A O E E A I E C I. O E I U A O E E
A I E * A N E E O
E C A A ? AE A I E E.
I
Ii nia?aiaiiui i?aaenoaaeaieyi, aoeeaieci yaeyaony aiaoiae,
oae iacuaaaiie yoooceaiie oi?iie iaaiaoecia – i?ioeanna, naycaiiiai n
aeaeaeaieai iaaiu ec iaae? Caiee e aa
iiaa?oiinoe. Ia aeoaeia io 50 aei 350ei, a oieua iaoae ieaiaou
ia?acothony i/aae ?anieaaeaiiiai aauanoaa – iaaiu. Ii o/anoeai
ae?iaeaiey e ?aceiiia caiiie ei?u, iaaia iiaeieiaaony e eceeaaaony ia
iiaa?oiinoue a aeaea eaau (ioee/aaony io iaaiu oai, /oi ii/oe ia
niaea?aeeo eaoo/eo eiiiiiaioia, eioi?ua i?e iaaeaiee aeaaeaiey
ioaeaeythony io iaaiu e ooiaeyo a aoiinoa?o.
I?e yoeo eceeyieyo iaaiu ia iiaa?oiinoue e ia?acothony
aoeeaiu.
Aoeeaiu auaatho o?ao oeiia:
Ieiuaaeiua aoeeaiu. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaeea aoeeaiu ia ano?a/athony,
eee iiaeii neacaoue ia nouanoaotho. Oae eae yoe aoeeaiu i?eo?i/aiu e
auoiaeo aieueoiai eiee/anoaa eaau ia iiaa?oiinoue aieueoie ieiuaaee;
o.a ionthaea iu aeaeei, /oi iie nouanoaiaaee ia ?aiieo yoaiao ?acaeoey
caiee, eiaaea caiiay ei?a auea aeiaieueii oiieie e ia ioaeaeueiuo
o/anoeao iia iiaea oeaeeeii auoue ?anieaaeaiiie.
O?aueiiua aoeeaiu. Iie i?iyaeythony a eceeyiee eaau ia caiioth
iiaa?oiinoue ii e?oiiui o?aueiai eee ?aneieai. A ioaeaeueiua io?acee
a?aiaie, a iniiaiii ia aeienoi?e/aneii yoaia, yoio oei aoeeaiecia
aeinoeaae aeiaieueii oe?ieeo ianooaaia, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai ia
iiaa?oiinoue Caiee auiineeinue ia?iiiia eiee/anoai aoeeaie/aneiai
iaoa?eaea – eaau. Iiuiua iiey ecaanoiu a Eiaeee ia ieaoi Aeaeai, aaea
iie iie?uaaee ieiuaaeue a 5.105 ei2 i?e n?aaeiae iiuiinoe io 1 aei
3ei. Oaeaea ecaanoiu ia naaa?i-caiaaea NOA, a Neae?e. A oa a?aiaia
aacaeueoiaua ii?iaeu o?aueiiuo eceeyiee auee iaaaeiaiu e?aiiacaiii
(ieiei 50%) e iaiaauaiu aeaooaaeaioiui aeaeacii (8-12%). Eaau
iiaeaeaeiua, aeeaeeea, e iiyoiio i?ineaaeeaaeenue ia aeanyoee eeeiiao?ia
io ianoa naiaai
eceeyiey. Iiuiinoue ioaeaeueiuo iioieia auea 5-15i. A NOA, oaeaea eae e
a Eiaeee iaeaieeaaeenue iiiaieeeiiao?iaua oieue, yoi i?ienoiaeeei
iinoaiaiii, ieano ca ieanoii, a oa/aiee iiiaeo eao. Oaeea ieineea
eaaiaua ia?aciaaiey n oa?aeoa?iie nooiai/aoie oi?iie ?aeueaoa iieo/eee
iacaaiea ieaoiaacaeueoia eee o?aiiia.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy o?aueiiue aoeeaieci ?ani?ino?aiai a Eneaiaeee (
aoeeai Eaee ), ia Eai/aoea ( aoeeai Oieaa/eineee ), e ia iaeiii ec
ino?iaia Iiaie Caeaiaeee. Iaeaieaa e?oiiia ecaa?aeaiea eaau ia
ino?iaa Eneaiaeey aaeieue aeaaioneie o?aueiu Eaee, aeeeiie 30 ei,
i?iecioei a 1783 a., eiaaea eaaa a oa/aiee aeaoo ianyoeaa iinooiaea ia
aeiaaioth iiaa?oiinoue. Ca yoi a?aiy eceeeinue 12ei 3 aacaeueoiaie
eaau, eioi?ay caoiieea ii/oe 915ei2 i?eeaaathuae ieciaiiinoe neiai
iiuiinoueth a 170i. Noiaeiia ecaa?aeaiea iaaethaeaeinue a 1886a. ia
iaeiii ec ino?iaia Iiaie Caeaiaeee. A oa/aiee aeaoo /ania ia io?acea
30ei aeaenoaiaaea 12 iaaieueoeo e?aoa?ia aeeaiao?ii a ianeieueei nioai
iao?ia. Ecaa?aeaiea nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ac?uaaie e aua?inii iaiea, eioi?ue
iie?ue ieiuaaeue a 10 oun.ei2 , ieiei o?aueiu iiuiinoue iie?iaa
aeinoeaaea 75i. Ac?uaiie yooaeo oneeeaaeny iiuiui auaeaeaieai ia?ia ec
ica?iuo aannaeiia, i?eeaaaaoeo e o?aueia. Oaeea ac?uau, iaoneiaeaiiua
iaee/eai aiaeu, iieo/eee iacaaiea o?aaoe/aneea. Iinea ecaa?aeaiey ia
ianoa ica? ia?aciaaeanue a?aaaiiia?aciay aiaaeeia aeeeiie a 5ei e
oe?eiie 1,5-3ei.
