Na?a – ieia?ae eeiiiii-aeaeoiai oeaaoa, eiiaaea iaaeiai-ae?eoiai,
aeaeoiaaoi-na?iai eee ei?e/iaaaoiai, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iieaeoey?ioth
na?o – S, ieia?ae i/aiue o?oieee, oaa?aeinoue 1-2.
Ao?ue eee /??iue oeaao e?enoaeeai iiaoo i?eaeaaaoue aeeth/aiey i?aaieee,
eaiaeae iaooe.
E?enoaeeecoaony a ?iiae/aneie neiaiiee. Ano?a/aaony a aeaea e?enoaeeia
ie?aieaeaeueiie oi?iu e a ca?ienouo aa?aaaoao. Eiiaaea iaaethaeathony
iao?/iua ii/eiaeaeiua oi?iu e iae?ou, caieenoua iannu.
Aeane aeiaciue, ia eceiia aee?iue, a e?enoaeeao i?inaa/eaaao.
Naii?iaeiay na?a /oanoaeoaeueia e iiauoaiiui oaiia?aoo?ai,
?ano?aneeaaaony aeaaea io oaieiou ?oe. Io nie/ee iia eaaei ieaaeony e
caai?aaony aieoaui ieaiaiai.
Iacaaiea
I?ienoiaeaeaiea eaoeineiai neiaa sulfur iaecaanoii. ?onneia iacaaiea
yeaiaioa iau/ii i?iecaiaeyo io naine?eoneiai «ne?a» — naaoei-aeaeoue.
Aiciiaeii ?iaenoai «na?u» n ae?aaiaaa?aeneei «na?aoei» — ii. /eneii io
«na?ao» — aoeaaeueii «nai?athuee», a na?a oi?ioi ai?eo. A ae?aaia?onneii
e noa?ineaayineii «na?a» — aiiaua ethaia ai?th/aa aauanoai, a oii /enea
e aee?.
I?ienoiaeaeaiea
Na?a ia?acoaony eneeth/eoaeueii ia iiaa?oiinoe caiiie ei?u, a
?acoeueoaoa aoeeaie/aneeo ecaa?aeaiee, inaaeaeaynue a aeaea aicaiiia, a
eiiaaea eceeaaynue a ?anieaaeaiiii aeaea. Ia?acoaony i?e auaao?eaaiee
noeueoeaeia (aeaaiui ia?acii ie?eoa), eee aea iaeaieeaaaony a ii?neeo
inaaeeao, iaooyo e aeooiao, aeioeie/aneei ioo?i. Iiaeao annioeee?iaaoue
n aeinii, auaeaeyynue ec aai oieu. Aieueoea neiieaiey naii?iaeiie na?u a
i?e?iaea ano?a/athony aeiaieueii ?aaeei. *aua iia i?enoonoaoao ai
aiauathuae ii?iaea a aeaea iaeeeo ae?aieaiee.
Ianoi?iaeaeaiey
Caeaaee na?u oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu ia oa??eoi?ee N?aaeiae Acee,
ianoi?iaeaeaiey Aao?aeae, Oi?-No – a o?aueiao e ionoioao ?acee/iuo
inaaei/iuo ii?iae a annioeeaoeee n iaooueth, aeinii, oeaeanoeiii,
eaeueoeeoii, a?aaiieoii e ae?. A Ea?a-Eoineie ionouia a aeaea aoa?ia,
i?ee?uouo e?aiienouie ei?eaie, a annioeeaoeee n aeinii, eaa?oeai,
oaeoeaaeiiii, iiaeii e ae?. Aieueoea inaaei/iua ianoi?iaeaeaiey eiathony
a Iiaieaeuea (a ?aeiia ai?iaea Eoeauoaaa). Aieueoie ecaanoiinoueth
iieuecothony ianoi?iaeaeaiey Neoeeeee, iiuiua ianoi?iaeaeaiey a ooaoao
Oaoan e Eoeceaia (NOA), Aieeaee, Ieo?ae e E?aea, THaeiay Iieueoa,
Ooanoo?o a Aa?iaiee. Iaeanoe aoeeaiecia: Eai/aoea, ssiiiey, Eoaeey,
Eiaeiiacey.
I?eiaiaiea
Aeaaiia i?eiaiaiea na?a eiaao a i?iecaiaenoaa na?iie eeneiou,
eniieuecoaiie ai iiiaeo io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe; eniieuecoaony a
naeueneii oicyenoaa aeey ai?ueau n a?aaeeoaeyie, a ?aceiiaii
i?iecaiaenoaa (i?ioeann aoeeaiecaoeee eao/oea), i?e ecaioiaeaiee nie/ae,
e?anie, ie?ioaoieee.
Ea/aaiua e iaae/aneea naienoaa
N/eoaaony, /oi na?a iaeaaeaao naienoaii iiaeiuaoue iaaaoeaioth yia?aeth,
iiiiaaao ecaaaaoue eiioeeeoia e nni?, onie?yao yiioeeiiaeueiua ii?uau.
Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue i?e?iaeiuo ea/aaiuo iaoiaeia aace?oaony ia
eniieueciaaiee niaaeeiaiee na?u, aoaeue oi aeieueea /aniiea eee
na?iaiaei?iaeiay aaiia Iaoeanou. Ca icaei?aaeeaathuee yooaeo caeanue
ioaa/atho iieenoeueoeaeu – niaaeeiaiey na?u e na?iaiaei?iaea.
Na?a ecaeaaia ecaanoia /aeiaaeo. Naaaeaiey i aa eniieueciaaiee a Aaeioa
ainoiaeyo ei aoi?iio ouny/aeaoeth aei i. y. Ciaee na?o e ae?aaiea a?aee,
e ?eieyia. I iae oiiieiaaony a ciaiaieouo i?iecaaaeaieyo Aiia?a, Ieeiey
Noa?oaai e a Aeaeee. Na?o n aeaaieo ii? oe?iei eniieueciaaee a
iaaeeoeeia. A ea/aaiuo oeaeyo ecae?aaea i?eiaiyee aa e ia ?one. Iaeei ec
ia?auo ioa/anoaaiiuo o/aiuo, eco/aaoeo na?o, I. A. Eiiiiinia ienae:
“Caiey a naieo iaae?ao niaea?aeeo oaeia eiee/anoai na?u, /oi ia oieueei
ath caiieiaiu iiaecaiaeuey… ii yoi eneiiaaiia auaeaeyaony aeaaea ia
iiaa?oiinoe caiee”, ioia/ay a oi aea a?aiy, /oi ano?a/aaony “iia
naii?iaeiay e /enoay, iaeiaeiae ?aaeei”. Ianeieueei iicaea aeaaeaiee A.
Naaa?aei ioeaieaae ?ani?ino?aiaiea na?u oaea aieaa iioeienoe/ii:
“Naii?iaeiay na?a /enoay e a niaoaiee n caieyie iaoiaeeony a ?innee
eciaeeueii”. Nae/an ecaanoii nauoa 400 ieia?aeia, eiathueo a naiai
ninoaaa na?o. A aa niaea?aeaiea a caiiie ei?a ninoaaeyao ieiei 0,05%.
Ia iaee/ea naii?iaeiie na?u a E?uio oeacuaaeinue a na?aaeeia i?ioeiai
aaea. I “?icuneao” caeanue na?u ienae a 1849 a. “Ai?iue aeo?iae”. ?a/ue
oea ia ie?anoiinoyo *ie?aeneiai ica?a ia Ea?/aineii iieoino?iaa, aaea a
ecaanoiyea auee iaia?oaeaiu “aanueia yanoaaiiua, ii aanueia iaeeea
e?enoaeeu naii?iaeiie na?u”. Ii?o/ee Aioeiia i?iaae caeanue ii
?anii?yaeaieth eiycy Ai?iioeiaa ?acaaaei/iua ?aaiou n i?ioiaeeie ai?iuo
au?aaioie. Ieacaeinue, /oi na?a i?eo?i/aia oieueei e auoiaeai
na?iaiaei?iaeiuo enoi/ieeia. Aa ia?aciaaiea auei iauyniaii ?aceiaeaieai
na?iaiaei?iaea. “A caeeth/aiea aeieaeai neacaoue, – ieoao ii?o/ee, – /oi
yoi ianoi?iaeaeaiea na?u ia i?aaenoaaeyao eaeie-eeai aaaeiinoe a
oaoie/aneii ioiioaiee, e?iia iaeiiai oeaeeoaeueiiai naienoaa enoi/ieeia,
iaauathueo aaeeeoth iieueco”. Oiieea aaeanua iaeaou na?u iiaeii
iaaethaeaoue e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy o *ie?aeneeo e ae?oaeo enoi/ieeia
na?iaiaei?iaeiuo aiae, iai?eia?, a ie?anoiinoyo Noaeaea.
Naii?iaeiay na?a ia?aaeei ia?acoaony e i?e auaao?eaaiee noeueoeaeia –
ie?eoa e ia?eaceoa. Aa iaoiaeeee a E?uio a nayce n ?aciiia?aciuie
ai?iuie ii?iaeaie: a ia?aaeyo o Oaiaeinee, ecaanoiyeao ie?anoiinoae
Aao/ena?ay, a?aiiaeei?eoao aaeece Aeooou. Na?a yoiai oeia aoiaeeo iau/ii
a ninoaa caieenouo aa?aaaoia a niane n noeueoaoaie e aeae?ieneeaie
aeaeaca e i?aaenoaaeaia iaeue/aeoeie iai?aaeeueiuie ca?iuoeaie, eiiaaea
– e?enoaeeeeaie. Ia?aaeei ae niioonoaoao aein. Oiieay ii?ioeiaaoay na?a
i?enoonoaoao a eeao nieyiuo ica?, iai?eia?, Naeneiai.
