AIAeIUA ?ANO?NU
Aoaeu a aeeaeeii, oaa?aeii e aaciia?aciii ninoiyiee e eo ?ani?aaeaeaiea
ia Caiea. Iie iaoiaeyony a anoanoaaiiuo aiaeiaiao ia iiaa?oiinoe (a
ieaaiao, ?aeao, ica?ao e aieioao); a iaae?ao (iiaecaiiua aiaeu); ai anao
?anoaieyo e aeeaioiuo; a oaeaea a eneonnoaaiiuo aiaeiaiao
(aiaeio?aieeeuao, eaiaeao e i?.).
Aiaea – aaeeinoaaiiia aauanoai, eioi?ia a i?e?iaea i?enoonoaoao a
aeeaeeii, oaa?aeii e aaciia?aciii ninoiyieyo. Cia/aiea aeeaeeie aiaeu
nouanoaaiii iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey e aiciiaeiinoae
i?eiaiaiey. I?aniay aiaea oe?a eniieuecoaony, /ai nieaiay. Nauoa 97%
anae aiaeu nin?aaeioi/aii a ieaaiao e aioo?aiieo ii?yo. Aua ie. 2%
i?eoiaeeony ia aeieth i?aniuo aiae, caeeth/aiiuo a iie?iaiuo e ai?iuo
eaaeieeao, e eeoue iaiaa 1% – ia aeieth i?aniuo aiae ica? e ?ae,
iiaecaiiuo e a?oioiauo.
Aiaea, naiia ?ani?ino?aiaiiia niaaeeiaiea ia Caiea, iaeaaeaao
oieeaeueiuie oeie/aneeie e oece/aneeie naienoaaie. Iineieueeo iia eaaei
?anoai?yao ieia?aeueiua niee, aeeaua i?aaieciu aianoa n iae iiaeiuatho
ieoaoaeueiua aauanoaa aac eaeeo-eeai nouanoaaiiuo eciaiaiee nianoaaiiiai
oeie/aneiai ninoaaa. Oaeei ia?acii, aiaea iaiaoiaeeia aeey ii?iaeueiie
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe anao aeeauo i?aaieciia. Iieaeoea aiaeu ninoieo ec
aeaoo aoiiia aiaei?iaea e iaeiiai aoiia eenei?iaea. Aa iieaeoey?iue aan
anaai 18, a oi/ea eeiaiey aeinoeaaao 100? C i?e aoiinoa?iii aeaaeaiee
760 ii ?o. no. Ia aoeueoeo aunioao, aaea aeaaeaiea ieaea, /ai ia o?iaia
ii?y, aiaea caeeiaao i?e aieaa ieceeo oaiia?aoo?ao. Eiaaea aiaea
caia?caao, aa iauai oaaee/eaaaony aieaa /ai ia 11%, e ?anoe?ythueeny
eaae iiaeao ?ac?uaaoue aiaeii?iaiaeiua o?oau e iinoiaua e ?ac?ooaoue
neaeueiua ii?iaeu, i?aa?auay eo a ?uoeue a?oio. Ii ieioiinoe eaae
onooiaao aeeaeeie aiaea, /oi e iauyniyao aai ieaao/anoue.
Aiaea oaeaea iaeaaeaao oieeaeueiuie oa?ie/aneeie naienoaaie. Eiaaea aa
oaiia?aoo?a iiieaeaaony aei 0? C e iia caia?caao, oi ec eaaeaeiai a?aiia
aiaeu aunaiaiaeaeaaony 79 eae. I?e ii/iuo caii?iceao oa?ia?u eiiaaea
ii?uneeaatho naaeu aiaeie aeey caueou aooiiia io iia?aaeaeaiey ii?icii.
I?e eiiaeainaoeee aiaeyiiai ia?a eaaeaeue aai a?aii ioaeaao 540 eae. Yoa
oaieioa iiaeao auoue eniieueciaaia a ioiieoaeueiuo nenoaiao. Aeaaiaea?y
aunieie oaieiaieinoe aiaea iiaeiuaao aieueoia eiee/anoai oaieiou aac
eciaiaiey oaiia?aoo?u.
Iieaeoeu aiaeu noeaieythony iin?aaenoaii «aiaei?iaeiuo (eee
iaaeiieaeoey?iuo) naycae», eiaaea eenei?iae iaeiie iieaeoeu aiaeu
niaaeeiyaony n aiaei?iaeii ae?oaie iieaeoeu. Aiaea oaeaea i?eoyaeaaaony
e ae?oaei aiaei?iae- e eenei?iaeniaea?aeauei niaaeeiaieyi (o.i.
iieaeoey?iia i?eoyaeaiea). Oieeaeueiua naienoaa aiaeu ii?aaeaeythony
i?i/iinoueth aiaei?iaeiuo naycae. Neeu noeaieaiey e iieaeoey?iiai
i?eoyaeaiey iicaieytho ae i?aiaeieaaaoue neeo oyaeanoe e aneaaenoaea
eaieeey?iinoe iiaeieiaoueny aaa?o ii iaeeei ii?ai (iai?eia?, a nooie
ii/aa).
?ANI?INO?AIAIEA AIAeU A I?E?IAeA
I?e eciaiaiee oaiia?aoo?u aiaeu eciaiythony e aiaei?iaeiua nayce iaaeaeo
aa iieaeoeaie, /oi a naith i/a?aaeue i?eaiaeeo e eciaiaieth aa ninoiyiey
– io aeeaeeiai aei oaa?aeiai e aaciia?aciiai.
Iineieueeo aeeaeeay aiaea yaeyaony i?ae?aniui ?anoai?eoaeai, iia ?aaeei
auaaao aaniethoii /enoie e niaea?aeeo ieia?aeueiua aauanoaa a
?anoai?aiiii eee acaaoaiiii ninoiyiee. Eeoue 2,8% ec 1,36 ie?ae. ei3
anae eiathuaeny ia Caiea aiaeu i?eoiaeeony ia aeieth i?aniie, i?e/ai
aoeueoay aa /anoue (ie. 2,2%) iaoiaeeony a oaa?aeii ninoiyiee a ai?iuo e
iie?iaiuo eaaeieeao (i?aeiouanoaaiii a Aioa?eoeaea) e oieueei 0,6% – a
aeeaeeii. I?eia?ii 98% aeeaeeie i?aniie aiaeu nin?aaeioi/aii iiae
caieae. Nieaiua aiaeu ieaaiia e aioo?aiieo ii?ae, caieiathueo aieaa 70%
caiiie iiaa?oiinoe, ninoaaeytho 97,2% anao aiae Caiee.