3) Oeaio?aeueiue oei. Yoi naiue ?ani?ino?aiaiiue oei yoooceaiiai
iaaiaoecia. Ii
ia?aciaaieai eiioniia?aciuo aoeeaie/aneeo ai?; aunioa eo
eiio?iee?oaony
aeae?inoaoe/aneeie neeaie. Aeaei a oii, /oi aunioa h, ia eioi?oth
niiniaia iiaeiyoueny
aeeaeeay eaaa ieioiinoueth pl , ec ia?ae/iiai iaaiaoe/aneiai i/aaa,
iaoneiaeaia aeaaeaieai
ia iaai oaa?aeie eeoinoa?u iiuiinoueth H e ieioiinoueth ps . Yoa
caaeneiinoue iiaeao auoue
au?aaeaia neaaeothuei o?aaiaieai :
ghps=gHpl
aaea g – onei?aiea neeu oyaeanoe.
(h-H)/H=(ps-pl)/ps
Au?aaeaiea
ai?u (h; ioiioaiea (ps-pl)/ps iiaeii au?aceoue eae iaeee ieioiinoiie
eiyooeoeeaio j , oiaaea (h = jH. Oae eae aeaiiia
o?aaiaiea naycuaaao aunioo aoeeaia n iiuiinoueth eeoinoa?u /a?ac iaeee
ieioiinoiie eiyooeoeeaio, eioi?ue aeey ?aciuo ?aaeiiia ?acee/ai, cia/eo
aunioa aoeeaia a ?aciuo ?aeiiao caiiiai oa?a ?acee/ia.
No?iaiea aoeeaia:
Ei?ie aoeeaia, o.a aai ia?ae/iue
iaaiaoe/aneee i/aa ?aniieaaaaony
ia aeoaeia 60-100ei a anoaiinoa?-
iii neia. A caiiie ei?a ia aeoae-
ia 20-30ei iaoiaeeony aoi?e/iue
iaaiaoe/aneee i/aa, eioi?ue iaii-
n?aaenoaaiii e ieoaao aoeeai /a?ac
aea?ei . Eiion aoeeaia neiaeai i?i-
aeoeoaie aai ecaa?aeaiey. Ia aa?oeia ?aniieaaaaony e?aoa? –
/aoaia?aciia oaeoaeaiea, eioi?ia eiiaaea caiieiyaony aiaeie. Aeeaiao?u
e?aoa?ia iiaoo auoue ?acee/iu, iai?eia? o Eeth/aaneie niiee – 675i, a o
ecaanoiiai aoeeaia Aacoaee, iiaoaeaoaai Iiiiath – 568i. Iinea
ecaa?aeaiey e?aoa? ?ac?ooaaony e ia?acoaony aiaaeeia n aa?oeeaeueiuie
noaieaie – eaeueaea?u. Aeeaiao? iaeioi?uo eaeueaea? aeinoeaaao iiiaeo
eeeiiao?ia, iai?eia? eaeueaea?a aoeeaia Aieae/ai ia Aeynea ?aaii 10ei.
Eiiaaea ia neeiiao aoeeaiia aicieeatho ia?aceoe/aneea, eee
iiai/iua e?aoa?u, /a?ac aea?ei eioi?uo oaeaea iiaeao ecaa?aaoueny
ii?aaeaeaiiia eiee/anoai eaau.
I?e ecaa?aeaiee aoeeaia auaeaeythony i?iaeoeou aoeeaie/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue aeeaeeeie, aaciia?aciuie e
oaa?aeuie.
