AAAAeAIEA
Iauaeoii eco/aiey ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aaia?aoee yaeythony oa??eoi?eaeueiua
?ae?aaoeeiiiua nenoaiu (O?N) anao oeiia e ?aiaia. A 1969 a. a Iineaa
i?ioei 1-a niaauaiea ii aaia?aoe/aneei i?iaeaiai i?aaiecaoeee ioaeuoa.
Aue i?aaeeiaeai nenoaiiue iiaeoiae aeey eco/aiey ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
I?aaeiaoii eco/aiey yaeyaony aaia?aoey oo?enoneeo ?aaeiiia ?innee e
iniiaiua eiioeaioeee aeaeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia (?ae?aaeiaey).
Iaoiaeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aaia?aoee:
1) Nenoaiiiai aiaeeca
– Eiiiiiaioiue (eco/aiea nenoai e eo naycae).
– Ooieoeeiiaeueiue (eco/aiea iaoaiecia acaeiiaeaenoaey iiaenenoai a
O?N).
– Enoi?e/aneee (aaiaoe/aneee e i?iaiiciue aiaeec)
– Yeniaaeeoeeiiiue
– Ea?oia?aoe/aneee (niinia ioia?aaeaiey eioi?iaoeee)
2) Iaoaiaoe/aneiai aiaeeca e iiaeaee?iaaiey
3) Nioeeieiae/aneee
– Aieaoiua ii?inu
– Eioa?aueth
– Aacaoii-ii/oiaue ii?in
4) Aaeainiaue
1. ?ae?aaoeeiiiay aaia?aoey auyaeyao caeiiiia?iinoe:
oi?ie?iaaiey, aeeiaieee, ?acaeoey, ?aciiia?acey e ?ani?ino?aiaiey O?N,
ii?oieiae/aneie no?oeoo?u,
oa??eoi?eaeueiie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee e eioaa?aoeee,
aioo?aiieo acaeiinaycae (no?oeoo?), iaoneiaeeaathueo oeaeinoiinoue O?N,
naycae iaaeaeo O?N,
acaeiiaeaenoaey O?N n ae?oaeie aainenoaiaie,
2. ?ae?aaoeeiiiay aaia?aoey i?iaiice?oao:
niiioaiiua e oeaeaiai?aaeaiiua eciaiaiey O?N.
3. ?ae?aaoeeiiiay aaia?aoey ?ac?aaaouaaao:
nenoaio iaoiaeia iiciaiey O?N.
4. Niaianoii n ae?oaeie iaoeaie ?ae?aaoeeiiiay aaia?aoey:
?ac?aaaouaaao i?aaeeiaeaiey ii iioeiaeueiiio ooieoeeiie?iaaieth nenoai e
ii i?iaeoe?iaaieth nenoai n caaeaiiuie naienoaaie, ii?aaeaeyao
?ae?aaoeeiiiua iio?aaiinoe e o.ae.
?ae?aaoeeiiiay aaia?aoey i?eiaaeeaaeeo e naiaenoao iauanoaaiiuo
aaia?aoe/aneeo iaoe, iineieueeo iniiaiay ooieoeey oa??eoi?eaeueiuo
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo nenoai nioeeaeueiay.
N ia?auo aea oaaia oi?ie?iaaiey ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aaia?aoee aeey iaa
oeie/ii eniieueciaaiea, ia?yaeo n o?aaeeoeeiiiuie aaia?aoe/aneeie
iaoiaeaie (ea?oia?aoe/aneei, iaoiaeaie yeniaaeeoeeiiiuo enneaaeiaaiee),
?aciiia?aciuo iaoiaeia iiaeaee?iaaiey.
Oae, iai?eia?, eiaiii a aaia?aoee neiaeeeinue i?aaenoaaeaiea e auea
auaeaeiooa ?anniio?aiiay auoa aeiioaca i ?ae?aaoeeiiiie nenoaia, eae
iauaeoa iaaeaeenoeeieeia?iiai enneaaeiaaiey. Yoi auei iaiaoiaeeii aeey
oyniaiey noiyueo ia?aae aaia?aoeae oai?aoe/aneeo e eiino?oeoeaiuo
caaea/.
Caoai neaaeothuei yoaiii ?acaeoey ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aaia?aoee yaeeinue
ii?aaeaeaiea nianoaaiiiai iauaeoa enneaaeiaaiey – oyniaiea i?iaeaiaoeee,
ninoaaeythuae iaiin?aaenoaaiioth noa?o aa aeayoaeueiinoe. Ia o?aoueai
yoaia aue noi?ioee?iaai iao/iue caeac ae?oaei iaoeai, auyaeai e?oa
i?iaeai, eioi?ua ia yaeythony iauaeoii iao/iie aeayoaeueiinoe naiie
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aaia?aoee, ii ioaaou ia eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeiu aeey ?aoaiey
aaia?aoe/aneeo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caaea/. I?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue eco/aiea
onoie/eainoe i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia i?ioea ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo aicaeaenoaee.
Yoi iaeia ec iiauo caaea/ eiiieaena oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneeo iaoe,
iinoaaeaiiay ia?aae ieie ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aaia?aoeae
Ianoi ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aaia?aoee a nenoaia aaia?aoe/aneeo iaoe.
– Yeiiiie/aneay aaia?aoey (oo?eci ?anniao?eaaaony eae io?aneue
yeiiiieee, cao?aaeaaao aii?inu ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai ianeoaeeaaiey). Iaoiaeu,
i?eoaaeoea ec yeiiiie/aneie aaia?aoee: aaeainiaue e eiiiiiaioiue.
– Aaia?aoey ianaeaiey. ?anniao?eaaao aaia?aoeth oo?enoneeo iioieia,
oi?ie?iaaiea e ?acaeoea ai?iaeia-eo?i?oia e e?oiiuo eo?i?oiuo
aaeiia?aoeee.
– Oece/aneay aaia?aoey. Aea?o iieioth eioi?iaoeeth i ninoiyiee IE.
Iniiaiua ?aaiou – ii eaiaeoaooiie ea?oa
– Iaaeeoeeineay aaia?aoey. Eco/aao aeeyiea i?e?iaeiuo oneiaee ia
i?aaieci /aeiaaea. Aaeaioaoeey e iiaui i?e?iaeiui oneiaeyi.
?ae?aaoeeiiiay aaia?aoey eco/aao an? a nenoaia. I?e/?i acaeiiaeaenoaoao
ia oieueei n aaia?aoe/aneeie iaoeaie, ii e n ae?oaeie (?ae?aaoeeiiiay
a?oeoaeoo?a, ineoieiaey, nioeeieiaey, yeiiiieea).
YAIETHOeEIIIUA ECIAIAIEss A I?AAIECAOeEE OeEEEIA ?AE?AAOeEIIIIE
AeAssOAEUeIINOE
Iiaeii ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi aeey eaaeaeiai iieieaiey ethaeae oa?aeoa?iu
naie oeeeeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee, eeoue /anoe/ii iiaoi?ythuea
aiaeiae/iua oeeeeu i?aaeuaeoueo iieieaiee. Iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiua
eciaiaiey i?iyaeythony a iauaia naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie, a ?aciiia?acee oi?i
aai eniieueciaaiey, a i?anoeaeiinoe e i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoe ?acee/iuo oi?i
ioaeuoa, ai a?aiaiiie i?aaiecaoeee oeeeeia caiyoee, a ?enoiea e ?acia?ao
i?ino?ainoaaiiuo a?aaeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe eiaeeaeaeia e
a?oii ethaeae.
Aei?aaiethoeeiiiue ia?eiae
?anniao?eaay ?ae?aaoeeiiioth aeayoaeueiinoue a aei?aaiethoeeiiiue
ia?eiae, iu iniiauaaainy ia eioi?iaoeee, naycaiiie n iaioa?aie e
ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?ie. Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi a iae, eae i?aaeei,
iienuaaaony ?ae?aaoeeiiiay aeayoaeueiinoue ?onneiai aeai?yinoaa e
eioaeeeaaioeee, iiaeii ninoaaeoue ii?aaeaeaiiia i?aaenoaaeaiea e i
oa?aeoa?a ioaeuoa ?aai/eo e e?anoueyi.
?ae?aaoeeiiiue oeeee naeueneiai ianaeaiey aeeth/ae eeoue ianneaiue
ioaeuo aeiia; ec ae?oaeo aeaeia ioaeuoa, naycaiiuo n iaeioi?uie
ia?aaeaeaeaieyie, iiaeii iacaaoue iinauaiea ?iaenoaaiieeia e ninaaeae,
y?ia?ee, aoeyiey a i?acaeie/iua aeie. AEeciue ai?iaeai
oa?aeoa?eciaaeanue aieaa oe?ieei iaai?ii ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee. A
na?aaeeia XIX a. a e?oiiuo ai?iaeao, a /anoiinoe a Iineaa, oaea
nouanoaiaaee o?aaeeoeeiiiua ianoa aoeyiee. Eaaeaeia ec ieo
eniieueciaaeinue eeoue a ii?aaeaeaiiia a?aiy: a ianoo, a o?aiiaua
i?acaeieee.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIX a. n?aaee ?aai/eo noaee iiioey?iu auacaeu ca
ai?iae a eaoiea aine?aniua aeie. Eiaiii iiae aeaeii oaeie oi?iu
?ae?aaoeeiiiiai a?aiyi?ai?iaiaeaeaiey i?iaiaeeeenue ia?aua ?aai/ea
iaaaee. Aeaeueiinoue oaeeo i?iaoeie auea iacia/eoaeueiie, aieueoay
/anoue eo inouanoaeyeanue iaoeii, e ianoa oaeeo iaaaie ?aniieaaaeenue ia
aeaeaa 3—5 ei io ai?iaea. A e?oiiuo ai?iaeao aeaaiaea?y eniieueciaaieth
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa ?aaeeon oaeeo iiacaeie aue aieaa
cia/eoaeueiui
Ninoaaeoue i?aaenoaaeaiea i ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ?onneiai
aeai?yinoaa XVIII—XIX aa. cao?oaeieoaeueii ec-ca neiaeiinoe auaeaeaiey a
eo aeecie naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie e aai ooieoeee. Iiyoiio ia?aoei aieiaiea
ia oa aeaeu «?acaeaeaoaeueiie» aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua auee naycaiu n
ia?aiauaieyie. A XVIII — ia?aie iieiaeia XIX a. iiiaea ?onneea iiiaueee
aeeee iinoiyiii a naeueneie onaaeueaa, auacaeay eeoue ia aiaiioth
neoaeao eee ii oicyenoaaiiui aeaeai. Aaia?aoey eo ?acaeaeaoaeueiuo
iiacaeie ia?aie/eaaeanue, eae i?aaeei, iinauaieai ninaaeae. Iaeiaei oaea
a XVIII a. aeiaieueii aieueoay /anoue iiiaueeia noaea aeeoue a ai?iaeao,
a a naieo caai?iaeiuo onaaeueaao i?iaiaeeea eeoue eaoiaa a?aiy. Eiia/ii,
aeeciue iiiaueea a onaaeueaa iaeuecy auei ?anniao?eaaoue oieueei eae
ioaeuo. Aaaeue iaeiia?aiaiii n ?acaea/aieyie e ioioie iiiauee auiieiye e
oeaeue ?yae oicyenoaaiiuo aeae. Iaeiaei aeey iiiaeo /eaiia aai naiuee
iiacaeea a aea?aaith ia auea naycaia n eaeeie-au oi ie auei
oicyenoaaiiuie iaycaiiinoyie.
Iaeaieaa oe?ieay aaia?aoey iiacaeie i?ineaaeeaaaony o aeeoaeae Iineau e
Iaoa?ao?aa, eiaaoeo iiianouey, oae eae iie ia?aaeei iaoiaeeeenue a
aanueia ioaeaeaiiuo aoaa?ieyo.
N onaaeueaie aue naycai aanue aeeciaiiue oeeee iiianoiiai aeai?yinoaa
XVIII—XIX aa., e ia?aaeei any ?ae?aaoeeiiiay aeayoaeueiinoue i?ioaeaea
eiaiii oai. Iiyoiio i?ino?ainoaaiiua ia?aiao?u oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe iiiaueeia ?acee/aeenue a caaeneiinoe io aaia?aoee eo
onaaeaa. Aianoa n oai oaea a ia/aea XIX a. n?aaee ?onneiai aeai?yinoaa,
eae, ai?i/ai, e n?aaee ae?oaeo ninoiyoaeueiuo neiaa ianaeaiey,
noaiiayony iiioey?iuie iiacaeee ia eo?i?ou, yaeythueany iaeiei ec
iaeaieaa noa?uo e o?aaeeoeeiiiuo oeiia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. A
?innee eo?i?ou noaee nicaeaaaoueny n ia/aea XVIII a. A 1707 a. ii oeaco
Iao?a I ia/aeenue iienee eeth/aauo aiae, eioi?ua iiaeii auei au
eniieueciaaoue aeey ea/aiey io ?aciuo aieaciae. Ia?aui eo?i?oii, eioi?ue
noae ooieoeeiie?iaaoue a ?innee n 1718a., aue eo?i?o Ia?oeeaeueiua
Aiaeu. E eiioeo XVIII a. ia/aee ooieoeeiie?iaaoue aua ianeieueei
eo?i?oia. N?aaee ieo aaeueiaieiae/aneea eo?i?ou a Eaoaee (Aaeaeiia) e ia
oa??eoi?ee nia?aiaiiiai Aieaia?aaea (Eeth/ Na. Aeaoa?eiu), a?ycaea/aaiue
eo?i?o a E?uio (Naee) e eo?i?o a Ynoiiee aaeece nia?aiaiiiai Oaeeeia,
aaea a ea/aaiuo oeaeyo eniieueciaaeenue ii?neea eoiaiey.
Ia/aei XIX a. iciaiaiiaaeinue ioe?uoeai aua ianeieueeeo eo?i?oia. Yoi,
i?aaeaea anaai, Iyoeai?ne (1803 a.), eioi?ue noae ooieoeeiie?iaaoue
?aiueoa ae?oaeo eo?i?oia Eaaeacneeo Ieia?aeueiuo Aiae, Eeiaoee (1805
a.), Noa?ay ?onna (1815 a.), e ae?. A ia/aea XIX a. iiyaeeenue e nianai
niaoeeoe/aneea ia?aciaaiey— onaaeueau-eo?i?ou. Yoi, i?aaeaea anaai,
iiaeiineiaiay onaaeueaa ?ae-Naiaiianeia. Enoi/iee ieia?aeueiie aiaeu aue
oai ioe?uo, i/aaeaeii, a naiii ia/aea XIX a. A ia?aii aeanyoeeaoee XIX
a. yoi aue iaeei ec iiioey?iuo ?onneeo eo?i?oia, ii oaea n 1820 a. ec-ca
?aceiai nie?auaiey aeaaeoa ieia?aeueiuo aiae eo?i?o ?ae-Naiaiianeia
i?ae?aoee naia nouanoaiaaiea.
Oaea a naiue ia/aeueiue ia?eiae naiaai aicieeiiaaiey eo?i?ou
eniieueciaaeenue ia oieueei aeey ea/aiey ethaeae, ii e aeey ?acaea/aiey
e iauaiey eo. ?ieue eo?i?oa eae ianoa ?acaea/aiee e ioaeuoa aic?inea e
na?aaeeia XIX a. Oae, a Iyoeai?nea nooi/iue oeeee ethaeae, ioaeuoathueo
ia yoii eo?i?oa, auaeyaeae neaaeothuei ia?acii. A 6 / oo?a eo?i?oieee
oee ieoue aiaeo e caoai aoeyee ii aoeueaa?o. A 8 / iie aica?auaeenue
aeiiie, caao?aeaee, caoai aei 12 / i?eieiaee aaiiu, ioaeuoaee e aoeyee,
n 12 aei 14 / iaaaeaee. Iinea iaaaea /anoue eo?i?oieeia i?eieiaea aaiiu,
ae?oaea aoeyee ii aoeueaa?o e neooaee iocueo. Ii aa/a?ai i?iaiaeeeenue
aaeu, oaioeu, eiioea?ou. Aua aieueoa ?acaeaeaoaeueiuo caiyoee auei a
Eeneiaiaenea: eo?i?oieee auacaeaee ca ai?iae ia ieeieee n iocueie e
oaioeaie, i?aaieciauaaee i?iaoeee ii ie?anoiinoyi, auee iiioey?iu
aa?oiaay acaea, ea?oi/iua ea?u e ae?.
Ianiio?y ia aic?anoathuoth iiioey?iinoue eo?i?oia, a oeaeii a XIX a.
eo?i?ou a ?innee ea?aee aua iacia/eoaeueioth ?ieue. Ia eo?i?oao aea
Eaaeacneeo Ieia?aeueiuo Aiae aieioue aei na?aaeeiu XIX a. ii/oe 85%
iauae /eneaiiinoe eiioeiaaioa ioaeuoathueo ninoaaeyee aiaiiua, oae eae
ia Naaa?iii Eaaeaca i?ienoiaeeee a oi a?aiy aiaiiua aeaenoaey.
Ieioay o?ainii?oiay aeinooiiinoue iniiaiuo eo?i?oia ?innee
i?aaeii?aaeaeeea oio oaeo, /oi a oa/aiea anaai XIX a. aieueoay /anoue
eiioeiaaioa ioaeuoathueo, eae i?aaeei, i?eacaeaea ec aeeaeaeoeo
ie?anoiinoae. E yoi iiiyoii, oae eae ia aei?iao io Iineau aei Iyoeai?nea
a na?aaeeia XIX e. o?aaiaaeinue 10 aeiae e aieaa, a a iaeei ec
iiioey?iaeoeo eo?i?oia oiai a?aiaie — Ea?enaaae (Ea?eiae-Aa?e) iiaeii
auei aeiaoaoue ca 6—7 aeiae.
A oa/aiea XIX a. iinoaiaiii aic?anoaao ?ae?aaoeeiiiay ?ieue thaeiuo
?aeiiia no?aiu. Iiiaea ninoiyoaeueiua ethaee i?eia?aoatho eiaiey ia
THaeiii aa?aao E?uia, a ?aeiia Iaeannu, a a eiioea XIX a.—a Ni/e. Auno?i
?acaeaathony thaeiua eo?i?ou. E eiioeo XIX—ia/aeo XX a. a ieo oaea
ooieoeeiie?oao iiiaeanoai ainoeieoe, iaineiiaoia, aicieeatho naiaoi?ee.
Cia/eoaeueii iicaea noae ?acaeaaoueny oo?eci. Eeoue n 70-o aiaeia XIX a.
a ?innee aicieeee niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua yeneo?neiiii-oo?enoneea
i?aaiecaoeee
Iinoaiaiii aaia?aoey oo?enoneeo i?aaiecaoeee ?anoe?yeanue. Iie
iiyaeeenue a Oaeeene, sseoa, Naaanoiiiea, Iaeanna, Eeaaa, ?eaa e ae?oaeo
ai?iaeao. N eo iiiiuueth i?aaieciauaaeenue iiiai/eneaiiua yeneo?nee ii
Aa?iiaeneie /anoe ?innee, E?uio, Eaaeaco, N?aaeiae Acee. Oaaee/eeinue
/enei auacaeathueo ca a?aieoeo oo?enoia. Iaeii oieueei «Iauanoai
?ani?ino?aiaiey oaoie/aneeo ciaiee» iai?aaeei a caa?aie/iua iiacaeee ca
oanoue eao naiae aeayoaeueiinoe aieaa 9 oun. /aeiaae [Aa?a, 1978]. E
ana-oaee oo?eci inoaaaeny neaai?acaeoie noa?ie aeayoaeueiinoe.
I/aaeaeii, iiyoiio i oo?enoneeo e yeneo?neiiiuo iiacaeeao ii ?innee
ii/oe iaaiciiaeii iaeoe oiiieiaiey eae a iaioa?ao, oae e a
ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?a eiioea XIX—ia/aea XX a.
Iaeiei ec iaeaieaa o?aaeeoeeiiiuo aeaeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe a
?innee aue aea/iue ioaeuo. Oaea a eiioea XVIII—ia/aea XIX a. aea/iue
ioaeuo aeeth/aaony a oeeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee iaoa?ao?aneeie
/eiiaieeaie, eioi?ua ec-ca neoaeaaiuo iaycaiiinoae ia iiaee auacaeaoue
ia ana eaoi ec ai?iaea. A yoi aea a?aiy ioaeuo ia aea/a e a caai?iaeiuo
aeiiao noae iiioey?iui e n?aaee aunoaai iauanoaa, no?aiyuaainy i?iaanoe
eaoi aaeece oea?neiai aeai?a. Iineaaeiaa ai iiiaii i?aaeii?aaeaeeei
aaia?aoeth ia?auo aea/iuo ianoiinoae: Eaiaiiue ino?ia ieiei Iaoa?ao?aa,
Oea?neia Naei, Iaaeiane—iaeaieaa ecethaeaiiua ianoa caai?iaeiiai eaoiaai
ioaeuoa iaoa?ao?aeoeaa eiioea XVIII — ia?aie iieiaeiu XIX a. Aea/iue
ioaeuo aue iiioey?ai e a Iiaeiineiauea. Ai iiiaeo eieaao e iaioa?ao
aoi?ie iieiaeiu XIX a. a ea/anoaa iiioey?iuo aea/iuo iano Iiaeiineiauey
oiiieiathony Oea?eoeuii, Inoaieeii, Eoneiai, a iaiiiai
iicaeiaa—Iaeaoiaea, ?anoi?aoaai,Oa?ona.
A ia/aea XX a. aea/iue ioaeuo noae iaeiie ec naiuo iiioey?iuo oi?i
i?eai?iaeiiai ioaeuoa cia/eoaeueiuo neiaa ianaeaiey.
Niaaoneee ia?eiae.
?aaiethoeey i?eaaea e ei?aiiui eciaiaieyi a aeecie iauanoaa. I?aaeaea
anaai, eciaieeenue nioeeaeueiay no?oeoo?a iauanoaa, ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
ethaeueie. N iiceoeee i?aaiecaoeee oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee
iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey auee naycaiu n aiaea/aieai oe?ieeo neiaa
iauanoaa a aeoeaioth ?ae?aaoeeiiioth aeayoaeueiinoue, n oie/oiaeaieai
/anoiie nianoaaiiinoe ia’ iiianouey, e?oiiua caai?iaeiua onaaeueau, ia
iniiaa eioi?uo auee nicaeaiu ainoaea?noaaiiua aeiia ioaeuoa e naiaoi?ee
n iiauie oi?iaie i?aaiecaoeee ioaeuoa. Eiaiii yoei aii?inai auee
iinayuaiu ia?aua aeae?aou Niaaoneie aeanoe.
Ia/aee oi?ie?iaaoueny naoe ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, /oi yaeyaony
iaeiie ec oa?aeoa?iuo /a?o i?aaiecaoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe a
iinea?aaiethoeeiiiia a?aiy. Iinea ?aaiethoeee cia/eoaeueii onei?eeenue
oaiiu ?inoa eo?i?oia e naiaoi?eaa. Iaeiaei iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiua
eciaiaiey, eioi?ua i?iecioee ca yoio ia?eiae, i?iyaeeenue a oi?ie?iaaiee
iiauo oeiia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Iaeieie ec naiuo iiioey?iuo a
iaoae no?aia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee noaiiayony aeiia ioaeuoa.
Ia?aue aeii ioaeuoa aue ioe?uo a 1920 a. ia aaca auaoae onaaeueau a
i?eai?iaea Iao?ia?aaea — ia Eaiaiiii ino?iaa. A 1921 a. A. E. Eaieiui
aue iiaeienai aeae?ao «I aeiiao ioaeuoa», ia iniiaaiee eioi?iai iiiaea
auaoea iiiaue/uee onaaeueau ia/aee ia?aono?aeaaoue aeey i?aaiecaoeee
iiaiai oeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. A aeaeueiaeoai aicieeee naoe
?aciiia?aciuo oeiia i?aaei?eyoee — aeiiia ioaeuoa, iaineiiaoia, aac
ioaeuoa, i?aaei?eyoee aeaoneiai ioaeuoa.
XX aae /anoi iacuaatho aaeii oo?ecia. E yoi iiiyoii: oo?eci naaiaeiy
yaeyaony iaeiie ec naiuo iiioey?iuo oi?i i?iaaaeaiey ioionea. Aai
?acaeoea naycaii a iniiaiii n iinea?aaiethoeeiiiui ia?eiaeii. Eiaiii
iinea ?aaiethoeee aicieeee iiaua oo?enoneea i?aaiecaoeee, nicaeaaoea
iniiau aeey ?acaeoey iiaeeeiii ianniaiai oo?ecia. Oaea a 1932 a. a NNN?
aeaenoaiaaee 92 oo?enoneea aacu ananithciiai cia/aiey, a a aeaeueieo e
ianoiuo iooaoanoaeyo e yeneo?neyo i?eieiaei o/anoea 6,6 iei. /aeiaae.
Auno?i ?anoao naoue e ae?oaeo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee — iaineiiaoia,
aac ioaeuoa, naaeiauo oiaa?euanoa, ieiia?neeo eaaa?ae. Yoi, eiia/ii,
ieacuaaao naiia iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aeeyiea ia oi?ie?iaaiea ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
oeeeeia caiyoee.
A oeeeeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee niaaoneeo ethaeae a ia?eiae iaaeaeo
ieii/aieai a?aaeaeaineie aieiu e ia/aeii Aaeeeie ioa/anoaaiiie aoiaeeee
iiacaeee a naiaoi?ee, aeiia ioaeuoa, ?aniieiaeaiiua a auaoeo onaaeueaao,
ia thaeiua eo?i?ou, e ?iaenoaaiieeai, ae?ocueyi, i?iaeeaathuei a ae?oaeo
ai?iaeao eee naeueneeo ianoiinoyo. Iaeiaei aa?iyoiinoue eo aeeth/aiey a
aiaeiaua oeeeeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee auea aua ioiineoaeueii ieceie. Ii
ainiiieiaieyi ethaeae yoiai iieieaiey, iiiaea iineae/e i?iaiaeeee naie
ioionea eee eaieeoeu ia auacaeay ec Iineau. Neaaeoao oaeaea ioiaoeoue
ioiineoaeueii iaeoth iiioey?iinoue oo?ecia, eae i?aaieciaaiiiai, oae e
naiiaeayoaeueiiai.
Nicaeaiea ieiia?neie i?aaiecaoeee i?aaeii?aaeaeeei aicieeiiaaiea iiaie
oi?iu aeaoneiai caai?iaeiiai ioaeuoa — ieiia?neeo eaaa?ae. Ia?aua
ieiia?neea eaaa?y ?aciauaeenue a iaeaoi/iuo ai?iaeao, naeueneeo oeieao.
E niaeaeaieth, noaoenoeea 20-o aiaeia ia iicaieyao ooi/ieoue iai ianooaa
i?aaiecaoeee aeaoneiai ioaeuoa a yoio ia?eiae, iaeiaei iiaeii
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi /enei aeaoae, ioaeuoaaoeo a ieiia?neeo eaaa?yo,
auei n?aaieoaeueii iaaaeeei.
A 50-o aiaeao i?iecioae ia?aeii a niaea?aeaiee oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, a oneiaeiaiee aai i?ino?ainoaaiiie e a?aiaiiie
no?oeoo?u. A yoio ia?eiae i?iecioee cia/eoaeueiua eciaiaiey a ia?aca
aeecie ethaeae. No?aia ii?aaeeanue io ?ai, iaianaiiuo aieiie, caiaoii
oeo/oeeenue oneiaey aeecie ianaeaiey, noae aieaa niaa?oaiiui o?ainii?o,
?anoe?eeinue /enei ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, iiauneeny o?iaaiue
ianeoaeeaaiey.
Au? aieaa noaee caiaoiu yoe eciaiaiey ia i?eia?a oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe iieiaeaaee, a i?aaiecaoeee aeaoneiai e naiaeiiai ioaeuoa.
?AE?AAOeEIIIAss AeAssOAEUeIINOUe
?ae?aaoeeiiiay aeayoaeueiinoue – aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea a naiaiaeiia
a?aiy, inouanoaeyaiay n oeaeueth ainnoaiiaeaiey oece/aneeo nee /aeiaaea
e oa?aeoa?ecothuayny ?aciiia?aceai iiaaaeaiey ethaeae e naiioeaiiinoueth
a? i?ioeanna.
AEeciaaeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea aeaeeony ia 2 a?oiiu: ?aai/aa e
aia?aai/aa (naiaiaeiia) a?aiy. Iineaaeiaa o?aoeony ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea
aeieiae/aneeo iio?aaiinoae, aeiiaoiee o?oae, e ?ae?aaoeeiiioth
aeayoaeueiinoue.
Aniaeou naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie:
O?iiieiae/aneee – eco/aiea eiee/anoaa naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie.
No?oeoo?iue – iaoneaaeeaaaony ?eoiaie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe (nooi/iua,
iaaeaeueiua, aiaeiaua) noauaeoa, ?aniieaaathuei naiaiaeiui a?aiaiai.