E?oaiai?io aiaeu a i?e?iaea. Oioy iauea caianu aiaeu a ie?a iaeciaiiu,
iinoiyiii i?ienoiaeeo aa ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea, e, oaeei ia?acii, iia
yaeyaony aiciaiiaeiui ?ano?nii. E?oaiai?io aiaeu i?ienoiaeeo iiae
aeeyieai nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee, eioi?ay noeioee?oao enia?aiea aiaeu. I?e
yoii inaaeaeathony ?anoai?aiiua a iae ieia?aeueiua aauanoaa. Aiaeyiie
ia? iiaeieiaaony a aoiinoa?o, aaea eiiaeaine?oaony, e aeaaiaea?y neea
oyaeanoe aiaea aica?auaaony ia caieth a aeaea inaaeeia – aeiaeaey eee
niaaa (ni. oaeaea AeIAEAeUe). Aoeueoay /anoue inaaeeia auiaaeaao iaae
ieaaiii e eeoue iaiaa 25% – iaae nooae. Ieiei 2/3 yoeo inaaeeia a
?acoeueoaoa enia?aiey e o?ainie?aoeee iinooiaao a aoiinoa?o e eeoue 1/3
noaeaao a ?aee e i?ina/eaaaony a a?oio
Neea oyaeanoe niinianoaoao ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieth aeeaeeie aeaae n aieaa
aunieeo o/anoeia ia aieaa ieceea eae ia caiiie iiaa?oiinoe, oae e iiae
iae. Aiaea, ia?aiia/aeueii i?eaaaeaiiay a aeaeaeaiea nieia/iie yia?aeae,
a ii?yo e ieaaiao ia?aiauaaony a aeaea ieaaie/aneeo oa/aiee, a a
aicaeooa – a iaeaeao.
Aaia?aoe/aneia ?ani?aaeaeaiea inaaeeia. Iauai anoanoaaiiiai
aiciaiiaeaiey aiaeiuo caiania ca n/ao aoiinoa?iuo inaaeeia ?acee/aaony a
caaeneiinoe io aaia?aoe/aneiai iieiaeaiey e ?acia?ia /anoae naaoa.
Iai?eia?, THaeiay Aia?eea aaeaaiaeii iieo/aao ii/oe ao?ia aieueoa
inaaeeia, /ai Aano?aeey, e ii/oe aaeaia aieueoa, /ai Naaa?iay Aia?eea,
Ao?eea, Acey e Aa?iia (ia?a/eneaiu a ii?yaeea oiaiueoaiey aiaeiaiai
eiee/anoaa inaaeeia). *anoue yoie aeaae aica?auaaony a aoiinoa?o a
?acoeueoaoa enia?aiey e o?ainie?aoeee ?anoaieyie: a Aano?aeee yoa
aaee/eia aeinoeaaao 87%, a a Aa?iia e Naaa?iie Aia?eea – eeoue 60%.
Inoaeueiay /anoue inaaeeia noaeaao ii caiiie iiaa?oiinoe e a eiioea
eiioeia n ?a/iui noieii aeinoeaaao ieaaia.
A i?aaeaeao iaoa?eeia eiee/anoai inaaeeia oaeaea a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie
aa?uee?oao io ianoa e ianoo. Iai?eia?, a Ao?eea, ia oa??eoi?ee
Nuea??a-Eaiia, Aaeiae e Eio ae”Eaoa?a aaeaaiaeii auiaaeaao aieaa 2000 ii
inaaeeia, ia aieueoae /anoe oeaio?aeueiie Ao?eee – io 1000 aei 2000 ii,
ii i?e yoii a iaeioi?uo naaa?iuo ?aeiiao (ionouiy Naoa?a e Naoaeue)
eiee/anoai inaaeeia ninoaaeyao eeoue 500–1000 ii, a a thaeiuo – Aionaaia
(aeeth/ay ionouith Eaeaoa?e) e Iaieaee – iaiaa 500 ii.
Ainoi/iay Eiaeey, Ae?ia e /anoue THai-Ainoi/iie Acee iieo/atho aieaa
2000 ii inaaeeia a aiae, a aoeueoay /anoue inoaeueiie Eiaeee e Eeoay –
io 1000 aei 2000 ii, i?e yoii naaa?iue Eeoae – eeoue 500–1000 ii. Ia
oa??eoi?ee naaa?i-caiaaeiie Eiaeee (aeeth/ay ionouith Oa?), Iiiaieee
(aeeth/ay ionouith Aiae), Iaeenoaia, Aoaaienoaia e aoeueoae /anoe
N?aaeiaai Ainoiea aaeaaiaeii auiaaeaao iaiaa 500 ii inaaeeia.
A THaeiie Aia?eea aiaeiaia eiee/anoai inaaeeia a Aaianoyea, Aaeaia e
A?aceeee i?aauoaao 2000 ii, aoeueoay /anoue ainoi/iuo ?aeiiia yoiai
iaoa?eea iieo/aao 1000–2000 ii, ii Ia?o e iaeioi?ua ?aeiiu Aieeaee e
A?aaioeiu – eeoue 500–1000 ii, a *eee – iaiaa 500 ii. A ?aniieiaeaiiuo
naaa?iaa iaeioi?uo iaeanoyo Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee auiaaeaao nauoa 2000
ii inaaeeia a aiae, a thai-ainoi/iuo ?aeiiao NOA – io 1000 aei 2000 ii,
a a ?yaea ?aeiiia Iaeneee, ia naaa?i-ainoiea e N?aaeiai Caiaaea NOA, a
ainoi/iie Eaiaaea – 500–1000 ii, oiaaea eae a oeaio?aeueiie Eaiaaea e ia
caiaaea NOA – iaiaa 500 ii.
Ia e?aeiai naaa?a Aano?aeee aiaeiaia eiee/anoai inaaeeia ninoaaeyao
1000–2000 ii, a iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo naaa?iuo ?aeiiao iii eieaaeaony io 500
aei 1000 ii, ii aoeueoay /anoue iaoa?eea e iniaaiii aai oeaio?aeueiua
?aeiiu iieo/atho iaiaa 500 ii.
Ia aoeueoae /anoe auaoaai NNN? oaeaea auiaaeaao iaiaa 500 ii inaaeeia a
aiae.
A?aiaiiua oeeeeu aeinooiiinoe aiaeu. A ethaie oi/ea caiiiai oa?a ?a/iie
noie eniuouaaao nooi/iua e naciiiua eieaaaiey, a oaeaea iaiyaony n
ia?eiaee/iinoueth a ianeieueei eao. Yoe aa?eaoeee /anoi iiaoi?ythony a
ii?aaeaeaiiie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe, o.a. yaeythony oeeeee/iuie.