Aaciia?aciua – ooia?ieu e nioeiie, ea?atho aaaeioth ?ieue a
aoeeaie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ai a?aiy e?enoaeeecaoeee iaaiu ia aeoaeia
auaeaeythueany aacu iiaeieiatho aeaaeaiea aei e?eoe/aneeo cia/aiee e
aucuaatho ac?ua, aua?anuaay ia iiaa?oiinoue naonoee ?aneaeaiiie aeeaeeie
eaau. Oaeaea i?e ecaa?aeaiee aoeeaiia i?ienoiaeeo iiuiia auaeaeaiea
aaciauo no?oe, nicaeathueo a aoiinoa?a ia?iiiua a?eaiaeaeiua iaeaea.
Oaeia aaciaia iaeaei ninoiyuaa ec eaiaeae ?anieaaeaiiie (nauoa 7000n)
iaiea e aacia, ia?aciaaaoaany ec o?auei aoeeaia Iii-Iaea, a 1902a.
Oie/oiaeeei ai?iae Nai-Iuea? e 28000 aai aeeoaeae.
Ninoaa aaciauo auaeaeaiee ai iiiaii caaeneo io oaiia?aoo?u. ?acee/atho
neaaeothuea oeiu ooia?ie:
Nooea – oaiia?aoo?a ieiei 5000n, ii/oe ia niaea?aeeo aiaeyiuo ia?ia;
ianuuai oei?enouie niaaeeiaieyie.
Eeneua, eee oei?enoi-aiaei?iaeii-na?ienoua – oaiia?aoo?a i?eaeeceoaeueii
?aaia 300-4000n.
Uaei/iua, eee aiiea/iua – oaiia?aoo?a ia aieueoa 1800n.
Na?ienoua, eee nieueoaoa?u – oaiia?aoo?a ieiei 1000n, aeaaiui ia?acii
ninoieo ec aiaeyiuo ia?ia e na?iaiaei?iaea.
Oaeaeeneua, eee iioa?u – oaiia?aoo?a iaiueoa 1000n,i?aeiouanoaaiii
oaeaeeneue aac.
AEeaeeea – oa?aeoa?ecothony oaiia?aoo?aie a i?aaeaeao 600-12000n.
I?aaenoaaeaia eiaiii eaaie.
Ayceinoue eaau iaoneiaeaia aa ninoaaii e caaeneo aeaaiui ia?acii io
niaea?aeaiey e?aiiacaia eee aeeieneaea e?aiiey. I?e aunieii aa cia/aiee
(aieaa 65%) eaau iacuaatho eeneuie, iie n?aaieoaeueii eaaeea, ayceea,
iaeiiiaeaeaeiua, niaea?aeao aieueoia eiee/anoai aacia, inouaatho
iaaeeaiii. Iaiueoaa niaea?aeaiea e?aiiacaia (60-52%) oa?aeoa?ii aeey
n?aaeieo eaa; iie eae e eeneua aieaa ayceea, ii iaa?aou iau/ii neeueiaa
(aei 1000-12000n) ii n?aaiaieth n eeneuie (800-9000n). Iniiaiua eaau
niaea?aeao iaiaa 52% e?aiiacaia e iiyoiio aieaa aeeaeeea, iiaeaeaeiua,
naiaiaeii oaeoo. I?e eo canouaaiee ia iiaa?oiinoe ia?acoaony ei?i/ea,
iiae eioi?ie i?ienoiaeeo aeaeueiaeoaa aeaeaeaiea aeeaeeinoe.
Oaa?aeua i?iaeoeou aeeth/atho a naay aoeeaie/aneea aiiau, eaieeee,
aoeeaie/aneee ianie e iaiae. A iiiaio ecaa?aeaiey iie aueaoatho ec
e?aoa?a ni nei?inoueth 500-600i/c.
Aoeeaie/aneea aiiau – e?oiiua eonee caoaa?aeaaoae eaau ?acia?ii a
iiia?a/ieea io ianeieueeeo naioeiao?ia aei 1i e aieaa, a a ianna
aeinoeaatho ianeieueeeo oiii (ai a?aiy ecaa?aeaiey Aacoaey a 79a.,
aoeeaie/aneea aiiau ‘neacu Aacoaey’ aeinoeaaee aeanyoeia oiii). Iie
ia?acothony i?e ac?uaiii ecaa?aeaiee, eioi?ia i?ienoiaeeo i?e auno?ii
auaeaeaiee ec iaaiu niaea?aeaueony a iae aacia. Aoeeaie/aneea aiiau
auaatho 2-o eaoaai?ee: 1-ay, aicieeoea ec aieaa ayceie e iaiaa
ianuuaiiie aacaie eaau; iie nio?aiytho i?aaeeueioth oi?io aeaaea i?e
oaea?a i caieth ec-ca ei?i/ee caeaeeaaiey, ia?aciaaaoaeny i?e eo
inouaaiee. 2-ay, oi?ie?othony ec aieaa aeeaeeie eaau, ai a?aiy iieaoa
iie i?eia?aoatho naiua i?e/oaeeeaua oi?iu, aeiiieieoaeueii
oneiaeiythueany i?e oaea?a.
