I?iiuoeaiiinoue, yia?aaoeea e oeaaoiay iaoaeeo?aey O?aioeee
O?aioeey eniieueciaaea aaaeioth i?iiuoeaiiinoue – ai?iiaeiauaathuoth,
i?iecaiaeyuoth oaieue, nieue, aeaeaci, o?ai e eaeee. Oaieueiay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue a 2005 aiaeo auea ieii/aoaeueii inoaiiaeaia:
aieueoeinoai oaoo a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?ae?aoeei naith ?aaioo. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy nouanoaoao i?iaeaia oi?aaeaiey yoei i?aia?aciaaieai: niaeanii
iaeiaiaui io/aoai, aeiauaathuea i?aaiecaoeee ia 30 % aaaeiaa, /ai
ae?oaea.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu ai O?aioeee anoue ?aciiia?aciua ia?aaaouaathuea
io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe: naiue aaaeiue naeoi? – noaiee e o?ainii?oiue
iaoa?eae (aaoiiiaeee), ca eioi?uie neaaeotho i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua oiaa?u
a nayce n iaoe?iui naeueneioicyenoaaiiui i?iecaiaenoaii. A 1999 aiaeo
i?iiuoeaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue iieo/eea i?eaueue io nieaeaiey aa?i e ?inoa
i?iaeaae iin?aaeie/aneeo oiaa?ia e iai?oaeiaaiey. Aeeiaieci e aunieay
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue aicaeooiieaaaoaeueiie, aaoiiiaeeueiie e ieuaaie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe niinianoaiaaee ecauoeo oi?aiaiai aaeaina.
A ia?eiae n ai?aey 2000 aiaea ii ai?aeue 2001 aiaea a?oiia Y?-O?ain
acyea 4500 iiauo ethaeae, /enei, yeaeaaeaioiia 7 % io eo iauae
/eneaiiinoe ia?niiaea. Iineaaenoaea 35-/aniaie ?aai/ae iaaeaee nieceei
?ino aeayoaeueiinoe eiiiaiee, ii?ia nicaeaiey naiieaoia nauoa 80 %. Aeey
ay?iaonia aue i?aainoiaeiue 2000 aiae, n iauae i?iaeaaeae 496 naiieaoia
e 50 caeacia ia A 380. A 2001 aiae aue ?acoeueoaoiui ii nicaeaieth
aieueoeo naiieaoia. I?iaeaaoeai oaeaeinue i?iaeaoue 50 ay?iaonia iaiueoa
/ai ca 6 ianyoeaa ia?aui oanoe eeeaioai.
Aoi a yeiiiieea iicaieee a iieiie ia?a ecaea/ue auaiaeo a no?ieoaeuenoaa
e aaoiiiaeeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe: ca ia?aua oanoue ianyoeaa 2000 aiaea ai
O?aioeee auei i?iaeaii 2,3 ieeeeiia aaoiiiaeeae, /oi yaeeinue iiaui
?aei?aeii. A no?ieoaeuenoaa e iauanoaaiiuo ?aaioao aaeainee oaaee/eeenue
ia 32 %, naeoi? iieo/ae i?eaueue a i?aaeauai?iue ia?eiae
(ioieoeeiaeueiua auai?u a 2001 aiaeo), eioi?ue anaaaea aaaeai a
iauanoaaiiuo ?aaioao. Ana aeaenoaey a yoie noa?a i?eaaee e iuooeiiio
?inoo. AEeeueth iiiiaee aii?oecaoeey iiniaey, ieceea i?ioeaioiua noaaee,
oeo/oaiea neooaoeee caiyoinoe e iaaiaaoaa yaeaiea.
Iaiiaeaiea ?aaio i?eaueueii ec-ca nieaeaiey IAeN. I?iecaiaenoai a
oaenoeeueiuo e oaaeiuo i?iiuoeaiiinoyo nieceeinue. Ecauoie e ia?anaeaiey
i?iaeieaeathony. E?oiiiianooaaiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea a?oii iino?aaeaee
iaiueoa, n neeueiui iio?aaeoaeueneei ni?inii, iie aeeaa?neoeoee?otho
naie aeiiieieoaeueiua enoi/ieee aeey iieo/aiey aieaa auaiaeiuo oeai. A
aieueoeo noia?ia?eaoao oaeaea caoeene?iaaii oaaee/aiea, aeaaiui ia?acii
aeaaiaea?y i?iaeaaeai ia ieuaauo i?iaeoeoia. Aieueoea iaaaceiu auee
aeaaiuie aaiaoeoeea?eyie a aica?auaiee e ninoiyieth i?ioeaaoaiey.
Iiioey?iua iaaaceiu oaaee/eaathony, ei oaeaeinue iiieceoue ieceia
ea/anoai oiaa?u io eo aeayoaeueiinoe.