Iai?eia?, ?anoiaeu aiaeu a ?aeao, aa?aaa eioi?uo iie?uou aonoui
?anoeoaeueiui iie?iaii, iau/ii auoa ii/ueth. Yoi iauyniyaony oai, /oi n
?annaaoa aei caeaoa ?anoeoaeueiinoue eniieuecoao a?oioiaua aiaeu aeey
o?ainie?aoeee, aneaaenoaea /aai i?ienoiaeeo iinoaiaiiia nie?auaiea
?a/iiai noiea, ii aai iauai niiaa oaaee/eaaaony ii/ueth, eiaaea
o?ainie?aoeey i?ae?auaaony.
Naciiiua oeeeeu aiaeiiaania/aiiinoe caaenyo io iniaaiiinoae
?ani?aaeaeaiey inaaeeia a oa/aiea aiaea. Iai?eia?, ia Caiaaea NOA
ae?oaeiia oayiea niaaa i?ienoiaeeo aaniie. A Eiaeee ceiie auiaaeaao
iacia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai inaaeeia, a a ?acaa? eaoa ia/eiathony
iaeeueiua ionniiiua aeiaeaee. Oioy n?aaeiaaiaeiaie ?a/iie noie ii/oe
iinoiyiai ia i?ioyaeaiee ?yaea eao, yeno?aiaeueii aunieei eee
yeno?aiaeueii ieceei ii auaaao ?ac a 11–13 eao. Aiciiaeii, yoi naycaii n
oeeeee/iinoueth nieia/iie aeoeaiinoe. Naaaeaiey i oeeeee/iinoe oiaea
inaaeeia e ?a/iiai noiea eniieuecothony i?e i?iaiica aiaeiiaania/aiiinoe
e iiaoi?yaiinoe canoo, a oaeaea i?e ieaie?iaaiee aiaeiio?aiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
ENOI*IEEE AIAeU
Iniiaiui enoi/ieeii i?aniie aiaeu yaeythony aoiinoa?iua inaaeee, ii aeey
iio?aaeoaeueneeo ioaeae iiaoo oaeaea eniieueciaaoueny e aeaa ae?oaeo
enoi/ieea: iiaecaiiua e iiaa?oiinoiua aiaeu.
Iiaecaiiua enoi/ieee. I?eia?ii 37,5 iei. ei3, eee 98% anae i?aniie aiaeu
a aeeaeeii ninoiyiee i?eoiaeeony ia iiaecaiiua aiaeu, i?e/ai ie. 50% ec
ieo caeaaaao ia aeoaeiao ia aieaa 800 i. Iaeiaei iauai aeinooiiuo
iiaecaiiuo aiae ii?aaeaeyaony naienoaaie aiaeiiiniuo ai?eciioia e
iiuiinoueth ioea/eaathueo aiaeo ianinia. Caianu iiaecaiiuo aiae a Naoa?a
ioeaieaathony i?eia?ii a 625 oun. ei3. A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo iie ia
iiiieiythony ca n/ao iiaa?oiinoiuo i?aniuo aiae, a i?e ioea/ea
enoiuathony. Iaeioi?ua iaeaieaa aeoaiei caeaaathuea iiaecaiiua aiaeu
aiiaua ieeiaaea ia aeeth/athony a iauee e?oaiai?io aiaeu, e oieueei a
?aeiiao aeoeaiiai aoeeaiecia oaeea aiaeu ecaa?aathony a oi?ia ia?a.
Iaeiaei cia/eoaeueiay ianna iiaecaiiuo aiae ana aea i?iieeaao ia caiioth
iiaa?oiinoue: iiae aeaenoaeai neeu oyaeanoe yoe aiaeu, aeaeaaynue
aaeieue aiaeiiai?iieoeaaiuo iaeeiiiicaeaaathueo ieanoia ai?iuo ii?iae,
auoiaeyo o iiaeiiaeee neeiiia a aeaea enoi/ieeia e ?o/ueaa. E?iia oiai,
iie ioea/eaathony ianinaie, a oaeaea ecaeaeathony ei?iyie ?anoaiee e
caoai a i?ioeanna o?ainie?aoeee iinooiatho a aoiinoa?o.
Ca?eaei a?oioiauo aiae i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aa?oiee i?aaeae aeinooiiuo
iiaecaiiuo aiae. I?e iaee/ee oeeiiia ca?eaei a?oioiauo aiae ia?anaeaaony
n caiiie iiaa?oiinoueth, e ia?acoaony enoi/iee. Anee iiaecaiiua aiaeu
iaoiaeyony iiae aieueoei aeae?inoaoe/aneei aeaaeaieai, oi a ianoao eo
auoiaea ia iiaa?oiinoue oi?ie?othony a?oaceaineea enoi/ieee. N
iiyaeaieai iiuiuo ianinia e ?acaeoeai nia?aiaiiie ao?iaie oaoieee
ecaea/aiea iiaecaiiuo aiae iaeaa/eeinue. Aeey iaania/aiey iiaea/e aiaeu
a iaeeea eieiaeoeu, onoaiiaeaiiua ia aiaeiiiniuo ai?eciioao,
i?eiaiythony ianinu. Iaeiaei a neaaaeeiao, i?iao?aiiuo ia aoeueooth
aeoaeio, aei o?iaiy iaii?iuo a?oaceaineeo aiae, iineaaeiea iiaeieiathony
e ianuuatho auoaeaaeauea a?oioiaua aiaeu, a eiiaaea auoiaeyo ia
iiaa?oiinoue. Iiaecaiiua aiaeu ia?aiauathony iaaeeaiii, ni nei?inoueth
ianeieueeeo iao?ia ca nooee eee aeaaea ca aiae. Eie iau/ii ianuuaiu
ii?enoua aaea/iua eee ian/aiua ai?eciiou eee ioiineoaeueii
aiaeiiai?iieoeaaiua ieanou aeeienouo neaioeaa, e eeoue ec?aaeea iie
nin?aaeioi/aiu a iiaecaiiuo iieinoyo eee a iiaecaiiuo iioieao. Aeey
i?aaeeueiiai auai?a ianoa ao?aiey eieiaeoea iau/ii o?aaothony naaaeaiey
i aaieiae/aneii no?iaiee oa??eoi?ee.
A iaeioi?uo /anoyo caiiiai oa?a ?anoouaa iio?aaeaiea iiaecaiiuo aiae
eiaao na?ueaciua iineaaenoaey. Ioea/ea aieueoiai iauaia iiaecaiiuo aiae,
ianiiinoaaeii i?aauoathuaai eo anoanoaaiiia iiiieiaiea, i?eaiaeeo e
iaoaaoea aeaae, a iiieaeaiea o?iaiy yoeo aiae o?aaoao aoeueoeo cao?ao ia
aei?iainoiyuoth yeaeo?iyia?aeth, eniieuecoaioth aeey eo ecaea/aiey. A
ianoao enoiuaiey aiaeiiiniiai ai?eciioa caiiay iiaa?oiinoue ia/eiaao
i?inaaeaoue, e oai ineiaeiyaony ainnoaiiaeaiea aiaeiuo ?ano?nia
anoanoaaiiui iooai.
