, ?anioaeeea Ei?aa; aethieieaaua — a EI?, ssiiiee, Eiaeee,
Aao?aeia; iaaeiua ?oaeu — a EI?, Eiaeiiacee, ia Oeeeiieiao.

Aieueoay /anoue Aceaoneiai ?aaeiia caiyoa ai?aie e ionouiyie, iiyoiio
caiaeueiuie ?ano?naie ii ia aiaao. Iaania/aiiinoue iaoiae ia aeooo
ianaeaiey ieaea n?aaeiaie?iaie e a nayce n ?inoii ianaeaiey eiaao
oaiaeaioeeth e aeaeueiaeoaio nieaeaieth.

Aiaeiua ?ano?nu ?ani?aaeaeaiu e?aeia ia?aaiiia?ii. A no?aiao
THai-Ainoi/iie Acee, E?aia iaania/aiiinoue n?aaeiyy eee ecauoi/iay, a ia
inoaeueiie oa??eoi?ee — iaaeinoaoi/iay.

Aa?ieeeiaoe/aneea ?ano?nu oaeaea eiatho naie iniaaiiinoe. Caiania oaiea
aacaea aeinoaoi/ii, a ?aaeei oaeaaeiaiey neeueii aa?uee?oao. A ?aeiiao
ionniiiiai eeeiaoa ceiie, a a nooeo canooeeauo o?iieeao e noao?iieeao
e?oaeiaiaee/ii i?eoiaeeony i?eiaiyoue i?ioaiea, ia eioi?ia eaeao
i?aeoe/anee aanue aiaeicaai?. A yoeo ?aeiiao iaoiaeeony 3/4 i?ioaaiuo
caiaeue ie?a, i?aaeaea anaai a EI? e Eiaeee.

Aeae?iyia?aaoe/aneea ?ano?nu aeinoaoi/ii aaeeee a ai?iuo ?aeiiao.

Eaniua ?ano?nu eiathony a Eiaeee, no?aiao Ainoi/iie e THai-Ainoi/iie
Acee, oioy iaania/aiiinoue eie ia aeooo ianaeaiey iaauniea.

IANAEAIEA

A ca?oaaaeiie Acee i?iaeeaaao 3,4 ie?ae /ae. Aini?iecaiaenoai ianaeaiey
ii?aaeaeyaony “aeaiia?aoe/aneei ac?uaii”, a yieoeaio?a eioi?iai
iaoiaeyony a?aaneea no?aiu. Iaeiaei aai iee a

aieueoeinoaa no?ai i?ieaeai, e iiyaeeanue oaiaeaioeey nieaeaiey
anoanoaaiiiai i?e?inoa. A aieueoeinoaa no?ai ii eieaaeaony io 20 aei 30
/ae. ia 1000 aeeoaeae. Yoie/aneee ninoaa ianaeaiey e?aeia neiaeai:
caeanue i?iaeeaatho aieaa 1 oun. ia?iaeia, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo e 9 ycueiaui
a?oiiai. N?aaee ieo anoue e?oiiaeoea a ie?a (eeoaeoeu, oeiaeonoaioeu e
ae?.) e iaei/eneaiiua. Aieueoeinoai no?ai — iiiaiiaoeeiiaeueiu, a ?yaea
ec ieo ia ooeoatho iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiua eiioeeeou: – a Aoaaienoaia,
Eiaeee, O?e-Eaiea. Acey — ?iaeeia anao ie?iauo ?aeeaee, aeeyiea eioi?uo
ia aeeciue ethaeae ii-i?aaeiaio aaeeei.

?aciauaiea ianaeaiey e?aeia ia?aaiiia?ii: a Aaiaeaaeao ieioiinoue
ianaeaiey a iineaaeiaa a?aiy i?aauneea 900 /ae./ei2, a a Iiiaieee e
no?aiao THai-Caiaaeiie Acee — nio?aiyaony a i?aaeaeao 1 /ae./ei2.
O?iaaiue o?aaiecaoeee ieaea, /ai a ae?oaeo ?aaeiiao ie?a (Aaiaeaaeao —
17%; Eiaeiiacey, Iaeenoai — ii 33%; E?ai — 57%; Iiiaieey — 60%), ii
oaiiu aa ia?anoatho, iniaaiii auno?i ?anooo e?oiiua ai?iaea; neiaeeeny
niae?aoaeueiue ia?ac aceaoneiai (ainoi/iiai) ai?iaea.

OICssENOAI

?acee/ey a o?iaia ?acaeoey e niaoeeaeecaoeee ioaeaeueiuo no?ai au?aaeaiu
a Acee cia/eoaeueii ?aeueaoiaa, /ai a ca?oaaaeiie Aa?iia. Aieueoeinoai
no?ai ia?aaeeaatho ia?aoiaeiue yoai io oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee e
eaieoaeenoe/aneei. Iniaaiii ao?ii ?acaeaaaony yeiiiieea iiauo
eiaeono?eaeueiuo no?ai (IEN) — ?anioaeeee Ei?ae, Oaeaaiy, Neiaaio?a,
Iaeaecee, Oaeeaiaea, a oaeaea Eeoay e Eiaeee. I/aiue auno?uie oaiiaie
?acaeaaaony yeiiiieea iaooaaeiauaathueo no?ai Ia?neaeneiai caeeaa. Ai
iiiaeo ec ieo neiaeeeanue e?oiiay iaoeeiiaeueiay ao?aeoacey, oanii
naycaiiay n o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuie ei?ii?aoeeyie ?acaeouo no?ai. A ae?oaeo
aceaoneeo no?aiao — Ae?ia (Iueyiia), Iaiaea, Iaeueaeeaneie ?anioaeeea,
Eaina, Aooaia, Eaiaia, Eaiaiaeaea — ia?aoiae e nia?aiaiiui ?uii/iui
ioiioaieyi eaeao e?aeia iaaeeaiii, nia?aiaiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue caeanue
i?aeoe/anee ionoonoaoao.