Naiua e?oiiua neiieaiey na?u iaia?oaeee a E?uio a 1883 a. I. E.
Aiae?onia ia Ea?/aineii iieoino?iaa o aea?aaie *aeo?-Eiyo. A
aeaeueiaeoai ieacaeinue, /oi caeanue oeaeia ianoi?iaeaeaiea. Na?a
i?eo?i/aia e aeiniiiniui aeeiai e ia?aaeyi e ia?acoao i?ineieee e
aeaeaaee ?acia?aie io ianeieueeeo ieeeeiao?ia aei 30 ni. Niaea?aeaiea aa
a ?oaea io 10 aei 30%.
Ii iaeiie ec i?eiyouo aeiioac naii?iaeiay na?a ia?aciaaeanue ec aeina
iiae aeaenoaeai iaiaauaiiuo i?aaie/aneeie aauanoaaie na?iaiaei?iaeiuo
aiae i?e o/anoee aaeoa?ee.
Ii iuiaoiei ianooaaai ianoi?iaeaeaiea auaeyaeaei au ne?iiiui. Ii a naia
a?aiy iii nua?aei aaaeioth ?ieue. Aeaei a oii, /oi aei ?aaiethoeee na?o
aaiceee a ?inneth ec-ca a?aieoeu. E *aeo?-Eiyoneia ianoi?iaeaeaiea
iaeiei ec ia?auo aeaei i?iiuoeaiioth ioa/anoaaiioth na?o. Aio e?aoeay
enoi?ey aai inaiaiey.
A i?ioeii aaea eonoa?iui niiniaii auei aeiauoi eeoue iaiiiai na?u aeey
ianoiuo ioaeae. Ianoi?iaeaeaiea ii/oe ia eco/aeinue. A 1906 a. aai
a?aiaeiaaea Aaeueaeeneay eiiiaiey e ia/aea aaieiae/aneoth ?acaaaeeo e
iiaeaioiaeo e yenieoaoaoeee. Oaoie/aneee o?iaaiue ?aaio aue ieceei.
Au?aaioee ieioi i?iaao?eaaeenue. Yoi i?eaaei e o?aae/aneie aeaaee
?aai/aai e aaeieieno?aoi?a, io?aaeaoeony a caaia na?iui aacii, iinea
/aai ?aaiou auee i?ae?auaiu.
N ia/aea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu a no?aia neiaeeeinue e?eoe/aneia
iieiaeaiea n na?ie, e ii ?aoaieth Aiaiii-I?iiuoeaiiiai Eiieoaoa a 1915
a. i?enooieee e ?acaaaeea *aeo?-Eiyoa. A 1916 a. oaea aaeanue
iiaeaioiaea e io?aaioea e iiiooiay aeiau/a. Auei ecaea/aii 1600 o.
?oaeu. Ec iaa a?o/ioth ioia?aee ieiei 10 o. na?u. Ii a 1917 a. ?aaiou
auee i?ae?auaiu e oaoou caeeei aiaeie.
Aic?iaeaeaiea ?oaeieea ia/aeinue ni a?aiaie onoaiiaeaiey Niaaoneie
aeanoe a E?uio. Nia/aea iaaieueoia eiee/anoai na?u iieo/aee ia
iaeaiueeii caaiaeeea ec ?aiaa aeiauoie ?oaeu. Caoai i?iaaee
iniiaaoaeueioth aaieiae/aneoth ?acaaaeeo e iiaen/ao caiania na?u. A 1928
a. ?oaeiee e caaiae, i?aeoe/anee iino?iaiiua caiiai, ia/aee aeaaaoue
na?o. Aeiau/a aaeanue ieiei 10 eao, e ianoi?iaeaeaiea auei au?aaioaii.
E?uineay na?a a ia/aeueiue ia?eiae aeiau/e ea?aea aaaeioth ?ieue.
“Ea?/aineay na?a eiaao aieueoia cia/aiea aeey Nithca iaoeo ?anioaeee”, –
ioia/aeinue a ia/aoe 30-o aa. N ioe?uoeai e ?ac?aaioeie e?oiiuo
ianoi?iaeaeaiee N?aaeiae Acee na?a *aeo?-Eiyoa nio?aiyea eeoue ianoiia
cia/aiea. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia Ea?/aineii iieoino?iaa ecaanoii ieiei
aeanyoea iai?iiuoeaiiuo i?iyaeaiee na?u.
Naiaia?acai aiaoiee aeae naii?iaeiie na?u. Oeaao aeaeoue ?aciuo
iooaieia, /aua nieiiaiii-aeaeoue. Aeane aee?iue. Na?a ia?acoao ieaiee,
caieenoua e ii?ioeiaua iannu, oiieea i?ineieee e aeaeaaee, ?aaea
ano?a/aaony a i?aaeeueiuo e?enoaeeeeao. Oa?aeoa?iu /aou?aoa?aiiua
aeie?aieaeee n ona/aiiuie aa?oeieaie naiie ?ani?ino?aiaiiie ?iiae/aneie,
eee oae iacuaaaiie aeueoa-na?u. Iia iaeaieaa onoie/eaa ia iiaa?oiinoe
caiee. Ethaiiuoii, /oi a ecaanoiyeao ?aeiia Ea?/aineiai i?ieeaa N. I.