A i?ea?aaeiuo ?aeiiao /?acia?iue caai? iiaecaiiuo aiae i?eaiaeeo e
caiauaieth i?aniie aiaeu a aiaeiiiniii ai?eciioa ii?neie, nieaiie, e
oaeei ia?acii i?ienoiaeeo aeaa?aaeaoeey ianoiuo enoi/ieeia i?aniie
aiaeu.
Iinoaiaiiia oooaeoaiea ea/anoaa iiaecaiiuo aiae a ?acoeueoaoa iaeiieaiey
nieae iiaeao eiaoue aua aieaa iianiua iineaaenoaey. Enoi/ieee nieae
auaatho eae i?e?iaeiuie (iai?eia?, ?anoai?aiea e auiin ieia?aeia ec
a?oioia), oae e aio?iiiaaiiuie (aianaiea oaeia?aiee eee /?acia?iue iieea
aiaeie n aunieei niaea?aeaieai nieae). ?aee, ieoathueany io ai?iuo
eaaeieeia, iau/ii niaea?aeao iaiaa 1 a/e ?anoai?aiiuo nieae, ii
ieia?aeecaoeey aiaeu a eiuo ?aeao aeinoeaaao 9 a/e aneaaenoaea oiai, /oi
iie ia aieueoii i?ioyaeaiee ae?aie?otho oa??eoi?ee, neiaeaiiua
nieaiiniuie ii?iaeaie.
A ?acoeueoaoa aanii?yaei/iiai na?ina eee caoi?iiaiey oiene/iuo
oeie/aneeo aauanoa i?ienoiaeeo eo i?ina/eaaiea a aiaeiiiniua ai?eciiou,
yaeythueany enoi/ieeaie ieoueaaie eee e??eaaoeeiiiie aiaeu. A ?yaea
neo/aaa aeinoaoi/ii anaai ianeieueeeo eao eee aeanyoeeaoee, /oiau
a?aaeiua oeie/aneea aauanoaa iiiaee a iiaecaiiua aiaeu e iaeiieeenue oai
a iuooeiuo eiee/anoaao. Iaeiaei, anee aiaeiiiniue ai?eciio aue
iaeiaaeaeu caa?yciai, aeey aai anoanoaaiiiai naiii/euaiey iio?aaoaony io
200 aei 10 000 eao.
Iiaa?oiinoiua enoi/ieee. Eeoue 0,01% io iauaai iauaia i?aniie aiaeu a
aeeaeeii ninoiyiee nin?aaeioi/aia a ?aeao e ?o/ueyo e 1,47% – a ica?ao.
Aeey iaeiieaiey aiaeu e iinoiyiiiai iaania/aiey ath iio?aaeoaeae, a
oaeaea aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey iaaeaeaoaeueiuo iaaiaeeia e i?iecaiaenoaa
yeaeo?iyia?aee ia iiiaeo ?aeao nii?oaeaiu ieioeiu. Iaeaieueoea n?aaeiea
?anoiaeu aiaeu, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e iaeaieueoee yia?aaoe/aneee
iioaioeeae eiatho Aiaciiea a THaeiie Aia?eea, Eiiai (Cae?) a Ao?eea,
Aaia n A?aoiaioo?ie a thaeiie Acee, ssioecu a Eeoaa, Aienae a ?innee e
Ienneneie n Ienno?e a NOA.
Anoanoaaiiua i?aniiaiaeiua ica?a, aiauathuea ie. 125 oun. ei3 aiaeu,
ia?yaeo n ?aeaie e eneonnoaaiiuie aiaeio?aieeeuaie yaeythony aaaeiui
enoi/ieeii ieoueaaie aiaeu aeey ethaeae e aeeaioiuo. Iie oaeaea
eniieuecothony e aeey i?ioaiey naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo caiaeue,
iaaeaaoeee, ?ae?aaoeee, ?uaieianoaa e, e niaeaeaieth, aeey na?ina
auoiauo e i?iiuoeaiiuo noieia. Eiiaaea aneaaenoaea iinoaiaiiiai
caiieiaiey iaiinaie eee canieaiey ica?a ia?anuoatho, iaeiaei a i?ioeanna
yaiethoeee aeae?inoa?u a iaeioi?uo ianoao ia?acothony iiaua ica?a.
O?iaaiue aiaeu aeaaea a «caei?iauo» ica?ao iiaeao iiieaeaoueny a oa/aiea
aiaea a ?acoeueoaoa noiea aiaeu /a?ac auoaeathuea ec ieo ?aee e ?o/uee,
ec-ca i?ina/eaaiey aiaeu a a?oio e aa enia?aiey. Ainnoaiiaeaiea eo
o?iaiy iau/ii i?ienoiaeeo ca n/ao inaaeeia e i?eoiea i?aniie aiaeu
aiaaeathueo a ieo ?ae e ?o/ueaa, a oaeaea ec ?iaeieeia. Iaeiaei a
?acoeueoaoa enia?aiey iaeaieeaathony niee, iinooiathuea n ?a/iui noieii.
Iiyoiio nionoy ouny/aeaoey iaeioi?ua ica?a iiaoo noaoue i/aiue nieaiuie
e iai?eaiaeiuie aeey iaeoaiey iiiaeo aeeauo i?aaieciia.
ENIIEUeCIAAIEA AIAeU
Iio?aaeaiea aiaeu. Aiaeiiio?aaeaiea iianthaeo auno?i ?anoao, iaeiaei ia
oieueei ec-ca oaaee/aiey /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey, a oaeaea aneaaenoaea
o?aaiecaoeee, eiaeono?eaeecaoeee e a iniaaiiinoe ?acaeoey
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, a /anoiinoe i?ioaaiiai
caieaaeaeey. E 2000 nooi/iia ie?iaia iio?aaeaiea aiaeu aeinoeaei 26 540
ie?ae. e, eee 4280 e ia /aeiaaea. 72% io yoiai iauaia ?anoiaeoaony ia
i?ioaiea, a 17,5% – ia i?iiuoeaiiua ioaeaeu. Ieiei 69% e??eaaoeeiiiuo
aiae oo?a/aii aacaica?aoii.