Eaieeee –
n?aaieoaeueii iaeeea iaeiiee oeaea aaee/eiie 1,5-3ni, eiathuea
?aciiia?aciua oi?iu. Aoeeaie/aneee
ianie – ninoieo ec n?aaieoaeueii iaeeeo /anoeoe eaau (( 0,5ni). Aua
aieaa iaeeea iaeiiee, ?acia?ii io 1ii e iaiaa ia?acotho aoeeaie/aneee
iaiae, eioi?ue inaaeay ia neeiiao aoeeaia eee ia iaeioi?ii ?annoiyiee io
iaai ia?acoao aoeeaie/aneee ooo.
II
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia caiiii oa?a auyaeaii nauoa 4oun. aoeeaiia.
E aeaenoaothuei ioiinyo aoeeaiu ecaa?aathueany e i?iyaeythuea
nieueoaoa?ioth aeoeaiinoue (auaeaeaiea ai?y/eo aacia e aiaeu) ca
iineaaeiea 3500 eao enoi?e/aneiai ia?eiaea. Ia 1980 aiae eo ian/eouaaee
947.
E iioaioeeaeueii aeaenoaothuei ioiinyony aieioeaiiaua aoeeaiu,
ecaa?aathueany 3500-13500 eao iacaae. Eo i?eia?ii 1343 oo.
E oneiaii iiooooei aoeeaiai ioiinyo ia i?iyaeythueie aeoeaiinoe a
aieioeaia, ii nio?aieaoea naie aiaoiea oi?iu (aic?anoii iieiaea
100oun. eao).
Iiooooea – aoeeaiu nouanoaaiii ia?a?aaioaiiua y?iceae, iieo?ac?ooaiiua,
ia i?iyaeythuea aeoeaiinoe a oa/aiee iineaaeieo 100oun. eao.
Nia?aiaiiua aoeeaiu ecaanoiu ai anao e?oiiuo aaieiai-no?oeoo?iuo
yeaiaioao e aaieiae/aneeo ?aeiiao Caiee. Iaeiaei ?ani?aaeaeaiu iie
ia?aaiiia?ii. Iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai aoeeaiia ?aniieiaeaii a
yeaaoi?eaeueiie, o?iie/aneie e oia?aiiie iaeanoyo. A iiey?iuo iaeanoyo,
ca Naaa?iui e THaeiui iiey?iuie e?oaaie, ioia/aiu /?acau/aeii ?aaeeea
o/anoee ioiineoaeueii neaaie aoeeaie/aneie aeoeaiinoe, iau/ii
ia?aie/eaathueany auaeaeaieai aacia.
Iaaethaeaaony i?yiay caaeneiinoue iaaeaeo eo eiee/anoaii, e
oaeoiie/aneie aeoeaiinoueth ?aeiia: iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai aeaenoaothueo
aoeeaiia a ?an/aoa ia aaeeieoeo ieiuaaee i?eoiaeeony ia ino?iaiua aeoae
(Eai/aoea, Eo?eeueneea ino?iaa, Eiaeiiacey) e ae?oaea ai?iua nii?oaeaiey
(THaeiay e Naaa?iay Aia?eea). Caeanue nin?aaeioi/aiu oaeaea iaeaieaa
aeoeaiua aoeeaiu ie?a, oa?aeoa?ecothueany iaeaieueoae /anoioie
ecaa?aeaiey. Iaeiaiueoay ieioiinoue aoeeaiia oa?aeoa?ia aeey ieaaiia e
eiioeiaioaeueiuo ieaooi?i; caeanue iie naycaiu n ?eooiauie ciiaie –
oceeie e i?ioyaeaiiuie iaeanoyie ?aneieia e i?inaaeee caiiie ei?u
(Ainoi/ii-Ao?eeaineay ?eooiaay nenoaia), N?aaeeiii-Aoeaioe/aneee o?aaao.
Onoaiiaeaii, /oi aoeeaiu i?eo?i/aiu e oaeoiie/anee-aeoeaiui iiynai, aaea
i?ienoiaeeo aieueoeinoai caieyo?anaiea.
Iaeanoe eo ?acaeoey oa?aeoa?ecothony n?aaieoaeueii aieueoie
?acae?iaeaiiinoueth eeoinoa?u, aiiiaeueii aunieei oaieiaui iioieii (a
3-4 ?aca aieueoa oiiiauo cia/aiee), iiauoaiiuie iaaieoiuie aiiiaeeyie,
aic?anoaieai oaieii?iaiaeiinoe ai?iuo ii?iae n aeoaeiie. E iaeanoyi
thaaieeueiuo enoi/ieeia oa?iaeueiuo aiae oeia aaeca?ia.