Iiiia iaia?oaeee a 1901 a., ia?yaeo n yoie ?aciiaeaeiinoueth, aieaa
?aaeeea a i?e?iaea ieanoei/aoua e?enoaeeu iiiieeeiiie (aaoa) na?u. Yoi
ia?aay a ie?a iaoiaeea aaoa-na?u a oneiaeyo caiiie iiaa?oiinoe aia nayce
n aoeeaie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Oi?ia e?enoaeeia aaoa-na?u ec E?uia
ii N. I. Iiiiao i?i/ii aioea a ni?aai/ieee ii ieia?aeiaee.
Ii oaa?aeinoe na?a iacia/eoaeueii i?aainoiaeeo oaeuee – naiue iyaeee
ieia?ae oeaeu Iiina. O oaeueea oaa?aeinoue i?eiyoa ca 1, a o na?u iia
ninoaaeyao 1-2 ii yoie oeaea. Na?a a aeaa ?aca oyaeaeaa aiaeu.
Ieioiinoue aa ieiei aeaoo. Aaaeiui ioee/eai yaeyaony niiniaiinoue na?u
ai?aoue. Ii Ieeieth Noa?oaio, “ieeaeia aauanoai noieue oaeiaii ia
aicai?aaony, ec /aai yanoaoao, /oi a iae caeeth/aia aieueoay iaiaiiay
neea”. Aei iiyaeaiey nia?aiaiiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee aeieaia a?aiy n/eoaee,
/oi na?a yaeyaony iineoaeai iniaiai ai?th/aai aauanoaa. Niiniaiinoue
na?u ai?aoue iiaeii eniieueciaaoue eae iaaeaaeiue aeeaaiinoe/aneee
i?eciae. Aeey i?iaa?ee aeinoaoi/ii ie/oiaeiie e?oieiee aauanoaa.
Eniuoaiea iiaeii i?iaanoe ia eii/eea eacaey ia?i/eiiiai iiaea n
iiiiuueth ai?yuae nie/ee iee nie?oiaee. Iiaeii ainiieueciaaoueny e
?aneaeaiiie oaaeiie eaeie. I/aiue oa?aeoa?ai e caiao ai?yuae na?u,
ioee/athuee aa io ae?oaeo ieia?aeia. A oiieeo ii?ioeiaaouo e caieenouo
auaeaeaieyo na?a auaaao iioiaea ia noeueoaou aeaeaca. A ioee/ea io
iiiaeo noiaeiuo ieia?aeia na?a ?anoai?yaony a ea?ineia e neeieaea?a.
Naii?iaeiay na?a ia?aaeei niaea?aeeo aei ianeieueeeo i?ioeaioia
i?eianae. A e?uineie na?a onoaiiaeaiu eaeueoeee, naeai, iuoueye e
iaeioi?ua ae?oaea yeaiaiou. I?eiane iiaoo ia?aie/eaaoue i?eiaiaiea na?u
a ioaeaeueiuo io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
I?ioannee o na?u /?acau/aeii iiiai, i?e/ai ecaeaaia. “Iieueca aa aanueia
i?ino?aiiay, – ienae a ia/aea i?ioeiai aaea A. Naaa?aei. – Iia
oiio?aaeyaony ?acee/iui ia?acii a oeiee, ai a?a/aaiii eneonnoaa, ia
aeiauaaiea na?iie eeneiou, ia i?eaioiaeaiea eeiiaa?e, iaiano?aeueiiai
ii?ioa, a iioaoiuo iaiyo… ia eno?aaeaiea ianaeiiuo”. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy
na?a iaoiaeeo aua aieueoaa i?eiaiaiea. Aaeaaiaeii a ie?a aeiauaatho
aeanyoee ieeeeiiia oiii naii?iaeiie na?u. Eniieuecotho aa i?e
i?iecaiaenoaa neioaoe/aneeo aieieii, ?aceiu, e?aneoaeae, a ieuaaie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. I?eia?ii iieiaeia aeiauaaaiie na?u eaeao ia iieo/aiea
na?iie eeneiou, /aoaa?oue – a oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeioth i?iiuoeaiiinoue,
ieiei 10% a naeueneia oicyenoai. E?uineoth na?o i?eiaiyee a iniiaiii
aeey ai?ueau n a?aaeeoaeyie aeiia?aaeieeia e a naieoa?iuo oeaeyo.
Na?a ?ani?ino?aiaia a E?uio ai?acaei oe?a ae?oaeo ieia?aeia eeanna
naii?iaeiuo yeaiaioia. Ii iaeoe oi?ioea aa ia?acoeu iai?inoi.