*oiau a eaeaaea eniieueciaaoue yoe ?eoiu, iaiaoiaeeii nicaeaiea iauae
eioaa?aoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiie n?aaeu, eioi?ay aeeth/aao:
– aeeaeaeoaa ie?oaeaiea (?ae?aaoeeiiiay ciia aeeeuey)
– i?eai?iaeiua ia?ee, eioi?ua ianeoaeeaatho ai?iaeneea aaeiia?aoeee
(cae?iua ciiu)
– niaoeeaeueiua ?aeiiu ioioneiiai oeeeea
Aenaieiae/aneee (oeaiiinoiue) – eco/aiea ?iee e ianoa naiaiaeiiai
a?aiaie a iauanoaa.
Ooieoeeiiaeueiue – iacia/aiea aeaeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe:
– ainnoaiiaeoaeueiua ooieoeee: ?ae?aaoeeiiii-ea/aaiua e
?ae?aaoeeiiii-icaei?iaeoaeueiua caiyoey
– ooieoeee ?acaeoey: ?ae?aaoeeiiii-nii?oeaiua e
?ae?aaoeeiiii-iiciaaaoaeueiua caiyoey.
Oeeeeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe – iainiaeaiiua ai a?aiaie
onoie/eaua eiiaeiaoeee iiaoi?ythueony caiyoee.
Ni?in ia ?ae?aaoeeiiioth aeayoaeueiinoue ii?aaeaeyaony ?ae?aaoeeiiiuie
iio?aaiinoyie ethaeae, iiaee?aie?iiue eo ieao?aeaniiniaiinoueth e
au?aaeaiiuie a oi?ia ?aaeueiuo o?aaiaaiee e i?aaiecaoi?ai ioaeuoa, n
ae?oaie noi?iiu – nenoaiie eiathueony i?aaeeiaeaiee.
Iiyoiio ni?in io?aaeaao eeoue /anoue iio?aaiinoae— a iai ia i?eiyou ai
aieiaiea, ai-ia?auo, iauanoaaiiua iio?aaiinoe, ai-aoi?uo, iio?aaiinoe
aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey eioi?uo aua ia nicaeaia nenoaia i?aaeeiaeaiee (/aua
anaai yoi iiaua iio?aaiinoe), a-o?aoueeo—iio?aaiinoe, iiaeaaeaiiua
iaaeaaii?eyoiui niioiioaieai aeioiaeia noauaeoa e oeaiie i?aaeeiaeaiey.
Iiyoiio i?e aeieain?i/iii ieaie?iaaiee e i?iaiice?iaaiee iaeuecy
ia?aie/eoueny eeoue aiaeecii ni?ina.
Iio?aaiinoue a oii eee eiii aeaea ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
aunooiaao a ni?ina eae o?aaiaaiea n?aaenoa e oneiaee aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iiaeii aiai?eoue, iai?eia?, i nouanoaiaaiee ni?ina ia ioaeuo o ii?y, a a
nayce n yoei e ia aeaaiono?iaiiua n?aaenoaa ?aciauaiey e ia ieyae.
Ieaoaaeaniiniaiue ni?in oi?ie?oaony iiiaeanoaii
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo oaeoi?ia, a oii /enea e oaeeie, eae iiaea.
Iaeiaei iniiaiui ii?aaeaeythuei aai oaeoi?ii yaeyaony niioiioaiea
aeioiaea noauaeoa e oeaiu i?aaeeiaeaiee.
Iio?aaiinoue – o?aaothuay oaeiaeaoai?aiey ioaeaea /aeiaaea a oii eee
eiii iauaeoa (iaoa?eaeueiua, aeooiaiua, aeieiae/aneea, e ae?.)
?ae?aaoeeiiiua iio?aaiinoe iiaoo auoue iauanoaaiiua, a?oiiiaua, ee/iua.
Iauanoaaiiua ?ae?aaoeeiiiua iio?aaiinoe. I?e ii?aaeaeaiee nouiinoe yoeo
iio?aaiinoae iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue caaea/e, noiyuea ia?aae iaoei
iauanoaii: nio?aiaiea caei?iauey ethaeae, iiauoaiea o?iaiy aeecie anao
/eaiia iauanoaa, oi?ie?iaaiea ee/iinoe a niioaaonoaee n iauanoaaiiuie
eaeaaeaie, ?acaeoea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e ae?. Ia iaeii ec ia?auo iano
aunooiaao oi?ie?iaaiea iiaiai /aeiaaea. A niioaaonoaee n yoei
iauanoaaiiua ?ae?aaoeeiiiua iio?aaiinoe iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue, i?aaeaea
anaai, eae iio?aaiinoe iauanoaa a ainnoaiiaeaiee oece/aneeo e
ineoe/aneeo nee, a oaeaea ananoi?iiiai ?acaeoee anao aai /eaiia.
A?oiiiaua ?ae?aaoeeiiiua iio?aaiinoe. Yoe iio?aaiinoe caieiatho
i?iiaaeooi/iia iieiaeaiea iaaeaeo iauanoaaiiuie e ee/iuie. Iniaue
eioa?an i?aaenoaaeyao niaea?aeaiea iio?aaiinoae aieueoeo e iaeuo a?oii
ethaeae, eioi?ua aeey aaia?aoia /anoi aunooiatho e eae iaeioi?ua
oa??eoi?eaeueiua iauiinoe. E iei ioiineony ianaeaiea ai?iaeia, iinaeeia,
aea?aaaiue, eieeaeoeau caaiaeia e o/?aaeaeaiee, aunoeo o/aaiuo
caaaaeaiee, oeie e, /oi iniaaiii aaaeii, naiuey.
A oneiaeyo nia?aiaiiiai iauanoaa ia ioaeaeueiue eiaeeaeae, a naiuey
noaiiaeony iniiaiui iio?aaeoaeai ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oneoa. Iiyoiio
i?aaiecaoi?ai ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?eoiaeeony o/eouaaoue
niaoeeoe/aneea ?ae?aaoeeiiiua iio?aaiinoe naiae. E iei ioiinyony
iio?aaiinoe a ainieoaiee e oe?aieaiee caei?iauey aeaoae, a ioaeuoa a
eaieeoey?iia a?aiy o/aueony, a ainnoaiiaeaiee caei?iauey iaeiiai ec
/eaiia naiuee, eiaaea ee/iua iio?aaiinoe ae?oaeo aa /eaiia iooiaeyo ia
aoi?ie ieai, iio?aaiinoue a aeeeeua, ?ann/eoaiiii ia i?iaeeaaiea a iai
ia iaeiiai /aeiaaea eee a?oiiu ia naycaiiuo ae?oa n ae?oaii ethaeae, a
naiuee.
Ee/iua ?ae?aaoeeiiiua iio?aaiinoe. Aeeaiacii ee/iuo iio?aaiinoae,
oaeiaeaoai?yaiuo iooai ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, aeiaieueii oe?ie.
N?aaee ieo iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea: iio?aaiinoe a aeaaii?eyoiie
i?e?iaeiie n?aaea, caei?iauea, iauaiee n ae?oaeie ethaeueie,
?acaea/aieyo, niyoee ooiieaiey, oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, niaia aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe e ianoa aa i?iyaeaiey, a iiciaiee ie?a, /oi oanii naycaii
n iio?aaiinoueth a oaeiaeaoai?aiee ethaiciaoaeueiinoe e
ia?aiioe?uaaoaeuenoaa, a i?aiaeieaiee i?aiyonoaee, oaeiaeaoai?aiee
ynoaoe/aneeo iio?aaiinoae.
Iu oaea aiai?eee, /oi iio?aaiinoe /aeiaaea oaeiaeaoai?ythony /a?ac aai
i?aeoe/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. A oiaea aa o ethaeae au?aaaouaathony
ii?aaeae?iiua noa?aioeiu iiaaaeaiey. Yoi ioiineony e e ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
Eaaeaeie ?ae?aaoeeiiiie iio?aaiinoe niioaaonoaoao ii?aaeae?iiia
iiiaeanoai ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee, e ethaee i?e iienaiee naieo
iio?aaiinoae iia?e?otho oaea neiaeeaoeieny iaai?aie yoeo caiyoee. I?e
yoii iaeii caiyoea iiaeao auoue naycaii n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
oaeiaeaoai?aiey ianeieueeeo iio?aaiinoae. Oae, «eaoaiea ia euaeao»
ne?uaaao a naaa iio?aaiinoue a niyoee ooiieaiey iinea iaeiiia?aciie
?aaiou, a oece/aneii ?acaeoee, a iauaiee n i?e?iaeie.
Nayce iaaeaeo a?oiiaie ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo iio?aaiinoae. Aeaeaiea
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo iio?aaiinoae ia iauanoaaiiua, a?oiiiaua e ee/iua ia
iiaeao auoue aeanoeei e aaciaiai?i/iui. A naiii aeaea, ee/iua
iio?aaiinoe oanii naycaiu n a?oiiiauie e iauanoaaiiuie, iie iaiythony
aianoa n eciaiaieai iauanoaa. Iineaaeiaa oi?ie?oao o ethaeae iiaua,
aieaa i?ia?anneaiua iio?aaiinoe, no?aieony, /oiau ee/iua, a?oiiiaua e
iauanoaaiiua iio?aaiinoe niaeaniauaaeenue.
Iauanoaaiiua ooieoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe:
– iaaeeei-aeieiae/aneea (ea/aiea e icaei?iaeaiea)
– nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?ii-ainieoaoaeueiua (?acaeoea niiniaiinoae
ee/iinoae)
– yeiiiie/aneea (aini?iecaiaenoai o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia, oaaee/aiea
caiyoiai ianaeaiey).
O?N EAE IAUAEO ECO*AIEss
O?N – nioeeaeueii-aaia?aoe/aneay nenoaia, aaoa?iaaiiay ii ninoaao,
ninoiyuay ec acaeiinaycaiiuo iiaenenoai e oa?aeoa?ecothuayny
ooieoeeiiaeueiie e oa??eoi?eaeueiie oeaeinoiinoueth. Yoi niaieoiiinoue
5-e acaeiiaeaenoaothueo iiaenenoai:
1. A?oiia ioaeuoathueo – aeaaiue oaeoi?.
2. Oa??eoi?eaeueiua i?e?iaeiua e (eee) eoeueoo?iua eiiieaenu. Aacen
oi?ie?iaaiey O?N. Aeaaiua iieacaoaee OIE: ?ieinoue, onoie/eainoue,
eiioi?oiinoue, aoo?aeoeaiinoue (aiaoiea i?eaeaeaoaeueiua i?eciaee
eaeiai-eeai iauaeoa eee i?aaeiaoa)
3. Oaoie/aneea nenoaiu. Yoi a iniiaiii ?ae?aaoeeiiiay eio?ano?oeoo?a:
o?ainii?oiia iaania/aiea, eiiioiaeueiua nenoaiu, oi?aiaey e auoiaia
ianeoaeeaaiea, oaeaeiiioieeaoeeiiiua nenoaiu, ianoa ?aciauaiey e
ieoaiey. Aeaaiua iieacaoaee: ?ieinoue, eiioi?oiinoue, caa?oaeaiiinoue,
yeieiae/iinoue.
4. Ianeoaeeaathuee ia?niiae. Aeaaiua iieacaoaee: /eneaiiinoue e o?iaaiue
iiaeaioiaee i?ioanneiiaeueiuo eaae?ia.
5. I?aaiu oi?aaeaiey ?aoatho 2 caaea/e: ieaie?iaaiea e ?aaoee?iaaiea
nenoaiu.
O?N iaeaaeatho ?yaeii naienoa. Iineaaeiea iiaoo oeene?iaaoueny,
iienuaaoueny e i?iaiice?iaaoueny eae ia o?iaia iiaenenoai O?N, oae e ia
o?iaia nenoaiu a oeaeii. Naienoaaie O?N yaeythony (aeaaeei ei
ii?aaeaeaiea):
?aciiia?acea – naienoai, io?aaeathuaa aiciiaeiinoue aeaeaiey iiiaeanoaa
ia iiaeiiiaeanoaa, eeanneoeeaoeeth O?N, a oaeaea iauaeoeaiua ioee/ey
?acee/iuo O?N.
Aeeiaie/iinoue—yoi naienoai, io?aaeathuaa eciai/eainoue O?N ai a?aiaie.
Eiioi?oiinoue oeacuaaao ia noaiaiue niioaaonoaey ?aaeueiuo eee
i?iaeoe?oaiuo O?N o?aaiaaieyi ioaeuoathueo.
Onoie/eainoue io?aaeaao niiniaiinoue O?N i?ioeainoiyoue aiaoiei e
aioo?aiiei (enoiaeyuei io iiaenenoai) aicaeaenoaeyi.
Yooaeoeaiinoue—naienoai, noaayuaa a niioaaonoaea cao?aou ?ano?na n
aeinoeaaaiui i?e yoii ?acoeueoaoii, iii io?aaeaao noaiaiue aeinoeaeaiey
oeaee i?e oeene?iaaiiuo cao?aoao ?ano?na.
Ea?a?oe/iinoue io?aaeaao nouanoaothuea niiiae/eiaiey O?N, i?iyaeaiea
iiauo ea/anoa o nenoai eae aieaa aunieiai, oae e aieaa ieceiai ?aiaa.
Iaaeaaeiinoue—naienoai, oeacuaathuaa ia aacioeaciinoue ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
O?N. ?anniio?ei iaeioi?ua ec yoeo naienoa.
Ea?a?oe/iinoue
Iu auaeaeyai iyoue oaeniiiie/aneeo o?iaiae O?N. Aia/aea eacaeinue
oeaeaniia?aciui eniieueciaaoue aeey eo iacaaiey oa?ieiu, io?aaeathuea
noaiaiue eieaeecaoeee: ioieo, ocae, aaeiia?aoeey e o. i. Iaeiaei i?e
aeeaeaeoai ?anniio?aiee ieacaeinue, /oi iaaeaeo ea?a?oe/aneei o?iaiai e
noaiaiueth oa??eoi?eaeueiie eiioeaio?aoeee ia anaaaea i?ineaaeeaaaony
i?yiia niioaaonoaea, /oi i?e niaia ianooaaia oceu e aaeiia?aoeee
ia?aoiaeyo a oi/ee e o. ae. Iiyoiio aeey iacaaiey auee aua?aiu oa?ieiu,
caeinoaiaaiiua i?aeiouanoaaiii ec oa?ieiieiaee, iienuaathuae ea?a?oeth
oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii. A ?acoeueoaoa iieo/eeny neaaeothuee ?yae: 1)
i?aaei?eyoea, 2) eiiaeiao, 3) niaaeeiaiea, 4) iauaaeeiaiea, 5) io?aneue.
Eaaeaeay O?N ia?acoao ?ae?aaoeeiiiue ?aeii. E anee i?aaei?eyoea
oi?ie?oao ?ae?aaoeeiiiue ?aeii iacia/eoaeueiuo ?acia?ia, oi
iauaaeeiaiea—i/aiue e?oiiue ?ae?aaoeeiiiue ?aeii (iai?eia?, Ai?iue
Aeoae), a io?aneue iicaieyao ?anniao?eaaoue anth no?aio eae aaeeiue
?ae?aaoeeiiiue ?aeii.
Io O?N ?ae?aaoeeiiiue ?aeii ioee/aaony oai, /oi iiieii naieo O?N ia aai
oa??eoi?ee iaoiaeyony e ae?oaea iaeii?aiaiaua ooieoeeiiaeueiua nenoaiu.
I?e yoii ie ianooaau, ie o?iaaiue ?acaeoey ?ae?aaoeee cia/aiey ia
eiatho. Aeinoaoi/ii, /oiau ?ae?aaoeey aiiaua eae-eeai e aaea-eeai a
i?aaeaeao aaeeieoeu /eaiaiey i?iaiaeeeanue, /oiau iu eiaee i?aai
aiai?eoue i ?ae?aaoeeiiiii ?aeiia. Oaeei ia?acii, iu ?anniao?eaaai
?ae?aaoeeiiiue ?aeii eae io?aneaaie ?aeii. Ii, e?iia oiai, nouanoaotho e
a?aaeu ?ae?aaoeee, eioi?ua oeaeeeii aoiaeyo a O?N e i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie, ii nooe aeaea, ?ae?aaoeeiiiua oaiaeuey.
Oaeniiiie/aneea o?iaie. A ea/anoaa ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai i?aaei?eyoey iiaeao
aunooiaoue eae naiaoi?ee, oae e oo?aaca, aeii ioaeuoa, iaineiiao,
oo?enoneee oaieioiae, ia?o?oo, aeii ?uaaea. Neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue, /oi
ana iie eiatho a?aaeu—yoi onaaeueaa aeiia ioaeuoa, ioioie/uea oaiaeuea,
oa??eoi?ee e aeaaoi?ee, ii eioi?ui i?ioiaeyo ia?o?oou, aeaaoi?ee aeey
?uaiie eiaee e o. ae. ?ae?aaoeeiiiua i?aaei?eyoey, oioy iie e yaeythony
ieciauie O?N, i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aeiaieueii neiaeioth nenoaio. Oae, a
ninoaa oo?aacu iiaoo aoiaeeoue: iaeaoi/iue ai?iaeie, e?oaeiaiaee/iua
niaeueiua ei?iona, eaoiee eeiicae, eioaeueiay, i?a/a/iay, oicyenoaaiiua
iino?ieee, aeeeua aeiia ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea, nii?oieiuaaeee,
neeaaeneea iiiauaiey, noieiaua, ea?ueee ?icie/iie oi?aiaee. Eaaeaeue ec
yoeo iauaeoia yaeyaony eeai niaoeeaeece?iaaiiui i?aaei?eyoeai, eeai
oeaoii i?aaei?eyoey.
?ae?aaoeeiiiia i?aaei?eyoea a caaeneiinoe io ooieoeeiiaeueiiai oeia O?N
iiaeao iaeaaeaoue ?aciuie ?acia?aie, eae ii ieiuaaee, oae e ii
/eneaiiinoe ioaeuoathueo. ?ae?aaoeeiiiua i?aaei?eyoey iiaoo eae
iauaaeeiyoueny, oae e ia iauaaeeiyoueny a ?ae?aaoeeiiiua eiiaeiaou.
Iai?eia?, ana naiaoi?ee Eeneiaiaenea iauaaeeiythony a iaeei ocae,
eioi?ue iu iacuaaai ai?iae-eo?i?o. A ea/anoaa i?ioeaiiieiaeiiai i?eia?a
iiaeii iacaaoue aonoi ianuuaiiue aeiiaie ioaeuoa, ieiia?eaaa?yie,
naiaoi?eyie, aeiiaie oai?/anoaa e oo?aacaie ?aeii, auoyiooue aaeieue ?.
Iineau io Iiaeaenea aei Caaieai?iaea. Caeanue aeanyoee o/?aaeaeaiee
ioaeuoa i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eeoue i?inooth noiio, iauaa eniieueciaaiea
e ooiae ca i?e?iaeie ia iaeaaeaiu, iie ia naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie aaeeiui
oi?aaeaieai, aaeeiie naoueth ianeoaeeaaiey, iao aaeeinoaa e a
i?aaiecaoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, o. a. iaeeoei ?aeii iiiaeo
?aciauaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, ii ia eiiaeiao.
?ae?aaoeeiiiua eiiaeiaou ia?aaeei iauaaeeiythony a niaaeeiaiey. Oi?ioi
ecaanoiu oaeea ia?aciaaiey, eae Aieueoea Ni/e, THaeiue aa?aa E?uia, e
o.ae.
Aeeiaie/iinoue e yaiethoeey
Aeeiaie/iinoue e yaiethoeey ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe io?aaeathony a
i?ino?ainoaaiiuo oi?iao oa??eoi?eaeueiuo nenoai, eioi?ua iinoiyiii
eciaiythony, iaeie auno?i e iieiinoueth, ae?oaea iaaeeaiii e /anoe/ii.
I?aaeaea anaai, eciaiaiey eanathony /eneaiiinoe e aieinoe ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, ieiuaaee ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oa??eoi?ee e iiiaieeaoo?u
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo oeiia O?N.
A ea/anoaa iniiaiiai iieacaoaey o?iaiy ?acaeoey neaaeoao i?eiyoue
noaiaiue niioaaonoaey ooieoeee O?N aaaeouei nioeeaeueiui ooieoeeyi. I?e
i?ia?anneaiii ?acaeoee oa??eoi?eaeueiuo nenoai i?ienoiaeeo ia?aoiae io
iaiaa ianouiuo e yooaeoeaiuo aeey iauanoaa a aeaiiia a?aiy ooieoeee e
aieaa ianouiui e yooaeoeaiui. Iaeaieaa i?ia?anneaiie ooieoeeae
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony ananoi?iiiaa ?acaeoea /aeiaaea. A
niioaaonoaee n yoei ?aiae iniiaiuo ooieoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ii ia?a aic?anoaiey eo i?ia?anneaiinoe aoaeoo
neaaeothueie: 1) ainnoaiiaeaiea, a) ea/aiea, a) icaei?iaeaiea; 2)
?acaeoea, a) oece/aneia (nii?o), a) aeooiaiia (iiciaiea e oai?/aneay
aeayoaeueiinoue).
Aeeth/aiea a ooieoeee eiie?aoiie O?N caiyoee e oeeeeia, eiathueo aieaa
aunieee ?aia, /ai oaea eiathueany, iiaeao auoue ?anoeaiaii eae iiauoaiea
o?iaiy ?acaeoey O?N.
Aoi?ui aaaeiui iieacaoaeai ?acaeoey O?N neoaeeo o?iaaiue oaoiieiae/aneie
i?aaiecaoeee nenoaiu, ii?aaeaeyaiue ?aciiia?aceai caiyoee e oeeeeia,
ecia?yaiui a aaeeieoeao eioi?iaoeee. Oaaee/aiea ?aciiia?acey
oaoiieiae/aneie no?oeoo?u nenoaiu ?anoeaieaaaony eae i?ia?anneaiia
?acaeoea i?aaiecaoeee nenoaiu, oiaiueoaiea – eae ?aa?anneaiia.
O?aoueei iieacaoaeai o?iaiy ?acaeoey O?N yaeyaony aa iieiaeaiea a naoe.
Yaiethoeey ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe nii?iaiaeaeaaony iiauoaieai
iiaeaeaeiinoe ethaeae e iaoneiaeeaaao aeeth/aiea a ioioneiie oeeee
ianeieueeeo ia?eiaeia, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo iiaeao auoue naycai n
ii?aaeaeaiiui oeiii O?N, /oi i?eaiaeeo e iinoaiaiiiio aic?anoaieth /enea
eniieuecoaiuo ai a?aiy ioionea oeiia O?N, e oi?ie?iaaieth naoe O?N.
Niioaaonoaaiii iiauoaaony e noaiaiue nayce iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie
oa??eoi?eaeueiuie ?ae?aaoeeiiiuie nenoaiaie. Oaeei ia?acii, /ai
iiiai/eneaiiaa aiaoiea nayce O?N, oai auoa o?iaaiue aa ?acaeoey. Iiyoiio
iiiyoii, ii/aio iaeaieaa aunieei /eneii aiaoieo naycae ioee/athony oaeea
ai?iaea-eo?i?ou, eae Ni/e, sseoa e oo?enoneea oeaio?u oeia Iineau,
Eaieia?aaea e Eeaaa.
*aoaa?oui aaaeiui iieacaoaeai o?iaiy ?acaeoey nenoaiu yaeyaony noaiaiue
aa oi?aaeyaiinoe. Aeoeaii o/anoaoy a eciaiaiee nenoaiu, oi?aaeaiea
ii?aaeaeyao iai?aaeaiea ?acaeoey O?N. Aai ?ieue iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe
io o?iaiy ?acaeoey O?N. Ia ia/aeueiuo noaaeeyo aa ?acaeoey iaeaieaa
aaeeea ?ieue a oi?aaeaiee i?aaiia aieaa aunieiai ?aiaa eee aeaaea
i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey ae?oaeie iaeii?aiaiauie oa??eoi?eaeueiuie nenoaiaie
(i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie, o?ainii?oiuie e ae?.). Oaeia iieiaeaiea
neiaeeeinue, iai?eia?, ia ic. Naeeaa?, aaea ooieoeee oi?aaeaiey O?N
?acaeaeeee ?aeeniieeii, eanoic, aee?aeoeee niaoicia, eioi?ua i?eieiatho
?aoaiea i i?aaeinoaaeaiee o/anoeia aeey aac ioaeuoa i?aaei?eyoee, i
?anoe?aiee eee nie?auaiee ?aenia oaieioiaea, ia i?aaiecaoeee ieaao/eo
iaaaceiia e niaaaeaiee oo?enoia ae?iaaie. A nenoaiao aieaa
auniei?acaeouo iiiaea ec yoeo iaycaiiinoae i?eieiaao ia naay
oa??eoi?eaeueiia eo?i?oiia oi?aaeaiea.
Iaeiei ec aaaeiuo iieacaoaeae o?iaiy ?acaeoey nenoaiu iiaeao neoaeeoue
oaeaea niioiioaiea iaaeaeo aeeiaie/iinoueth aa oaoiieiae/aneie no?oeoo?u
e onoie/eainoueth ii?oino?oeoo?u. Anee ia iecoai o?iaia ?acaeoey ethaia
eciaiaiea oaoiieiae/aneie no?oeoo?u i?eaiaeeo e auno?iio eciaiaieth
ii?oino?oeoo?u iauaeoa (?en.), oi ia aunoeo o?iaiyo oaoiieiae/aneay
no?oeoo?a iiaeao iaiyoueny a ?aieao ioiineoaeueii onoie/eaie
ii?oino?oeoo?u (Aieueoay sseoa, ai?iaea-iocae e ae?.). Yoa onoie/eainoue
ii?aaeaeyaony eaieoaeueiinoueth cano?ieee, ?acaeoie nenoaiie
o?ainii?oiuo e eiaeaia?iuo naoae e, aianoa n oai, iiaeaeaeiinoueth naiie
oaoiieiae/aneie no?oeoo?u.
Eoae, nouanoaoao iiiai iieacaoaeae, oa?aeoa?ecothueo o?iaaiue ?acaeoey
O?N, ii ie iaeei ec ieo ia iiaeao aeinoaoi/ii iieii io?aceoue aai.
Oaaee/aiea ?aciiia?acey oaoiieiae/aneeo no?oeoo? a ?yaea neo/aaa
i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi /anoue aaaeiuo aeey iauanoaa ooieoeee
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ia/eiaao auiieiyoueny iaiaa yooaeoeaii.
Oaeia yaeaiea ioia/aii a iaoeeiiaeueiuo ia?eao NOA, aaea /enei
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oneoa ana a?aiy aic?anoaao (aeaaiono?iaiiua ieyaee,
o?aiieeiu, iiaeuaiieee aeey euaeieeia e ae?.) e iaeiia?aiaiii
oiaiueoaaony yooaeoeaiinoue auiieiaiey iniiaiuo ooieoeee ia?ea, o. a.
aeeyiea ia iiciaiea e aeooiaiia ?acaeoea.
Iaeaieaa i?aaeeueiia i?aaenoaaeaiea ia o?iaia ?acaeoey O?N, i/aaeaeii,
iiaeao auoue iieo/aii n iiiiuueth anae niaieoiiinoe iieacaoaeae. I?e
yoii iaiaoiaeeii /aoei ?aca?aie/eaaoue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia e
oeiieiae/aneia ?acaeoea O?N, a oaeaea ioaeaeueiuo O?N e eo naoe.
Onoie/eainoue—niiniaiinoue nenoaiu nio?aiyoue a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai
a?aiaie caaeaiiia ae ninoiyiea, nii?ioeaeyynue aai ia?ooaieth.
I?e ethaie noaiaie onoie/eainoe eniuouaaaiua i?e?iaeiuie eiiieaenaie
aicaeaenoaey ia i?ioiaeyo aanneaaeii—eiiieaenu a oie eee eiie ia?a
eciaiythony e ?ac?ooathony. Yoi iaiaoiaeeii i?eieiaoue ai aieiaiea i?e
eco/aiee oneiaee ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. I?e yoii eiia/ii,
neaaeoao o/eouaaoue oa?aeoa? iaa?ocee e aa aaee/eio, eioi?ay
ii?aaeaeyaony, i?aaeaea anaai, oeiii e ?aiaii ?ae?aaoeeiiiie nenoaiu, a
oaeaea a?aiaiai aa ooieoeeiie?iaaiey. Aicaeaenoaea aoaeao ?acee/iui a
caaeneiinoe io oiai, aoaeao ee iii oieueei eaoiei, oieueei ceiiei eee
e?oaeiaiaee/iui, aoaeoo ee aai ieacuaaoue aeanyoee, nioie eee ouny/e
ethaeae.
Eiaao cia/aiea oaeaea aaee/eia iaa?ocee ia aaeeieoeo ieiuaaee
(ioianaiiay e aaeeieoea a?aiaie). *ai iia auoa, oai auno?aa i?ienoiaeeo
eciaiaiea i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena. Oae, enneaaeiaaiey a iaeiii ec
aunieiai?iuo iaoeeiiaeueiuo ia?eia NOA iieacaee, /oi anee ii ai?iie
ooiae?a a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo aeiae a nacii aaeaaiaeii i?ioiaeyo
iaaieueoea a?oiiu ethaeae (iaiueoa /ai ii iyoue /aeiaae), oi yoi e
caiaoiui eciaiaieyi ?anoeoaeueiiai iie?iaa ia i?eaiaeeo. Ii i?e
i?aauaaiee a ai?iie ooiae?a a?oii a nioie /aeiaae a oa/aiea iaeiie—o?ao
iaaeaeue oaeea, iai?eia?, yeinenoaiu, eae aeueieeneea eoaeaeee, iiaoo
auoue iieiinoueth oie/oiaeaiu.
Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi ?ae?aaoeeiiiia aicaeaenoaea eciaiyao ia oieueei
?anoeoaeueiinoue i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia, ii e eo oaoio. Aaniieienoai,
i?e/eiyaiia aeeaioiui i?e ianniaii iinauaiee iano eo iaeoaiey oo?enoaie,
i?eaiaeeo e ia?aiauaieth eo a ae?oaea ianoa eee e eciaiaieth nooi/iie
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe.
Onoie/eainoue ?aciuo oeiia i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia ii?aaeaeyaony ?aciuie
oaeoi?aie. Oae, i/aaeaeii, /oi a onoie/eainoe ooiae?iauo eiiieaenia,
eioi?ua /anoi ?ac?ooathony iiae aicaeaenoaeai oa?iiea?noa, aieueooth
?ieue ea?aao oa?aeoa? ia?ceiou, a a onoie/eainoe ionouiiuo eiiieaenia,
iiaeaa?aeaiiuo aeeyieth aeaoeyoeee — iaoaie/aneee ninoaa a?oioia. Anoue,
iaeiaei, iaeei aanueia nouanoaaiiue iieacaoaeue, eioi?ue neaaeoao
o/eouaaoue i?e eco/aiee onoie/eainoe eiiieaenia ethauo oeiia e ethauo
?aiaia. Yoi iieacaoaeue noaiaie eo ?aciiia?acey. Onoaiiaeaii, /oi /ai
?aciiia?aciaa n?aaea, oai iia aieaa onoie/eaa, oaoie/aneee aea i?ia?ann,
iaaaeiyy n?aaeo, aeaeaao aa aieaa iaeiiia?aciie e iia noaiiaeony aieaa
oycaeiie i?e ?acee/iuo aicaeaenoaeyo ia iaa. A /anoiinoe, iai?eia?,
iaeiiia?aciua a aeaeiaii ioiioaiee ?anoeoaeueiua a?oiie?iaee
aeaaii?eyonoaotho ianniaiio ?aciiiaeaieth a?aaeiuo ianaeiiuo. A yoie
nayce iiiieoeueoo?u oaieiuo e ca?iiauo n/eoathony yeieiae/aneeie
aiiiaeeyie. Aiiaua caia/aii, /oi iau/ii iaeii?iaeiua eneonnoaaiiua
eaniua ianaaeaeaiey iaeaaeatho ii n?aaiaieth n anoanoaaiiuie iaiueoae
onoie/eainoueth e aicaeaenoaeth iaaeaaii?eyoiuo oaeoi?ia n?aaeu, a
/anoiinoe a?aaeiuo ianaeiiuo e aeaeia ?anoaiee.
Eiia/ii, noaiaiue ?aciiia?acey eiiieaenia ?aciuo ?aiaia aeieaeia
ii?aaeaeyoueny ?aciuie iieacaoaeyie. Aeey o?i/eua, iai?eia?, aa iiaeii
au?aceoue /a?ac ?aciiia?acea aoiaeyueo a aai ninoaa oaoeee eee
?anoeoaeueiuo annioeeaoeee, /a?ac ?aciiia?acea eaniia?acothueo ii?iae.
N?aaee iieacaoaeae, ii?aaeaeythueo noaiaiue onoie/eainoe i?e?iaeiuo
eiiieaenia, iaeii ec aaaeiuo iano caieiaao noaiaiue oaeaaeiaiiinoe,
iineieueeo a aeinoaoi/ii oaeaaeiaiiuo ianoiiaeoaieyo ?anoeoaeueiinoue
iau/ii nei?aa ainnoaiaaeeaaaony, /ai a iaaeinoaoi/ii oaeaaeiaiiuo.
Iai?eia?, ia naaa?a Eaiaaeu aeey iieiiai en/aciiaaiey eieae,
ia?aciaaaoaeny a ?acoeueoaoa aeaeaeaiey aacaeaoiaeia aia aei?ia, ia
aeaaeiuo o/anoeao o?aaoaony 5 eao, ia nooeo—aieaa. Aianoa n oai neaaeoao
eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ?anoeoaeueiinoue ia?aoaeaaeiaiiuo o/anoeia, eae
i?aaeei, iaiaa onoie/eaa i?ioea auoaiouaaiey.
A ?yaea neo/aaa, iniaaiii i?e eco/aiee onoie/eainoe ai?iuo oa??eoi?ee,
iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue e aaniethoioth aunioo ?aniieiaeaiey i?e?iaeiuo
eiiieaenia, iineieueeo nei?inoue ainnoaiiaeaiey ?anoeoaeueiinoe caaeneo
e io auniou iaae o?iaiai ii?y.
Iniaiai aieiaiey o?aaotho ai?iua i?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu, eioi?ua e a
anoanoaaiiii ninoiyiee yaeythony aieaa aeeiaie/iuie, a, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
e iaiaa onoie/eauie, /ai ?aaieiiua. I?e aeeyiee aio?iiiaaiiuo oaeoi?ia
iie noaiiayony aua aieaa oycaeiuie aeey anyeiai ?iaea ?ac?ooathueo
aicaeaenoaee. Aiaeec onoie/eainoe i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia iieacuaaao, /oi
n i?aaenoaaeaieai ia onoie/eainoe oanii naycaiu iienee ii?i iaa?ocie i?e
?an/aoa aieinoe nenoaiu. Ii?aaeaeaiea aeiionoeiie iaa?ocee noaaeo ian,
i?aaeaea anaai, ia?aae auai?ii iooe eniieueciaaiey oa??eoi?ee. I/aiue
/anoi i?e?iaeiaaaeu caauaatho i iooe eioaineaiiai ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai
inaiaiey—i aiciiaeiinoe iiauoaiey n iiiiuueth aeieiae/aneeo e
oaoie/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee ineoioeceieiae/aneie aieinoe oa??eoi?ee, a n
iiiiuueth eniieueciaaiey aeey o?aayiiai iie?iaa ia?eia e caeaiuo ieyaeae
niaoeeaeueiuo eoeueoo? e /anoe/iiai oe?aieaiey aa?aaia—aa onoie/eainoe.
I?e eco/aiee onoie/eainoe eoeueoo?iuo i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia,
ii?aaeaeyaiie a?aiaiai, a oa/aiea eioi?iai nio?aiyaony caaeaiiia ei
ninoiyiea i?e ieieiaeueiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaieyo a i?ioeanna yenieoaoaoeee,
aiciiaeiu aeaa iieiaeaiey: a) iioiee ioaeuoathueo nin?aaeioi/aiu ia
oinna, aei?iaao; aiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaiey ieiuaaee
iaaeeiiioieeaoeeiiiuo i?ino?ainoa ia?aie/aia; a) ia?aaeaeaeaiea
naiaiaeii e ia ia?aie/aii.
A ia?aii neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoue ioeaiee ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo iaa?ocie ia
i?e?iaeiue eiiieaen i?aeoe/anee ioiaaeaao, oae eae ioaeuoathuea ia
ieacuaatho iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aeeyiey ia aai ninoiyiea. Ii?iu
i?aaeaeueiie aieinoe O?N ii?aaeaeythony aieinoueth oaoie/aneeo nenoai e,
i?aaeaea anaai, ieiuaaeueth e ea/anoaii aei?iaeiie naoe, aa
eiioeao?aoeeae.
Ai aoi?ii neo/aa neaaeoao o/eouaaoue eciai/eainoue aeiaaioeaiicia iiae
aeeyieai ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eniieueciaaiey i?e ?aciuo oi?iao iaa?ocie.
Oieioiaiea aa?oieo neiaa ii/au a ni/aoaiee n iia?aaeaeaieai
?anoeoaeueiinoe, ia?ooaieai aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe aeeaioiiai ie?a,
?acaeoeai y?iceiiiuo i?ioeannia aucuaaao ?acee/iua naeaeae, a
?acoeueoaoa eioi?uo i?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu i?ioiaeyo /a?ac ?yae
iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo noaaeee eciaiaiey e eo niiniaiinoe e ainnoaiiaeaieth
ia?aiia/aeueiiai ninoiyiey oiaiueoathony. Niaieoiiinoue yoeo eciaiaiee
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?ae?aaoeeiiioth aeea?anneth.
OEIIEIAEE O?N
Oeiecaoeey O?N i?aaenoaaeyao niaie neiaeioth caaea/o, iineieueeo
oa??eoi?eaeueiay ?ae?aaoeeiiiay nenoaia ninoieo ec iiiaeanoaa yeaiaioia,
iaeaaeaao iiiaeanoaii naienoa, oa?aeoa?ecoaony iiiaeanoaii aniaeoia
eco/aiey e anooiaao a ioiioaiey n iiiaeanoaii yaeaiee iauaeoeaiie
?aaeueiinoe. Ioia?aoue iaeaieaa nouanoaaiioth noaio aeey i?aeoe/aneeo
oeaeae iiiiaaao ioeaiea cia/eiinoe oie eee eiie oeiieiaee O?N.
Iu ?acaa?ai oeiieiaeth ii ooieoeeyi ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
caoai, ii noaiaie niioiioaiey a i?aaiecaoeee ioaeuoa iaeciaiaiiie
i?e?iaeu e oaoie/aneeo nenoai e oeiieiaeth ii oa??eoi?eaeueiie
i?eaioaoeee O?N.
Oeiieiaey ii ooieoeeyi ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
Nia?aiaiiay oeiieiaey O?N ii i?aiaeaaeathuei ooieoeeyi ?ac?aaioaia eeoue
a naiii iauai aeaea e oieueei aeey nenoai o?iaiy «i?aaei?eyoea» ioaeuoa.
I?e yoii eeannu, ii eioi?ui ?ani?aaeaeythony aeaenoaothua e
i?iaeoe?oaiua iauaeou, ia?aie/aiu nouanoaothuae iiiaieeaoo?ie
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Oae, ecaanoiu naiaoi?ee—ea/aaiua
o/?aaeaeaiey, oo?enoe/aneea aacu—ianoa ia/aea ?aaeeaeueiuo e eieueoeaauo
ia?o?ooia eee ioieou ioaeuoa ia eeiaeiuo ia?o?ooao, o. a. o/?aaeaeaiey,
naycaiiua n aeoeaiui oo?eciii; aeiia ?uaaea – – ioieou ii/eaaa ?uaaeia e
o?aiaiey eiaeie; e aeiia ioaeuoa—o/?aaeaeaiey n aanueia ?aciiia?aciuie
ooieoeeyie, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie oieaa?naeueioth nenoaio e
?ann/eoaiiua ia eniieueciaaiea ie?anoiinoae. Anoanoaaiii, /oi
ooieoeeiiaeueiay oeiieiaey O?N iie?aaony ia oeiieiaeth ooieoeee
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. A niioaaonoaee n yoei iiaeii auaeaeeoue
/aou?a iniiaiuo ooieoeeiiaeueiuo oeia O?N:
1 – ea/aaiue, 2 – icaei?iaeoaeueiue, 3 – nii?oeaiue, 4 –
iiciaaaoaeueiue.
I. ?ae?aaoeeiiii-ea/aaiue oei O?N oa?aeoa?ecoaony iniiaiie ooieoeeae
ea/aiey, iie?athuaeny ia i?e?iaeiua oaeoi?u: ieia?aeueiua aiaeu,
ea/aaiua a?yce, eeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey. I?eia?aie oaeeo nenoai iiaoo
neoaeeoue eo?i?ou Eaaeacneeo ieia?aeueiuo aiae,
ai?iaea-eo?i?ou—Aaiaoi?ey, Aiaia e ?yae ae?oaeo. Yoio oei O?N
i?aaeuyaeyao aieueoea o?aaiaaiey e i?e?iaeiui eiiieaenai, iniaaiii e
aaeueiaieiae/aneei ?ano?nai ii, aianoa n oai, aeiioneaao aieueoea eo
eciaiaiey, aieioue aei caiaiu anoanoaaiiie ?anoeoaeueiinoe ia?eaie. Ii
auaeaeaaao iiauoaiiua o?aaiaaiey e o?iaith ianeoaeeaaiey e noaiaie
aeaaiono?ienoaa oa??eoi?ee Oeeeeu caiyoee, oa?aeoa?iua aeey aeaiiiai
oeia aeeth/atho ea/aaiua i?ioeaaeo?u e i?iaoeee, caoai yeneo?nee,
iinauaiea c?aeeu, nieia/iua e aicaeooiua aaiiu, ia nii?yae?iiua
iaiin?aaenoaaiii n ea/aieai. Iniaia cia/aiea i?eaea?ony niaethaeaieth
oeeeee/iinoe caiyoee (?aaeeio). Neiaeiinoue eiiieaena caiyoee
i?aaeii?aaeaeyao neiaeiinoue e iiiaiia?acea ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee
e ooieoeeiiaeueiuo cii. Oaea iaeei ia?a/aiue ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee
iieacuaaao, /oi O?N aeaiiiai oeia, ia?yaeo n ooieoeeae ainnoaiiaeaiey,
naienoaaiiu ooieoeee oece/aneiai e aeooiaiiai ?acaeoey, ii iineaaeiea
ea?atho iiae/eiaiioth ?ieue.
O?N ?ae?aaoeeiiii-ea/aaiiai ooieoeeiiaeueiiai oeia iiaoo auoue
iiae?acaeaeaiu ii aaaeouei eiiiiiaioai, aiaeaeaaiui aeey i?aaiecaoeee
ea/aiey ia o?e iiaeoeia:
1A – ?ae?aaoeeiiii-ea/aaiua eeeiaoe/aneea
1A – ?ae?aaoeeiiii-ea/aaiua a?ycaaua
1A – ?ae?aaoeeiiii-ea/aaiua aaeueiaieiae/aneea.
II. ?ae?aaoeeiiii-icaei?iaeoaeueiue oei O?N—iniiaiay ooieoeey
ainnoaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey oece/aneiai e ?acaeoea aeooiaiiai iioaioeeaeia
/aeiaaea, i?ioeeaeoeea caaieaaaiee, niyoea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e auoiauo,
ia?aiuo e oece/aneeo ooiieaiee. Ooieoeee oece/aneiai e aeooiaiiai
?acaeoey oioy e nio?aiytho aoi?inoaiaiioth ?ieue, ii noaiiayony aieaa
caiaoiuie. Aeey yoiai oeia oa?aeoa?iu a?oiiu oece/aneeo caiyoee n
o?aie?othuei ?aaeeiii.
Yoio oei O?N i?aaeuyaeyao aunieea o?aaiaaiey e o?iaith ianeoaeeaaiey
ioaeuoathueo e noaiaie aeaaiono?ienoaa oa??eoi?ee, e i?e?iaeiui e
eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneei eiiieaenai. Icaei?iaeoaeueiue oeeee caiyoee
aeeth/aao eoiaiea, nieia/iua e aicaeooiua aaiiu, i?iaoeee, nii?oeaiua
ea?u, nai? a?eaia e yaiae, yeneo?nee. I?eia?aie
?ae?aaoeeiiii-icaei?iaeoaeueiuo O?N iiaoo neoaeeoue thaeiue aa?aa E?uia,
Aaeea?, iiaeiineiaiua ciiu ioaeuoa. E aeaiiiio oeio ioiinyony oaeaea
oaeea O?N, eae aea/iua iinaeee, iiacaea caei?iauey, ieiia?neea eaaa?y.
Aeaoaeecaoeey ?ae?aaoeeiiii-icaei?iaeoaeueiiai oeia O?N iiaeao auoue
i?eaaaeaia ii aaaeouei a oeeeea ?ae?aaoeeiiiui caiyoeyi, iauyniythuei
aai aeaeueiaeooth niaoeeaeecaoeeth e oa?aeoa?iui aeey iaai. Auaeaeythony
iiaeoeiu:
IIA – ?ae?aaoeeiiii-icaei?iaeoaeueiue eoiaeueii-ieyaeiue
IIA – ?ae?aaoeeiiii-icaei?iaeoaeueiue i?iaoei/iue
(n aa?eaioii—euaeiue).
III. ?ae?aaoeeiiii-nii?oeaiue oei O?N – iniiaiay ooieoeey oece/aneiai
?acaeoey. A nayce n yoei aeey yoiai oeia oa?aeoa?iu a?oiiu oece/aneeo
caiyoee n o?aie?othuei ?aaeeiii – nii?oeaiua ea?u e ni?aaiiaaiey,
aeueieieci, ioioa, ?uaiay eiaey. Aaaeioth aeiiieieoaeueioth ?ieue
ea?atho i?iaoeee, eoiaiea, nieia/iua e aicaeooiua aaiiu, yeneo?nee,
iinauaiea c?aeeu, eioi?ua niinianoaotho auiieiaieth ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo
ooieoeee. Yoio oei i?aaeuyaeyao i/aiue aunieea o?aaiaaiey e i?e?iaeiui
eiiieaenai, iniaaiii e oaeei aai oa?aeoa?enoeeai, eae iaee/ea
anoanoaaiiuo i?aiyonoaee (aeueieieci), yecioe/iinoue, oieeaeueiinoue, a
oaeaea e eiaeaia?iui nii?oaeaieyi, iaania/eaathuai nii?oeaiue eiiieaen
caiyoee. Oae, caeanue iaiaoiaeeiu nii?oeaiua ieiuaaeee, eaiaoiua
aei?iae, ooieeoea?u. Auaeaeythony o?e iiaeoeia:
IIIA – ?ae?aaoeeiiii-nii?oeaiue ?uaieiaii-ioioie/ee
IIIA – ?ae?aaoeeiiii-nii?oeaiue ni?aaiiaaoaeueiue
IIIA – ?ae?aaoeeiiii-nii?oeaiue oo?enoneee
A ?uaieiaii-ioioie/ueeo O?N n ?oaeaeiie ioioie e ?uaiie eiaeae
ni/aoathony i?iaoeee, nai? a?eaia e yaiae. Yoio iiaeoei O?N aeieaeai
auoue iaania/ai iaeieciai?iiuie IE e oi?ioi iai?oaeiaaiiuie ianoaie
ii/eaaa, o?aiaiey eiaaioa?y, niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie
ianeoaeeaaiey (ioieou i?ieaoa, e ae?.).
Nii?oeaii-ni?aaiiaaoaeueiue iiaeoei oa?aeoa?ecoaony aaaeouei cia/aieai
oaeeo caiyoee, eae ni?aaiiaaiey e o?aie?iaee. Ei niioonoaotho eoiaiea,
nieia/iua e aicaeooiua aaiiu, i?iaoeee, yeneo?nee. Aeey iaai oaeaea
oa?aeoa?ia aunieay o?aaiaaoaeueiinoue e IE. Iaiaoiaeeiu iaoe?iua,
i?eaiaeiua aeey ?aaao aeaaoi?ee, niaoeeoe/aneea eaiaeoaoou aeey
i?aaiecaoeee ai?iieuaeiiai e eiiueeiaaaeiiai nii?oa, aiaeiiai neaeiia.
Nii?oeaii-oo?enoneee iiaeoei nicaea?ony aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey
iio?aaiinoae a i?aiaeieaiee i?aiyonoaee. Aeueieieci e nii?oeaiue eae
iniiaiua caiyoey a yoii neo/aa ni/aoathony n i?iaoeeaie, nieia/iuie e
aicaeooiuie aaiiaie. I/aiue aunieea o?aaiaaiey i?aaeuyaeythony e
i?e?iaeiui eiiieaenai (iaee/ea anoanoaaiiuo i?aiyonoaee), niaoeeoe/aneei
eiaeaia?iui nii?oaeaieyi (iaee/ea oi?ioi iai?oaeiaaiiuo aac) e naoe
i?aaei?eyoee ianeoaeeaaiey e naiiianeoaeeaaiey – nenoaia i?ethoia,
ai?iuo oeaeei.
IV. ?ae?aaoeeiiii-iiciaaaoaeueiue oei O?N – iniiaiay ooieoeey aeooiaiiai
?acaeoey /aeiaaea, inouanoaeyaiiai ioo?i iio?aaeaiey i?e?iaeiuo e
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae. I?e yoii, eae i?aaeei, iio?aaeyaony eioi?iaoeey,
aia/aoeaiey, ia aauanoai eee yia?aey. Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi eioi?iaoeey
iio?aaeyaony a ianoa nin?aaeioi/aiey i?e?iaeiuo e eoeueoo?iuo
oeaiiinoae, o.a. iaiin?aaenoaaiii. Aaaeoueie caiyoeyie aunooiatho
yeneo?nee e ethaeoaeueneia oai?/anoai (oioiioioa, aeeaiienue, e ae?.).
Yoe caiyoey aeiiieiythony iinauaieai c?aeeu, ?anoi?aiia.
Oa?aeoa?ia i/aiue aunieay o?aaiaaoaeueiinoue e i?e?iaeiui e iniaaiii
eoeueoo?iui eiiieaenai, iniiaiui aoo?aeoeaiui yeaiaioai O?N. Iniaaiii
aaaeiu oaeea naienoaa, eae yecioe/iinoue e oieeaeueiinoue,
iaeciai?iiinoue e ?aciiia?acea iaecaaea. ?ae?aaoeeiiii-iiciaaaoaeueiua
O?N aeieaeiu auoue oi?ioi iaania/aiu naoueth eiiioieeaoeee
(aaoiiiaeeueiuie e iaoaoiaeiuie aei?iaaie) e ae?oaeo eiaeaia?iuo
nii?oaeaiee (iai?eia?, aeaeiauie ieiuaaeeaie).
A i?ioeanna ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe eniieuecothony ia ioaeaeueiua
eiiiiiaiou i?e?iaeu e eoeueoo?iiai eiiieaena, a aanue eiiieaen. Aeey
yoiai oeia O?N oa?aeoa?iu iaiueoay o?aaiaaoaeueiinoue e eiioi?oiinoe
eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaee, aunieay iiaeaeaeiinoue ioaeuoathueo i?e
e?aoeia?aiaiiii i?aauaaiee a O?N, aunieea o?aaiaaiey e eioi?iaoeeiiiiio
ianeoaeeaaieth, eiioi?oiinoe n?aaenoa ia?aaeaeaeaiey, iano ii/eaaa e
ieoaiey. Iiaoo auoue auaeaeaiu aeaa iiaeoeia:
IVA – iiciaaaoaeueii-eoeueoo?iue
IVA – iiciaaaoaeueii-i?e?iaeiue
A ia?aii iiaeoeia aaaeouei caiyoeai yaeyaony iniio?
eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneeo iaiyoieeia e iinauaiea c?aeeu. Aio niioonoaoao
ethaeoaeueneia oai?/anoai, iinauaiea iaiau/iuo ?anoi?aiia. Yoio iiaeoei
i?eaycai e ianoai nin?aaeioi/aiey eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneeo iaiyoieeia e
niauoee (oanoeaaee eneonnoa, nii?oeaiua ni?aaiiaaiey).
Iiciaaaoaeueii-i?e?iaeiue iiaeoei oa?aeoa?ecoaony i?aiaeaaeathuei
cia/aieai ciaeiinoaa n yaeaieyie i?e?iaeu e eioa?aniuie iaecaaeaie. Aio
niioonoaotho iniio? iaecaaeae, ethaeoaeueneia oai?/anoai, eoiaiea,
nieia/iua e aicaeooiua aaiiu. Iniaaiii aunieea o?aaiaaiey
i?aaeuyaeythony e iaeciai?iiinoe IE, a nayce n /ai yoio iiaeoei
ioaeaeaaony a oi?ioi i?aaieciaaiiie naoe ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo o?ii e aei?ia,
i?iaeoiaiiie nenoaia ianeoaeeaaiey.
Oeiieiaey ii noaiaie niioiioaiey a i?aaiecaoeee ioaeuoa iaeciai?iiie
i?e?iaeu e oaoie/aneeo nenoai
Oaea ioia/aeinue ecae?aoaeueiinoue caiyoee ii ioiioaieth e IE,
oaoie/aneei nenoaiai e ianeoaeeaaieth: iaeie ec ieo o?aaotho
iaeieciai?iiie i?e?iaeu, ae?oaea – n?aaieoaeueii iaeo?aeueiu e
i?e?iaeiie n?aaea, o?aouee – oanii naycaiiu n ianae?iiuie ioieoaie. Yoei
ii?aaeaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiinoue niioaaonoaothuae oeiieiaee. A iauai aeaea
iiaeao auoue auaeaeaii aeaa oeia O?N:
I – o?aaiece?iaaiiua
II – iao?aaiece?iaaiiua
O?aaiece?iaaiiua O?N aeeth/atho iiaeoeiu:
IA – ai?iaea-eo?i?ou
IA – ai?iaea-yeneo?neiiiua oeaio?u
IA – aea/iua iinaeee
Ia?aua iiaeoeiu – yoi iaeneiaeueii o?aaiece?iaaiiua oa??eoi?ee n
iaoe?iui a?naiaeii oaoie/aneeo nii?oaeaiee, ?acaeoie noa?ie
ianeoaeeaaiey e n ii/oe iieiinoueth eciai?iiie ieoeueoo?aiiie i?e?iaeie,
i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoae a ea/aiee, iiciaiee e
?acaea/aieyo.
Iao?aaiece?iaaiiua O?N i?aaenoaaeaiu, i?aaeaea anaai, ?ae?aaoeeiiiuie
i?e?iaeiuie ia?eaie. Iie aeieaeiu iaeaaeaoue ieieiaeueii eciai?iiuie IE,
iaania/eaathueie yooaeoeaiue e aeoeaiue ioaeuo, a eiaiii, /enoui
aicaeooii, oa??eoi?eyie e aeaaoi?eyie, iaania/eaathueie aiciiaeiinoue
aeoeaiuo ia?aaeaeaeaiee e icaei?iaeoaeueiiai caiyoey nii?oii a eiioaeoa
n i?e?iaeie, o.a., aiciiaeiinoue aeaenoaee, naycaiiuo n o?aie?othuei
?aaeeiii. Iie i?aaeuyaeytho o?aaiaaiey e iaee/eth IE, iaania/eaathueo
ynoaoe/aneee yooaeo, e ieiuaaee, aa?aioe?othuae aiciiaeiinoue
?ann?aaeioi/aiey ethaeae e e aeaaii?eyoiui iaaeeei-aaia?aoe/aneei
oneiaeyi.
?ae?aaoeeiiiua i?e?iaeiua ia?ee, iai?aaeaiiua ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea oe?ieie
a?oiiu iio?aaiinoae, i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aaeeiue eeann ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
nenoai eeoue a ia?aii i?eaeeaeaiee. A aai i?aaeaeao ii i?aiaeaaeaieth
eaeiai-eeai oeeeea ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee iiaeii auaeaeeoue /aou?a
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo oeia: nii?oeaiua, i?iaoei/iua, ioioie/uee (?uaieiaiua)
e a?oeoaeoo?ii-enoi?e/aneea ia?ee. E?iia oiai, iiaoo auoue nicaeaiu
niaoaiiua oeiu, oa?aeoa?ecoaiua i?aiaeaaeaieai aeaoo eee o?ao a?oii
caiyoee.
Oeiieiaey ii oa??eoi?eaeueiie i?eaioaoeee
?acee/ea a aeeeoaeueiinoe ia?eiaeia naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie (auoiaeiua aeie
e ioione) i?aaeii?aaeaeyao eae ?aciiia?acea niioaaonoaothueo oeeeeia
caiyoee, oae e oa??eoi?eaeueiuo nenoai, iaania/eaathueo eo i?iaaaeaiea,
ssnii, /oi O?N, iaania/eaathuea ioaeuo aeeoaeae ianae?iiuo ioieoia a
eiioea ?aai/ae iaaeaee, aeieaeiu ?aniieaaaoueny aaeece yoeo ioieoia.
Nenoaiu oaeiai oeia iieo/eee iacaaiea cii (eee ?aeiiia) i?eai?iaeiiai
eee e?aoeia?aiaiiiai ioaeuoa, a nenoaiu, oaeiaeaoai?ythuea iio?aaiinoe
ethaeae a aeeeoaeueiii ioaeuoa – cii (?aeiiia) aeeeoaeueiiai ioaeuoa.
Oieeaeueiinoue iauaeoa, eee aai ano?a/aaiinoue oieueei a aeaiiie
eiie?aoiie oi/ea, a i?eioeeia iiaeao aucaaoue eioa?an /aeiaaea,
i?iaeeaathuaai a ethaie oi/ea iaoae ieaiaou e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, iiaeao
noaoue i?aaeiinueeie oi?ie?iaaiey O?N ie?iaiai cia/aiey. Niaoeeoe/iinoue
iauaeoa a ianooaaao no?aiu oi?ie?oao O?N ana?inneeneiai cia/aiey.