Aoeeaiu ?aniieiaeaiiua ia nooa, oi?ioi eco/aiu; aeey ieo oi/ii
ii?aaeaeaiu aeaou i?ioeuo ecaa?aeaiee, ecaanoai oa?aeoa? aueeaoeony
i?iaeoeoia. Iaeiaei aieueoay /anoue aeoeaiuo aoeeaie/aneeo i?iyaeaiee,
ii-aeaeeiiio, i?ienoiaeeo a ii?yo e ieaaiao, iie?uaathueo aieaa aeaoo
o?aoae iiaa?oiinoe ieaiaou. Eco/aiea yoeo aoeeaiia e i?iaeoeoia eo
ecaa?aeaiee cao?oaeiaiu, oioy i?e iiuiii ecaa?aeaiee yoeo i?iaeoeoia
iiaeao ieacaoueny oae iiiai, /oi noi?ie?iaaiiue eie aoeeaie/aneee eiion
iieacuaaaony ec aiaeu, ia?acoy iiaue ino?ia. Oae, iai?eia?, a
Aoeaioe/aneii ieaaia, thaeiaa Eneaiaeee, 14 iiya?y 1963a., ?uaaee
caiaoeee iiaeieiathueany iaae iiaa?oiinoueth ieaaia eeoau aeuia, a
oaeaea aueaoathuea ec iiae aiaeu eaiie. *a?ac 10 aeiae ia ianoa
ecaa?aeaiey oaea ia?aciaaeny ino?ia aeeeiie ieiei 900i, oe?eiie aei 650i
e aunioie aei 100i, iieo/eaoee iacaaiea No?onae. Ecaa?aeaiea
i?iaeieaeaeinue aieaa iieooi?a eao e caaa?oeeinue eeoue aaniie 1965a.,
ia?aciaaa iiaue aoeeaie/aneee ino?ia ieiuaaeueth 2,4ei2 e aunioie 169i
iaae o?iaiai ii?y.
Aaieiae/aneea enneaaeiaaiey ino?iaia iieacuaatho, /oi iiiaea ec
ieo eiatho aoeeaie/aneia i?ienoiaeaeaiea. I?e /anoie iiaoi?yaiinoe
ecaa?aeaiee, eo aieueoie i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe e iaeeee auaeaeyaiuo
i?iaeoeoia iiaoo nicaeaaaoueny aanueia aiooeoaeueiua nii?oaeaiey. Oae,
oeaii/ea Aaaaeneeo ino?iaia aoeeaie/aneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie nenoaio eiionia aunioie 9,0-9,5ei (ioiineoaeueii aeia Oeoiai
ieaaia), o.a i?aauoathuae aunioo Yaa?anoa!
Ecaanoai neo/ae, eiaaea aoeeai au?in ia ec iiae aiaeu, eae auei
?anniio?aii a i?aaeuaeouai neo/aa, a ec iiae caiee, i?yii ia aeacao o
i/aaeaeoeaa. I?iecioei yoi a Iaeneea 20 oaa?aey 1943a.; iinea
iiiaiaeiaaiuo neaauo oie/eia ia aniaoaiiii iiea iiyaeeanue o?aueia e ec
iaa ia/aeinue auaeaeaiea aacia e ia?a, ecaa?aeaiea iaiea e aoeeaie/aneeo
aiia – naonoeia eaau i?e/oaeeeaie oi?iu, aua?ioaiiuo aacaie e inouaoeo a
aicaeooa. Iineaaeothuea eceeyiea eaau i?eaaee e aeoeaiiio ?inoo
aoeeaie/aneiai eiiona, aunioa eioi?iai a 1946a. aeinoeaea oaea 500i
(aoeeai Ia?eeooei).
III
OEIU ECAA?AEAIEE
A caaeneiinoe io eiee/anoa, niioiioaiey ecaa?aaaiuo aoeeaie/aneeo
i?iaeoeoia (aaciaua, aeeaeeea eee oaa?aeua) e ayceinoe eaa auaeaeaiu
/aou?a aeaaiuo oeia ecaa?aeaiee: aaaaeneee(yoooceaiue),
no?iiaieeaineee(niaoaiiue), eoiieueiue(yeno?oceaiue) e aoeeaineee.
Aaaaeneee – aoeeaie/aneea ai?u eiatho iieiaea neeiiu; eo eiiona
neiaeaiu neiyie inouaoae eaau. A e?aoa?a aeaenoaothueo aaaaeneeo
aoeeaiia iaoiaeeony aeeaeeay eaaa iniiaiiai ninoaaa n i/aiue iaaieueoei
niaea?aeaieai aacia. Iia ao?ii eeieo a e?aoa?a – iaaieueoii ica?a ia
aa?oeia aoeeaia, i?aaenoaaeyy niaie aaeeeieaiiia c?aeeua, iniaaiii
ii/ueth. Ooneeoth e?aniiaaoi-ei?e/iaaoth iiaa?oiinoue eaaiaiai ica?a
ia?eiaee/anee i?i?uaatho ineaieoaeueiua no?oe eaau, aceaoathuea aaa?o.