I?eoiaeeony ?ann/eouaaoue eeoue ia iaeue/aeoea e?enoaeeeee a aeanyoua
aeiee ieeeeiao?a, ?acee/eiua n iiiiuueth eoiu, e ia caieenoua e
ii?ioeiaaoua iaeaou e auoeaaou a niane n ae?oaeie ieia?aeaie. Ii e oaeea
ia?acoeu, iniaaiii nianoaaiiua iaoiaeee, – ioee/iue iaoa?eae aeey
eieeaeoeee
I?ienoiaeaeaiea na?u
Aieueoea neiieaiey naii?iaeiie na?u ano?a/athony ia oae oae /anoi. *aua
iia i?enoonoaoao a iaeioi?uo ?oaeao. ?oaea naii?iaeiie na?u — yoi
ii?iaea n ae?aieaieyie /enoie na?u.
Eiaaea ia?aciaaeenue yoe ae?aieaiey — iaeiia?aiaiii n niioonoaothueie
ii?iaeaie eee iicaea? Io ioaaoa ia yoio aii?in caaeneo iai?aaeaiea
iieneiauo e ?acaaaei/iuo ?aaio. Ii, ianiio?y ia ouny/aeaoey iauaiey n
na?ie, /aeiaa/anoai aei neo ii? ia eiaao iaeiicia/iiai ioaaoa.
Nouanoaoao ianeieueei oai?ee, aaoi?u eioi?uo i?eaea?aeeaathony
i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo acaeyaeia.
Oai?ey neiaaiaca (o. a. iaeiia?aiaiiiai ia?aciaaiey na?u e aiauathueo
ii?iae) i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi ia?aciaaiea naii?iaeiie na?u i?ienoiaeeei a
iaeeiaiaeiuo aannaeiao. Iniaua aaeoa?ee ainnoaiaaeeaaee noeueoaou,
?anoai?aiiua a aiaea, aei na?iaiaei?iaea, eioi?ue iiaeieiaeny aaa?o,
iiiaaeae a ieeneeoaeueioth ciio e caeanue oeie/aneei iooai eee i?e
o/anoee ae?oaeo aaeoa?ee ieeneyeny aei yeaiaioa?iie na?u. Na?a
inaaeaeaeanue ia aeii, e aiineaaenoaee niaea?aeauee na?o ee ia?aciaae
?oaeo.
Oai?ey yieaaiaca (ae?aieaiey na?u ia?aciaaeenue iicaeiaa, /ai iniiaiua
ii?iaeu) eiaao ianeieueei aa?eaioia. Naiue ?ani?ino?aiaiiue ec ieo
i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi iiaecaiiua aiaeu, i?iieeay neaicue oieue ii?iae,
iaiaauathony noeueoaoaie. Anee oaeea aiaeu nii?eeanathony n
ianoi?iaeaeaieyie iaooe eee i?e?iaeiiai aaca, oi eiiu noeueoaoia
ainnoaiaaeeaathony oaeaaiaei?iaeaie aei na?iaiaei?iaea. Na?iaiaei?iae
iiaeieiaaony e iiaa?oiinoe e, ieeneyynue, auaeaeyao /enooth na?o a
ionoioao e o?aueiao ii?iae.
A iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey iaoiaeeo ana iiaua iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey iaeia ec
?aciiaeaeiinoae oai?ee yieaaiaca — oai?ey iaoaniiaoica (a ia?aaiaea n
a?a/aneiai «iaoaniiaoic» icia/aao caiauaiea). Niaeanii ae a iaae?ao
iinoiyiii i?ienoiaeeo i?aa?auaiea aeina CaSO4-H2O e aiaeae?eoa CaSI4 a
na?o e eaeueoeeo NaNI3. Yoa oai?ey nicaeaia a 1935 aiaeo niaaoneeie
o/aiuie E. I. Ie?iiieueneei e A. I. E?ioiaui. A aa iieueco aiai?eo, a
/anoiinoe, oaeie oaeo.
A 1961 aiaeo a E?aea auei ioe?uoi ianoi?iaeaeaiea Ieo?ae. Na?a caeanue
caeeth/aia a ea?aiiaoiuo ii?iaeao, eioi?ua ia?acotho naiae,
iiaeaea?aeeaaaiue ooiaeyueie aaeoaue iii?aie (a aaieiaee eo iacuaatho
e?ueueyie). E?ueuey yoe ninoiyo a iniiaiii ec aiaeae?eoa e aeina. Oaeay
aea ea?oeia iaaethaeaeanue ia ioa/anoaaiiii ianoi?iaeaeaiee Oi?-No.