Ianoiiieiaeaiea O?N ie?iaiai e ana?inneeneiai cia/aiey ia caaeneo io
?annoiyiey aei iano aicieeiiaaiey iio?aaiinoae e ii?aaeaeyaony oieueei
oeaiiinoueth i?e?iaeiiai eee eoeueoo?iiai eiiieaena (ii ia iinauaaiinoe
aeaiiie O?N ?annoiyiea neacuaaaony i/aiue neeueii). O?N ie?iaiai e
ana?inneeneiai cia/aiey aeieaeiu i?iaeoe?iaaoueny eae oa??eoi?ee,
iinauaaiua, eae i?aaeei, eeoue ai a?aiy aeeeoaeueiiai ioaeuoa. O?N iaae
aaeiia?aoeeiiiiai ?aeiiiiai cia/aiey e i?eai?iaeiua nicaeathony n
oeaeueth iinauaiey eo ai a?aiy e?aoeia?aiaiiiai ioaeuoa. Iiyoiio i?e eo
oi?ie?iaaiee ia ia?aaeiee ieai aunooiaao oaeoi? o?ainii?oiie
aeinooiiinoe. O?N iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai e ana?inneeneiai cia/aiey oaeaea
iiaoo iinauaoueny ianaeaieai aeeaeaeoeo ?aeiiia aeey e?aoeia?aiaiiiai
ioaeuoa a eiioea iaaeaee.
Ec neacaiiiai auoaeaao i?eioeeieaeueiay aiciiaeiinoue oeiieiaee O?N ii
eo oa??eoi?eaeueiie i?eaioaoeee: ie?iaiai, ana?inneeneiai, iaae
aaeiia?aoeeiiiiai e ai?iaeneiai cia/aiey.
O?aaiaaiey, eioi?ua i?aaeuyaeytho oeacaiiua oeiu O?N e oa??eoi?ee e
ianeoaeeaaieth, iaiaeeiaeiau.
?AE?AAOeEIIIUA ?ANO?NU
A.A. Ieioe aeae neaaeothuaa ii?aaeaeaiea anoanoaaiiuo ?ano?nia.
Anoanoaaiiua ?ano?nu— “yoi oaea e neeu i?e?iaeu, eioi?ua ia aeaiiii
o?iaia ?acaeoey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee e eco/aiiinoe iiaoo auoue
eniieueciaaiu aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoae /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa a
oi?ia iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai o/anoey a iaoa?eaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe”.
I/aaeaeii, /oi iiiyoea “?ae?aaoeeiiiua ?ano?nu” ia ia?aie/eaaaony eeoue
i?e?iaeiuie iauaeoaie. E iei iiaoo auoue ioianaiu ethaua aeaeu aauanoaa,
yia?aee, eioi?iaoeee, “au?aaaouaaaiua aia aeaiiie (?ae?aaoeeiiiie. — TH.
A.) nenoaiu e neoaeauea aeey iaa enoiaeiui iaoa?eaeii ooieoeeiie?iaaiey,
?acaeoey, nouanoaiaaiey”.
?aoathuei oaaii ia iooe oi?ie?iaaiey nia?aiaiiiai i?aaenoaaeaiey i
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nao yaeeanue noaouey E.A. Aaa?iaie, I.A. Aaa?iaa e
A.N. I?aia?aaeaineiai [1977], aaea aia?aua auei aeaii ii?aaeaeaiea
iiiyoey “?ae?aaoeeiiiua ?ano?nu” eae iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo i?aaeiinueie
oi?ie?iaaiey iniaie io?anee oicyenoaa.
“?ae?aaoeeiiiua ?ano?nu — yoi i?e?iaeiua, i?e?iaeii-oaoie/aneea e
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea aainenoaiu e eo yeaiaiou, eioi?ua i?e
nouanoaothueo oaoie/aneeo e iaoa?eaeueiuo aiciiaeiinoyo iiaoo auoue
“eniieueciaaiu aeey i?aaiecaoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai oicyenoaa”. Oneiaey
ioaeuoa aunooiatho eae ia?aue oaeoi? ia iooe ?anniio?aiey iauaeoia n
iiceoeee eo iieaciinoe aeey ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oeaeae.
O?aaeeoeeiiii a ea/anoaa ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia iacuaatho i?aaeaea
anaai eiiiiiaiou i?e?iaeiiai eee eoeueoo?iiai eaiaeoaooa; niioaaonoaaiii
auaeaeythony eeeiaoe/aneea, aiaeiua, aeae?iieia?aeueiua, eaniua, ai?iua,
nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua e ae?oaea ?ano?nu. I?e yoii ia?aaeei a ea/anoaa
?ano?nia ?anniao?eaatho oieueei oa i?e?iaeiua eee eoeueoo?iua iauaeou,
eioi?ua iineoaeeee i?e/eiie naiiai oaeoa inouanoaeaiey ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
iiacaeie (eiioi?oiue eeeiao, aiaeiai, eaniie iannea, iaiyoiee
a?oeoaeoo?u). Iaaeaeo oai eaaeaeay ec noaio?aneae ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai
oicyenoaa naycaia, eae i?aaeei, ia n iaeiei, a n iiiaeanoaii i?e?iaeiuo
e nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iuo eiiieaenia eee iauaeoia, aunooiathueo a
ea/anoaa yeaiaioa?iuo ?ano?nia. Oaeei ia?acii, aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue
a auaeaeaiee ni/aoaiey ?ano?nia, o.a. niaieoiiinoe eiiiiiaioia
i?e?iaeiiai e eoeueoo?iiai eaiaeoaooa, ii?aaeaeythuae aiciiaeiinoue
i?aaiecaoeee ii?aaeaeaiiuo iaai?ia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee.
YAIETHOeEss I?AAeNOAAEAIEE I ?AE?AAOeEIIIUO ?ANO?NAO E ?AE?AAOeEIIIII
?ANO?NIIIEUeCIAAIEE
No?aieaiea i?aaiecaoi?ia ioaeuoa iiauneoue yooaeoeaiinoue
?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eniieueciaaiey ?ano?nia o?aaoao niaa?oainoaiaaiey oi?i e
iaoiaeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai ?ano?niiieueciaaiey. Ie?aae iaiauyoiinoe
caiania eae anoanoaaiiuo, i?e?iaeiuo, oae e nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iuo
?ano?nia oaea aeaaii ?annayeny. Nae/an anai ynii, /oi caianu eo
ia?aie/aiu e aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai oicyenoaa aeieaeii
no?ieoueny ia iiauo i?eioeeiao e iaoiaeao ?ano?niiieueciaaiey.
iniiaaiiiai ia: a) ia?aoiaea io yenoaineaiiai e eioaineaiiio iaoiaeo
eniieueciaaiey ?ano?nia e a) eciaiaieyo a niioiioaiee iaaeaeo
i?e?iaeiuie e oaoie/aneeie yeaiaioaie a aainenoaia e aa eiiiiiaioao,
?anniao?eaaaiuo a ea/anoaa ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia.
Auaeaeyaony ?yae yoaiia, oa?aeoa?ecothueo eciaiaiey a ioiioaiee e
i?iaeaia ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai ?ano?niiieueciaaiey. Yoe yoaiu iiaoo auoue
ii?aaeaeaiu eae yenoaineaiue (1) ia?aoiaeiue (2) e eioaineaiue (3).
Eaaeaeue yoai ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai ?ano?niiieueciaaiey ioee/aaony ?acee/iuie
iaai?aie iiceoeaiuo e iaaaoeaiuo eciaiaiee a ?aaeeia ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
1. Yenoaineaiia ?ae?aaoeeiiiia ?ano?niiieueciaaiea. Aeey yoiai yoaia
oa?aeoa?ii aiaea/aiea a ?ae?aaoeeiiii-oicyenoaaiiia eniieueciaaiea
iieaciuo naienoa i?e?iaeiuo aainenoai. I?e yoii i?ioeannu
?ano?niiieueciaaiey inouanoaeythony noeoeeii, ia iniiaa naiii?aaiecaoeee
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ianaeaiey, aac eaeeo-eeai eiino?oeoeaiuo
aeaenoaee ni noi?iiu oi?aaeythueo i?aaiia. Yoio yoai yaeyaony ia?aui
caaiii a neiaeiii i?ioeanna yaiethoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai
?ano?niiieueciaaiey. Auai? eiie?aoiuo oa??eoi?ee aeey ioaeuoa
inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa neiaeeaoeony o ianaeaiey, ioaeaeueiuo aai
iauiinoae i?aaenoaaeaiee i aeaaii?eyoiinoe eee eiioi?oiinoe oneiaee aeey
ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee.
A ?aieao ia?aiai yoaia iiaeii auaeaeeoue aeaa oeia i?ioeannia. I?e
ia?aii aainenoaia eciaiyaony a i?aaeaeao naii?aaoeyoeee e iinea niyoey
aiaoiae iaa?ocee aica?auaaony e ecia/aeueiiio ninoiyieth. Oaeei ia?acii,
iia iaeaaeaao niiniaiinoueth nio?aiyoue naie no?oeoo?o e naienoaa e
i?iaeieaeaao auiieiyoue ooieoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai ?ano?na. I?e aoi?ii
oeia i?ioeanna aicaeaenoaea ia i?e?iaeiua aainenoaiu aic?anoaao
ianoieueei, /oi aainenoaia ia/eiaao ?ac?ooaoueny, a ?acoeueoaoa
i?ienoiaeyo oooaeoaiea ea/anoaa e oiaiueoaiea eiee/anoaa ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
?ano?nia aieioue aei eo iieiie aeaa?aaeaoeee. Iiyoiio i/aaeaeii, /oi
yenoaineaiia eniieueciaaiea ?ano?na aiciiaeii oieueei i?e iaaieueoeo
iauaiao iaa?ocie
Aeaa?aaeaoeey ?ano?na iiaeao auoue aucaaia ia oieueei ?inoii
aio?iiiaaiiuo iaa?ocie; iiae aicaeaenoaeai i?e?iaeiie noia?nenoaiu
i?iaeieaeaaony nianoaaiiia ?acaeoea aainenoaiu, i?iyaeythuaany a
ia?ano?ieea no?oeoo?u e eciaiaiee aa naienoa. Oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie ia?aiai
yoaia yaeyaony ionoonoaea eaeeo-eeai niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo i?aaiia
eiio?iey, niae?athueo eioi?iaoeeth i ninoiyiee ?ano?nia, e oai aieaa
i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey i?eieiathueo ?aoaiea i nenoaia ia?ii?eyoee,
nie?auathueo io?eoeaoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia ?ano?nu eee iai?aaeaiiuo ia
iiaeaea?aeaiea oeaiiuo aeey i?aaiecaoeee ioaeuoa naienoa i?e?iaeu.
2. Ia?aoiae io yenoaineaiuo oi?i ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai ?ano?niiieueciaaiey e
eioaineaiui. Ia?aoiae e eioaineoeeaoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai oicyenoaa
noaiiaeony iaiaoiaeeiui i?e oaaee/aiee iauaia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
iio?aaiinoae e, niioaaonoaaiii, aaee/eiu iaa?ocee ia ?ano?nu, i?e ?inoa
ni?ina ia iiaua aeaeu ?ano?nia, aic?anoaiee o?iaiy o?aaiaaiee e eo
ea/anoao. Oneeeaoaany aicaeaenoaea ia ?ae?aaoeeiiiua ?ano?nu a nayce n
?acaeoeai ia?ae?aaoeeiiiuo io?aneae oicyenoaa oaeaea i?aaeii?aaeaeyao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia?aoiaea e iiaui oi?iai ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai
?ano?niiieueciaaiey, e aieaa aa?aaeiiio ioiioaieth e ?ano?nai.
Oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie ?ano?niiieueciaaiey ia aeaiiii yoaia noaiiaeony
aaaaeaiea a ?aaeei ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?ae?aaoeeiiii-oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu
i?ioeannia nio?aiaiey e ainnoaiiaeaiey ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia
Nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea i?eia?aoatho ia?ii?eyoey ii io?aia ?ano?nia a
i?ioeanna eo yenieoaoaoeee, ?aaoee?iaaiea ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo e
ia?ae?aaoeeiiiuo iaa?ocie /a?ac ia?aie/aiea ianooaaia eae ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, oae e ae?oaeo io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, ?aaiou ii
ainnoaiiaeaieth aeaa?aaee?iaaaoeo ?ano?nia.
Iaeiaei iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey, oa?aeoa?iua aeey aoi?iai yoaia,
caeeth/athony ai aaaaeaiee a nenoaio ?ano?niiieueciaaiey a ea/anoaa
iaycaoaeueiuo aai yeaiaioia i?aaiia eiio?iey e oi?aaeaiey ea/anoaii
?ano?nia, /oi iicaieyao i?enooieoue e oeaeaiai?aaeaiiiio e ?aaoey?iiio
nai?o eioi?iaoeee i ninoiyiee ?ano?niie iiaenenoaiu e oicyenoaa a
oeaeii, e i?eiyoeth iainiiaaiiuo ?aoaiee i iooyo e iaoiaeao
ainnoaiiaeaiey enoiaeiiai ninoiyiey i?e?iaeiuo aainenoai eee
i?iaeieaeaiey eo eniieueciaaiey a ea/anoaa ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia n
iiiiuueth i?aaaioeaiuo (i?ioeeaeoe/aneeo) ia?ii?eyoee.
Nouanoaaiiui iiiaioii aoi?iai yoaia ?ano?niiieueciaaiey noaiiaeony
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea aeieia nai?a eioi?iaoeee e oi?aaeaiey, eiaaea
?ac?aaaouaaaony nenoaia ia?ii?eyoee, iai?aaeaiiay ia eiiiainaoeeth
io?eoeaoaeueiuo aicaeaenoaee /?acia?ii aunieeo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo iaa?ocie,
ia ?aaoee?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe eae ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai oicyenoaa, oae e
i?aaei?eyoee, ioiinyueony e ia?ae?aaoeeiiiui io?aneyi. Yoi iinoaaeei
ia?aae i?iaeoe?iaueeaie i?eioeeieaeueii iiaua caaea/e, naycaiiua n
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth aeeth/aiey a i?iaeoioth aeieoiaioaoeeth niaoeeaeueiuo
?ac?aaioie ii eiio?ieth e oi?aaeaieth ea/anoaii n?aaeu e ii ?aaeecaoeee
i?eiyouo ia yoie iniiaa ia?ii?eyoee ii nio?aiaieth e i?aia?aciaaieth
eniieuecoaiuo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia ia ?aciuo yoaiao
i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiey — a i?ioeanna no?ieoaeuenoaa, yenieoaoaoeee O?N, a
oaeaea ?aeoeueoeaaoeeiiiuo ?aaio.
Aaaaeaiea eioi?iaoeeiiiiai e oi?aaeai/aneiai aeieia e i?eiaiaiea
oe?ieiai niaeo?a ia?ii?eyoee aeey ainnoaiiaeaiey e i?aia?aciaaiey
?ano?nia yaeeinue i?aaeiinueeie aeey ia?aoiaea e i?eioeeieaeueii iiaiio
?ae?aaoeeiiiiio ?ano?niiieueciaaieth.
3. Eioaineaiia ?ae?aaoeeiiiia ?ano?niiieueciaaiea. Yoio yoai iiaeao
auoue ?acaeaeai ia aeaa noaaeee. Ia ia?aie aaaeouoth ?ieue i?iaeieaeatho
ea?aoue i?aia?aciaaoaeueiua (oaoiieiae/aneea) ia?ii?eyoey, iai?aaeaiiua
ia ia?ano?ieeo nouanoaothuae i?e?iaeiie aainenoaiu eee aa eiiiiiaioia n
oeaeueth i?aa?auaiey eo a ?ae?aaoeeiiiue ?ano?n eee i?eaeaiey ei
iaiaoiaeeiuo naienoa, oneeeaathueo eo ?ae?aaoeeiiioth oeaiiinoue.
I?eia?aie iiaoo neoaeeoue ia?aaiae eaniuo ianneaia a eaniia?ee,
?ae?aaoeeiiiia aeaaiono?ienoai aa?aaia e aeaaoi?ee anoanoaaiiuo aiaeiuo
iauaeoia e o.ae. Iniaoth cia/eiinoue i?eia?aoatho e?oiiiianooaaiua
ia?ii?eyoey ii ainnoaiiaeaieth aainenoai n aiaae?aieai ?acee/iiai ?iaea
oaoiieiae/aneeo yeaiaioia e noai. E iiaeiaiui ia?ii?eyoeyi ioiinyony
iiaenuiea ?uoeiai iaoa?eaea ia iiaa?aaeuea, eiiieaen aeioaoie/aneeo e
aa?ioeie/aneeo i?ioeaaeo? aeey ainnoaiiaeaiey eana e o.ae.
Aeey aoi?ie noaaeee oa?aeoa?ai i?eioeeieaeueii iiaue iiaeoiae e
?ae?aaoeeiiiiio ?ano?niiieueciaaieth: nicaeaiea eneonnoaaiiuo
i?e?iaeii-oaoie/aneeo aainenoai e eniieueciaaiea eo a ea/anoaa
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia. I?e yoii i?aneaaeoaony ianeieueei oeaeae;
ai-ia?auo, nicaeaiea aieaa eiioi?oiie n?aaeu ioaeuoa a nayce n
ea/anoaaiiuie e eiee/anoaaiiuie eciaiaieyie ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo iio?aaiinoae;
ai-aoi?uo, inouanoaeaiea ia?ii?eyoee aeey iaeo?aeecaoeee io?eoeaoaeueiuo
eciaiaiee ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia a ?acoeueoaoa aicaeaenoaey i?e?iaeiie
e nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie noia?nenoai, a oaeaea a?aie/aueo n O?N
iaeii?aiaiauo aainenoai (i?iiuoeaiiuo, naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo e o.ae.);
a-o?aoueeo, i?aaeioa?auaiea eee eeeaeaeaoeey iaaaoeaiuo iineaaenoaee,
eioi?ua i?iyaeythony eae a i?ioeanna nicaeaiey, oae e a i?ioeanna
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey i?e?iaeii-oaoie/aneie aainenoaiu.
Ioiineoaeueii onoie/eaua io?eoeaoaeueiua eciaiaiey ea/anoaa
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia iaaethaeathony a oii neo/aa, eiaaea /aeiaa/aneay
aeayoaeueiinoue aeaao oie/ie i?ioeannai, e eioi?ui aainenoaia eee aa
eiiiiiaiou oaea iiaeaioiaeaiu a neeo caeiaeaiiuo a ieo anoanoaaiiuo
oaiaeaioeee (aeoeaecaoeey iiieciaauo i?ioeannia i?e ia?aoaeaaeiaiee
a?oioia, oneeaiea aa?acee aa?aaa i?e eneonnoaaiiii ecuyoee ?uoeuo
ioeiaeaiee ieyaea e o.ae.).
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?e nicaeaiee iiaie i?e?iaeii-oaoie/aneie aainenoaiu
aeieaeiu o/eouaaoueny, ai-ia?auo, o?aaiaaiey ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai oicyenoaa,
ai-aoi?uo, niioaaonoaea iiaaaeaiey nicaeaaaaiuo aaioaonenoai i?e?iaeiie
noia?nenoaia, a oaeaea iaeii?aiaiaui aainenoaiai.
Iaeiieaiea ciaiee i iiaaaeaiee i?e?iaeiuo aainenoai, ia eo aeeiaieea a
i?ioeanna ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eniieueciaaiey, ia eciaiaieyo eo ea/anoaa eae
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia iicaieyao i?enooieoue e i?iaaaeaieth
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie noi?ioee?iaaiiie ia o?iaia i?iaeoiuo ?aaio nenoaiu
ia?ii?eyoee ii nicaeaieth i?e?iaeii-oaoie/aneeo aainenoai. I/aaeaeii,
/oi ia?aua i?e?iaeii-oaoie/aneea aainenoaiu no?ieeenue, i?aaeaea anaai,
enoiaey ec iio?aaiinoe noi?ie?iaaoue eiioi?oiua oneiaey aeey ioaeuoa
(iai?eia?, ia?ee a ?aeiiao n aea?eei eeeiaoii) eee nio?aieoue iaeaieaa
eciai/eaua i?e?iaeiua eiiiiiaiou ?ano?nia (ieyaee n
aa?aaioe?aieoaeueiuie nii?oaeaieyie).
Iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai
?ano?niiieueciaaiey aoaeao a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie iai?aaeaii ia
nicaeaiea aieaa niaa?oaiiuo aaioaonenoai iineaaeothueo iieieaiee. O?aoee
yoai ia eiaao a?aieoe ai a?aiaie. Aaaeue i?ioeann niaa?oainoaiaaiey
aaioaonenoai, iiauoaiey eo yeieiae/aneie e ?ae?aaoeeiiiie oeaiiinoe,
nicaeaiey aieaa aeaoaauo eiino?oeoeee i?aeoe/anee aaneiia/ai.
Oaeei ia?acii, ia o?aoueai yoaia ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai ?ano?niiieueciaaiey
iaiaoiaeeii iaania/eoue i?iaeoe?iaueeia ciaieyie i oa?aeoa?a i?ioeannia,
i?ienoiaeyueo a eiie?aoiie i?iaeoe?oaiie i?e?iaeii-oaoie/aneie
aainenoaia. Aaaeue eaaeaeay ?ae?aaoeeiiiay oa??eoi?ey oieeaeueia e aa
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea e ?acaeoea, eae i?aaeei, ia eiatho i?yiuo aiaeiaia.
Aeieeeiao
N?aaee i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia iniaia ianoi caieiatho eeeiaoe/aneea. *aeiaae
ia iiaeao auoue eciee?iaaiiui io ie?oaeathuae aai aicaeooiie n?aaeu.
Aicaeaenoaea eeeiaoa ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea iacuaatho aeieeeiaoii. A
niioaaonoaee n yoei aeieeeiaoe/aneea ia?aiao?u ioee/athony io iau/iuo
iaoai?ieiae/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee, oae eae i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
eiiieaeniia aicaeaenoaea iaoai?ieiae/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee aicaeooiuo iann
ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea: oaiia?aoo?u, nei?inoe aao?a, aeaaeiinoe,
aeaaeaiey.
Eeeiao oi?ie?oaony iiae aeeyieai o?ao iniiaiuo eeeiaoiia?acothoeo
oaeoi?ia:
• nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee, iaania/eaathuae iinooieaiea ia caieth naaoa,
oaiea e oeueo?aoeieaoa;
• aoiinoa?iie oee?eoeyoeee, n eioi?ie naycai ia?aiin aicaeooiuo iann a
aoiinoa?iuo aeo?yo (oeeeeiiao e aioeoeeeeiiao) e iaee/ea cii ?acaeaea
aicaeooiuo iann (aoiinoa?iuo o?iioia);
• iiaenoeeathuae iiaa?oiinoe, ii?aaeaeythuae ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea
nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee e aoiinoa?iie oee?eoeyoeee a caaeneiinoe io
oa?aeoa?a caiiie iiaa?oiinoe (iaci- e iee?ieeeiaoe/aneea iniaaiiinoe
ianoiinoe).
Eeeiao ieacuaaao eae iieiaeeoaeueiia, oae e io?eoeaoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea
ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea. Iieiaeeoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea iau/ii eniieuecoaony
a ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe aeey i?aaiecaoeee eeeiaoiea/aiey. Io
io?eoeaoaeueiuo oaeoi?ia o?aaoaony caueoa a aeaea eeeiaoii?ioeeaeoeee.
Eniieueciaaiea eeeiaoe/aneeo oaeoi?ia eiaao i/aiue aieueoia
icaei?iaeoaeueiia cia/aiea a nayce n o?aie?othuei aicaeaenoaeai eeeiaoa
ia anoanoaaiiua iaoaieciu noeioeyoeee aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiecia,
io?aaioaiiua a i?ioeanna yaiethoeee: ethaee a i?ioeanna enoi?e/aneiai
?acaeoey i?eniinaaeeaathony e ii?aaeaeaiiui eeeiaoe/aneei oneiaeyi.
I?eniiniaeyaiinoue /aeiaaea e ii?aaeaeaiiui eeeiaoe/aneei oneiaeyi
iacuaaaony aaeaioaoeeae. I?e ia?aiaia eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaee (i?e
ia?aacaea n naaa?a ia tha e ia?aoii) i?aaieci /aeiaaea eniuouaaao
cia/eoaeueiua aaeaioaoeeiiiua iaa?ocee, eioi?uo a oeaeii neaaeoao
ecaaaaoue, a i?e i?aaiecaoeee ioaeuoa iaycaoaeueii o/eouaaoue e
auae?aoue naciiu, eiaaea o?iaaiue aaeaioaoeeiiiiai iai?yaeaiey i?aaiecia
aoaeao iaeiaiueoei.
I?eaueaiea /aeiaaea e iiaui eeeiaoe/aneei oneiaeyi aeieaeii
i?ienoiaeeoue iinoaiaiii, a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai a?aiaie, iacuaaaiiai
aaeaioaoeeiiiui ia?eiaeii, ai a?aiy eioi?iai neaaeoao eneeth/eoue
aeiiieieoaeueiua iaa?ocee ia i?aaieci (nii?oeaiua iioiaeu, ea/aaiua
i?ioeaaeo?u e ae?.). Aaeaioaoeeiiiue ia?eiae iiaeao aeeeoueny io
ianeieueeeo aeiae aei ianyoea. Iiieii eeeiaoe/aneeo ?acee/ee,
iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue ?acee/ey a /aniauo iiynao, o. a. a?aiaiioth
aaeaioaoeeth. I?e ?aceii eciaiaiee aeieiae/aneiai oeeeea ?acaeaaaony
aeaneio?iiic, eioi?ue iaaoaii io?aaeaaony ia anae nenoaia /aeiaa/aneiai
i?aaiecia. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?e oa?aeoa?enoeea ?acee/iuo ianoiinoae
i/aiue aaaeia aaeeiay nenoaia aeieeeiaoe/aneeo ia?aiao?ia, aeathuay
aiciiaeiinoue n?aaieaaoue aeieeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey ?acee/iuo ?aaeiiia.
Aieueoeinoai ethaeae, i?iaeeaay ia o?aaiece?iaaiiuo oa??eoi?eyo, ii/oe
iinoiyiii i?aauaaao a eneonnoaaiiuo oneiaeyo iee?ieeeiaoa aeeeeu e
iaeaaeaeu, eioi?ua ineaaeytho iaoaieciu aaeaioaoeee. I?e i?aaiecaoeee
ioaeuoa iiae aeeyieai aeeeoaeueiiai iaoiaeaeaiey /aeiaaea a anoanoaaiiuo
i?e?iaeiuo oneiaeyo, iniaaiii i?e i?eiaiaiee eeeiaoii?ioeaaeo?,
cia/eoaeueii iiauoaaony onoie/eainoue i?aaiecia e iaaeaaii?eyoiiio
aicaeaenoaeth ie?oaeathuaa n?aaeu.
A iineaaeiea aieu i?eiaiyeanue ioeaiea aeieeeiaoa, ?ac?aaioaiiay a
Oeaio?aeueiii einoeoooa eo?i?oieiaee (iuia Oeaio? iaaeeoeeineie
?aaaeeeoaoeee e oeceioa?aiee) a 1988 a. Aooueaaie E. O. Ana
aeieeeiaoe/aneea ia?aiao?u ioeaieaaeenue ii noaiaie aeaaii?eyoiinoe eo
aicaeaenoaee ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea. I?e yoii iaaeaaii?eyoiua oaeoi?u,
ieacuaathuea iiauoaiioth iaa?oceo ia aaeaioaoeeiiiua nenoaiu i?aaiecia
/aeiaaea, iacaaiu ?acae?aaeathueie. Iaoai?ieiae/aneea oneiaey,
i?eaiaeyuea e iaiaa au?aaeaiiiio iai?yaeaieth i?eniiniaeoaeueiuo
iaoaieciia a i?aaiecia /aeiaaea, iacaaiu o?aie?othueie. A oeaeii iie
ioiineoaeueii aeaaii?eyoiu, a aeey aieueoeinoaa ethaeae, ia no?aaeathueo
oyaeaeuie caaieaaaieyie, iie yaeythony iieaciuie oneiaeyie,
ieacuaathueie o?aie?othuaa aicaeaenoaea. Uaaeyuea eeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey
aeaaii?eyoiu aeey anao aac eneeth/aiey ethaeae, a oii /enea e aeey
ineaaeaiiuo aieueiuo, iaoiaeyueony ia ea/aaiii ioaeuoa a naiaoi?ee eee
ia eo?i?oa.
Ia iniiaa ioeaiee aeieeeiaoe/aneiai iioaioeeaea e aai ninoaaeythueo
i?iaiaeeony eioaa?aeueiia e iioaeoi?iia iaaeeei-eeeiaoe/aneia
?aeiie?iaaiea oa??eoi?ee.
?aaeei nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee
Nieia/iue niaeo? ninoieo ec o?ao iniiaiuo /anoae:
• eio?ae?aniiai eceo/aiey, ii?aaeaeythuaai i?eoiae oaiea ia caiioth
iiaa?oiinoue, /oi i?iyaeyaony a oaiia?aoo?iii ?aaeeia.
• naaoiaiai eceo/aiey, iaoneaaeeaathuaai einieyoeeiiiue (naaoiaie)
?aaeei.
• oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai (OO eceo/aiey, n eioi?ui naycaia aeieiae/aneay
aeoeaiinoue nieioea.
Aeey oo?ecia iniaia cia/aiea eiatho naaoiaie e oeueo?aoeieaoiaue
?aaeeiu.