I?e ecaa?aeaiee o?iaaiue eaaiaiai ica?a ia/eiaao niieieii, ii/oe aac
oie/eia e ac?uaia, iiaeieiaoueny e aeioiaeeo aei e?aaa e?aoa?a, caoai
eaaa ia?aeeaaaony /a?ac e?ae e, eiay aanueia aeeaeeoth eiinenoaioeeth,
?anoaeaaony ia iaoe?iie oa??eoi?ee, ni nei?inoueth ieiei 30ei//, ia
aeanyoee eeeiiao?ia. Ia?eiaee/aneea ecaa?aeaiey aoeeaiia Aaaaeneeo
ino?iaia i?eaiaeyo e iinoaiaiiiio oaaee/aieth eo iauaia ca n/ao
ia?aueaaiey neeiiia canouaoae eaau. Oae, iauai aoeeaia Iaoia-Eia
aeinoeaaao 21.103 ei3 ; ii aieueoa, /ai iauai ethaiai ec ecaanoiuo
aoeeaiia ia caiiii oa?a. Ii aaaaeneiio oeio i?ienoiaeeo ecaa?aeaiea
aoeeaiia ia ino?iaao Naiia a ainoi/iie /anoe Ao?eee, ia Eai/aoea e ia
naieo Aaaaeneeo ino?iaao – Iaoia-Eia e Eeeaoya.
Yoaeiiii no?iiaieeaineiai oeia yaeyaony ecaa?aeaiea aoeeaia
No?iiaiee (Eeia?neea ino?iaa) a N?aaeecaiiii ii?a.
Iau/ii aoeeaiu yoiai oeia – yoi no?aoi-aoeeaiu e ecaa?aeaiey
i?ienoiaeyuea a ieo nii?iaiaeaeathony neeueiuie ac?uaaie e iiaecaiiuie
oie/eaie, aua?inaie ia?ia e aacia, aoeeaie/aneiai iaiea, eaieeeae.
Eiiaaea ioia/aaony eceeyiea eaau ia iiaa?oiinoue, ii a neaaenoaee
cia/eoaeueiie ayceinoe i?ioyaeaiiinoue iioieia auaaao iaaieueoie.
Ecaa?aeaiey iiaeiaiiai oeia iaaethaeathony o aoeeaia Eoeaeueei a
oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eea; o aoeeaia Ieoa?a a ssiiiee; o ?yaea aoeeaiia
Eai/aoee (Eeth/aaneie, Oieaa/ae e ae?oaeo). Noiaeaa ecaa?aeaiea, ii
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe niauoee e auaeaeyaiui i?iaeoeoai, ii a aieaa
e?oiiuo ?acia?ao i?iecioei a 79 aiaeo.
Yoi ecaa?aeaiea iiaeii ioianoe e iiaeoeio no?iiaieeaineiai ecaa?aeaiey e
iacaaoue aai – Aacoaeaineee. Ecaa?aeaieth aoeeaia Aacoaee, io/anoe Yoiu
e Aoeeaii (N?aaeecaiiia ii?a), i?aaeoanoaiaaei neeueiia caieyo?anaiea.
Caoai ec e?aoa?a au?aaeny ?anoe?ythueeny eaa?oo noiea aaeiai ia?a.
Iinoaiaiii aua?anuaaaiua iaiae e iaeiiee ii?iae i?eaeaee ‘iaeaeo’ /a?iue
oeaao e ia/aee iaaeaoue ia caieth aianoa ni no?aoiui eeaiai. Eceeyiea
eaau auei n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoei. Eaaa eiaea n?aaeiee ninoaa e noaeaea
ii neeiio ai?u ni nei?inoueth 7ei//. Iniiaiua ?ac?ooaiey auee i?e/eiaiu
caieyo?anaieai e iaaeathueie ia caieth aoeeaie/aneei iaieii e aiiaaie,
i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie iaeiiee ii?iae e canouaoea naonoee eaau. Iioiee
eeaiy n iaieii ia?aciaaee aeeaeeoth a?ycue, n eioi?ie auee iia?aaaiu
?aniieiaeaiiua ia neeiiao Aacoaey ai?iaea – Iiiiay (ia thaa), Aa?eoeaioi
(ia thai-caiaaea) e Noaaey (ia thai-ainoiea).
Aeey eoiieueiiai oeia oa?aeoa?ii auaeeiaiea e auoaeeeaaiea ayceie
(aiaeaceoiaie, aeaoeeoiaie eee ?eieeoiaie) eaau neeueiui iaii?ii ec
eaiaea aoeeaia e ia?aciaaiea eoiieia (Ithe-aea-Aeii a Iaa?ie, O?aioeey;
Oeaio?aeueiue Naiy/ee, ia Eai/aoea), e?eioieoiieia (Naaa-Neiaecai ia
ino?iaa Oieeaeaei, ssiiiey) e iaaeeneia (Oeaaeo/ ia Eai/aoea).