Aaieiae/aneia naiaia?acea yoeo ianoi?iaeaeaiee iiaeii iauynieoue oieueei
n iiceoeee oai?ee iaoaniiaoica: ia?ae/iua aeinu e aiaeae?eou
i?aa?aoeeenue ai aoi?e/iua ea?aiiaoiua ?oaeu n ae?aieaieyie naii?iaeiie
na?u. Aaaeii ia oieueei ninaaenoai ieia?aeia — n?aaeiaa niaea?aeaiea
na?u a ?oaea yoeo ianoi?iaeaeaiee ?aaii niaea?aeaieth oeie/anee
naycaiiie na?u a aiaeae?eoa. A enneaaeiaaiey ecioiiiiai ninoaaa na?u e
oaea?iaea a ?oaea yoeo ianoi?iaeaeaiee aeaee noi?iiieeai oai?ee
iaoaniiaoica aeiiieieoaeueiua a?aoiaiou.
Ii anoue iaeii «ii»: oeieci i?ioeanna i?aa?auaiey aeina a na?o e
eaeueoeeo iiea ia ynai, e iioiio iao iniiaaiee n/eoaoue oai?eth
iaoaniiaoica aaeeinoaaiii i?aaeeueiie. Ia caiea e nae/an nouanoaotho
ica?a (a /anoiinoe, Na?iia ica?i aeec Na?iiaiaenea), aaea i?ienoiaeeo
neiaaiaoe/aneia ioeiaeaiea na?u e na?iiiniue ee ia niaea?aeeo ie aeina,
ie aiaeae?eoa.
Ana yoi icia/aao, /oi ?aciiia?acea oai?ee e aeiioac i i?ienoiaeaeaiee
naii?iaeiie na?u — ?acoeueoao ia oieueei e ia noieueei iaiieiiou iaoeo
ciaiee, neieueei neiaeiinoe yaeaiee, i?ienoiaeyueo a iaae?ao. Aua ec
yeaiaioa?iie oeieueiie iaoaiaoeee ana iu ciaai, /oi e iaeiiio
?acoeueoaoo iiaoo i?eaanoe ?aciua iooe. Yoio caeii ?ani?ino?aiyaony e ia
aaioeieth.
Aeiau/a na?u
Aeiau/a na?u cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eeanue iinea oiai, eae aue ecia?ao?i
/??iue ii?io. Aaaeue na?a (aianoa n oae?i e naeeo?ie) – iai?aiaiiue aai
eiiiiiaio. A iaoa a?aiy na?a – iaeei ec aaaeiaeoeo aeaeia nu?uey aeey
iiiaeo oeie/aneeo i?iecaiaenoa. Aaeaaiaeiia ie?iaia iio?aaeaiea na?u
ninoaaeyao ieiei 20 iei. oiii. A? i?iiuoeaiiuie iio?aaeoaeyie yaeythony
naiua ?acee/iua i?iecaiaenoaa: na?iieeneioiia, aoiaaeiia, ?aceiiaia,
nie/a/iia e ae?. Na?a oe?iei eniieuecoaony oaeaea aeey ai?ueau n
a?aaeeoaeyie naeueneiai oicyenoaa, a ie?ioaoieea, e io/anoe a
iaaeeoeeia. Ii niaea?aeaieth a caiiie ei?a(0,03%) na?a ioiineony e
aanueia ?ani?ino?ai?iiui yeaiaioai. Iaeiaei aieueoea neiieaiey
naii?iaeiie na?u ano?a/athony ia oae oae /anoi. *aua iia i?enoonoaoao
iaeioi?uo ?oaeao. ?oaea naii?iaeiie na?u – yoi ii?iaea n ae?aieaieyie
/enoie na?u. Eiaaea ia?aciaaeenue yoe ae?aieaiey – iaeiia?aiaiii n
niioonoaothueie ii?iaeaie eee iicaea? Io ioaaoa ia yoio aii?in caaeneo
iai?aaeaiea iieneiauo e ?acaaaei/iuo ?aaio. Ii, ianiio?y ia ouny/aeaoey
iauaiey n na?ie, /aeiaa/anoai aei neo ii? ia eiaao iaeiicia/iiai ioaaoa.
Na?iua ?oaeu aeiauaatho ?aciuie niiniaaie – a caaeneiinoe io oneiaee
caeaaaiey. Ii a ethaii neo/aa i?eoiaeeony oaeaeyoue iiiai aieiaiey
oaoieea aaciianiinoe. Caeaaeai na?u ii/oe anaaaea niioonoaotho neiieaiey
yaeiaeouo aacia-niaaeeiaiee na?u. E oiio aea iaeuecy caauaaoue i
aiciiaeiinoe a? naiiaicai?aiey
Na?iua ?oaeu aeiauaatho ?aciuie niiniaaie—a caaeneiinoe io oneiaee
caeaaaiey. Ii a ethaii neo/aa i?eoiaeeony oaeaeyoue iiiai aieiaiey
oaoieea aaciianiinoe. Caeaaeai na?u ii/oe anaaaea niioonoaotho neiieaiey
yaeiaeouo aacia — niaaeeiaiee na?u. E oiio aea iaeuecy caauaaoue i
aiciiaeiinoe aa naiiaicai?aiey.