Ea/anoai aiaeu, eniieuecoaiie aeey ?aciuo oeaeae, ii?aaeaeyaony a
caaeneiinoe io eiee/anoaaiiiai e ea/anoaaiiiai niaea?aeaiey ?anoai?aiiuo
nieae (o.a. aa ieia?aeecaoeee), a oaeaea i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa; oaa?aeuo
acaanae (ee, ianie); oiene/iuo oeie/aneeo aauanoa e iaoiaaiiuo
iee?ii?aaieciia (aaeoa?ee e ae?onia); caiaoa e oaiia?aoo?u. Iau/ii
i?aniay aiaea niaea?aeeo ?anoai?aiiuo nieae iaiaa 1 a/e, nieiiiaaoay
1–10, a nieaiay 10–100 a/e. Aiaea n aieueoei niaea?aeaieai nieae
iacuaaaony ?annieii, eee ?aioe.
I/aaeaeii, /oi aeey iaaeaaoeeiiiuo oeaeae ea/anoai aiaeu (nieaiinoue
ii?neie aiaeu aeinoeaaao 35 a/e, eee 35‰) ia eiaao nouanoaaiiiai
cia/aiey. Iiiaea aeaeu ?ua i?eniiniaeeenue e aeecie a nieaiie aiaea,
iaeiaei ae?oaea iaeoatho oieueei a i?aniie. Iaeioi?ua iea?e?othuea ?uau
(iai?eia?, eininue) ia/eiatho e caeai/eaatho aeeciaiiue oeeee ai
aioo?aiieo i?aniuo aiaeao, ii aoeueooth /anoue aeecie i?iaiaeyo a
ieaaia. Iaeiei ?uaai (iai?eia?, oi?aee) aeeciaiii iaiaoiaeeia oieiaeiay
aiaea, a ae?oaea (iiaeiaii ieoith) i?aaeii/eoatho oaieoth.
A aieueoeinoaa io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe eniieuecoaony i?aniay aiaea. Ii
anee oaeay aiaea yaeyaony aeaoeoeeoii, oi iaeioi?ua oaoiieiae/aneea
i?ioeannu, iai?eia? ioeaaeaeaiea, iiaoo i?ioaeaoue ia iniiaa
eniieueciaaiey ieceiea/anoaaiiie aiaeu. Aiaea aeey auoiauo oeaeae
aeieaeia auoue aunieiai ea/anoaa, ii ia aaniethoii /enoie, oae eae
oaeoth aiaeo neeoeii aei?iai i?iecaiaeeoue, a ionoonoaea ?anoai?aiiuo
nieae aeaeaao aa aacaeoniie. A iaeioi?uo ?aeiiao caiiiai oa?a ethaee aua
auioaeaeaiu aeey iianaaeiaaiuo iio?aaiinoae eniieueciaaoue
ieceiea/anoaaiioth iooioth aiaeo ioe?uouo aiaeiaiia e ?iaeieeia. Iaeiaei
a i?iiuoeaiiuo no?aiao nae/an ana ai?iaea niaaaeathony aiaeii?iaiaeiie,
iooeeueo?iaaiiie e i?ioaaeoae niaoeeaeueioth ia?aaioeo aiaeie, eioi?ay
niioaaonoaoao oioy au ieieiaeueiui iio?aaeoaeueneei noaiaea?oai,
iniaaiii a ioiioaiee i?eaiaeiinoe aeey ieouey.
Aaaeiie oa?aeoa?enoeeie ea/anoaa aiaeu yaeythony aa aeanoeinoue eee
iyaeinoue. Aiaea n/eoaaony aeanoeie, anee niaea?aeaiea ea?aiiaoia
eaeueoeey e iaaiey i?aauoaao 12 ia/e. Yoe niee naycuaathony iaeioi?uie
eiiiiiaioaie iithueo n?aaenoa, e oaeei ia?acii oooaeoaaony
iaiiia?aciaaiea, ia aunoe?aiiuo ecaeaeeyo inoaaony ia?anoai?eiue
inaaeie, i?eaeathuee ei iaoiaue na?ue iooaiie. Ea?aiiao eaeueoeey
aeanoeie aiaeu ia?acoao a /aeieeao e eioeao iaeeiue (ecaanoeiaoth
ei?eo), eioi?ay nie?auaao n?ie eo neoaeau e oaieii?iaiaeiinoue noaiie.
Aiaeo niya/atho aeiaaaeaieai nieae iao?ey, caiauathueo eaeueoeee e
iaaiee. A iyaeie aiaea (niaea?aeauae iaiaa 6 ia/e ea?aiiaoia eaeueoeey e
iaaiey) iuei oi?ioi iaieony, iia aieueoa iiaeoiaeeo aeey noe?ee e
iuouey. Oaeay aiaea ia aeieaeia eniieueciaaoueny aeey i?ioaiey, oae eae
ecauoie iao?ey a?aaeai aeey iiiaeo ?anoaiee e iiaeao ia?ooaoue ?uoeoth
eiieiaaooth no?oeoo?o ii/a.
Oioy iiauoaiiua eiioeaio?aoeee iee?iyeaiaioia a?aaeiu e aeaaea yaeiaeou,
eo iaaieueoia niaea?aeaiea iiaeao aeaaioai?ii aeeyoue ia caei?iauea
ethaeae. I?eia?ii neoaeeo ooi?e?iaaiea aiaeu n oeaeueth i?ioeeaeoeee
ea?eana.
Iiaoi?iia eniieueciaaiea aiaeu. Eniieueciaaiiay aiaea ia anaaaea
oo?a/eaaaony iieiinoueth, /anoue aa eee aeaaea any iia iiaeao auoue
aica?auaia a e?oaiai?io e aiiaue eniieueciaaia. Iai?eia?, aiaea ec aaiiu
eee aeooa ii eaiaeecaoeeiiiui o?oaai iiiaaeaao a ai?iaeneea i/enoiua
nii?oaeaiey, aaea i?ioiaeeo ia?aaioeo e caoai eniieuecoaony iiaoi?ii.
Eae i?aaeei, aieaa 70% ai?iaeneeo noieia aica?auaaony a ?aee eee
iiaecaiiua aiaeiiiniua ai?eciiou. E niaeaeaieth, ai iiiaeo aieueoeo
i?eii?neeo ai?iaeao ioieoeeiaeueiua e i?iiuoeaiiua noi/iua aiaeu i?inoi
na?anuaathony a ieaai e ia ooeeece?othony. Oioy oaeie niinia ecaaaeyao
io cao?ao ia eo i/enoeo e aica?auaiea a iai?io, i?ienoiaeeo iioa?y
iioaioeeaeueii i?eaiaeiie e oiio?aaeaieth aiaeu e caa?yciaiea ii?neeo
aeaaoi?ee.