Einieyoeeiiiue ?aaeei ii?aaeaeyaony i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth nieia/iiai
neyiey, oi anoue naaoeiai a?aiaie, a oa/aiea eioi?iai aiciiaeii
i?iaaaeaiea ?acee/iuo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee. Iaaeinoaoie
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe nieia/iiai neyiey, ioia/athueeny a naaa?iuo
oe?ioao, yaeyaony aeeneiioi?oiui yaeaieai. A ia?eiae iiey?iie ii/e
?ae?aaoeeiiiua caiyoey iaaiciiaeiu.
?aaeei oeueo?aoeieaoiaie ?aaeeaoeee ii?aaeaeyao aeieiae/aneoth
aeoeaiinoue nieioea. N oeueo?aoeieaoii naycaiu aeeciaiii aaaeiua
i?ioeannu, iiae aai aeeyieai a i?aaiecia /aeiaaea au?aaaouaaaony aeoaiei
D. I?e iaaeinoaoea oeueo?aoeieaoa o aeaoae ?acaeaaaony ?aoeo, a o
ac?ineuo – aaeoaieiic, i?e ecauoea oeueo?aoeieaoa aiciiaeiu ia iaiaa
iaaaoeaiua iineaaenoaey: ?ae eiaee, aieioue aei ia?aciaaiey naiie
iianiie oi?iu – iaeaiiiu, iaeiaiaay eaoa?aeoa e iooaoeeiiiua i?ioeannu.
Ii oa?aeoa?o OO ?aaeeia oa??eoi?ey caiiiai oa?a aeaeeony ia ciiu (oaae.
)
Oa?aeoa?enoeea OO ?aaeeia
Oe?ioa
ianoiinoe,
a?aae.Iaaeeei-eeeiaoe/aneay
oa?aeoa?enoeea OO
?aaeeiaNoaiaiue
eiioi?oiinoeNaaa?iaa 63
63 – 57
57 – 47
47 – 42
THaeiaa 42
Aeeeoaeueiue
ia?eiae n OO aeaoeoeeoii
Neaaeu OO aeaoeoeeoa ceiie
Iioeiaeueiue
Neaaeu OO ecauoea eaoii
Aeeeoaeueiue ia?eiae n
OO ecauoeii Aeoeaiue aeeneiioi?o io
OO aeaoeoeeoa
Ceiiee aeeneiioi?o io
OO aeaoeoeeoa
Eiioi?oiue OO ?aaeei
Eaoiee aeeneiioi?o io
OO ecauoea
Aeoeaiue aeeneiioi?o io
OO ecauoea
I?e auai?a ianoa aeey ioaeuoa iniaia aieiaiea neaaeoao ia?auaoue ia
eaoiee ecauoie OO (ii iianai). AEeoaeyi oia?aiiuo oe?io ioaeuo ia thaa
iaaei niauaoue ia aanaiiea e inaiiea ianyoeu.
I?e auai?a ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa aieueooth ?ieue ea?aao iaaeinoaoie OO
ceiie. A naaa?iuo oe?ioao aai ainiieiytho iinoiyiiui iaeo/aieai a
oioa?eyo.
Aao?iaie ?aaeei
N aao?iaui ?aaeeiii naycaii aicaeaenoaea aicaeooiiai iioiea ia i?aaieci
/aeiaaea ia o?iaia /aeiaa/aneiai ?inoa (a aeaooiao?iaii neia aicaeooa).
A niioaaonoaee n yoei oneiaey iiae?acaeaeythony ia:
• ay?inoaoe/aneea – ooeeue (nei?inoue aao?a V = 0 i/n),
• neaaiaeeiaie/aneea (V 4 i/n),
I?e nei?inoe aao?a aieaa 7 i/n ia ?aeiiaiaeoaony i?iaaaeaiea
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee.
Oa?ie/aneee ?aaeei
Oa?ie/aneee ?aaeei oa?aeoa?ecoaony i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth ia?eiaeia:
aacii?iciiai; aeaaii?eyoiiai aeey eaoiae ?ae?aaoeee; aeaaii?eyoiiai aeey
ceiiae ?ae?aaoeee; eoiaeueiiai ia?eiaea, a oaeaea oaieiiuouaieai
/aeiaaea a oieiaeiue e ceiiee ia?eiaeu e iaania/aiiinoueth oaieii a
oaieue ia?eiae.
Ia?eiae, aeaaii?eyoiue aeey ceiiae ?ae?aaoeee, onoaiaaeeaaaony, eiaaea
n?aaeianooi/iay oaiia?aoo?a aeinoeaaao -5° N, ii ia ieaea -25° N, i?e
yoii aiciiaeiu caiyoey anaie aeaeaie ceiiaai ioaeuoa.
Ia?eiae, aeaaii?eyoiue aeey eaoiae ?ae?aaoeee, ii?aaeaeyaony /eneii
aeiae ni n?aaeianooi/iie oaiia?aoo?ie auoa +15° N, i?e yoii noaiiayony
aiciiaeiuie caiyoey anaie aeaeaie eaoiaai ioaeuoa.
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue eoiaeueiiai naciia ii?aaeaeyaony /eneii aeiae n
oaiia?aoo?ie aiaeu auoa 17° N. Ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue eoiaeueiiai ia?eiaea aa?uee?oao io 30 aei 120
aeiae a aiaeo.
Oaieiiuouaiea /aeiaaea ii?aaeaeyaony niaieoiiui aicaeaenoaeai
oaiia?aoo?u, aeaaeiinoe aicaeooa e nei?inoe aao?a. A ceiiee ia?eiae
oaieiiuouaiea ioeaieaaaony oneiaiuie oaiia?aoo?aie ii iaoiaeo
A?iieueaee, niaeanii eioi?iio nei?inoue aao?a V, ?aaiay 1 i/n, nieaeaao
oaieiiuouaiea /aeiaaea ia 2 a?aae (V ia?aaiaeeony ia aeaooiao?iaue
o?iaaiue). I?e yoii ?an/aoa aeaaeiinoue aicaeooa ia o/eouaaaony, oae eae
caeiaeaia a nenoaio ia?aaiaea (a ceiiee ia?eiae iia aanueia onoie/eaa –
ieiei 80 %). A eaoiee ia?eiae oaieiiuouaiea /aeiaaea ii?aaeaeyaony
yooaeoeaiuie (YO) e yeaeaaeaioii-yooaeoeaiuie oaiia?aoo?aie (YYO), a
eioi?uo o/eouaathony ana o?e eiiiiiaioa oaieiiuouaiey /aeiaaea. Iie
?ann/eouaathony ii aeaoi oeaeai (ii?iaeueiay e iniiaiay).
AEAe?IIEIA?AEUeIUA ?ANO?NU
Ieia?aeueiua aiaeu – yoi neiaeiua ?anoai?u, a eioi?uo eiiiiiaiou
iaoiaeyony a aeaea eiiia, iaaeennioeee?iaaiiuo (ianaycaiiuo) iieaeoe,
eieeieaeiuo /anoeoe (iaeei ?acae?iaeaiiuo, niaoaiiuo a ?anoai?a) e
?anoai?aiiuo aacia. Eo oeie/aneee ninoaa oi/ii ecaanoai, iaeiaei
eneonnoaaiii iiaeia?aiiue ninoaa oie aea naiie aiaeu ia?aaiioeaiai
i?e?iaeiiio. Ieia?aeueiua aiaeu niaea?aeao ana oa aea aauanoaa, eioi?ua
i?enoonoaotho a /aeiaa/aneii i?aaiecia, e eo oeaeaaiia aeaenoaea
caeeth/aaony a ainiieiaiee ia?ooaiiuo ?aaiiaanee.
Ieia?aeueiua aiaeu oa?aeoa?ecotho neaaeothuea iniiaiua iieacaoaee.
Ninoaa. Ieia?aeueiay aiaea – yoi ?anoai?aiiua niee, neaaeiaaoaeueii, iie
ninoiyo ec eiiia – eaoeiiia e aieiiia. N?aaee ieo auaeaeytho:
a) ii i?aiaeaaeathuaio aieiio – oei?eaeiua, aeae?iea?aiiaoiua,
noeueoaoiua;
a) ii i?aiaeaaeathuaio eaoeiio – iao?eaaua, eaeueoeeaaua, iaaieaaua;
a) ii niaea?aeaieth aacia – noeueoeaeiua, oaeaeeneua, ?aaeiiiaua;
a) ii niaea?aeaieth aeieiae/anee aeoeaiuo iee?ieiiiiiaioia –
aeaeacenoua, iuoueyeiniaea?aeaoea, eiaei-a?iiiua.
Ninoaa ieia?aeueiuo aiae iau/ii oeacuaaaony ia yoeeaoeao aooueie e ia
oaaei a aiaeiea/aaieoeao.
Ieia?aeecaoeey – yoi noiia ?anoai?aiiuo a aiaea aauanoa aac aacia
(ecia?yaony a a/e, iaicia/aaony I).
A i?eioeeia ana aiaeu, a oii /enea e i?aniua, eiatho oo eee eioth
noaiaiue ieia?aeecaoeee (e?iia aeenoeeee?iaaiiie aiaeu – I20 a /enoii
aeaea). N/eoaaony, /oi e ieia?aeueiui aiaeai ioiinyony aiaeu n
ieia?aeecaoeeae aieueoa 2 a/e.
Ii noaiaie ieia?aeecaoeee ?acee/atho aiaeu ieoueaaiai e
aaeueiaieiae/aneiai iacia/aiey (“aaeueiai” – aaiia).
Aiaeu ieoueaaiai iacia/aiey:
a) ea/aaii-noieiaua:
– neaaiieia?aeeciaaiiua, I 10,1 a/e) iiae?acaeaeythony ia:
• aunieiieia?aeeciaaiiua, I = 10,1—35 a/e;
• ?annieueiua, I = 35,1—150 a/e;
• e?aieea ?annieu, I > 150 a/e;
• i/aiue e?aieea ?annieu, I = 600 a/e (eo iau/ii ?acaaaeytho i?aniie
aiaeie aei ii?iaeueiie ieia?aeecaoeey).
Aaeueiaioa?aiey. I?e ioionea aaii ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea aeaenoaotho
oeie/aneee ninoaa aiaeu, aa oaiia?aoo?a, iaoaie/aneee oaeoi? –
aeae?inoaoe/aneia aeaaeaiea aiaeu, eioi?ia iiaeao auoue oneeaii
aeae?iiannaaeai (iiaeaiaeiue aeoo-iannaae, aea?ionoaiiaee e eaneaaeu a
aannaeiao).
Ea/aaiua aaiiu iacia/athony i?e caaieaaaieyo na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie e
ia?aiie nenoai, iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa, yiaeie?eiiie nenoaiu,
eiaee, aeiaeieiae/aneeo e ae?.
Oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu eiaao cia/aiea aeey nio?aiaiey a aiaea ?anoai?aiiuo a
iae aacia (/ai auoa oaiia?aoo?a, oai auno?aa aacu oeaoo/eaathony). Ii
oaiia?aoo?a i?e?iaeiua ieia?aeueiua aiaeu iiae?acaeaeytho ia:
• oieiaeiua, t° 42 °N.
A i?e?iaea ano?a/athony auoiaeu aunieioa?iaeueiuo aiae, oaiia?aoo?a
eioi?uo aeinoeaaao aieaa 90 °N. A naiaoi?iie i?aeoeea i?e ioionea aaii
aeiioneaaony oaiia?aoo?a ia auoa 38 °N.
I/aiue iianii caieiaoueny naiiea/aieai a enoi/ieeao aunieioa?iaeueiuo
ieia?aeueiuo aiae. Aaneiio?ieueiia eniieueciaaiea iiaeao auoue i?e/eiie
na?ueaciuo caaieaaaiee.
Oa?aeoa?enoeee naiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo ieia?aeueiuo aiae i?eaaaeaiu a
oaaeeoea.
Ea/aaiua a?yce niaea?aeao aauanoaa, iiaeiaiua ai?iiiai e aeoaieiai,
aeaaiaea?y /aio iie yaeythony aeiaaiiuie noeioeyoi?aie (n iaeiie
noi?iiu, eiatho aeieiae/aneia i?ienoiaeaeaiea, n ae?oaie – noeioee?otho
aeieiae/aneea i?ioeannu a i?aaiecia /aeiaaea).
Oi?ie?othony a?yce a ?acoeueoaoa neiaeiuo aeioeie/aneeo i?ioeannia,
i?ienoiaeyueo iiae aicaeaenoaeai iee?ii?aaieciia.
I?aniua a?yce:
• oi?oyiua – ?aceiaeeaoeany i?aaie/aneea aauanoaa ?anoeoaeueiiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey, ieia?aeueiuo aauanoa a ieo iaei. Oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu
a ciiao ecauoi/iiai oaeaaeiaiey, a eaniie ciia (oaaaeiay), aaea
ia?aciaaeenue aieioa. Ea/aaiue oi?o eiaao aunieoth noaiaiue ?aceiaeaiey.
Aiaaoua ianoi?iaeaeaiey – Oaa?neay, Aieiaiaeneay, Iiaai?iaeneay iaeanoe.
• nai?iiaeue – i?iaeoeou ?aceiaeaiey aeeaioiuo y ?anoeoaeueiuo inoaoeia
ia aeia i?aniuo aiaeiaiia. Yoi i?aaie/aneea aauanoaa n iaeie i?eianueth
ieia?aeueiuo. A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo, anee ia aeia ica? eiathony auoiaeu
ieia?aeueiuo aiae, iie iiaoo auoue neaaiieia?aeeciaaiiuie. Nai?iiaeaaua
a?yce oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu ia naaa?i-caiaaea aa?iiaeneie oa??eoi?ee
?innee, aaea ioia/aaony iaeaieueoay caica?aiiinoue oa??eoi?ee.
Eeiaua noeueoeaeiua a?yce – yoi ioeiaeaiey ii?neeo caeeaia, eeiaiia e
nieaiuo ica?. Eiiaaea eiatho oi?io iaoa/iuo ia?aciaaiee aie?oa
enoi/ieeia ieia?aeueiuo aiae (ica?ii-eeth/aaua). Niaea?aeao na?ienoua
niaaeeiaiey aeaeaca (Fa – aeieiae/anee aeoeaiue iee?ieiiiiiaio).
?ani?ino?aiaiea: nieaiua ica?a: Eaaeacneea Ieia?aeueiua Aiaeu (ica?i
Oaiaoeai), tha E?aniiy?neiai e?ay (ica?a Oe?a, O/oi), Iiaieaeuea (ica?i
Yeueoii) e ae?.; ica?ii-eeth/aaua – Noa?ay ?onna (Iiaai?iaeneay iae.).
Niii/iua a?yce – ?acoeueoao iiaecaiiie ?aca?ocee oa?iaeueiuo aiae.
Ia?acothony a ?aeiiao n ianoi?iaeaeaieyie iaooe e aaca (oaeaaiaei?iaea),
aaea eiathony oieue aeeienouo ii?iae. Iiae aeaenoaeai aacia e aeoaeiiuo
iaii?iuo aiae ia iiaa?oiinoue auoiaeeo eciaeue/aiiay aeeia a aeaea
?acaeeaeaiiie iannu na?iai oeaaoa. Niii/iua a?yce oa?aeoa?ecothony
iacia/eoaeueiui niaea?aeaieai i?aaieee, ii iiauoaiiie eiioeaio?aoeeae
iee?iyeaiaioia: eiaea, a?iia, ai?a. E?iia oiai, aeeia ?anoai?aia a
ieia?aeueiuo aiaeao n aeae?iea?aiiaoiui e oei?eaeii-iao?eaaui ninoaaii,
iiyoiio niii/iua a?yce yaeythony ieia?aeeciaaiiuie. ?ani?ino?aiaiea:
Ea?/aineee i-ia (eo?i?o Aoeaaiaeneea niiee), Oaiaineee, Aioa?iineee
i-aa, A?ocey (eo?i?o Aooaea), Oo?eiaiey e THaeiue Naoaeei.
Aeae?ioa?iaeueiua a?yce oa?aeoa?iu aeey ?aeiiia n aeoeaiie aoeeaie/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoueth. I?iyaeythony ia o/anoeao auoiaea ia iiaa?oiinoue
ai?y/eo aaciia?iauo no?oe n oaeaeeneui aacii e na?iaiaei?iaeii. No?oe
auetho iiae neeueiui aeaaeaieai e ?anoai?ytho ii?iaeo, a ?acoeueoaoa
ia?acoaony aeeaeeay a?ycaaay ianna. A a?ycaaii ?anoai?a i?aiaeaaeatho
noeueoaou e ?aceay eeneay ?aaeoeey. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeae?ioa?iaeueiua
a?yce ia i?eiaiythony.
Aeaenoaea a?ycae:
• oaieiaia – yooaeo aieaa aunieee, /ai a ieia?aeueiuo aiaeao, oae eae
a?ycue ioee/aaony aunieie oaieiaieinoueth e aeieueoa nio?aiyao
oaiia?aoo?o; i?ia?aaaiea niinianoaoao ?anoe?aieth ninoaeia,
niioaaonoaaiii onei?ythony oie e?iae e i?ioeannu iaiaia;
• iaoaie/aneia – aeaaiaea?y ieanoe/iinoe neie a?yce naeaaeeaaao oeaie e
niinianoaoao ?ani?ino?aiaieth oaiea ia aieueooth aeoaeio;
• oeie/aneia – aicaeaenoaea iai?aaie/aneeo e i?aaie/aneeo aeieiae/anee
aeoeaiuo iee?iyeaiaioia (Fa, Y, Ar, noeueoeaeu, i?aaie/aneea eeneiou e
o. ae.) ia ooieoeee nenoai i?aaiecia /aeiaaea: oeo/oaiea iaiaiiuo
i?ioeannia, e?iaiia?auaiey, ieoaiey oeaiae, oe?aieaiea eiioiiie nenoaiu,
i?ioeaiaeea?ae/aneia aeaenoaea;
• ianoiia – a?ycue iaeaaeaao aaeni?aoeeiiiuie naienoaaie – oaeaeaiea n
eiaee e neecenouo aieaciaoai?iuo iee?ii?aaieciia
(i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiia, ?annanuaathuaa, iaacaieeaathuaa aeaenoaea).
Iieacaiey: caaieaaaiey iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa (einoe, nonoaau,
iuooeu), ia?eoa?e/aneie ia?aiie nenoaiu, ainiaeeoaeueiua
aeiaeieiae/aneea caaieaaaiey, ea/aiea ioaeneeo iieiauo i?aaiia,
aanieiaeea (ioaeneia e aeaineia), caaieaaaiey eiaee, iaeioi?ua
caaieaaaiey aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai o?aeoa (ia/aiue).
A a?ycao?aieeeua a?ycue o?aieony iiae neiai nieyiiai ?anoai?a ?AIIU.
I?aniua a?yce iinea i?eiaiaiey eniieuecotho ia oaeia?aiey, a eeiaua
noeueoeaeiua caeeaaeuaatho a o?aieeeua aeey ?aaaia?aoeee. A oa/aiea
iieoaiaea iiaeaatho ana iee?iau, a?ycue i/euaaony e niiaa aioiaa e
i?eiaiaieth. ?aaaia?aoeeth iau/ii aeaeatho 1 ?ac.
AIAeIUA ?ANO?NU
Ioiinyony ii?neea iiaa?aaeuey, ?aee, ic??a, eneonnoaaiiua aiaei?iu.
Eoiaiea aeiioneaaony i?e aieiaiee ia aieaa 3 aaeeia. Eo/oeie yaeythony
oa aiaeiaiu, aaea neaaia aieiaiea aeiieie?oao a oa/aiea anaai
eoiaeueiiai naciia. Iaeaieaa eiioi?oiua oneiaey aeey eoiaiey ioia/athony
i?e oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu io 18 aei 24° N. I?e oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu ieaea 16° N
eoiaoueny iiaoo oieueei neeueii caeaeaiiua ethaee. Iaaeaaii?eyoia oaeaea
neeoeii aunieay oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu – aieaa 26° N, yoi aeeneiioi?oiua
oneiaey, ia ieacuaathuea icaei?iaeoaeueiiai aicaeaenoaey.
Aieueoia cia/aiea eiatho naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneea oneiaey. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy aieueoay /anoue iiaa?aaeee *a?iiai e Acianeiai ii?ae
oa?aeoa?ecoaony cia/eoaeueiui caa?yciaieai aiaeu, /oi i?eaiaeeo e
cae?uoeth ieyaeae a ie?anoiinoyo Iaeannu e ia Acianeii iiaa?aaeuea.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeey ieyaeii-eoiaeueiiai ioaeuoa ia/aee aeoeaii
eniieueciaaoue eneonnoaaiiua aiaeiaiu: aiaeio?aieeeua, i?oaeu e
ea?uea?u.
Aiaeio?aieeeua, iino?iaiiua e n?aaeiae iieina ?innee e a Neae?e aeey
o?ainii?oiuo oeaeae eee eae ?aca?aoa?u n ieoueaaie aiaeie, noaee oe?iei
eniieueciaaoueny ?ae?aaoeeiiiuie o/?aaeaeaieyie aeey yooeiaa,
ieyaeii-eoiaeueiiai ioaeuoa. No?ieoaeuenoai e?oiiuo aiaeio?aieeeu
nii?yaeaii n oeaeui ?yaeii iaaeaaii?eyoiuo oaeoi?ia.
• aiaeie caoaieeaathony iaoe?iua oa??eoi?ee n iaau?oaeaiiuie eanaie e
iiiai/eneaiiuie ianaeaiiuie ioieoaie (n aua?aaiuie yiaie, ooaeaoaie,
neioiuie aeai?aie e iaaicio?aieeeuaie), /oi iaoneiaeeaaao
iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiue ninoaa aiaeu a ia?aua aiaeu;
• aeaaea iinea ioiineoaeueiie naiii/enoee canoieiue oa?aeoa? aiae
niinianoaoao yao?ioeeaoeee (ca?anoaieth);
• aieueoeinoai aiaeio?aieeeu, iino?iaiiuo eae ?aca?aoa?u n ieoueaaie
aiaeie, ia aeieaeiu i?aa?auaoueny a ciiu iai?aaieciaaiiith ioaeuoa
ianaeaiey.
Anee iie inaaeaathony a ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oeaeyo, ?aaoee?oaiue ioaeuo ia eo
aa?aaao iiaeao auoue i/aiue i?eaeaeaoaeueiui, iniaaiii aeey yooeiaa,
aeiaena?oeiaa e aeae?iia?eia.
Ianoa caoiieaiey aa?aciauo ?iu (aa?aca aeieai ia aieao e aiaea)
oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue aeey iiaeaiaeiiai ieaaaiey, iaiiieiathuaai
ieaaaiea a ei?aeeiauo ?eoao.
I?oaeu – o?aaeeoeeiiiay ?ae?aaoeeiiiay ciia ?onneeo onaaeaa. Iie
eniieueciaaeenue aeey eoiaiey aeeoaeyie ie?anoiuo ianaeaiiuo ioieoia.
I?oaeu /aua anaai eiatho caaea?iiaaiiua ieyaee, eo aeaaoi?ee iaaaeeee ii
?acia?o. Ia?eiaee/anee aiaeu nioneathony e i?oaeu /enoyo, /oi aeaao
aiciiaeiinoue iiaeaea?aeeaaoue eo a ioiineoaeueii aeaaiiieo/iii
ninoiyiee. Iiiaeanoai i?oaeia iaoiaeeony e a /a?oa ai?iaeia.
Ea?uea?u ia?acothony ia ianoa auaoeo ai?iuo au?aaioie. Iinoaiaiii iie
caiieiythony aiaeie, eo aa?aaa caaea?iiauaathony. Iiiaea ea?uea?u
eniieuecothony ianoiuie aeeoaeyie aeey eoiaiey. Iaeiaei ea?uea?u eiatho
nouanoaaiiua iaaeinoaoee: aeii eo ia?iaiia, oae eae i?e ai?iuo
?ac?aaioeao ii?iaeu ecuiathony ia?aaiiia?ii, e?iia oiai, ia aeia
ea?uea?ia /anoi neaieeaaaony iiiai noa?ie oaoieee, /oi nicaeaao
iaaaciianiua oneiaey aeey eoiaiey.
Aiaeio?aieeeua a ?ae?aaoeeiiiii ioiioaiee i?aaenoaaeytho iniaaiii
aieueoie eioa?an a neeo neaaeothueo i?e/ei.
1) aiaeio?aieeeua iiauoatho ?ae?aaoeeiiioth oeaiiinoue e aieinoue iiiaeo
?aeiiia, iniaaiii aaaeiuo anoanoaaiiuie aiaeiaiaie, a a iaeioi?uo
neo/ayo neoaeao yae?ii, nicaeathuei oa??eoi?eaeueiua ?ae?aaoeeiiiua
nenoaiu;
2) aieueoeinoai aiaeio?aieeeu eiiieaeniiai iacia/aiey nicaeaii e aoaeao
nicaeaaaoueny aaeece ai?iaeia, iaaieueoea aiaeio?aieeeua ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai
iacia/aiey iiaoo nicaeaaaoueny e a i?aaeaeao ai?iaeneeo oa??eoi?ee;
3) aiaeio?aieeeua iiaoo auoue nicaeaiu n o/aoii iiiaeo o?aaiaaiee
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe;
4) aiaeio?aieeeua aeey ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oeaeae iiaoo nicaeaaaoueny a
iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiuo eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaeyo;
5) aiaeio?aieeeua eiiieaeniiai e oeaeaaiai iacia/aiey, nicaeaaaaiua a
ai?iuo e naaa?iuo ?aeiiao, eiatho a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa oi?ioea
iiaeuacaeiua iooe, iiyoiio eo i?iua eniieueciaaoue a ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
oeaeyo, /ai ica?a;
6) aeaaiaea?y iaee/eth i?e no?ieoaeuenoaa aeae?ioceia aacu eiaeono?ee e
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eaae?ia no?ieoaeuenoai ia aa?aaao aiaeio?aieeeu
ainoeieoe, oo?aac e ae?oaeo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo iauaeoia iiaeao
inouanoaeyoueny a ei?ioeea n?iee; aeey oeaeae ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai oicyenoaa
iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu iinaeee no?ieoaeae.
Iooe iioeiecaoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai aiaeiiieueciaaiey
Iaeiie ec iniiaiuo caaea/ yaeyaony ?ac?aaioea iao/iuo iniia e
iaoiaee/aneeo i?eaiia ii?aaeaeaiey aeiionoeiuo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo iaa?ocie
ia aeaaeueii-oa??eoi?eaeueiua eiiieaenu. ?aeiiaiaeoaiua a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy ii?iu cia/eoaeueii aa?uee?otho ii ioaeaeueiui ?aeiiai no?aiu, a
oaeaea a caaeneiinoe io ia?aiao?ia aiaeiuo iauaeoia e eioaineaiinoe eo
eniieueciaaiey ioaeuoathueie.
Iiiaea iaoi/iinoe naycaiu n iaaeinoaoi/ii /aoeei ii?aaeaeaieai naiiai
iiiyoey “aeiionoeiua iaa?ocee ia aiaeiua ?ae?aaoeeiiiua iauaeou”. Iiae
aeiionoeiie iaa?oceie neaaeoao iiae?acoiaaaoue oaeoth iaa?oceo ia
aeaaoi?eth e aa?aaiaoth ciio aiaeiiai iauaeoa, i?e eioi?ie au
aa?aioe?iaaeinue: a) ionoonoaea eciaiaiee ea/anoaa aiaeu ii ioaeaeueiui
iieacaoaeyi auoa onoaiiaeaiiuo IAeE; a) nio?aiaiea no?oeoo?u e ooieoeee
eiiiiiaioia i?ea?aaeiiai eaiaeoaooa, iaania/eaathueo eo anoanoaaiiia
naiii/euaiea e ainnoaiiaeaiea, a) ono?aiaiea eee niya/aiea
iaaeio?aneaauo (iaaeaeo ?ae?aaoeeiiiui oicyenoaii e ae?oaeie aeaeaie
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe) e aioo?eino?aneaauo (iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie
aeaeaie ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eniieueciaaiey aiaeiaiia) i?ioeai?a/ee.
Aeiionoeiay iaa?ocea ii?aaeaeyaony ii iaeaieaa neaaiio, eeieoe?othuaio
caaio oeacaiiuo oneiaee.
Iao?oaeii aeaeaoue, /oi aaee/eiu aeiionoeiuo iaa?ocie ieaaeoony
caaaaeiii ?acee/iuie aeey ?aciuo iauaeoia — ii?ae, ica?, ?ae,
aiaeio?aieeeu, aeey aiaeiuo iauaeoia iaeiiai eeanna, ii ?aniieiaeaiiuo a
?aciuo i?e?iaeii-eeeiaoe/aneeo ciiao, aeaaea aeey ?aciuo o/anoeia a
i?aaeaeao iaeiiai e oiai aea aeinoaoi/ii e?oiiiai iauaeoa — ?aee, ica?a,
ii?y. Iiyoiio i?eioeeieaeueiui yaeyaony i?eciaiea oiai, /oi aeiionoeiua
iaa?ocee — ia aeanoei oeene?iaaiiue, ii?iaoeaiue iieacaoaeue, a
aeiaieueii aeeiaie/iay aaee/eia, caaenyuay io iiiaeo oaeoi?ia.