A oicyenoaa aieueoeinoaa no?ai i?aiaeaaeatho naeueneia oicyenoai e
ai?iiaeiauaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Ai iiiaeo ec ieo aei neo ii? ia
?aoaia i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiay i?iaeaia. Niaoeeaeecaoeey naeueneiai
oicyenoaa neeueii aa?uee?oao.

A THaeiie, Ainoi/iie e THai-Ainoi/iie Acee, a ?aeiia ionniiiiai eeeiaoa,
aaea iuouaaony ecauoie o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia e iaoaaoea
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo caiaeue ?acaeoi ?eninayiea. ?en aeaao aei o?ao
o?iaeaaa a aiae. A n?aaeiai aeeoaeue yoeo ?aeiiia iio?aaeyao a aiae ?ena
a 50—100 ?ac aieueoa, /ai aa?iiaaoe. EI?, ssiiiey, Eiaeey, O?e-Eaiea
niaoeeaeece?othony ia au?aueaaiee /ay; ia a?aieoea Ae?iu, Eaina e
Oaeeaiaea ?aniieiaeai “cieioie o?aoaieueiee” iinaaia iieeiiai iaea. A
THai-Caiaaeiie Acee aaaeouae ca?iiaie eoeueoo?ie yaeyaony ioaieoea ia
i?ioaaiuo caieyo; caeanue oaeaea ?ani?ino?aiaii ianoaeuiia
aeeaioiiaiaenoai.

Ai?iiaeiauaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, ?acaeoay a no?aiao, aiaaouo
ieia?aeueiuie ?ano?naie, a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie eiio?iee?oaony e?oiiuie
caiaaeiuie eiiiaieyie.

Aeiey ?acaeaathueony no?ai Acee (aac EI?) a ie?iaie ia?aaaouaathuae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe inoaaony e?aeia ieceie — anaai 3% . I?e/ai aeaaiay ?ieue
caeanue i?eiaaeeaaeeo IEN, Eiaeee e iaooaaeiauaathuei no?aiai
Ia?neaeneiai caeeaa. IEN iineaaeiea 15—20 eao ia?aaeeaatho yeiiiie/aneee
aoi, caeanue i?iecioea ia?ano?ieea yeiiiieee ii yiiineie iiaeaee.
Aicieeee aaoiiiaeeueiay, iaooaoeie/aneay, noaeino?ieoaeueiay e
yeaeo?iiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, auno?i ?acaeaaaony eaaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue.
“Yeiiiie/aneia /oaei” iauyniyaony a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie oai, /oi OIE
aeoeaii aeeaaeuaatho eaieoae a i?iiuoeaiiinoue yoeo no?ai, i?eaioe?oynue
ia auaiaeu eo YAI, a oaeaea ia auiineeaoth, aeenoeeieeie?iaaiioth e
aeaoaaoth ?aai/oth neeo. N?aaeiee aaeaaiaeiue i?e?ino AII a iineaaeiea
aiaeu a yoeo no?aiao ninoaaeyao 5—8%.

Iaooaaeiauaathuea no?aiu Ia?neaeneiai caeeaa eiatho ia oieueei aaaeiia
yeiiiie/aneia, ii e aaiiieeoe/aneia e aiaiii-no?aoaae/aneia cia/aiea
aeaaiaea?y iaee/eth Noyoeeiai eaiaea, aaoiaei?iae Aa?eei—Aaaaeaae,
aeaaioneeo caiania iaooe e aieiai ?uiea nauoa aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee.
Aeaaiaea?y aeiau/a iaooe Naoaeianeay A?aaey, E?ai, E?ae, Eoaaeo, IAY
iieo/atho ia?iiiua aeioiaeu io aa i?iaeaaee. Iie i?aa?aoeeenue a iiuiue
i?iiuoeaiiue ?aeii n aeinoaoi/ii ?acaeoie iaooaoeie/aneie e
iaoaeeo?ae/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth, n aeaaiono?iaiiuie nia?aiaiiuie
ai?iaeaie, a Naoaeianeay A?aaey noaea eeaea?ii a ?acaeoee ca?iiaiai
oicyenoaa ?aaeiia.

A IA?O ?acaeaathueany no?aiu Acee aunooiatho a ea/anoaa aaaeiuo
iinoaaueeia ia ie?iaie ?uiie i?iaeoeoeee naeueneiai oicyenoaa (/ae,
iaoo?aeueiue eao/oe, aeaeoo, niaoeee, noao?iie/aneea o?oeou) e
ai?iiaeiauaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe (iaooue, aac, ia?aaiaoe, ieiai,
aieueo?ai, o?iieou, aeaeaciay ?oaea).

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