I?e i?ioaaiii caieaaeaeee iinaau iio?aaeytho ia?iiiia eiee/anoai aiaeu,
aunanuaay aa ei?iyie e aacaica?aoii oa?yy aei 99% a i?ioeanna
o?ainie?aoeee. Iaeiaei i?e i?ioaiee oa?ia?u iau/ii ?anoiaeotho aieueoa
aiaeu, /ai iaiaoiaeeii aeey iinaaia. *anoue aa noaeaao e ia?eoa?ee iiey
e aica?auaaony a i?ineoaeueioth naoue, a inoaeueiay – i?ina/eaaaony a
ii/ao, iiiieiyy caianu a?oioiauo aiae, eioi?ua iiaeii ioea/eaaoue n
iiiiuueth ianinia.
Eniieueciaaiea aiaeu a naeueneii oicyenoaa. Caieaaeaeea – naiue e?oiiue
iio?aaeoaeue aiaeu. A Aaeioa, aaea ii/oe ia auaaao aeiaeaeae, ana
caieaaeaeea iniiaaii ia i?ioaiee, oiaaea eae a Aaeeeia?eoaiee
i?aeoe/anee ana naeueneioicyenoaaiiua eoeueoo?u iaania/eaathony aeaaie
ca n/ao aoiinoa?iuo inaaeeia. A NOA i?ioaaony 10% naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
caiaeue, a iniiaiii ia caiaaea no?aiu. Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo oaiaeee eneonnoaaiii i?ioaaony a neaaeothueo
aceaoneeo no?aiao: Eeoaa (68%), ssiiiee (57%), E?aea (53%), E?aia (45%),
Naoaeianeie A?aaee (43%), Iaeenoaia (42%), Ec?aeea (38%), Eiaeee e
Eiaeiiacee (ii 27%), Oaeeaiaea (25%), Ne?ee (16%), Oeeeiieiao (12%) e
Aueaoiaia (10%). A Ao?eea, e?iia Aaeioa, nouanoaaiia aeiey i?ioaaiuo
caiaeue a Noaeaia (22%), Naaceeaiaea (20%) e Niiaee (17%), a a Aia?eea –
a Aaeaia (62%), *eee (46%), Iaeneea (22%) e ia Eoaa (18%). A Aa?iia
i?ioaaiia caieaaeaeea ?acaeoi a A?aoeee (15%), O?aioeee (12%), Eniaiee e
Eoaeee (ii 11%). A Aano?aeee i?ioaaony ie. 9% naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
oaiaeee e ie. 5% – a auaoai NNN?.
Iio?aaeaiea aiaeu ?aciuie eoeueoo?aie. Aeey iieo/aiey aunieeo o?iaeaaa
o?aaoaony iiiai aiaeu: oae, iai?eia?, ia au?aueaaiea 1 ea aeoie
?anoiaeoaony 3000 e aiaeu, ?ena – 2400 e, eoeo?ocu a ii/aoeao e ioaieoeu
– 1000 e, caeaiuo aiaia – 800 e, aeiia?aaea – 590 e, oieiaoa – 510 e,
ea?oioaey – 200 e e eoea – 130 e. I?eia?iia eiee/anoai aiaeu,
cao?a/eaaaiia oieueei ia au?aueaaiea (a ia ia ia?a?aaioeo eee
i?eaioiaeaiea) ieuaauo eoeueoo?, iio?aaeyaiuo aaeaaeiaaii iaeiei
/aeiaaeii a caiaaeiuo no?aiao, – ia caao?ae ie. 760 e, ia iaaae (eai/)
5300 e e ia oaeei – 10 600 e, /oi a oeaeii ca nooee ninoaaeyao 16 600 e.
A naeueneii oicyenoaa aiaea eaeao ia oieueei ia iieea iinaaia, ii oaeaea
ia iiiieiaiea caiania iiaecaiiuo aiae (/oiau i?aaeoi?aaeeoue neeoeii
auno?ia iioneaiea o?iaiy a?oioiauo aiae); ia auiuaaiea (eee
auuaea/eaaiea) nieae, iaeiieaoeony a ii/aa, ia aeoaeio ieaea
ei?iaiaeoaaiie ciiu aicaeaeuaaaiuo eoeueoo?; aeey ii?uneeaaiey i?ioea
a?aaeeoaeae e aieaciae; caueou io caii?iceia; aianaiey oaeia?aiee;
nieaeaiey oaiia?aoo?u aicaeooa e ii/au eaoii; aeey ooiaea ca aeiiaoiei
neioii; yaaeoaoeee ia?aaioaiiuo noi/iuo aiae, eniieuecoaiuo aeey
i?ioaiey (i?aeiouanoaaiii ca?iiauo eoeueoo?); e ia?a?aaioee nia?aiiiai
o?iaeay.
AeAOEOeEO AIAeU
Eiaaea aiaeiiio?aaeaiea i?aauoaao iinooieaiea aiaeu, ?acieoea iau/ii
eiiiaine?oaony aa caianaie a aiaeio?aieeeuao, oae eae iau/ii e ni?in e
iinooieaiea aiaeu aa?uee?otho ii naciiai. Io?eoeaoaeueiue aiaeiue aaeain
oi?ie?oaony a oneiaeyo, eiaaea enia?aiea i?aauoaao eiee/anoai inaaeeia,
iiyoiio oia?aiiia nieaeaiea caiania aiaeu – iau/iia yaeaiea. Ino?ue
aeaoeoeeo ianooiaao, eiaaea i?eoie aiaeu ieacuaaaony iaaeinoaoi/iui
ec-ca i?iaeieaeeoaeueiie canooe eee eiaaea aneaaenoaea
iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiiai ieaie?iaaiey iio?aaeaiea aiaeu iinoiyiii ?anoao
aieaa auno?uie oaiiaie, /ai yoi iaeeaeaeinue. Ia i?ioyaeaiee anae naiae
enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoai a?aiy io a?aiaie no?aaeaei ec-ca iaoaaoee aiaeu.
*oiau ia eniuouaaoue iaaeinoaoea a aiaea aeaaea ai a?aiy canoo, ai
iiiaeo ai?iaeao e ?aeiiao noa?athony aa caianaoue a aiaeio?aieeeuao e
iiaecaiiuo eieeaeoi?ao, ii a?aiaiaie iaiaoiaeeiu aeiiieieoaeueiua
aiaeinaa?aaathuea ia?ii?eyoey, a oaeaea aa ii?ie?iaaiiue ?anoiae.
I?AIAeIEAIEA AeAOEOeEOA AIAeU
Ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea noiea iai?aaeaii ia iaania/aiea aiaeie oao ?aeiiia,
aaea aa ia oaaoaao, a io?aia aiaeiuo ?ano?nia – ia oiaiueoaiea
iaainiieieiuo iioa?ue aiaeu e nie?auaiea iio?aaiinoe a iae ia ianoao.
Ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea noiea. Oioy o?aaeeoeeiiii iiiaea e?oiiua iinaeaiey
aicieeaee aeec iinoiyiiuo aiaeiuo enoi/ieeia, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
iaeioi?ua ianaeaiiua ioieou nicaeatho oaeaea a ?aeiiao, eioi?ua
iieo/atho aiaeo ecaeaeaea. Aeaaea a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea enoi/iee
aeiiieieoaeueiiai aiaeiniaaaeaiey iaoiaeeony a i?aaeaeao oiai aea ooaoa
eee no?aiu, /oi e ioieo iacia/aiey, aicieeatho oaoie/aneea,
yeieiae/aneea eee yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu, ii anee eiii?oe?oaiay aiaea
ia?anaeaao ainoaea?noaaiiua a?aieoeu, oi /enei iioaioeeaeueiuo
ineiaeiaiee aic?anoaao. Iai?eia?, ?aniueaiea eiaeenoiai na?aa?a a
iaeaeao i?eaiaeeo e oaaee/aieth eiee/anoaa inaaeeia a iaeiii ?aeiia, ii
yoi iiaeao iiaeeyoue ia oiaiueoaiea inaaeeia a ae?oaeo ?aeiiao.
Iaeei ec ianooaaiuo i?iaeoia ia?aa?inee noiea, i?aaeeiaeaiiue a Naaa?iie
Aia?eea, i?aaeoniao?eaaao ioaaaeaiea 20% ecauoi/iie aiaeu ec
naaa?i-caiaaeiuo ?aeiiia a a?eaeiua iaeanoe. I?e yoii aaeaaiaeii
ia?a?ani?aaeaeyeinue au aei 310 iei.i3 aiaeu, neaiciay nenoaia
aiaeio?aieeeu, eaiaeia e ?ae niinianoaiaaea au ?acaeoeth iaaeaaoeee ai
aioo?aiieo ?aeiiao, Aaeeeea ica?a aaeaaiaeii iieo/aee au aeiiieieoaeueii
50 iei.i3 aiaeu (/oi eiiiaine?iaaei au iiieaeaiea eo o?iaiy), e
au?aaaouaaeinue au aei 150 iei. eAo yeaeo?iyia?aee. Ae?oaie a?aiaeeiciue
ieai ia?aa?inee noiea naycai n nii?oaeaieai Aieueoiai Eaiaaeneiai
eaiaea, ii eioi?iio aiaea iai?aaeyeanue au ec naaa?i-ainoi/iuo ?aeiiia
Eaiaaeu a caiaaeiua, a ioooaea – a NOA e Iaeneeo.
Aieueoia aieiaiea i?eaeaeaao i?iaeo aoene?iaee aenaa?aia ec Aioa?eoeee a
a?eaeiua ?aeiiu, iai?eia? ia A?aaeeneee i-ia, /oi iicaieeo aaeaaiaeii
iaania/eaaoue i?aniie aiaeie io 4 aei 6 ie?ae. /aeiaae eee i?ioaoue ie.
80 iei. aa caiaeue.
Iaeiei ec aeueoa?iaoeaiuo iaoiaeia aiaeiniaaaeaiey yaeyaony ii?aniaiea
nieaiie aiaeu, aeaaiui ia?acii ieaaie/aneie, e o?ainii?oe?iaea aa e
ianoai iio?aaeaiey, /oi oaoie/anee inouanoaeii aeaaiaea?y i?eiaiaieth
yeaeo?iaeeaeeca, auii?aaeeaaiey e ?acee/iuo nenoai aeenoeeeyoeee. *ai
e?oiiaa ii?anieoaeueiay onoaiiaea, oai aeaoaaea iaoiaeeony iieo/aiea
i?aniie aiaeu. Ii n oaaee/aieai noieiinoe yeaeo?iyia?aee ii?aniaiea
noaiiaeony yeiiiie/anee iaauaiaeiui. Aai eniieuecotho eeoue a oao
neo/ayo, eiaaea yia?aey eaaeiaeinooiia e ae?oaea niiniau iieo/aiey
i?aniie aiaeu iaoeaeaniia?aciu. Eiiia?/aneea ii?anieoaeueiua onoaiiaee
aeaenoaotho ia ino?iaao Eth?anai e A?oaa (a Ea?eaneii ii?a), a Eoaaeoa,
Aao?aeia, Ec?aeea, Aea?aeoa?a, ia i.Aa?ine e a NOA. A ae?oaeo no?aiao
auee iino?iaiu iiiai/eneaiiua aeaiiino?aoeeiiiua onoaiiaee iaiueoae
iiuiinoe.
Io?aia aiaeiuo ?ano?nia. Nouanoaoao aeaa oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo niiniaa
naa?aaeaiey aiaeiuo ?ano?nia: nio?aiaiea nouanoaothueo caiania
i?eaiaeiie e oiio?aaeaieth aiaeu e i?eoiiiaeaiea aa caiania iooai
nii?oaeaiey aiea niaa?oaiiuo eieeaeoi?ia. Iaeiieaiea aiaeu a
aiaeio?aieeeuao i?aaeioa?auaao aa noie a ieaai, ioeoaea iia iiaeao auoue
aiiaue ecaea/aia eeoue a i?ioeanna e?oaiai?ioa aiaeu a i?e?iaea eee
iooai ii?aniaiey. Aiaeio?aieeeua oiaea iaeaa/atho aiaeiiieueciaaiea a
ioaeiia a?aiy. Aiaea iiaeao o?aieoueny a iiaecaiiuo iieinoyo. I?e yoii
ia i?ienoiaeeo iioa?ue aeaae ia enia?aiea, e naa?aaathony oeaiiua caiee.
Nio?aiaieth nouanoaothueo caiania aiaeu niinianoaotho eaiaeu, ia
aeiioneathuea i?ina/eaaiea aiaeu a a?oio e iaania/eaathuea aa
yooaeoeaioth o?ainii?oe?iaeo; i?eiaiaiea aieaa yooaeoeaiuo iaoiaeia
i?ioaiey n eniieueciaaieai noi/iuo aiae; nie?auaiea iauaia aiaeu,
noaeathuae n iieae eee oeeueo?othuaeny ieaea ei?iaiaeoaaiie ciiu
iinaaiuo eoeueoo?; aa?aaeiia eniieueciaaiea aiaeu ia auoiaua ioaeaeu.