A aoeeaineii oeia aieueooth ?ieue ea?atho aacu, i?iecaiaeyuea
ac?uau e aua?inu ia?iiiuo oo/, ia?aiieiaiiui aieueoei eiee/anoaii
iaeiieia ai?iuo ii?iae, eaa e iaiea. Eaau ayceea, ia?acotho iaaieueoea
iioiee (Aaa/eineay Niiea e Ea?uineay niiea ia Eai/aoea).
Eaaeaeue ec aeaaiuo oeiia ecaa?aeaiey ?acaeaeytho ia
ianeieueei iiaeoeiia ( no?iiaieeaineee oei, iiaeoei – Aacoaeaineee ).
Ec ieo iniai auaeaeythony Iaeaeneee, E?aeaoao, Iaa?, eioi?ua a oie eee
eiie noaiaie yaeythony i?iiaaeooi/iuie iaaeaeo eoiieueiui e aoeeaineei
oeiaie.
Iaeaeneee iiaeoei auaeaeai ii ecaa?aeaieth aoeeaia Iiioaiue-Iaea
(Eunay ai?a) aaniie 1902 aiaea ia ino?iaa Ia?oeieea a Aoeaioe/aneii
ieaaia. Aaniie 1902a. ai?o
Iiioaiue-Iaea, eioi?ay a oa/aiee iiiaeo eao n/eoaeanue iiooooei aoeeaiii
e ia neeiiao eioi?ie au?in ai?iae Nai-Iuea?, iaiaeeaeaiii iio?yn iiuiue
ac?ua. Ia?aue e iineaaeothuea ac?uau nii?iaiaeaeaeenue iiyaeaieai o?auei
ia noaieao aoeeaie/aneiai eiiona, ec eioi?iai au?uaaeenue /a?iua iaeyuea
oo/e, ninoiyuea ec eaiaeae ?anieaaeaiiie eaau, ?aneaeaiiiai (nauoa
7000n) iaiea e aacia. 8 iay iaeia ec oaeeo oo/ ono?aieeanue e thao e a
oa/aiee ianeieueeeo ieioo aoeaaeueii oie/oiaeeea ai?iae Nai-Iuea?.
Iiaeaei ieiei 28000 aeeoaeae; nianeenue oieueei oa, eoi oniae ioieuoue
io aa?aaa. Ia oniaaoea iooaa?oiaaoue noaea nai?aee eee auee ia?aaa?ioou,
aiaea a aaaaie caeeiaea. A ai?iaea nianny oieueei iaeei /aeiaae,
caueuaiiue oienouie noaiaie ai?iaeneie oth?ueiu. Ecaa?aeaiea aoeeaia
caaa?oeeinue eeoue a ieoya?a. *?acau/aeii ayceay eaaa iaaeeaiii
auaeaaeea ec aoeeaie/aneiai eaiaea i?iaeo aunioie 400i, ia?aciaaaooth
oieeaeueiue i?e?iaeiue iaaeene. Iaeiaei anei?a aa?oiyy /anoue aai
ioeieieanue ii einie o?aueia; aunioa inoaaoaeny ino?ioaieueiie eaeu
ninoaaeyea ieiei 270i, ii e iia iiae aeaenoaeai i?ioeannia auaao?eaaiey
auea ?ac?ooaia oaea a 1903 aiaeo.
Yoaeiiii oeia E?aeaoao acyoi ecaa?aeaiea iaeiieiaiiiai
aoeeaia iaoiaeyuaainy iaaeaeo ino?iaaie Noiao?a e ssaa. 20
iay 1883 aiaea n iaiaoeeiai aiaiiiai noaeia, oaaeoaai ciiaeneei i?ieeaii
( iaaeaeo ino?iaaie ssaa e Noiao?a ), oaeaeaee a?iiaaeiia ieieaia?aciia
iaeaei, iiaeieiaaoaany n a?oiiu ino?iaia E?aeaoao. Auee ioia/aiu
ia?iiiay aunioa iaeaea – ieiei 10-11ei, e /anoua – eaaeaeua 10-15 iei
ac?uau, nii?iaiaeaeaaoeany aua?inii iaiea ia aunioo 2-3ei. Iinea
iaeneiai ecaa?aeaiey aeoeaiinoue aoeeaia ianeieueei noeoea e eeoue a
na?aaeeia ethey i?iecioei iiaia iiuiia ecaa?aeaiea. Iaeiaei iniiaiay
eaoano?ioa ?acua?aeanue 26 aaaonoa. A yoio aeaiue
iinea iieoaeiy ia noaeia ‘Iaaeay’ caiaoeee noiea iaiea aunioie oaea
27-33ei, a iaeue/aeoee aoeeaie/aneee iaiae aue iiaeiyo ia aunioo 60-80ei
e a oa/aiee 3 eao iinea ecaa?aeaiey iaoiaeeeny a aa?oieo neiyo
aoiinoa?u. Caoe ac?uaa aue neuoai a Aano?aeee ( ca 5oun. eeeiiao?ia io
aoeeaia ), a ac?uaiay aieia o?eaeaeu iaaaeaea ieaiaoo. Aeaaea 4
naioya?y, o.a /a?ac 9 aeiae iinea ac?uaa, naiiieoouea aa?iiao?u
i?iaeieaeaee ioia/aoue iacia/eoaeueiua eieaaaiey aoiinoa?iiai aeaaeaiey.