Ia?iiiua aiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey aeey ianniauo aiaeiuo ?ae?aaoeee
iiiai/eneaiiuo ica?, aiaeio?aieeeu, ?ae inoathony ia?aaeeciaaiiuie.
Neiaeiie i?iaeaiie yaeyaony oaaee/aiea ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai iioaioeeaea iaeuo
aiaeiaiia, iniaaiii a ?aeiiao e?oiiuo ai?iaeneeo aaeiia?aoeee.
EANIUA ?ANO?NU
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue oi?aaeaiey ?ae?aaoeeiiiui eniieueciaaieai eania aucaaea
iiyaeaiea oeaeiai ?yaea iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee (?ae?aaoeeiiiia
eaniiieueciaaiea a NNN?, 1983; Nia?aiaiiua i?iaeaiu ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai
eaniiieueciaaiey, 1985;
?ae?aaoeeiiiay i?eaiaeiinoue eania
Eana ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee ?ani?aaeaeaiu ia?aaiiia?ii, /oi iauyniyaony
ciiaeueiuie e i?iaeioeeaeueiuie ?acee/eyie i?e?iaeii-eeeiaoe/aneeo
oneiaee, a oaeaea enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeieny iai?aaeaieyie oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, niinianoaothueie nio?aiaieth eee nie?auaieth ieiuaaee
eania. A iaeioi?uo ?aeiiao no?aiu iie caieiatho aieaa 70% ieiuaaee
?aaeiia (naaa? aa?iiaeneie /anoe NNN?, Ainoi/iay Neae?ue, Aeaeueiee
Ainoie), a ae?oaeo anaai 10—15% (Oeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiue ?aeii,
Iiaieaeuea, Eacaonoai, Iieaeiaa, Ocaaeenoai, Aca?aaeaeaeai.
Oaaeaeeeenoai e ae?.).
Iio?aaiinoe a eaniuo oa??eoi?eyo eae ?aeiiao ioaeuoa ianaeaiey e nai
oa?aeoa? ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eaniiieueciaaiey caaenyo a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue io
ethaeiinoe ai?iaeneeo iinaeaiee e eo iieiaeaiey ii ioiioaieth e eaniui
ianneaai, a oaeaea io iaee/ey ae?oaeo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia e ?iee
eania n?aaee ieo. Iaiaeiaaaeioth ?ieue i?e yoii ea?aao e ii?iaeiue
ninoaa eania, eo naienoaa, ii?aaeaeythuea oeceieiae/aneoth e
ineoieiae/aneoth eiioi?oiinoue ioaeuoa ia i?e?iaea (i?ino?ainoaaiiay
no?oeoo?a eaniuo ianneaia, iaee/ea ioe?uouo e iieoioe?uouo i?ino?ainoa e
ae?).
Eco/aiea ?ae?aaoeeiiiie i?eaiaeiinoe eania iieacaei, /oi ec anao
i?e?iaeiuo oa?aeoa?enoee iaeaieaa aaaeiuie n oi/ee c?aiey
?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eaniiieueciaaiey yaeythony eanenoinoue, ii?iaeiue
ninoaa, aiieoao, caaiei/aiiinoue eaniuo oa??eoi?ee, ia?ana/aiiinoue
?aeueaoa, iaee/ea e i?ioyaeaiiinoue aa?aaiaie iieinu aiaeiuo iauaeoia,
iaaeeei-aaia?aoe/aneea iniaaiiinoe ?aeiia. E?iia oiai, ?ae?aaoeeiiiay
ioeaiea eania a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie caaeneo io iio?aaiinoae ianaeaiey
a ioaeuoa ia i?e?iaea.
Eana Neae?e e Aeaeueiaai Ainoiea n oi/ee c?aiey aiciiaeiinoae eo
?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eniieueciaaiey eco/aiu neaai. Ec anao aeaeia
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu ioioa, ?uaiay
eiaey, nai? a?eaia, yaiae, i?aoia. Ciiu ianniaiai e?aoeia?aiaiiiai
ioaeuoa a eano nicaeathony oieueei aaeece e?oiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaio?ia
e ea/aaii-eo?i?oiuo o/?aaeaeaiee.
?ae?aaoeeiiiua eana
E?eoa?ee ioianaiey eania e ?ae?aaoeeiiiui ia onoaiiaeaiu. Iaeiaei
io/aoeeai auaeaeythony aeaa iiaeoiaea. Niaeanii iaeiiio ec ieo, e
?ae?aaoeeiiiui ioiinyo eana, auiieiythuea ia?yaeo n ?ae?aaoeeiiiuie
?acee/iua oicyenoaaiiua, n?aaeicaueoiua e i?e?iaeiio?aiiua ooieoeee.
Iaeaieaa /anoi a yoii neo/aa e ?ae?aaoeeiiiui ioiinyo eana, auiieiythuea
i?aeiouanoaaiii naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneea e icaei?iaeoaeueiua ooieoeee.
Niaeanii ae?oaiio iiaeoiaeo, ?ae?aaoeeiiiuie n/eoathony oieueei oa
o/anoee eana, a eioi?uo ?ae?aaoeeiiiay ooieoeey aeiieie?oao e
ii?aaeaeyao caaea/e aaaeaiey oicyenoaa. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy eiaiii oaeie
iiaeoiae iaeaieaa ?aaeueii io?aaeaao i?aaenoaaeaiea i ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
eanao.
Oaeei ia?acii, iaiaoiaeeii auaeaeaiea aeaoo iniiaiuo eaoaai?ee eania,
eniieuecoaiuo aeey ioaeuoa.
Ia?aay — ?ae?aaoeeiiiua eana, auiieiythuea i?aeiouanoaaiii
?ae?aaoeeiiiua ooieoeee (ia?ee e eaniia?ee a ai?iaeao e i?eai?iaeiuo
ciiao, ioaeaeueiua o/anoee i?e?iaeiuo iaoeeiiaeueiuo ia?eia,
i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey ioaeuoa iinaoeoaeae) Aaaeiaeoei ea/anoaaiiui
ioee/eai ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo eania yaeyaony eo iiaeaioiaeaiiinoue e ianniaiio
ioaeuoo, /oi iiaeao auoue aeinoeaiooi i?e iauai aeaaiono?ienoaa
oa??eoi?ee, ianuuaiee aa aei?iaeii-o?iieii/iie naoueth, e o.ae.
?ae?aaoeeiiioth ooieoeeth yoie eaoaai?ee eania iaiaoiaeeii cae?aieoue ca
ii?aaeaeaiiuie ianneaaie (o/anoeaie) eana, a i?aaeaeao eioi?uo neaaeoao
aanoe oeaeaaia oicyenoai, iai?aaeaiiia ia nio?aiaiea aiciiaeiinoe eana
iinoiyiii auiieiyoue yoo ooieoeeth. Yoi e anoue nianoaaiii
?ae?aaoeeiiiua eana.
Ai aoi?oth eaoaai?eth aeeth/athony eana, eeoue /anoe/ii eniieuecoaiua a
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oeaeyo, oiaaea eae eo iniiaiia iacia/aiea iiaeao auoue
niaa?oaiii eiui (yenieoaoaoeeiiiui, aiaeiio?aiiui, ii/aicaueoiui e ae?).
?ANO?NU AI?
Aaaeouaa ianoi n?aaee i?ia?aoe/aneeo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia caieiatho
ai?iua ?ano?nu. ?aciiia?acea i?e?iaeiuo oneiaee ai?, iaee/ea eae
yeno?aiaeueiuo, oae e aeaaii?eyoiuo e aeaaea eiioi?oiuo oneiaee aeey
ioaeuoa e nii?oa nicaeaao i?aaeiinueee aeey ?acaeoey naiuo ?aciuo oeiia
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe — io nii?oeaiuo, o?aaothueo aunieiai
ianoa?noaa, o?aie?iaaiiinoe e caeaeaiiinoe, aei icaei?iaeoaeueiuo,
ianniauo. Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue ?ano?nia ai? aua ia inaiaia, oae eae
aieueoeinoai noaio?aneae ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai oicyenoaa e, i?aaeaea anaai,
i?aaei?eyoey ai?iieuaeiiai nii?oa aua oieueei ia/eiatho ?acaeaaoueny.
I?e ?ae?aaoeeiiiii inaiaiee ai?iuo oa??eoi?ee ioeaiea iiaeeaaeao
neaaeothuea eo ia?aiao?u e naienoaa: aeiniiao?e/aneea, eeeiaoe/aneea,
eaiaeoaooii-ynoaoe/aneea, aeyoeeieiae/aneea (eaaeieee, niaaeiue iie?ia,
naee, eaaeiu), eiaeaia?ii-oece/aneea (naenie/iinoue, iaee/ea iiieciae,
iaaaeia e ae?oaeo noeoeeiuo yaeaiee), a oaeaea nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea
(o?ainii?oiay aeinooiiinoue, inaiaiiinoue, ianuuaiiinoue
eio?ano?oeoo?ie, ?acaeoinoue noa?u ianeoaeeaaiey, iaee/ea o?oaeiauo
?ano?nia e enoi?eei-e?aaaaae/aneeo iauaeoia). Iniaia cia/aiea i?e yoii
i?eaeaaony ioeaiea aeiniiao?e/aneiai iieiaeaiey (aaniethoiua e
ioiineoaeueiua auniou) oa??eoi?ee, ia?aiao?o, eioi?ue oa?aeoa?ecoao ai?u
eae naiaia?aciua oaeoiieei-ii?oino?oeoo?iua ia?aciaaiey e, e?iia oiai,
eiiieaenii io?aaeaao naienoaaiiua ii?aaeaeaiiui aunioai
eaiaeoaooii-eeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey.
Eaaeaeiio oeio ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eniieueciaaiey ai?iuo ?ano?nia
niioaaonoaotho ii?aaeaeaiiua oi?iu i?aaiecaoeee oa??eoi?ee e iauaeou.
Aeey aeueieienoneiai yoi aeueieaaa?y, a?aiaiiua aaciaua eaaa?y i?e
aunioiuo yeniaaeeoeeyo, aeey ai?ii-oo?enoneiai — oo?aacu, i?ethou
iaeaoi/iua ai?iaeee e ae?. aeey ai?ii-oo?enoneiai
nii?oeaii-icaei?iaeoaeueiiai — ai?iieuaeiua eaaa?y, oi?ie?othueany ia
aaca oo?aac e aeueieaaa?ae a oaeaea ai?ii-nii?oeaiua oeaio?u
eiiieaeniiai i?ioeey, aeey i?iaoei/ii-icaei?iaeoaeueiiai e
ai?iioo?enoneiai – iaoeeiiaeueiua ia?ee, i?aaieciaaiiua ianoa ioaeuoa a
ai?ao (iai?eia?, ?anoe?aiiua neaaiiaeeiiiua o/anoee ?a/iuo oa??an a
ai?iuo aeieeiao e ae?). Yoe neiaeeaoeany aeey iaoae no?aiu oi?iu
eniieueciaaiey ai?ii-?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia a aoaeouai iiaoo
eciaiyoueny e aeiiieiyoueny iiauie.
Oeiu eniieueciaaiey ai?iuo ?ano?nia ?acaeaeythony ia iiaeoeiu, eioi?ua
oa?aeoa?ecothony /a?ac eiie?aoiua aeaeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Oae, iai?eia?, ianniaue i?iaoei/ii-icaei?iaeoaeueiue oei iauaaeeiyao
iiaeoeiu: i?iaoei/ii-yeneo?neiiiue n eniieueciaaieai o?ainii?oiuo
n?aaenoa, aeeth/athuee iinauaiea i?eia/aoaeueiuo iauaeoia; iaoea iioiaeu
ii eaaeiaeinooiiui o/anoeai aeieei a i?aaeaeao i?aaeai?ee e /anoe/ii
n?aaeiaai?ee; euaeiua i?iaoeee ii neaaiiaeeiiiie ianoiinoe e ae?. I?e
?acaeaeaiee i?iaoei/ii-icaei?iaeoaeueiiai oeia ia iiaeoeiu neaaeoao
o/eouaaoue oaeaea aic?ano ioaeuoathueo (aeaoneee e naiaeiue ioaeuo,
iieiaeaaeiua a?oiiu, a?oiiu n?aaeieo aic?anoia). E ai?ii-oo?enoneiio
nii?oeaii-icaei?iaeoaeueiiio oeio ioiinyony oo?enoneea iaoea
iaeaoaai?e?iaaiiua ia?o?oou, euaeiua i?iaoeee e nii?o, a oaeaea
?acee/iua aeaeu caiyoee, naycaiiua n eniieueciaaieai ai?iuo neeiiia
(naiiue nii?o, aianeae e ae?). Oei ai?iioo?enoneee n?aaeieo eaoaai?ee
neiaeiinoe aeeth/aao iaoea eaoaai?e?iaaiiua ia?o?oou, ai?iieuaeiue,
aiaeii-oo?enoneee, aeaeueoaieaia?iue, niaeaioo?enoneee e ae?oaea
iiaeoeiu. Aeueieienonei-ai?ii-oo?enoneee e nianoaaiii aeueieienoneee
oeiu eniieueciaaiey ?ano?nia ?acaeaeythony, aeaaiui ia?acii, ii
neiaeiinoe ia?o?ooia ii ai?iui ianoiinoyi, o.a. ii niaoeeaeecaoeee
oeaeaaie iai?aaeaiiinoe ia?o?ooia, ainoiaeaeaiee e o.i., o?aaothueo
i?aiaeieaiey ?acee/iuo i?aiyonoaee — neeueii ia?ana/aiiie ianoiinoe,
ia?uaenouo neeiiia, a oaeaea ai?iuo ?ae, ia?aaaeia, oe?iiauo iieae e
eaaeieeia e ae?.
Ioeaiea ai?iuo ?ano?nia aeey ?aciuo oeiia ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai inaiaiey
caaeneo a iniiaiii io neiaeiinoe i?iaaaeaiey oao eee eiuo oi?i
nii?oeaiie (aeueieienoneie, oo?enoneie) aeayoaeueiinoe e
icaei?iaeoaeueiuo caiyoee, i?e/ai nii?oeaiua e icaei?iaeoaeueiua oeiu
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ?aca?aie/eaathony a ai?ao aieaa aeanoei,
/ai ia ?aaieiao. A yoii caeeth/aaony nouanoaaiiia ?acee/ea a i?eaiao
i?eiyouo aeey ?ae?aaoeeiiiie ioeaiee i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia ai?iuo e
?aaieiiuo oa??eoi?ee. Eae ecaanoii, i?e ?ae?aaoeeiiiie ioeaiea
i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia ?aaiei aeoeaio aeaeaaony ia oaeoi?ao
i?e?iaeii-eeeiaoe/aneie e ynoaoe/aneie eiioi?oiinoe. A ai?ao aea, aaea
oaeoe/anee ana eaiaeoaoou ioee/athony aunieeie ynoaoe/aneeie ea/anoaaie,
ni/aoaiey neiaeiuo oneiaee (aieueoea aaniethoiua e ioiineoaeueiua
auniou, e?ooineeiiiue ?aeueao, ?acee/iua oi?iu ieaaeaiaiey e ae?.)
?anoeaieaathony eae iieiaeeoaeueiia ea/anoai ai?iuo ?ano?nia,
iiauoathuea eo ?ae?aaoeeiiioth oeaiiinoue. Ii yoei i?eciaeai ?ac?aaioaiu
iaoiaeu eeanneoeoee?iaaiey ai?iuo ?ano?nia aeey aeueieiecia, oo?ecia,
ai?iieuaeiiai nii?oa e ae?oaeo oeiia ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eniieueciaaiey
ai?iuo oa??eoi?ee, ninoaaeaiu oeaeu ioeaiee ?ano?nia ii eaoaai?eyi
neiaeiinoe.
Ai?u iaeaaeatho naiuie ?aciiia?aciuie aiciiaeiinoyie aeey i?iaaaeaiey
oo?enoneeo iioiaeia, eae icaei?iaeoaeueiuo, oae e nii?oeaiuo ?aciuo
eaoaai?ee neiaeiinoe, naycaiiuo n i?aiaeieaieai ia?aaaeia – inuiiuo,
neaeueiuo, niaaeiuo, eaaeyiuo, eaaeiiaaeiuo. Ai?iua iioiaeu ioaaouaatho
ana aunioiua ciiu – io ieceiai?ee aei aunieiai?ee, ii iaeaieaa eioa?ania
a nii?oeaiii ioiioaiee ieaaeueii-aeyoeeaeueiay ciia. Ia eaoaai?eth
ai?ii-oo?enoneeo ia?o?ooia aeeyao oaoie/aneay neiaeiinoue, eo
i?ioyaeaiiinoue, aaniethoiay aunioa, caniaaeaiiinoue e ieaaeaiaiea,
eiee/anoai ii/aaie ia ia?o?ooa, eeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey e aeanoeinoue
iiaiaeu. Onoaiiaeaiea eaoaai?ee ia?o?ooia (eae e aa?oei ii neiaeiinoe
aeueieienoneeo ainoiaeaeaiee) oaeiaii aeey ioeaiee ai?iuo ?ano?nia
oo?ecia. Eaaeaeie eaoaai?ee ai?ii-oo?enoneie eeanneoeeaoeee
niioaaonoaotho naie oneiaey ?aeueaoa e iiaiaeu. 1A – ia?o?oo
eniieuecoaony eae iaii?aiiue, eiathony o?iiu, oa?aeoa?ii ionoonoaea
aeueieienoneeo o?oaeiinoae, iioiae i?ioiaeeo aac ii/aaie e aeaaeia; 1A –
o?iiu i?a?uaathony ia neaeao e eaaeieeao; 2A – A – neaeueiua e
niaaeii-eaaeiaua neeiiu (30-40°), oa?aeoa?iu eaaeiiaaeu, ?aci?aaiiua
o?aueiaie eaaeieee iaiaoiaeeii i?eiaiaiea eioae, no?aoiaee, ii/aaee
auaatho e a eaaeieeiaie ciia; 3A-A – e?ooua (aei 60°) niaaeii-eaaeiaua
neaeueiua neeiiu aieueoie i?ioyaeaiiinoe, oieiaeiua ii/aaee ia niaao e a
niaaeiuo iaua?ao.
Eeanneoeeaoeee neiaeiinoe iooaoanoaee nouanoaotho aeey ?acee/iuo
iiaeoeiia oo?ecia eae ?aaieiiiai, oae e ai?iiai iaoaoiaeiiai, aiaeiiai,
euaeiiai, niaeaieiae/aneiai. I?e/ai aeey ?aciuo iiaeoeiia aaaaeaii io
o?ao aei iyoe eaoaai?ee. Oae, iai?eia?, neiaeiinoue euaeiiai iooaoanoaey
e ia ?aaieiiie ianoiinoe, e a ai?ao ii?aaeaeyaony i?ioyaeaiiinoueth
iooe, iaee/eai anoanoaaiiuo i?aiyonoaee, i?ioiaeaeaieai ia?o?ooa
naaa?iaa (ia ?aaieia) eee auoa (a ai?ao) a?aieoeu eana, auniou niaaeiiai
iie?iaa (iioeiaeueii – 40 ni), eiee/anoaii iieaauo ii/eaaia. Ii aeey
ai?iiai oo?ecia aaaeiu oaeaea au? aeiiieieoaeueiua e?eoa?ee
i?ioyaeaiiinoe ia?o?ooia: aeey 1 eaoaai?ee – 100 ei, aeey 5 – 180 ei;
iauaa eiee/anoai ia?aaaeia ii?aaeaeaiiie neiaeiinoe.
I?e?iaeiua e nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea ?ano?nu ai?iuo nenoai Niaaoneiai
Nithca aeey ?acaeoey iaoaai e ai?iieuaeiiai oo?ecia o/oaiu aua ia
iieiinoueth. Oae, iai?eia?, ia Eaaeaca, Iaie?a Oyiue-Oaia, Aeoaa, a
Oaineeo ai?ao eiathony eeanneoeoee?iaaiiua ia?aaaeu, a ia O?aea, a
Caaaeeaeuea, a ai?ao Naaa?i-Ainoiea e Aeaeueiaai Ainoiea ii/oe iao. Yoi
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi iineaaeiea aua iaei eco/aiu e ia ioeaiaiu n
oi/ee c?aiey i?aaiecaoeee ai?ii-oo?enoneeo ia?o?ooia.
Ai?ii-oo?enoneea icaei?iaeoaeueiua iiaeoeiu ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe — iaoea e euaeiua ia?o?oou (a oaeaea ia?o?oou n
eniieueciaaieai o?ainii?oa) aeeth/atho ianeiaeiua e iiyoiio
iaeeanneoeoee?iaaiiua ia?aaaeu. Ii o?anna ia?o?ooia iaiaoiaeeia
i?aaiecaoeey i?ethoia (oioy au a?aiaiiuo, aeaaiono?iaiiuo ieiuaaeie aeey
ioaeuoa, i?eaaeia, ea?, ni?aaiiaaiee). Oaeea oneiaey a eciaeeee eiathony
a iaeuo ai?iuo nenoaiao (Oeaeiu Ea?iaou, E?ui, O?ae), a oaeaea a
i?aaeai?ueyo, ieceiai?ueyo e n?aaeiaai?ueyo, iiiaeo aieaa aunieeo ai?.
I?aaiecaoeey ai?iieuaeiuo e ae?oaeo neeiiiauo iiaeoeiia ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaeuyaeyao i/aiue aeanoeea o?aaiaaiey e eio?ano?oeoo?a:
iaiaoiaeeiu oi?ioea iiaeuacaeiua iooe, iiaeuaiieee, iiiauaiey aeey
iaia?aaa, ioaeuoa e ae?.
Ae?OAEA I?E?IAeIUA ?ANO?NU
Ea?noiaue ?aeueao (niaeaioo?eci)
?ano?nu a?eaiuo, yaiaeiuo oaiaeee, oaiaeee n eaea?noaaiiuie ?anoaieyie.
Aiaeiua – aeey nieaaa e yooeiaa.
Ai?u – aeey ai?iieuaeiiai nii?oa.
Oieeaeueiua i?e?iaeiua ea/aaiua ?ano?nu
Aaeioa?aiey. Aeey ea/aiey caaieaaaiee i?aaiia aeuoaiey, a /anoiinoe
anoiu, eniieuecotho nieyiua oaoou, aaea aieueiie i?iaiaeeo ianeieueei
/ania, aeuoa aicaeooii, ianuuaiiui nieueth. Aaeioa?aieth aia/aea
i?eiaiyee a Ea?iaoao (Nieioaei), a A?iaiee, no?ieony eo?i?o a
I?aiao?aneie iae. (Nieue-Eeaoee).
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy eniieuecoaony ea/aiea nieueth a eneonnoaaiiuo
aaeieaia?ao, aaea nieue iaiueyaony i?yii ia noaiu.
Ia?aa?aoua ia?u. A Aaoee?ee anoue oieeaeueiue eo?i?o ssiaai-Oao, aaea a
ea//anoaa ea/aaiuo oaeoi?ia aunooiatho ia?aa?aoua aacu e ia?u, aiaaoua
eiaeii e a?iiii. Ai?a ssiaai-Oao neiaeaia ai?th/eie neaioeaie, neeiiiuie
e naiiaicai?aieth. Ia?aa?aoua aacu ii ?anuaeeiai iiaeieiathony ia
iiaa?oiinoue. I?e ano?a/a n iiaecaiiuie aiaeaie iie iaa?aaatho eo aei
ia?iia?aciiai ninoiyiey. I?iao?aiiua neaaaeeiu aeaenoaotho eae ia/iua
o?oau.
Aaciia?aciue ?aaeii. Ea/aiea aaciia?aciui ?aaeiiii aanueia
aei?iainoiyuaa, i?eiaiyaony a Aano?ee. A ?innee auoiae aaciia?aciiai
?aaeiia iaia?oaeai iiae ai?iaeii Ai?iae/e (Iiaai?iaeneay iae.) a oaooao,
aaea aeiauaathony iaiaoii?iua aeeiu. A ioa/anoaaiiie ea/aaiie i?aeoeea
iiea ia inaiai.
Nooie aicaeoo. A ?aaeeeo neo/ayo eeeiaoe/aneea eo?i?ou iiaoo auoue
i?aaieciaaiu a ionouia, a oneiaeyo e?aeia ieceie aeaaeiinoe.
Oaeie eo?i?o anoue a Oo?eiaiee – Aae?ai-Aee. Caeanue noaaeeueii a
oa/aiea anaai aiaea ioiineoaeueiay aeaaeiinoue oaea?aeeaaaony ia o?iaia
10—15 %, oiaaea eae a oia?aiiuo oe?ioao iia ninoaaeyao ceiie 80 %, a
eaoii – 60 – 70 %. Ia eo?i?oa ea/ao iaoeeaioia n ainiaeaieai ii/ae
(iao?eo), i?e eioi?ii ia?ooaaony auaaaeaiea ec i?aaiecia oeaeia e a
iau/iuo oneiaeyo o?aaoaony iiaeeeth/aiea aiia?aoa “eneonnoaaiiay ii/ea”,
a a oneiaeyo e?aeia nooiai eeeiaoa a?aaeiua oeaee auaiaeyony ec
i?aaiecia /a?ac eiaeo. Aae?ai-Aee – eo?i?o ie?iaie ecaanoiinoe, oae eae
ie a iaeiie ionouia N?aaeiae Acee aeaaeiinoue onoie/eai ia aeinoeaaao
noieue ieceeo cia/aiee.
Eoiuniea/aiea o?aaeeoeeiiii ecaanoii n i?ioeiai aaea. Eoiunii ea/eee
ineaaeaiiuo ooaa?eoeaciuo aieueiuo. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy eoiuniea/aiea
nio?aiyaony a naiaoi?ee “THiaoiai” a Aaoee?ee.
ENOI?EEI-EOEUeOO?IUE IIOAIOeEAE
Enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iue iioaioeeae yaeyaony iniiaie iiciaaaoaeueiiai
oo?ecia. Ii i?aaenoaaeai ?acee/iuie aeaeaie enoi?e/aneeo iaiyoieeia,
iaii?eaeueiuo iano, ia?iaeiuie i?iiuneaie, iocayie, oi anoue ni/aoaieyie
iauaeoia iaoa?eaeueiie e aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u. Eoeueoo?iia ianeaaeea –
yoi ianeaaeea enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey oeeaeeecaoeee, eioi?ia iaeiieeinue
ia aeaiiie oa??eoi?ee. Eaaeaeay yiioa inoaaeyao naie neaae, eioi?ue
iaia?oaeeaaaony a eoeueoo?iuo neiyo i?e a?oaieiae/aneeo ?aneiieao.
I?aeoe/anee eaaeaeay ianoiinoue iiaeao i?aaenoaaeyoue eioa?an aeey
iiciaaaoaeueiiai oo?ecia. Ii ianoa, aaea aeieai aeeee ethaee, o?aiyo
aieueoa neaaeia iaoa?eaeueiie eoeueoo?u.
A oeaeii n?aaee iaiyoieeia eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey iiaeii auaeaeeoue:
• iaiyoieee a?oaieiaee;
• eoeueoiaoth e a?aaeaeaineoth a?oeoaeoo?o;
• iaiyoieee eaiaeoaooiie a?oeoaeoo?u;
• iaeua e aieueoea enoi?e/aneea ai?iaea, oeie/iua naeueneea iinaeaiey;
• iocae, oaao?u, aunoaai/iua caeu e ae?oaea iauaeou nioeeieoeueoo?iie
eio?ano?oeoo?u;
• iauaeou yoiia?aoee, ia?iaeiua i?iiuneu e ?aianea, oeaio?u
aeaei?aoeaii-i?eeeaaeiiai eneonnoaa;
• oaoie/aneea eiiieaenu e nii?oaeaiey.
IAOIAeU AAIA?AOE*ANEIAI ECO*AIEss E I?IAEOE?IAAIEss O?N
Aaia?aoe/aneay eioi?iaoeey i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee O?N
I?iaeoe?iaaiea O?N eiaao iiiai iauaai n i?iaeoe?iaaieai ae?oaeo aeaeia
oa??eoi?eaeueiuo nenoai. Aianoa n oai iii eiaao e ?yae oanii naycaiiuo
iaaeaeo niaie iniaaiiinoae, iaoneiaeaiiuo, i?aaeaea anaai, iauaeoii
i?iaeoe?iaaiey. Iie neacuaathony: 1) ia iauaia e oa?aeoa?a iaueo ciaiee,
iaiaoiaeeiuo i?iaeoe?iaueeo; 2) ia niaea?aeaiee e iauaia eioi?iaoeee,
o?aaothuaeny aeey ?ac?aaioee eiie?aoiiai i?iaeoa; 3) ia oa?aeoa?a
i?eieiaaiuo i?iaeoiuo ?aoaiee; 4) ia niaea?aeaiee e iauaia i?iaeoiie
aeieoiaioaoeee; 5) ia niiniaao iieo/aiey eioi?iaoeee e aa
iai?aaeaiiinoe.