Iaeiaei eaaeaeue ec yoeo niiniaia naa?aaeaiey aiaeiuo ?ano?nia ieacuaaao
oi eee eiia aicaeaenoaea ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo. Iai?eia?, ieioeiu
ii?oyo anoanoaaiioth e?anioo iaca?aaoee?iaaiiuo ?ae e i?aiyonoaotho
aeeoioeyoeee ia iieiao ieiaei?iaeiuo eeenouo iaiinia. I?aaeioa?auaiea
iioa?ue aiaeu a ?acoeueoaoa oeeueo?aoeee a eaiaeao iiaeao ia?ooeoue
aiaeiiaania/aiea aieio e oai naiui iaaeaaii?eyoii io?aceoueny ia
ninoiyiee eo yeinenoai. Yoi iiaeao oaeaea i?aiyonoaiaaoue iiiieiaieth
caiania a?oioiauo aiae, aeeyy oaeei ia?acii ia aiaeiniaaaeaiea ae?oaeo
iio?aaeoaeae. A aeey oiaiueoaiey iauaia enia?aiey e o?ainie?aoeee
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuie eoeueoo?aie iaiaoiaeeii nie?auaoue iinaaiua
ieiuaaee. Iineaaeiyy ia?a ii?aaaeaia a ?aeiiao, no?aaeathueo io iaoaaoee
aiaeu, aaea i?e yoii i?iaiaeeony ?aaeei yeiiiiee ca n/ao nie?auaiey
?anoiaeia ia e??eaaoeeth ec-ca aunieie noieiinoe yia?aee, iaiaoiaeeiie
aeey iiaea/e aiaeu.
AIAeINIAAAEAIEA
Naie enoi/ieee aiaeiniaaaeaiey e aiaeio?aieeeua eiatho cia/aiea eeoue
eiaaea aiaea aeinoaaeyaony a aeinoaoi/iii iauaia e iio?aaeoaeyi – a
aeeeua aeiia e o/?aaeaeaiey, e iiaea?iui aeae?aioai (ono?ienoaai aeey
ioai?a aiaeu ia iiaea?iua ioaeaeu) e ae?oaei iauaeoai eiiioiaeueiiai
oicyenoaa, ia i?iiuoeaiiua e naeueneioicyenoaaiiua iauaeou.
Nia?aiaiiua nenoaiu oeeueo?aoeee, i/enoee e ?ani?aaeaeaiey aiaeu ia
oieueei oaeiaiu, ii e niinianoaotho i?aaeioa?auaieth ?ani?ino?aiaiey
oaeeo ia?aaeathueony /a?ac aiaeo aieaciae, eae oeo e aeecaioa?ey.
Oeie/iay ai?iaeneay nenoaia aiaeiniaaaeaiey aeeth/aao caai? aiaeu ec
?aee, i?iione aa /a?ac a?oaue oeeueo? aeey ono?aiaiey iniiaiie iannu
caa?ycieoaeae, a caoai /a?ac ecia?eoaeueiue iino, aaea oeene?othony aa
iauai e nei?inoue oa/aiey. Iinea yoiai aiaea iinooiaao a aiaeiiaii?ioth
aaoith, ioeoaea i?iioneaaony /a?ac ay?aoeeiiioth onoaiiaeo (aaea
i?ienoiaeeo ieeneaiea i?eianae), iee?ioeeueo? aeey oaeaeaiey eea e aeeiu
e ian/aiue oeeueo? aeey oaeaeaiey inoaaoeony i?eianae. Oei?, oaeaathuee
iee?ii?aaieciu, aeiaaaeyaony a aiaeo a iaaeno?aeueiie o?oaa ia?aae
iinooieaieai a nianeoaeue. A eiia/iii eoiaa ia?aae ioi?aaeie a
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueioth naoue iio?aaeoaeyi i/euaiiay aiaea caea/eaaaony a
iaeiieoaeueiue ?aca?aoa?.
O?oau ia oeaio?aeueiie aiaeii?iaiaeiie noaioeee iau/ii /oaoiiua,
aieueoiai aeeaiao?a, eioi?ue iinoaiaiii, ii ia?a ?acaaoaeaiey
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie naoe, oiaiueoaaony. Io oee/iuo aiaeii?iaiaeiuo
iaaeno?aeae n o?oaaie aeeaiao?ii 10–25 ni aiaea iiaeaaony e ioaeaeueiui
aeiiai ii ioeeieiaaiiui iaaeiui eee ieanoeeiaui o?oaai.
I?ioaiea a naeueneii oicyenoaa. Iineieueeo i?ioaiea o?aaoao ia?iiiuo
?anoiaeia aiaeu, nenoaiu aiaeiniaaaeaiey naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo ?aeiiia
aeieaeiu eiaoue aieueooth i?iioneioth niiniaiinoue, iniaaiii a a?eaeiuo
oneiaeyo. Aiaea ec aiaeio?aieeeua iai?aaeyaony a iaeeoeiaaiiue, a /aua
iaiaeeoeiaaiiue iaaeno?aeueiue eaiae e caoai ii ioaaoaeaieyi a
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua e??eaaoeeiiiua eaiaeu ?aciiai ii?yaeea ia oa?iu. Ia
iiey aiaea auioneaaony ?aceeaii eee ii i?ineoaeueiui ai?icaeai.
Iineieueeo iiiaea aiaeio?aieeeua ?aniieiaeaiu auoa i?ioaaiuo caiaeue,
aiaea a iniiaiii oa/ao iiae aeaenoaeai neeu oyaeanoe. Oa?ia?u, eioi?ua
naie caianatho aiaeo, ioea/eaatho aa ec neaaaeei i?yii a a?uee eee
iaeiieoaeueiua aiaeiaiu.
Aeey iieeaa aeiaeaeaaaieai eee eaiaeueiiai i?ioaiey, i?aeoeeothuaainy a
iineaaeiaa a?aiy, eniieuecotho ianinu iaaieueoie iiuiinoe. E?iia oiai,
nouanoaotho aeaaioneea oeaio?aeueii-noa?aeiaaua e??eaaoeeiiiua
onoaiiaee, ioea/eaathuea aiaeo ec neaaaeei i?yii iin?aaee iiey
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a o?oao, niaaaeaiioth aeiaeaeaaaeueiuie
i?eniiniaeaieyie e a?auathuothny ii e?oao. I?ioaaiua oaeei ia?acii iiey
n aicaeooa eaaeoony aeaaioneeie caeaiuie e?oaaie, iaeioi?ua ec ieo
aeinoeaatho a aeeaiao?a 1,5 ei. Oaeea onoaiiaee iau/iu aeey N?aaeiaai
Caiaaea NOA. Iie oaeaea eniieuecothony a eeaeeneie /anoe Naoa?u, aaea ec
aeoaieiai ioaeeneiai aiaeiiiniiai ieanoa ioea/eaaaony aieaa 3785 e aiaeu
a ieiooo.
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