E aa/a?o ia ie?anoiuo ino?iaao auiae aeiaeaeue n iaieii. Iaiae iaaeae
anth ii/ue; ia ei?aaeyo, iaoiaeeaoeony a Ciiaeneii i?ieeaa, oieueia aai
neiy aeinoeaaea 1,5i. E 6 /anai oo?a a i?ieeaa ?ac?aceeanue no?aoiay
ao?y – ii?a auoei ec aa?aaia, aunioa aiei aeinoeaaea 30-40i. Aieiaie
auee ?ac?ooaiu i?eaeeaeaiiua ai?iaea e aei?iae ia ino?iaao ssaa e
Noiao?a; ianaeaiea aeeaeaeoeo e aoeeaio ino?iaia iiaeaei iieiinoueth.
Iauaa /enei aea?oa, ii ioeoeeaeueiui aeaiiui, aeinoeaei 40000.
Iiuiui aoeeaie/aneei ac?uaii ia aeaa o?aoe aue ?ac?ooai aeaaiue
ino?ia a?oeiaeaaa E?aeaoao – ?aeaoa: a aicaeoo auea aua?ioaia /anoue
ino?iaa 4(6ei2 n aeaoiy aoeeaie/aneeie eiionaie Aeaiai e Ia?aoaoai. Ia
eo ianoa ia?aciaaeny i?iaae, aeoaeia ii?y a eioi?ii aeinoeaaea 360i.
Aieia oeoiaie ca ianeieueei /ania aeinoeaea aa?aaia O?aioeee e Iaiaiu, o
aa?aaia THaeiie Aia?eee nei?inoue aa ?ani?ino?aiaiey aua ninoaaeyea 483
ei//.
Ecaa?aeaiey oeia Iaa? i?ienoiaeeee a i?ioeua aaieiae/aneea yiioe. Iie
ioee/aeenue neeueiuie aaciauie ac?uaaie, aua?anuaaeinue cia/eoaeueiia
eiee/anoai aaciia?aciuo e oaa?aeuo i?iaeoeoia. Eceeyiea eaau ia
i?ienoiaeeei ec-ca i/aiue eeneiai ninoaaa iaaiu, eioi?ay a neeo naiae
ayceinoe caeoii?eaaao aea?ei aoeeaia e i?eaiaeeo e ac?uaai. A
?acoeueoaoa aicieeaee ai?iiee ac?uaa aeeaiao?ii io nioai iao?ia aei
ianeieueeeo eeeiiao?ia. Yoe oaeoaeaiey eiiaaea ie?oaeaeenue iaaunieei
aaeii, ia?aciaaaoeiny ec aua?ioaiiuo i?iaeoeoia, n?aaee eioi?uo
ano?a/athony iaeiiee eaa.
Iioiaeea ia o?oaee ac?uaa oeia iaa? – aeeaoia?u. Eo ?aniieiaeaiea
ecaanoii a Neae?e, a THaeiie Ao?eea e a ae?oaeo ianoao. Yoi
oeeeeiae?e/aneea o?oaee, aa?oeeaeueii ia?anaeathuea ieanou e
caeai/eaathueany ai?iieiia?aciui ?anoe?aieai. Aeeaoia?u caiieiaiu
a?ae/eae – ii?iaeie n iaeiieaie neaioeaa e ian/aieeia. A?ae/ee
aeiaciiiniu, ec ieo i?iecaiaeeony i?iiuoeaiiay aeiau/a aeiacia.
Iaaiaoeci – yaeaiea, naycaiiua n ia?aciaaieai, eciaiaieai ninoaaa e
aeaeaeaieai iaaiu ec iaae? caiee e aa iiaa?oiinoe.
2 Anoaiinoa?iue neie – aeoaeia caeaaaiey iiae ieaaiaie 60-400ei, a
iiae eiioeiaioaie 120-250ei. Yoi ciia caiaaeeaiiiai i?ioiaeaeaiey
oi?oaeo aiei. A yoii neia i?ienoiaeeo aeaeaeaiea ieeo.
Ieieaia?aciia iaeaei – noiea aaeiai ia?a ?anoe?ythueeny e aa?oo –
iacaai aaoi?ii ienueia enoi?eeo Oaoeeoo Ieeieai-ieaaeoei, eioi?ue aue
naeaeaoaeai ecaa?aeaiey Aacoaey a 79a.
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