Aeiau/a ?oaeu ioe?uoui niiniaii i?ienoiaeeo oae. Oaaathuea yeneaaaoi?u
nieiatho ieanou ii?iae, iiae eioi?uie caeaaaao ?oaea. Ac?uaaie ?oaeiue
ieano ae?iayo, iinea /aai aeuau ?oaeu ioi?aaeytho ia iaiaaoeoaeueioth
oaa?eeo, a ioooaea—ia na?iieaaeeueiue caaiae, aaea ec eiioeaio?aoa
ecaeaeatho na?o. Iaoiaeu ecaea/aiey—?acee/iu. I iaeioi?uo ec ieo aoaeao
?anneacaii ieaea. A caeanue oianoii e?aoei iienaoue neaaaeeiiue iaoiae
aeiau/e na?u ec-iiae caiee, iicaieeaoee Niaaeeiaiiui Ooaoai Aia?eee e
Iaeneea noaoue e?oiiaeoeie iinoaaueeaie na?u.
A eiioea i?ioeiai aaea ia thaa Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia auee ioe?uou
aiaaoaeoea ianoi?iaeaeaiey na?iie ?oaeu. Ii iiaenooieoueny e ieanoai
auei iai?inoi: a oaoou (a eiaiii oaooiui niiniaii i?aaeiieaaaeinue
?ac?aaaouaaoue ianoi?iaeaeaiea) i?ina/eaaeny na?iaiaei?iae e
i?aa?aaeaeae aeinooi e na?a. E?iia oiai, i?iaeoueny e na?iiiniui ieanoai
iaoaee ian/aiua ieuaoiu. Auoiae iaoae oeiee Aa?iai O?ao, i?aaeeiaeeaoee
ieaaeoue na?o iiae” caieae e /a?ac neaaaeeiu, iiaeiaiua iaooyiui,
auea/eaaoue aa ia iiaa?oiinoue. N?aaieoaeueii iaaunieay (iaiueoa 120° N)
oaiia?aoo?a ieaaeaiey na?u iiaeoaa?aeaeaea ?aaeueiinoue eaeae O?aoa. A
1890 aiaeo ia/aeenue eniuoaiey, i?eaaaeoea e oniaoo.
A i?eioeeia onoaiiaea O?aoa i/aiue ianeiaeia: o?oaa a o?oaa. A
i?ino?ainoai iaaeaeo o?oaaie iiaeaaony ia?aa?aoay aiaea e ii iaio eaeao
a ieano. A ii aioo?aiiae, iaia?aaaaiie ni anao noi?ii, o?oaa
iiaeieiaaony ?anieaaeaiiay na?a. Nia?aiaiiue aa?eaio onoaiiaee O?aoa
aeiiieiai o?aoueae — naiie oceie o?oaie. *a?ac iaa a neaaaeeio iiaeaaony
naeaoue aicaeoo, eioi?ue iiiiaaao iiaeiyoue ?anieaaeaiioth na?o ia
iiaa?oiinoue. Iaeii ec iniiaiuo aeinoieinoa iaoiaea O?aoa — a oii, /oi
ii iicaieyao oaea ia ia?aie noaaeee aeiau/e iieo/eoue n?aaieoaeueii
/enooth na?o. I?e ?ac?aaioea aiaaouo ?oae yoio iaoiae aanueia
yooaeoeaai.
?aiueoa n/eoaeinue, /oi iaoiae iiaecaiiie auieaaee na?u i?eiaiei oieueei
a niaoeeoe/aneeo oneiaeyo «nieyiuo eoiieia» oeoiieaaineiai iiaa?aaeuey
NOA e Iaeneee. Iaeiaei iiuou, i?iaaaeaiiua a Iieueoa e NNN?, ii?iaa?aee
yoi iiaiea. A ia?iaeiie Iieueoa yoei iaoiaeii oaea aeiauaatho aieueoia
eiee/anoai na?u; a 1968. aiaeo iouaiu ia?aua na?iua neaaaeeiu e a NNN?.
A ?oaeo, iieo/aiioth a ea?uea?ao e oaooao, i?eoiaeeony ia?a?aaaouaaoue
(/anoi n i?aaeaa?eoaeueiui iaiaauaieai), eniieuecoy aeey yoiai ?acee/iua
oaoiieiae/aneea i?eaiu.
Ecaanoii ianeieueei iaoiaeia iieo/aiey na?u ec na?iuo ?oae:
ia?iaiaeyiua, oeeueo?aoeeiiiua, oa?ie/aneea, oeaio?eooaaeueiua e
yeno?aeoeeiiiua.
Oa?ie/aneea iaoiaeu ecaea/aiey na?u — naiua noa?ueth. Aua a XVIII aaea a
Iaaiieeoaineii ei?ieaanoaa auieaaeyee na?o a eo/ao —«nieueoaoa?ao». Aei
neo ii? a Eoaeee auieaaeytho na?o a i?eieoeaiuo ia/ao — «eaeueea?iiao».