Iineieueeo O?N – nenoaiu nioeeaeueiua e eo oeaio?aeueiui iauaeoii
yaeyaony /aeiaae n aai ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, oi
i?iaeoe?iauee aeieaeai eiaoue iaaeeei-aeieiae/aneoth iiaeaioiaeo; aeey
i?iaeoe?iaaiey iaiaoiaeei aieueoie iauai iaaeeei-aeieiae/aneie
eioi?iaoeee e oaniue eiioaeo iaaeaeo i?iaeoiuie e iaaeeei-aeieiae/aneeie
o/?aaeaeaieyie. Nioeeaeueiue oa?aeoa? nenoaiu ia iicaieyao ia?aie/eoueny
yeiiiie/aneie ioeaieie aa yooaeoeaiinoe e o?aaoao oiaiey i?eiaiyoue
neiaeiua iaoiaeu ioeaiee nioeeaeueiie yooaeoeaiinoe aa ?aaiou.
Iineieueeo O?N nenoaiu ii naiae nouiinoe aaia?aoe/aneea, io?aaeathuea
oa??eoi?eaeueioth aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth iauanoaaiiuo ooieoeee, oi
i?iaeoe?iauee aeieaeai eiaoue e aaia?aoe/aneoth iiaeaioiaeo.
Oa??eoi?eaeueiue oa?aeoa? ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo nenoai iaoneiaeeaaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?iaeoe?iaaiey ia oieueei ioaeaeueiuo nii?oaeaiee,
oi/ae, oceia, ii oaeaea iai?aaeaiey e no?oeoo?u iioieia,
niioaaonoaothueo aanueia aeoeaiui ooieoeeiiaeueiui ia?aiauaieyi
ioaeuoathueo, ioaaouaathuei aieueoea ieiuaaee.
Iniiaiie caaea/ae ia anao noaaeeyo i?iaeoe?iaaiey yaeyaony niioiioaiea
iio?aaiinoae e aiciiaeiinoae n o/aoii ia?aie/aiee, aoaeue yoi
iio?aaiinoe anae no?aiu, e?oiiiai ?aaeiia eee caaeaiiua iio?aaiinoe
eaeiai-eeai iaaieueoiai i?aaei?eyoey ioaeuoa. Iiyoiio eco/aiea oaeoi?ia,
oa?aeoa?ecothueo anth ioaaouaathuoth nenoaio O?N e aa iiaenenoaiu,
ninoaaeyao yae?i enneaaeiaaiee ia anao noaaeeyo i?iaeoe?iaaiey.
Iiaeaeueth, io?aaeathuae ?aaeueii nouanoaothuoth oa??eoi?eth n a?
?aaeiiaeueiuie ioee/eyie e ?acee/iie oeaiiinoueth aeey ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, yaeyaony eaiaeoaooiay ea?oa, na?ey iniiaaiiuo ia iae
ea?o ioeaiee iaecaaeiiai ?aciiia?acey, onoie/eainoe, eiioi?oiinoe, noaia
ia?aie/aiee e iaai? io?aneaauo ea?o.
Nicaeaiea eaiaeoaooiie ea?ou o?aaoao eae iieaauo, oae e eaia?aeueiuo
iaoiaeia eco/aiey oa??eoi?ee. Aeey ninoaaeaiey ea?ou e aa eaaaiaeu
eniieuecothony iaoiaeu ia?o?ooii-?aeiaiinoee?iai/iue, eeth/aauo
o/anoeia, i?ioeeae, iaoiae ieiuaaeiuo enneaaeiaaiee, aiciiaeii
i?eiaiaiea ay?iaecoaeueiuo iaoiaeia.
Iaeiaei eaiaeoaooiua enneaaeiaaiey aeey ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oeaeae ia iiaoo
ia?aie/eaaoueny ea?oe?iaaieai. Eaiaeoaooiay ea?oa – iaiaoiaeeiue
iaoa?eae aeey i?iaeoe?iaaiey, ii iaeiie aa iaaeinoaoi/ii. Iaycaoaeueiie
/anoueth enneaaeiaaiey yaeyaony nai? aeaiiuo i naienoaao i?e?iaeiuo
eiiieaenia. I/aiue /anoi aicieeaao, iai?eia?, iio?aaiinoue a eco/aiee
eeeiaoa eaiaeoaooia e niaaeiiai iie?iaa. Yoe iaaethaeaiey i?iaiaeyony ii
iauai?eiyoie iaoiaeeea iieonoaoeeiia?iuie iaoiaeaie a eaaeaeii oeia
i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena. Ynoaoe/aneea ea/anoaa eo eco/athony
yeniaaeeoeeiiiuie iaoiaeaie.
A eaiaeoaooiua enneaaeiaaiey i?eoiaeeony aeeth/aoue ?aeiaiinoee?iai/iia
iaaeeei-aaia?aoe/aneia eco/aiea oa??eoi?ee: auyaeaiea aiciiaeiuo i/aaia
ca?aaeaiee e i?e?iaeiuo i?aaeiinueie caaieaaaiee; enneaaeothony oaeoi?u
anoanoaaiiiai naiii/euaiey aiae ?ae e ica?, ii/a, /enoioa aicaeooiiai
aannaeia. Iieaaua iaaethaeaiey aeiiieiythony eeoa?aoo?iuie e
ea?oia?aoe/aneeie aeaiiuie.
Eaiaeoaooiua enneaaeiaaiey aeieaeiu aeeth/aoue eco/aiea e ioeaieo
i?eaiaeiinoe i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa ?acee/iuo oeiia
caeaiee, o?ainii?oiuo eiiioieeaoeee, i?aaiecaoeee aiaeiniaaaeaiey e
nii?oaeaiey eaiaeecaoeee, a oaeaea aeey i?iaaaeaiey ia?ii?eyoee ii
oeo/oaieth oneiaee naiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa.
Ninoaaeaiea eaiaeoaooiie ea?ou iaeeiai ianooaaa iiaeao i?iaiaeeoueny e a
eaia?aeueiuo oneiaeyo iooai nii?yaeaiiiai aiaeeca ea?o e eiae/aneiai eee
iaoaiaoe/aneiai iaiauaiey eeoa?aoo?iiai iaoa?eaea, a oaeaea iooai
aeaoeo?e?iaaiey ay?ioioinieieia. I?aaeaa?eoaeueiay a?oiie?iaea e
oeiieiae/aneay eeanneoeeaoeey eiiieaenia ?ac?aaaouaathony n iiiiuueth
iaoiaeia eiaeee.
Iaeiaei iauai e iaoiaeu aoaeoo ?acee/iu. Oae, anee a aaia?aeueiie noaia
iio?aaiinoe eco/athony, oi a i?iaeoa aeaoaeueiie ieaie?iaee caaeathony
oeeo?u ooieoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey ii ?yaeo oeeeeia caiyoee. Oi aea
ioiineony e ia?aiao?ai ?annaeaiey, ianeoaeeaaiey e e iauaio aiaeaeaaiuo
i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia. Eino?oiaioii ii?aaeaeaiey aiciiaeiinoae i?e?iaeu
i?e eo niioiioaiee n nioeeaeueiuie iio?aaiinoyie neoaeeo eaiaeoaooiay
ea?oa n oaenoii, a ii?aaeaeaiey iio?aaiinoae – ea?oa a?aaeia ni?ina.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue, O?N iaeaaeaao /?acau/aeiie aeeiaie/iinoueth ii
n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie aainenoaiaie. Iia naycaia n auno?ie niaiie oi?i
ioaeuoa, aic?anoathuae iiaeaeaeiinoueth ioaeuoathueo. E?iia oiai,
ioee/ea io iinoiyiiuo iaaeai?iaeneeo e iaae?aeiiiuo o?oaeiauo e
eoeueoo?ii-auoiauo naycae ianaeaiey ?ae?aaoeeiiiua nayce ?acee/iuo
nioeeaeueii-aic?anoiuo a?oii e ioaeaeueiuo ethaeae eciai/eau e
ecae?aoaeueiu a naciiiii, aiaeiaii e iiiaieaoiai ?ac?aca.
An? yoi iaoneiaeeaaao, n iaeiie noi?iiu, i/aiue aieueoie oaeaeueiue aan
?aaio ii i?iaiice?iaaieth iiaaaeaiey ioaeuoathueo, i?e?iaeiuo e
eoeueoo?iuo eiiieaenia, a oaeaea ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea i?e
eciaiaieyo nenoaiu, n ae?oaie – aucuaaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue auai?a oaeeo
a?oeoaeoo?ii-ieaie?iai/iuo ?aoaiee, eioi?ua ia cae?aiiuaee au
oa??eoi?eth iaanaaaea ca iaeiie ec oi?i eniieueciaaiey, ia ia?aie/eaaee
au aiciiaeiinoue ?anoe?aiey, ?acaeoey e ooieoeeiiaeueiie o?ainoi?iaoeee
O?N, aeaeiai aini?eyoey a?aiaiiuo eiee/anoaaiiuo e ea/anoaaiiuo
eciaiaiee ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Noaaeee i?iaeoe?iaaiey
I?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee aieueoay ?ieue ioaiaeeony aaeainiaiio iaoiaeo,
eioi?ue aeaao aiciiaeiinoue niiinoaaeyoue iio?aaiinoe e aiciiaeiinoe,
o/eouaaoue ana iniaaiiinoe ?ae?aaoeeiiiie oa??eoi?ee e ana ia?aie/aiey,
aeeythuea ia i?iaeoe?iaaiea O?N, iiiiaaao oii?yaei/eoue iaiaoiaeeioth
enoiaeioth eioi?iaoeeth.
I?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee ethaiai iauaeoa aeieaeai niaethaeaoueny i?eioeei
noaaeeeiinoe, ia eaaeaeii yoaia aeieaeia iiaeaioaaeeaaoueny iiaeaeue
aeey neaaeothuaai yoaia. I?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee O?N auyaeythony neaaeothuea
i?aaei?iaeoiua e i?iaeoiua noaaeee.
1. ?ac?aaioea aaia?aeueiie noaiu ?acaeoey e i/a??aeiinoe inaiaiey e
?aca?ae?iaaiey ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?aeiiia ?acee/iiai i?ioeey a ianooaaa anae
no?aiu.
2. ?ac?aaioea noai ?aeiiiie ieaie?iaee yeiiiie/aneeo ?aeiiia n oeaeueth
auyaeaiey ?aaeiiaeueiuo nenoai ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo e eo?i?oiuo ?aeiiia
?acee/iie niaoeeaeecaoeee.
3. ?ac?aaioea eiiieaeniuo i?iaeoia ieaie?iaee ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo e eo?i?oiuo
?aeiiia.
4. Ninoaaeaiea aaia?aeueiuo ieaiia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oa??eoi?eaeueiuo e
a?oeoaeoo?ii-ieaie?iai/iuo eiiieaenia iinaeeia e ai?iaeia (i?iaeo
ieaie?iaee).
5. Ninoaaeaiea i?iaeoia aeaoaeueiie ieaie?iaee e cano?ieee
a?oeoaeoo?ii-ieaie?iai/iuo eiiieaenia, iinaeeia e ai?iaeia.
6. ?ac?aaioea oaoie/aneeo i?iaeoia e ?aai/eo /a?oaaeae ioaeaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, nii?oaeaiee, caeaiee.
Ea?a?oe/aneie no?oeoo?a O?N aeieaeia niioaaonoaiaaoue ea?a?oey noaaeee
i?iaeoe?iaaiey.
Iaia/aaony naycue noaaeee i?iaeoe?iaaiey O?N n oaeniiiie/aneei ?aiaii
eco/aaiuo i?e yoii i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia. Oae, aeey ninoaaeaiey
aaia?aeueiie noaiu aoaeao eco/aoueny a iniiaiii i?e?iaeiay i?iaeioeey,
aeey noaiu ?aeiiiie ieaie?iaee – i?e?iaeiue ?aeii eee eaiaeoaoo, aeey
i?iaeoa ?aeiiiie ieaie?iaee – a?oiia o?i/eu eee o?i/eua, aeey i?iaeoa
ieaie?iaee e aeaoaeueiie ieaie?iaee – a?oiia oaoeee e oaoeey. Oaeei
ia?acii, i?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu aeieaeiu eco/aoueny ia anao noaaeeyo
i?iaeoe?iaaiey n o/aoii niaea?aeaiey, ianooaaa, oi?iu e o?aaothuaeny
aeey eaaeaeie ec ieo eioi?iaoeee.
Aaaeiie i?aaeiinueeie aeey i?eiyoey i?aaeeueiiai ?aoaiey ii ieaie?iaea e
a?oeoaeoo?iie i?aaiecaoeee oa??eoi?ee yaeyaony a?
ooieoeeiiaeueii-?ae?aaoeeiiiia ciie?iaaiea, i?iaiaeeiia ia anao noaaeeyo
i?iaeoe?iaaiey. Aai aeaoaeueiinoue caaeneo io noaaeee i?iaeoe?iaaiey, ia
eioi?ie ii?aaeaeyaony ianooaa e iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue inaiaiey
oa??eoi?ee, iaania/eaaaony oeaeaniia?aciinoue e yooaeoeaiinoue
eniieueciaaiey aa i?e?iaeiuo, yeiiiie/aneeo e o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia.
Iiyoiio ooieoeeiiaeueii – ?ae?aaoeeiiiia ciie?iaaiea e i?iaeoe?iaaiea
iie?athony ia ioeaieo oa??eoi?ee, ia ouaoaeueiue aiaeec acaeiinayce
iiiaeanoaa i?e?iaeiuo e yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneeo oaeoi?ia, ia ciaiey
oneiaee nia?aiaiiiai eniieueciaaiey oa??eoi?ee e o/ao niioiioaiey
iio?aaiinoae e aiciiaeiinoae. Yoi iaoneiaeeaaao aunieea o?aaiaaiey,
i?aaeuyaeyaiua e aaia?aoe/aneie eioi?iaoeee a ioiioaiee aa iieiiou e
iainiiaaiiinoe i?aaeeaaaaiuo ii?i.
Aaia?aoe/aneay eioi?iaoeey aeieaeia auoue ia oieueei aeinoaoi/ii
iaoe?iie, ii e aeinoaoi/ii ?aciiia?aciie. A iae ia?yaeo n ioeaieie
i?e?iaeiuo iniaaiiinoae oa??eoi?ee aeieaeiu auoue ioeaiaiu e aa
iaaeeei-aeieiae/aneea, yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneea e oaoie/aneea
iieacaoaee, niiinoaaeaiiua n iio?aaiinoyie. Iia aeieaeia io?aceoue
oa?aeoa? anao yeaiaioia nenoaiu a oeaeii e aa iiaenenoai. Yoi
oa?aeoa?enoeea aiaoieo oaeoi?ia, oi?ie?othueo O?N, e aioo?aiieo
oaeoi?ia, naycaiiuo n iiaenenoaiaie.
Iaeiaei eiathuayny eioi?iaoeey, eioi?ay iiaea au auoue eniieueciaaia i?e
?aoaiee ?yaea aii?inia, iiea aua i/aiue iacia/eoaeueia. Oae, iai?eia?,
anee aeaiiuo i i?e?iaea oie eee eiie oa??eoi?ee /anoi aeiaieueii iiiai,
oi i aa ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo naienoaao ii/oe anaaaea e?aeia iaei. Iniaaiii
ieioi ianoieo aeaei n ii?iaie. Iiiaea ec ieo iniiaaiu ia iaaieueoii
yenia?eiaioaeueiii iaoa?eaea, eioi?ue aue yeno?aiiee?iaai ia ae?oaea,
/anoi ioee/iua ii oa?aeoa?o oa??eoi?ee. Yoi a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa
ioiineony e ii?iai onoie/eainoe i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia, e iaa?oceai, e
oeceieiae/aneei ii?iai aeeyiey i?e?iaeu ia ioaeuoathuaai, e
ecae?aoaeueiinoe. Ionoonoaea iaiaoiaeeiuo aeaiiuo /anoi naycaii n
ionoonoaeai eee iaiieiie ?ac?aaioaiiinoueth iaoiaeeee eo iieo/aiey.
I?e oa?aeoa?enoeea anao yeaiaioia e naienoa O?N iaoa?eaea aeieaeii auoue
ia aieueoa e ia iaiueoa, /ai ioaeii aeey aeaiiie noaaeee i?iaeoe?iaaiey.
Ionthaea auoaeaao oeaeaiai?aaeaiiinoue eaaeaeiai eiie?aoiiai
enneaaeiaaiey. Enneaaeiaaoaeth, auiieiythuaio caeac i?iaeoiie
i?aaiecaoeee, aeieaeii auoue i?aaeaeueii ynia oeaeue noaaeee
i?iaeoe?iaaiey (a /anoiinoe oeaeue oi?ie?iaaiey O?N – aiciiaeiue
eiioeiaaio iio?aaeoaeae, aiciiaeiue ooieoeeiiaeueiue oei e o. ae.),
ii?aaeaeythuay iieo/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai iauaia eioi?iaoeee.
E?iia iioeiaeueiiai iauaia aaia?aoe/aneay eioi?iaoeey aeieaeia auoue
aeinoaoi/ii iaaeyaeiie e oaeiaiie aeey eniieueciaaiey. Iiyoiio iiiaea
auyaeaiiua iieacaoaee oeaeaniia?acii io?aaeaoue a ea?oia?aoe/aneie,
oaaee/iie e a?aoe/aneie oi?ia.
Iaiaoiaeeiay eioi?iaoeey a aaia?aoe/aneie /anoe i?iaeoa
Iineieueeo eco/aiea oaeoi?ia, oa?aeoa?ecothueo ioaaouaathuoth nenoaio,
O?N e aa iiaenenoaiu, iaiaoiaeeii ia anao noaaeeyo i?iaeoe?iaaiey, oi
aaia?aoe/aneay /anoue i?iaeoa aeieaeia ia anao noaaeeyo i?iaeoe?iaaiey
aeeth/aoue neaaeothuea yeaiaiou.
1. Naaaeaiey i iio?aaiinoyo, a oii /enea e ia?niaeoeaiuo, ?acee/iuo
aeaiia?aoe/aneeo a?oii ianaeaiey a oi?iao ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
i?iaiic ?aciauaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee e ?acaeoey nenoai ?annaeaiey,
yaeythueony io?aaeaieai a?aaeia ni?ina.
2. Ioeaieo i?e?iaeiuo oneiaee oi?ie?iaaiey O?N, aeeth/athueo ioeaieo
eeeiaoe/aneeo e aeae?ieiae/aneeo oneiaee, eo?i?oieiae/aneeo ?ano?nia,
onoie/eainoe e aieinoe i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena. Ioeaiea aeieaeia
nii?iaiaeaeaoueny oeacaieai iooe aai iaeaieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
eniieueciaaiey e oeacaieyie ia ooieoeeiiaeueii-ieaie?iai/iua
ia?aie/aiey, ia iaiaoiaeeiua e aiciiaeiua eiaeaia?iua ia?ii?eyoey ii
oeo/oaieth i?e?iaeiuo oneiaee oa??eoi?ee, a oaeaea naaaeaieyie i
?aciauaiee e aieinoe eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneeo eiiieaenia e oieeaeueiuo
eaiaeoaooia. Aeieaeia auoue aeaia e eiaeaia?ii-no?ieoaeueiay ioeaiea
i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena.
3. Aeaiiua i nia?aiaiiii eniieueciaaiee oa??eoi?ee, inaauathuea
no?oeoo?o oicyenoaa a i?aaeaeao eco/aaiie oa??eoi?ee e niaoeeaeecaoeeth
anao aai io?aneae, i?aaei?eyoee e iauaeoia, oaiaeaioeee eo aeaeueiaeoaai
?acaeoey, ooieoeeiiaeueioth niaianoeiinoue n O?N e oeaeaniia?aciinoue
aeeth/aiey eo a O?N, a oaeaea aeaiiua i aaeeiia?aiaiiie aieinoe O?N e
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe ooieoeeiie?iaaiey a aiaeo ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai oicyenoaa
n aiaeecii ninoaaa oneoa, aieinoe e eiioi?oiinoe ianeoaeeaaiey e n
?aeiiaiaeaoeeae ii ia?aie/aieth ?acaeoey ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae oicyenoaa.
4. Aeaiiua i nia?aiaiiii ?aciauaiee, niaoeeaeecaoeee e /eneaiiinoe
iinoiyiiiai e a?aiaiiiai ianaeaiey, caiyoiai a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, naeueneii
e ?ae?aaoeeiiiii oicyenoaa, e i aiciiaeiinoe i?eaea/aiey o?oaeiauo
?ano?nia a ?ae?aaoeeiiiia oicyenoai.
5. Naaaeaiey i nenoaia aiaoiaai e aioo?aiiaai o?ainii?oa, aeeth/athuea
oa?aeoa?enoeeo e ioeaieo o?ainii?oiiai ianeoaeeaaiey, iieo/aiiua iooai
aiaeeca iauaia e iai?aaeaiey iannaaee?neeo e a?ociauo ia?aaicie e
?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii aai ?aoeeiiaeueiiio ?acaeoeth.
AeEIAIEEA O?N
Naienoaa oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee
Oeeeeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe – iainiaeaiiua ai a?aiaie
onoie/eaua eiiaeiaoeee iiaoi?ythueony caiyoee.
E oa?aeoa?iui naienoaai oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee ioiineony
?aciiia?acea eo ooieoeeiiaeueiie no?oeoo?u, eiiaeie?iaaiea e
ia?eiaee/iinoue caiyoee eee eo ni/aoaiee.
?aciiia?acea caiyoee aunooiaao eae iaeii ec iaycaoaeueiuo naienoa
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, oae eae ?ae?aaoeeiiiua iio?aaiinoe, eae
i?aaeei, ia iiaoo auoue ?aaeeciaaiu iaeiei caiyoeai.
Iio?aaiinoe a ea/aiee e i?ioeeaeoeea aieaciae oaeiaeaoai?ythony /a?ac
?aciiia?aciua aeaeu naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai ea/aiey – eeeiaoi-, aaeueiai- e
a?ycaea/aiey. Iio?aaiinoe a icaei?iaeaiee oaeiaeaoai?ythony n iiiiuueth
i?iaoeie, eoiaiey, eaoaiey ia eiaeea, aicaeooiuo aaii, iio?aaiinoe a
oece/aneii ?acaeoee – /a?ac ?aciiia?aciua aeaeu nii?oa, iio?aaiinoe a
iiciaiee e aeooiaiii ?acaeoee -iin?aaenoaii iinauaiey iocaaa e oaao?ia,
iaiyoieeia i?e?iaeu e eoeueoo?u, iaaethaeaiee i?e?iaeu, /oaiey e o. ae.
?aciiia?acea ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?iyaeyaony, ai-ia?auo, a
/anoie niaia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee (a oa/aiea aeiy iaeei i oio aea
/aeiaae iiaeao eoiaoueny, caai?aoue, aoeyoue, niio?aoue eeiioeeuei,
/eoaoue), ai-aoi?uo, a oii, /oi ia iaeiie e oie aea oa??eoi?ee
iaeiia?aiaiii iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny n?aco ianeieueei caiyoee (oae,
i?iaoeee ii eano iiaoo aeeth/aoue iniio? iaecaaeae, aanaaeu, nai? yaiae
eee a?eaia, eaoaiea ia eiaeea – iniio? iaecaaeae, ?uaioth eiaeth,
aanaaeu e o. ae.).
Aaaeiui naienoaii ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony eiiaeie?iaaiea
caiyoee. Ecaanoii, /oi yooaeoeaiinoue aeayoaeueiinoe iiauoaaony, anee
caiyoey ia io?eoeatho, a aeiiieiytho ae?oa ae?oaa, nicaeatho yooaeo
ioeueoeieeeaoeee. Iiyoiio i?e eiino?oe?iaaiee oeeeeia caiyoee
iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue ?yae o?aaiaaiee: acaeiicaiaiyaiinoue caiyoee –
aiciiaeiinoue caiaiu iaeiiai caiyoey ae?oaei aac nieaeaiey yooaeoeaiinoe
aeayoaeueiinoe; acaeiiiaoneiaeaiiinoue – iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ni/aoaiey
caiyoee e eo aeiey a iauai aaeaina a?aiaie; acaeiii?ioeaiiieacaiiinoue –
ianiaianoeiinoue iaeioi?uo caiyoee a iaeiii oeeeea. Eiiaeie?iaaiea
caiyoee iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io oeaeaaie ooieoeee aeayoaeueiinoe,
ianoa e a?aiaie aa ?aaeecaoeee.
A i?aeoeea ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe oaea neiaeeeenue ii?aaeaeaiiua
noa?aioeiu eiiaeiaoeee caiyoee, niioaaonoaothuea oeiai ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
iio?aaiinoae e oi?iai eo oaeiaeaoai?aiey. Ia iniiaa yoiai auee auaeaeaiu
neaaeothuea oeiu oeeeeia: ea/aaiua (eeeiaoi-ea/aaiua, aaeueiaieiae/aneea
e a?ycaea/aaiua), icaei?iaeoaeueiua (eoiaeueii-ieyaeiua e i?iaoei/iua),
nii?oeaiua (nii?oeaii-oo?enoneea, aeueieienoneee, ioioie/ee e ae?.),
iiciaaaoaeueiua (i?e?iaeiua e eoeueoo?iua). Aeey eaaeaeiai ec ieo
oa?aeoa?iu naie niaoeeoe/aneea eiiaeiaoeee caiyoee.
Iaiythony eiiaeiaoeee caiyoee a caaeneiinoe io oiai, aaea iaoiaeeony
ianoi ioaeuoa – a ai?iuo ?aeiiao eee ia aa?aao aiaeiaia, a ai?iaea eee
n?aaee iaeieciaiaiiuo eaniuo eaiaeoaooia.
?acee/athony eiiaeiaoeee caiyoee e a caaeneiinoe io naciiia aiaea. Oae,
iai?eia?, n?aaee oeie/iuo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee a aeiiao ioaeuoa
Iiaeiineiauey, iiieii iaueo, iiaoi?ythueony a oa/aiea anaai aiaea,
iiaeii auaeaeeoue eaoiea – eoiaiea, nieia/iua e aicaeooiua aaiiu, nai?
yaiae, oeaaoia e a?eaia, inaiiea – nai? a?eaia, ceiiea – eaoaiea ia
euaeao, eiiueeao, naieao.
Ia?eiaee/iinoue aeayoaeueiinoe io?aaeaaony a niioaaonoaothuae aea
ia?eiaee/iinoe eniieueciaaiey ?acee/iuo oeiia i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia e
eiaeaia?iuo nii?oaeaiee eae ooieoeeiiaeueiuo oaiaeee. Yoi i?iyaeyaony a
?acee/iuo a?aiaiiuo ianooaaao. Aaeaaiaeii iiaeii iaaethaeaoue, eae a
caaeneiinoe io naciia iaiythony i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue e oa?aeoa?
eniieueciaaiey aiaeiaiia e ia?ana/aiiie ianoiinoe (aiaeiaiu iaeaieaa
iiioey?iu a eaoiee nacii, ia?ana/aiiay ianoiinoue – ceiie i?e iaee/ee
niaaeiiai iie?iaa). Aaeaiaaeaeueii a aine?aniua aeie a nioie e aeaaea a
ouny/e ?ac aic?anoaao /enei ioaeuoathueo a ianoao e?aoeia?aiaiiiai
ioaeuoa, /oi aeaeaao iaiaoiaeeiui aiaea/aiea eiaiii a yoi a?aiy iiauo
o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, i?aaei?eyoee ianeoaeeaaiey. Aaeaaeiaaii a ciiao
ioaeuoa iaiythony ianoa eiioeaio?aoeee iinaoeoaeae, i?ienoiaeeo niaia a
oa?aeoa?a eniieueciaaiey iaeiiai e oiai aea i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena eee
eiaeaia?iiai nii?oaeaiey.
Oeeeeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
A i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae
au?aaioaeenue ii?aaeaeaiiua noa?aioeiiua oeeeeu, ?acee/athueany ii
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe eo inouanoaeaiey. Yoi iaoei io?aaeaiea a no?oeoo?a
oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee e oeeeeia iaania/aiey ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
Aiciiaeiu aeaa aa?eaioa auaeaeaiey oeeeeia. A ia?aii aa?eaioa
auaeaeythony oeeeeu, i?eo?i/aiiua e eiiiaeoiiio ?ae?aaoeeiiiiio a?aiaie
oee-yiaea e ioionea, ai aoi?ii – oeeeeu, oa?aeoa?ecothuea ianoi
?ae?aaoeeiiiiai a?aiaie a aieaa oe?ieeo ?aieao nioeeaeueiiai a?aiaie –
?aai/aai aeiy, iaaeaee, aiaea, anae aeecie /aeiaaea.
A yoii iiiaiia?acee oeeeeia i?iniao?eaaaony /aoeay ea?a?oe/aneay
no?oeoo?a, eo niiiae/eiaiiinoue, eiaaea oeeeeu aieaa ieceiai o?iaiy
aoiaeyo a ea/anoaa ninoaaiuo yeaiaioia a oeeeeu aieaa aunieiai o?iaiy.