Oaiei, iaiaoiaeeiia aeey auieaaeaiey na?u ec ?oaeu, iieo/atho, naeeaay
/anoue aeiauoie na?u. I?ioeann yoio iaeiyooaeoeaai, iioa?e aeinoeaatho
45%.
Eoaeey noaea ?iaeeiie e ia?iaiaeyiuo iaoiaeia ecaea/aiey na?u ec ?oae. A
1859 aiaeo Aeaeocaiia Aeaeeeeue iieo/ee iaoaio ia naie aiia?ao —
i?aaeoanoaaiiee iuiaoieo aaoieeaaia. Aaoieeaaiue iaoiae (cia/eoaeueii
oniaa?oainoaiaaiiue, eiia/ii) eniieuecoaony e nae/an ai iiiaeo no?aiao.
A aaoieeaaiii i?ioeanna iaiaauaiiue eiioeaio?ao na?iie ?oaeu,
niaea?aeauee aei 80% na?u, a aeaea aeeaeeie ioeueiu n ?aaaaioaie
iiaeaaony ianinaie a aaoieeaa. Ooaea aea iiae aeaaeaieai iiaeaaony
aiaeyiie ia?. Ioeueia iaa?aaaaony aei 130° N. Na?a, niaea?aeauayny a
eiioeaio?aoa, ieaaeony e ioaeaeyaony io ii?iaeu. Iinea iaaeieaiai ionoiy
auieaaeaiiay na?a neeaaaony. Caoai ec aaoieeaaa auioneathony
«oainou»—acaanue ionoie ii?iaeu a aiaea? Oainou niaea?aeao aeiaieueii
iiiai na?u e aiiaue iinooiatho ia iaiaaoeoaeueioth oaa?eeo.
A ?innee aaoieeaaiue niinia aue aia?aua i?eiaiai eiaeaia?ii E. A.
Iaoeaiiaui a 1896 aiaeo.
Nia?aiaiiua aaoieeaau — yoi ia?iiiua aiia?aou aunioie n /aou?aoyoaaeiue
aeii. Oaeea aaoieeaau onoaiiaeaiu, a /anoiinoe, ia na?iieaaeeueiii
caaiaea ?icaeieueneiai ai?iioeie/aneiai eiiaeiaoa a I?eea?iaouea.
Ia iaeioi?uo i?iecaiaenoaao, iai?eia? ia e?oiiii na?iii eiiaeiaoa a
Oa?iiaaeaaa (Iieueoa), ionooth ii?iaeo ioaeaeytho io ?anieaaeaiiie na?u
ia niaoeeaeueiuo oeeueo?ao. Iaoiae ?acaeaeaiey ia niaoeeaeueiuo
oeaio?eooaao ?ac?aaioai iaaeaaii a iaoae no?aia. Neiaii, «?oaeo cieiooth
(oi/iaa — cieioenooth) ioaeaeyoue io ii?iaeu ionoie» iiaeii ii-?aciiio.
Ii-?aciiio e oaeiaeaoai?ytho naie iio?aaiinoe a na?a ?aciua no?aiu.
Iaeneea e NOA eniieuecotho a iniiaiii iaoiae O?aoa. Eoaeey, caieiathuay
ii aeiau/a na?u o?aouea ianoi n?aaee eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa,
i?iaeieaeaao aeiauaaoue e ia?a?aaaouaaoue (?aciuie iaoiaeaie) na?iua
?oaeu neoeeeeeneeo ianoi?iaeaeaiee e i?iaeioeee Ia?ei. O ssiiiee anoue
cia/eoaeueiua caianu na?u aoeeaie/aneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey. O?aioeey e
Eaiaaea, ia eiathuea naii?iaeiie na?u, ?acaeee e?oiiia i?iecaiaenoai, aa
ec aacia. Iao nianoaaiiuo na?iuo ianoi?iaeaeaiee e a Aiaeee e Aa?iaiee.
Naie iio?aaiinoe a na?iie eeneioa iie iie?uaatho ca n/?o ia?a?aaioee
na?iniaea?aeauaai nu?uey (i?aeiouanoaaiii ie?eoa), a yeaiaioa?ioth na?o
eiii?oe?otho.
?inney iieiinoueth oaeiaeaoai?ytho naie iio?aaiinoe aeaaiaea?y
nianoaaiiui enoi/ieeai nu?uey. Iinea ioe?uoey e inaiaiey aiaaouo
I?eea?iaoneeo ianoi?iaeaeaiee NNN? e Iieueoa cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eee
i?iecaiaenoai na?u. Yoa io?aneue i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?iaeieaeaao
?acaeaaoueny. Auee iino?iaiu iiaua e?oiiua i?aaei?eyoey ia Oe?aeia,
?aeiino?oe?iaaiu noa?ua eiiaeiaou ia Aieaa e a Oo?eiaiee, ?anoe?aii
i?iecaiaenoai na?u ec i?e?iaeiiai aaca e iooiaeyueo aacia.
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