Nooi/iua oeeeeu caiyoee oeacuaatho ia nouanoaiaaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo
noa?aioeiia a aaeaaeiaaiii eniieueciaaiee ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oaiaeee, ia
iaiaoiaeeiinoue eiaeaia?iiai cae?aieaiey nayce iaaeaeo ieie. Nooi/iue
oeeee – iaeei ec iaeaieaa onoie/eauo oeeeeia, noi?ie?iaaaoeony a
i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea e i?aaeuyaeythueo iaeaieaa aeanoeea
o?aaiaaiey e i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiie i?aaiecaoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
iauaeoia. A i?iaeoiie i?aeoeea yoi naienoai nooi/iuo oeeeeia iaoiaeeo
au?aaeaiea a noaiao ooieoeeiiaeueiiai ciie?iaaiey oa??eoi?ee ioaeaeueiuo
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee (naiaoi?eaa, aeiiia ioaeuoa),
ai?iaeia-eo?i?oia, a i?aaiecaoeee naoe ai?iaeneeo ia?eia, eeiioaao?ia e
o. ae.
Ioioneiie oeeee caiyoee naycai n iaeaieaa e?oiiui io?aceii eiiiaeoiiai
?ae?aaoeeiiiiai a?aiaie – io 2—3 iaaeaeue aei 12 ianyoeaa. Cia/eoaeueiay
/anoue ethaeae i?iaiaeeo naie ioione a niaoeeaeueiuo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
i?aaei?eyoeyo – naiaoi?eyo, aeiiao ioaeuoa, ia oo?aacao.
Aiaeiaua oeeeeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee i?aaeiieaaatho ii?aaeaeaiioth
eiiaeiaoeeth iano ioaeuoa, eniieuecoaiuo a ?aai/ea aeie (ai?iaeneea
ia?ee, ai?iaeneea i?aaei?eyoey eoeueoo?u), aine?aniua aeie (ianoa
ioaeuoa a i?eai?iaeiuo ciiao), a ia?eiae ioionea (aeiia ioaeuoa,
naiaoi?ee, eo?i?ou), ii?aaeaeaiiia niioiioaiea a ?ani?aaeaeaiee
ioaeuoathueo, iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue e ?eoie/iinoue ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee.
AEeciaiiua oeeeeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee ioaaouaatho anth aeeciue
/aeiaaea – io aeaonoaa aei noa?inoe. Eaaeaeue ia?eiae aeecie
oa?aeoa?ecoaony iio?aaiinoueth a ii?aaeaeaiiii iaai?a caiyoee: a
aeaonoaa, io?i/anoaa e iieiaeinoe i?aiaeaaeaao iio?aaiinoue a
nii?oeaii-icaei?iaeoaeueiuo e iiciaaaoaeueiuo oi?iao ioaeuoa, a c?aeii
aic?anoa iaeaieaa iiioey?ai icaei?iaeoaeueiue oei ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, e, iaeiiaoe, a noa?inoe ethaee /aua, /ai ?aiaa,
eniuouaatho iaiaoiaeeiinoue a nenoaiao ea/aaii-icaei?iaeoaeueiiai oeia.
Yoi iaoiaeeo io?aaeaiea e a i?ino?ainoaaiiie i?eaioaoeee ?aciuo a?oii
ioaeuoathueo.
I?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiay i?aaiecaoeey ooieoeeiie?iaaiey O?N
Oaeei ia?acii, aiai?y i ?acee/athueony ii a?aiaiiui ia?aiao?ai oeeeeao
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iu oai naiui oeene?oai iniaaiiinoe
i?ino?ainoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe: ?acee/iua ii a?aiaiiui
ia?aiao?ai oeeeeu caiyoee inouanoaeythony a i?ino?ainoaao,
?acee/athueony ii naiei ?acia?ai e i?aaiecaoeee.
Aaeaaeiaaiua ia?aiauaiey ethaeae a naiaiaeiia a?aiy aoaeie/iiai aeiy ia
auoiaeyo, eae i?aaeei, ca i?aaeaeu ?aaeeona 1—2 ei. ?aaeeon a?aaeia
?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ai a?aiy oee-yiaea ?anoe?yaony aei 100—200
ei ca n/ao iiacaeie a aine?aniua aeie.
A?aae aiaeiaiai oeeeea ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe o aieueoeinoaa
ianaeaiey ia?aie/ai aeaeueiinoueth iiacaeie a ioioneiie eee eaieeoey?iue
ia?eiae. Aeey aieueoae /anoe ianaeaiey iaoae no?aiu ?aaeeon ioioneiuo e
eaieeoey?iuo iiacaeie ia i?aauoaao 2 – 3 oun. ei.
Aiai?y ia a?aaeao aiaeiaiai oeeeea aeayoaeueiinoe, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue
aanueia cia/eoaeueiua ?aaeiiaeueiua ?acee/ey, a /anoiinoe ?acee/ey a
a?aaeao aiaeiaiai oeeeea aeayoaeueiinoe o ianaeaiey ?aciuo eiioeiaioia,
no?ai, ?aeiiia iaeiie e oie aea no?aiu. Oae, o ianaeaiey Aa?iiaeneie
/anoe ?innee yoio a?aae ianeieueei iaiueoa, /ai o ianaeaiey O?aea. A oi
aea a?aiy a?aae ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ianaeaiey Neae?e
cia/eoaeueii i?aauoaao a?aae aeayoaeueiinoe ianaeaiey O?aea, /oi naycaii
n ia?aie/aiiinoueth o?aaeeoeeiiii i?eaeaeaoaeueiuo iano ioaeuoa, eo
eiioeaio?aoeeae a thaeiuo ?aeiiao Aa?iiaeneie /anoe NNN?.
I?ino?ainoai aeeciaiiiai oeeeea ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea ia oieueei ioaaouaaao no?aio, aaea ii aeeaao, ii e
auoiaeeo ca aa i?aaeaeu. I?aeoe/anee i?ino?ainoai aeeciaiiiai oeeeea
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee aeey iiiaeo ethaeae nei?i aoaeao ia?aie/aii eeoue
?acia?aie caiiiai oa?a.
Aiaeec iieaauo e eeoa?aoo?iuo aeaiiuo iicaieyao eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi
nouanoaotho ii?aaeaeaiiua eeieou i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiuo ia?aiao?ia
oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee, ?acia?u eioi?uo iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue
i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, i?e oi?aaeaiee
?ae?aaoeeiiiuie naoyie, i?e ?ac?aaioea niioaaonoaothueo oeeeeia
iaania/aiey.
Aanueia /aoei i?iyaeyaony naycue i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiuo eieaeecaoeee
oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee e n iauaeoii-oeaio?e?iaaiiuie nenoaiaie.
Yoi au?aaeaaony i?aaeaea anaai a iaee/ee «ieeia» ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
iaa?ocie, ?eoiu eioi?uo ?acee/athony a caaeneiinoe io ooieoeeiiaeueiuo
iniaaiiinoae oa??eoi?ee, aa i?e?iaeiuo oneiaee e
yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneiai iieiaeaiey. Oae, a ai?iaeneeo ia?eao e ae?oaeo
ai?iaeneeo ianoao ioaeuoa iaeaieaa ino?i i?iyaeythony nooi/iua oeeeeu
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey. A i?eai?iaeiuo ciiao i?aaiecaoi?ai ioaeuoa
i?eoiaeeony noaeeeaaoueny n iaaeaeueiuie oeeeeaie, n iinoiyiiuie
«anieaneaie» iaa?ocie, oi?ioi caiaoiuie a eiioea iaaeaee.
A ianoao aeeeoaeueiiai ioaeuoa (eo?i?oiuo ?aeiiao, ianoao oo?ecia)
iniiaiua i?iaeaiu caeeth/athony a naciiiinoe ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, a naciiiie ia?aaiiia?iinoe iioieia ioaeuoathueo. Yoi
naycaii n oai, /oi aeaiiua oa??eoi?ee aoiaeyo a ?acee/iua oeeeeu caiyoee
ethaeae, /oi e ii?aaeaeyao a?aiaiiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
iaa?ocie. Ioia/aaony oaeaea, /oi oa?aeoa? niioiioaiey iaaeaeo oeeeeaie
aeayoaeueiinoe e eniieuecoaiuie i?e yoii ?ae?aaoeeiiiuie oa??eoi?eyie
caaeneo io noauaeoa aeayoaeueiinoe e io naciia aiaea. A /anoiinoe,
ioia/athony iauaa nie?auaiea ?aaeeona oeeeeia a ceiiee e ia?aoiaeiua
naciiu aiaea o anao eiioiiaaioia ianaeaiey, aieaa aeaeaeee ?aaeeon
a?aaeia aaeaiaaeaeueiiai ioaeuoa o iieiaeaaee ii n?aaiaieth n
iaineiia?aie e aianoa n oai caiaoiia aic?anoaiea o iaineiia?ia ?aaeeona
eo aaeaaeiaaiiai aoaeie/iiai oeeeea caiyoee ii n?aaiaieth n ethaeueie,
caiyouie ia i?iecaiaenoaa eee a o/aaiuo caaaaeaieyo.
Oeeeee/iinoue ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iiaeoaa?aeaeaao
i/aaeaeiinoue oiai, /oi e noaia ooieoeeiiaeueiiai ciie?iaaiey, e naoue
iano ioaeuoa ia iiaoo auoue noaoe/iuie. Iie aeieaeiu auoue i?eniiniaeaiu
aeey niaiythueo ae?oa ae?oaa caiyoee. A?aieoeu ooieoeeiiaeueiuo cii e
ioaeaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee, eo?i?oia ia aeieaeiu auoue aeanoei cae?aieaiu,
oae eae ieiuaaeue e oi?ia ioaeaeueiuo oaiaeee e cii iinoiyiii iaiythony.
I?aaenoaaeaiea i oeeeeao ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaoneiaeeaaao
ii?aaeaeaiioth caeiiiia?iinoue a eciaiaiee oeia, ianoa e oi?iu
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo cii, naieo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oa??eoi?ee, naycae iaaeaeo
ieie. Ana yoi iicaieyao i?aia?aciaaoue noaio ooieoeeiiaeueiiai
ciie?iaaiey a noaio i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiuo eieaeecaoeee
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia.
A niioaaonoaee n yoie noaiie a?aiy ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iaeiioeiiuo eee
aeeceeo i?aaei?eyoee, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia ?acee/iuo o/anoeao i?ino?ainoaa,
aeieaeii auoue naeaeiooi ii ioiioaieth ae?oa e ae?oao. Oae, iai?eia?,
a?aiy ieii/aiey ?aaiou ?anoi?aiia e noieiauo a ciia ieyaea iiaeao auoue
aieaa ?aiiei, /ai ?aniieiaeaiiuo ?yaeii n eo?i?oiie ainoeieoeae eee
iaineiiaoii.
Ecae?aoaeueiinoue oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee e
i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiui no?oeoo?ai O?N
Inouanoaeaiea ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee aiciiaeii oieueei a oii neo/aa,
anee iaaeaeo oa?aeoa?ii caiyoee e naienoaaie aaia?aoe/aneeo eaiaeoaooia
nouanoaoao ii?aaeaeaiiia niioaaonoaea. I?e yoii eiaaony a aeaeo oe?ieee
aeeaiacii naycae. Auai? ianaeaieai oao eee eiuo iano ioaeuoa caaeneo
i?aaeaea anaai io naiiai noauaeoa, io iauaiia eiathuaainy o iaai
naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie e eioi?iaoeee, io o?iaiy aai eoeueoo?u, ainieoaiey,
o?aaeeoeee, caei?iauey. Aaaeiia cia/aiea i?e yoii eiatho oaoiieiaey
aeayoaeueiinoe, ?acaeoinoue o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa e, iaeiiaoe, naienoaa
oa??eoi?ee — i?e?iaeiua e aio?iiiaaiiua, iaiythueany ia oieueei io ianoa
e ianoo, ii e io iaeiiai ia?eiaea a?aiaie e ae?oaiio.
Auai? ioaeuoathueie ianoa e a?aiaie ioaeuoa inouanoaeyaony a i?ioeanna
iiaeaioiaee e inouanoaeaiey ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. ?anniao?eaay
ecae?aoaeueiinoue, neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi yoio i?ioeann ninoieo ec
ianeieueeeo yoaiia. Ia?aue yoai – yoi auai? oeeeeia aeayoaeueiinoe a
niioaaonoaee n oa?aeoa?ii ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo iio?aaiinoae, aoi?ie yoai –
auai? oneiaee ?aaeecaoeee yoeo oeeeeia.
Eaaeaeay ec ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo iio?aaiinoae iiaeao auoue oaeiaeaoai?aia
?aciuie oeeeeaie, ?acee/iuie ni/aoaieyie oeeeeia caiyoee. Oae, ia?aaeei
iaiaoiaeeiinoue eo?i?oiiai ea/aiey ethaeae, no?aaeathueo iaeioi?uie
aeaeoaei/iuie caaieaaaieyie, i?aaeii?aaeaeyao eniieueciaaiea iaeiiai
aeanoei caaeaiiiai e ie/ai ia caiaiyaiiai oeeeea caiyoee, inouanoaeaiea
eioi?iai aiciiaeii oieueei a iaeiii ii?aaeaeaiiii oeia
aaeueiaieiae/aneiai eo?i?oa. Aianoa n oai yoi ea/aiea iiaeao auoue
i?iaaaeaii i?aeoe/anee a ethaie nacii aiaea. Iio?aaiinoue a
icaei?iaeoaeueiii eee nii?oeaiii ioaeuoa iiaeao auoue oaeiaeaoai?aia
iiiaeanoaii acaeiicaiaiyaiuo oeeeeia caiyoee – eoiaeueii-ieyaeiui,
i?iaoei/iui e ae?oaeie, inouanoaeaiea eioi?uo aiciiaeii a naiuo
?acee/iuo oeiao ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oa??eoi?ee. A oi aea a?aiy cia/eoaeueiay
/anoue yoeo caiyoee iiaeao auoue i?iaaaeaia a no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiua
naciiu aiaea: eoiaeueii-ieyaeiue oeeee – a oaieua ianyoeu, eiaaea oaea
i?ia?aeanue aiaea a aiaeiaiao, ai?iieuaeiue – i?aeiouanoaaiii a ceiiaa e
aanaiiaa a?aiy, ioioa – a ii?aaeaeaiiua caeiiii n?iee.
Auai? ioaeuoathueie ii?aaeaeaiiuo ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee caaeneo
i?aaeaea anaai io aeanoeinoe naycae aioo?e oeeeeia. Iaeaieueoae
aeanoeinoueth aioo?aiieo naycae oa?aeoa?ecoaony ea/aaiue oeeee caiyoee.
?aaeei naiaoi?iiai ea/aiey caaeaaony a?a/aie aeiaieueii oi/ii – a?aiy
aieueoae /anoe caiyoee e ii?yaeie eo ni/aoaiey no?iai ii?ie?iaaiu, e yoi
io?aaeaaony a i?ino?ainoaaiiie no?oeoo?a i?aaei?eyoey, iai?eia? a noaia
aai ciie?iaaiey.
Cia/eoaeueii iaiueoae aeanoeinoueth oa?aeoa?ecoaony no?oeoo?a
icaei?iaeoaeueiuo oeeeeia. Iniiao oaeeo oeeeeia ninoaaeytho i?iaoeee,
nii?oeaiua ea?u, eoiaiea, nieia/iua aaiiu. A i?eii?neeo eo?i?oao,
o?aaiece?iaaiiuo ciiao ioaeuoa yoe caiyoey iiaoo auoue aeiiieiaiu
?aciiia?aciuie eoeueoo?ii-?acaeaeaoaeueiuie ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o
caiyoeyie – iinauaieai eeiioaao?ia, eiioea?oia, ?anoi?aiia,
?aciiia?aciuie aoo?aeoeeiiaie. A ioee/ea io ea/aaiiai oeeeea yoe caiyoey
ia eiatho noieue aeanoeie a?aiaiiie i?eaycee. Iaiueoea o?aaiaaiey
i?aaeuyaeythony e e noaia ooieoeeiiaeueiiai ciie?iaaiey
icaei?iaeoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee, oae eae iie i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey
caei?iauo ethaeae, e ?ieue ?annoiyiee iaaeaeo ooieoeeiiaeueiuie
yeaiaioaie caeanue i?iyaeyaony iaiaa caiaoii, /ai ia oa??eoi?ee
naiaoi?eaa.
Aua aieaa oe?ieee aeeaiacii oneiaee eiaaony aeey inouanoaeaiey
i?iaoei/iiai oeeeea caiyoee, aai i?aaiecaoeey aiciiaeia i?aeoe/anee a
ethaii ianoa e a ethaie ia?eiae aiaea. Eniieueciaaiea a ?iee iaeieo e
oao aea oaiaeee ?acee/iuo eaiaeoaooia i?aaeii?aaeaeyao niioaaonoaothuoth
aeaeinoue oaoiieiae/aneeo naycae iaaeaeo ciiaie e oaiaeueyie, iicaieyao
i?aaieciaaoue i?iaoei/iue oeeee ai anao oaieeao no?aiu, a ethaua naciiu
aiaea;
Anee ?anniao?eaaoue nii?oeaiua oeeeeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee, neaaeoao
ioiaoeoue i?aaeaea anaai eo aunieia ooieoeeiiaeueiia ?aciiia?acea. E iei
ioiinyony oaeea oeeeeu caiyoee, eae ioaeuo ia ai?iieuaeiii eo?i?oa,
aaea, iiieii ai?iieuaeiie o?annu, oe?iei eniieuecoaony ?acaeoay nenoaia
eoeueoo?ii-ianniaiai ianeoaeeaaiey (eeiioaao?u, yno?aaeu, aoo?aeoeeiiu,
?anoi?aiu), aeueieieci, aeeth/athuee ia?aie/aiiue iaai? nooi/iuo oeeeeia
caiyoee, e ioioneiua oeeeeu caiyoee ?uaaeia e ioioieeia, ninoiyuea, eae
i?aaeei, ec iaeiiai-aeaoo nooi/iuo oeeeeia.
Neiaeiay oaoiieiaey nii?oeaiie ?ae?aaoeee, a eiaiii aunieea o?aaiaaiey e
ai?iieuaeiie o?anna eee ai?iiio ia?o?ooo, e oa?aeoa?enoeeai aiaeiaiia,
eniieuecoaiuo aeey ia?oniuo eee aeaaeaie/aneeo noaeia, e iiaiaeiui
oneiaeyi e naciiai aiaea, ia?aie/eaaao auai? ianoa e ninoiyiey
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oaiaeee, oneeeaaao aeanoeinoue ecae?aoaeueiinoe oeeeeia
caiyoee e i?ino?ainoaaiiui e a?aiaiiui oneiaeyi aeayoaeueiinoe.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeey nii?oeaiiai oeeeea aeayoaeueiinoe oa?aeoa?ii, n
iaeiie noi?iiu, iiiaiia?acea eniieuecoaiuo oaiaeee, n ae?oaie –
aeanoeinoue o?aaiaaiee e naienoaai e ninoiyieth i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia.
Auai? /aeiaaeii ianoa e a?aiaie ioaeuoa caaeneo oaeaea io
?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe o?aaoaiuo oneiaee ioaeuoa, ia?aie/eaathueo eee
?anoe?ythueo aiciiaeiinoe auai?a. Naiaiaea auai?a iiaeiaiiai ?iaea
oa??eoi?ee ia?aie/aia. AEanoeay caaeaiiinoue oaoiieiaee iaeioi?uo
?ae?aaoeeiiii-ea/aaiuo e ?ae?aaoeeiiii-nii?oeaiuo oeeeeia (a /anoiinoe,
aeueieiecia, nii?oeaiiai oo?ecia) e oio oaeo, /oi yoe oeeeeu iiaoo auoue
inouanoaeaiu eeoue a no?iai «ii?ie?iaaiiuo» i?e?iaeiuo oneiaeyo,
iaoneiaeeaatho aeanoeoth i?eaycaiiinoue ethaeae e ia?aie/aiiiio iaai?o
iano e naciiia aiaea. Aiciiaeiinoue aieaa oe?ieiai auai?a, aunieay
i?ino?ainoaaiiay ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoue eiioi?oiuo oneiaee aeayoaeueiinoe
oa?aeoa?iu aeey aieueoae /anoe icaei?iaeoaeueiuo oeeeeia.
Aieueoay aeanoeinoue ecae?aoaeueiinoe oneiaee ioaeuoa naycaia oaeaea n
iaaeinoaoi/iui iauaiii eiathueony ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia, n
ia?aie/aiiui iaai?ii oneoa. Ioiineoaeueii iaeay i?ioyaeaiiinoue ieyaea,
iaaieueoia /enei noieiauo, ?anoi?aiia, o/?aaeaeaiee eo?i?oii-auoiaiai
ianeoaeeaaiey e aunieee ni?in ia ieo /?acau/aeii ia?aie/eaatho naiaiaeo
auai?a. Ia?aie/aiiinoue auai?a iiaeao aicieeiooue e eae neaaenoaea iaeie
eioi?ie?iaaiiinoe i ?aciiia?acee oeeeeia caiyoee e ia oneiaeyo eo
inouanoaeaiey.
Ecae?aoaeueiinoue oeeeeia caiyoee e ianoo e a?aiaie ioaeuoa nicaeaao
i?aaeiinueee aeey ia?aaiiia?iiai ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eniieueciaaiey
i?ino?ainoaa. ?ae?aaoeeiiiay aeayoaeueiinoue ia?aaeei eiioeaio?e?oaony a
o?aaeeoeeiiii eniieuecoaiuo aeey ioaeuoa ianoao – ia i?eii?neeo
iiaa?aaeueyo, a ?aeiiao n aeeaiieniui ?aeueaoii, aaeieue ?ae e
aiaeio?aieeeu. Iaeei ec naiuo cia/eoaeueiuo oaeoi?ia ecae?aoaeueiinoe –
yoi aeinooiiinoue e ?acaeoinoue iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneie aacu a noa?a
?ae?aaoeeiiiiai ianeoaeeaaiey.
Ethaee no?aiyony eca?aoue aeey naiaai ioaeuoa aeaaii?eyoiue, iaaeaaeiue
ii eiioi?oiinoe nacii aiaea. Iaeaieaa /aoei io?aaeaaony yoi a
oi?ie?iaaiee eaoieo ieeia, eioi?ua oa?aeoa?iu i?aeoe/anee aeey anao
?aeiiia iaoae no?aiu, a oaeaea ae?oaeo no?ai naaa?iiai iieooa?ey.
?aaeiiaeueiua iniaaiiinoe a i?iyaeaiee naciiiinoe naycaiu i?aaeaea anaai
n ?acee/eyie a i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe naciia eiioi?oiuo oaiia?aoo?.
Nie?auaiea i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe naciia eiioi?oiuo oaiia?aoo? aeeyao ia
aaee/eio ieea, aai ?anoyiooinoue ai a?aiaie. Niioaaonoaaiii a
inaiia-aanaiiea ianyoeu aeiey ioaeuoathueo, iai?aaeythueony ia thaeiua
eo?i?ou, cia/eoaeueii aieueoa, /ai iai?aaeythueony ia i?eaaeoeeneea eee
ae?oaea eo?i?ou, ?aniieiaeaiiua a oia?aiiii eeeiaoa. Aua aieaa caiaoii
yoi i?iyaeyaony a eiino?aiiii oo?ecia. Oae, iai?eia?, anee a THaineaaee
a oa/aiea o?aoueaai eaa?oaea ioaeuoaei aieaa 50% aiaeiaiai iioiea
oo?enoia, oi a Aaeueaee – ieiei 35% .
Ecae?aoaeueiinoue e aeaeai ioaeuoa e naciiai oanii acaeiinaycaiu iaaeaeo
niaie. Eaaeaeue nacii oa?aeoa?ecoaony naiae no?oeoo?ie iiioey?iuo aeaeia
ioaeuoa, /oi e io?aaeaaony a i?ino?ainoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee ioaeuoa.
?ani?aaeaeaiea ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo noiyiie ii ?acee/iui i?e?iaeiui
eaiaeoaooai eciaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a eo eniieueciaaiey, io
oeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oeeeeia caiyoee. Ecae?aoaeueiinoue ?acee/iuie
a?oiiaie ioaeuoathueo i?e?iaeiuo oneiaee aeayoaeueiinoe i?iyaeyaony n,
iaiaeeiaeiaie noaiaiueth /aoeinoe. I?e/eiie neoaeeo iaiaeii?iaeiue
oa?aeoa? nayce iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie ?ae?aaoeeiiiuie caiyoeyie e
naienoaaie i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia a ?acee/iuo oeeeeao caiyoee.
Oae, a?oiiu, ioaeuoathuea noaoeeiia?ii, oa?aeoa?ecothony aieueoei
iaai?ii o?aaiaaiee e i?e?iaeiui oneiaeyi. Aeey ieo iaycaoaeueiu /enoue
aiaeiai, oaeiaiue aeey eoiaiey ieyae, ieineay ieiuaaeea aeey
i?aaiecaoeee iaeaoi/iiai eaaa?y n i?eiueathuei e iae eanii, oaeiaiui
aeey i?iaoeie e aiaaoui yaiaeaie eee a?eaaie. Ana yoi ii?aaeaeyao /aoei
au?aaeaiioth ecae?aoaeueiinoue noiyiie yoie a?oiiu ioaeuoathueo ii
ioiioaieth e i?e?iaeiui eiiieaenai. Iie ?aniieaaathony a iniiaiii ia
caiae?ao, ia?ae?uaathueo ii?aio, e ia caiae?ao n niniiai-aeiauie eanaie.
Noiyiee aea oo?enoneeo a?oii oa?aeoa?ecothony e?aoeia?aiaiiui
i?aauaaieai ia iaeiii ianoa. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi eo ?aciauaiea
iaei caaeneo io oa?aeoa?a i?e?iaeu e ia eiaao /aoei au?aaeaiiie
ecae?aoaeueiinoe e i?e?iaeiui eiiieaenai.
Oaeei ia?acii, ecae?aoaeueiinoue oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee
ii?aaeaeyaony iiiaeanoaii i?e/ei, a oii /enea iniaaiiinoyie noauaeoa
aeayoaeueiinoe, iauaiii aai ciaiee i iioaioeeaeueiuo aeaeao e oneiaeyo
aeayoaeueiinoe, ?aaeueiuie aiciiaeiinoyie inouanoaeaiey yoie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ana yoi aeeyao ia ia?aiao?u e no?oeoo?o i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiuo
eieaeecaoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e
oi?ie?othueony ia eo iniiaa oa??eoi?eaeueii-?ae?aaoeeiiiuo nenoai.
IA?A*AIUe AII?INIA E CA*AOO
1. Iauaeo eco/aiey, iniiaiua caaea/e e iaoiaeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aaia?aoee.
2. Ianoi ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aaia?aoee a nenoaia ae?oaeo iaoe.
3. Aniaeou naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie.
4. Ni?in ia ?ae?aaoeeiiioth aeayoaeueiinoue.
5. ?ae?aaoeeiiiua iio?aaiinoe. Iauanoaaiiua ooieoeee ?ae?aaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
6. Iiiyoea O?N e aa iniiaiua iiaenenoaiu.
7. Iniiaiua naienoaa O?N.
8. Oeiieiaey O?N ii ooieoeeyi ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
9. Oeiieiaey O?N ii noaiaie niioiioaiey a i?aaiecaoeee ioaeuoa
iaeciaiaiiie i?e?iaeu e oaoie/aneeo nenoai.
10. Oeiieiaey O?N ii oa??eoi?eaeueiie i?eaioaoeee.
11. Iiiyoea i ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nao.
12. Yaiethoeeiiiua yoaiu ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai ?ano?niiieueciaaiey.
13. Iniiaiua i?e?iaeiua ?ae?aaoeeiiiua ?ano?nu.
14. Eeeiaoe/aneea ?ae?aaoeeiiiua ?ano?nu. ?aaeei nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee.
15. Aao?iaie e oa?ie/aneee ?aaeeiu.
16. ?ano?nu ieia?aeueiuo aiae. Ninoaa e ieia?aeecaoeey.
17. Aiaeu ieoueaaiai e aaeueiaieiae/aneiai cia/aiey. Oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu.
18. A?oiiu ea/aaiuo a?ycae.
19. Aeaenoaea a?ycae.
20. Enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iue iioaioeeae.
21. Aiaeiua ?ano?nu.
22. I?e/eiu eniieueciaaiey aiaeio?aieeeu aeey ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oeaeae e
iaaaoeaiua iineaaenoaey.
23. Eaniua ?ano?nu (i?e?iaeiua oa?aeoa?enoeee e eaoaai?ee eania,
eniieuecoaiuo a ?ae?aaoeee).
24. Oeiu ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eniieueciaaiey ai?iuo ?ano?nia.
25. Oieeaeueiua i?e?iaeiua ea/aaiua ?ano?nu
26. Aaia?aoe/aneay eioi?iaoeey i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee O?N.
27. Iaiaoiaeeiay eioi?iaoeey a aaia?aoe/aneie /anoe i?iaeoa.
28. Noaaeee i?iaeoe?iaaiey O?N.
29. Naienoaa oeeeeia ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo caiyoee, a /ai iie i?iyaeythony.
30. A?aiaiiua oeeeeu ?ae?aaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eo a?aaeu.
31. ?ae?aaoeeiiiia oicyenoai Neae?e.
32. Aeayoaeueiinoue einoeoooa eo?i?oieiaee.
33. ?ae?aaoeeiiiia oicyenoai Oiineie iaeanoe.
?AEIIAIAeOAIAss EEOA?AOO?A
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