Aaaeiui noeioeyoi?ii yeiiiie/aneiai iiaeuaia neoaeeo oaaee/aiea
iai?ioiiai eaieoaea e neeaaeneeo caiania nu?uey e iai?oaeiaaiey ia
o?aioeocneeo i?aaei?eyoeyo. Caeoiee o?aioeocneeie i?aaei?eyoeyie,
inouanoaeyaiua n yoie oeaeueth ca a?aieoeae, aaaeoo e i?e?inoo iauaia
eiii?oa (ii/oe ia 7% ca 1997 a.) e iaeiia?aiaiii nicaeatho caaeae aeey
cia/eoaeueiiai oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaenoaa a ei?ioeee n?ie. Eiaiii
iineaaeiei ianoiyoaeuenoaii iauyniyaony aiaeiaie ?ino ia 20% eiii?oa
iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy caa?ocea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae e iai?oaeiaaiey
ia o?aioeocneeo i?aaei?eyoeyo yaeyaony i?aaeaeueiie e aeinoeaaao 85%,
/oi o?aaoao eo ?aceie iiaea?iecaoeee e niioaaonoaaiii oaaee/aiey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiaanoeoeee. Ii a 1997 a. iie aaeaa au?inee ia 1,8%,
oioy n?aaenoa ia yoi o i?aaei?eyoee aieaa /ai aeinoaoi/ii. I /ai
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ii?ia naiioeiaine?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoee (ioiioaiea eo
aaeiauo iaeiieaiee e iauaio aaeiauo eiaanoeoeee a iniiaiie eaieoae),
eioi?ay a 1997 a. i?aauneea 113%.
Ayeue ?ino i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiaanoeoeee e i/aiue aunieay ii?ia
naiioeiaine?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoee iauyniythony, i?aaeaea anaai
noauaeoeaiuie oaeoi?aie: i?aaei?eieiaoaee aiyony ?anoe?youe eee
iiaea?iece?iaaoue i?iecaiaenoai, iianaynue ieceiai iio?aaeoaeueneiai
ni?ina, e a aieueoeinoaa naiai ia aeiaa?ytho yeiiiie/aneiio eo?no
i?aaeoaeuenoaa E. AEiniaia. Iiyoiio i?iaeieaeaao, a /anoiinoe,
nieaeaoueny ii?ia iaeiieaiey (ioiioaiey aaeiauo eiaanoeoeee a iniiaiie
eaieoae e aeiaaaeaiiie noieiinoe). A 1997 a. iia nie?aoeeanue aei 15,1%
i?ioea 15,5% a 1996 a.
I?aaenoiyuaa nicaeaiea aaethoiiai e yeiiiie/aneiai nithca onei?eei
i?ioeann eiioeaio?aoeee a aaaeoueo io?aneyo yeiiiieee. A ethia 1997 a.
i?iecioei iauaaeeiaiea oeiainiaie eiiiaiee «Noyoe» e i?iiuoeaiiiai
oieaeeiaa «Eeiiiyc aeaci» . Oe?ia «Oiinii OeNO» noaea /anoe/ii
i?eaaoece?iaaiiie e iiiaea iiae eiio?ieue neiaeeeaoa a ninoaaa eiiiaiee
«Aeeaoaeue», «Aeanni» e «Ay?inianeaeue» . Ii/oe 20% aeoeeiia?iiai
eaieoaea aineiiiaiee «O?ain Oaeaeii» iinooieee a ioe?uooth i?iaeaaeo ia
oiiaeiaue ?uiie, a 7,5% aeoeee ia?aaeaiu a ?aieao acaeiiiaiaia iaiaoeeie
«Aeie/a Oaeaeii» .
I?aaei?eieiaeenue oneeey ii eiioeaio?aoeee eaieoaea a noa?a ?icie/iie
oi?aiaee. Oae, e?oiiay oi?aiaay oe?ia «I?iiiae» iuoaeanue i?eia?anoe ia
iaiaa e?oiioth oe?io «Eaceii», /oi aucaaei na?ueacioth iaaniieiaiiinoue
o eiieo?aioia.
Ii eieoeeaoeaa i?aaeoaeuenoa O?aioeee, O?A e Aaeeeia?eoaiee
oicyenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea «Y?athn eiaeono?e» i?aia?aciauaaaony a
eiioea?i, eioi?ue aoaeao oaeaea auioneaoue aiaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth.
Iaeiia?aiaiii i?ienoiaeeo i?iieeiiaaiea (ia anaaaea ae?oaeanoaaiiia)
eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea a aaaeouea o?aioeocneea oe?iu. A /anoiinoe, iaeia
ec e?oiiuo o?aioeocneeo no?aoiauo eiiiaiee AAEO yaeeanue i?aaeiaoii
ioaee/iiai i?aaeeiaeaiey iieoiee aa aeoeee ni noi?iiu eoaeueyineie
no?aoiaie eiiiaiee «AEaia?aeee» . A ?acoeueoaoa neiaeiuo ia?aaiai?ia
oaeaeinue i?aaeioa?aoeoue ia?aoiae AAEO iiae eiio?ieue «AEaia?aeee» .
Ii, a eiia/iii n/aoa, eiiiaiey AAEO oa?yao naith naiinoiyoaeueiinoue e
anooiaao a no?aoaae/aneee nithc n iaiaoeeei no?aoiaui iauanoaii
«Aeueyioe» .
Aanueia neaaua iiceoeee (n oi/ee c?aiey iaaunieie ae?aeaaie
eaieoaeecaoeee) ia?aae oa?icie iiaeiuaiey eiatho oaeea nieeaeiua
yeiiiie/aneea aaaiou eae aaiee AII, NNO, «Ia?eaa», oe?iu «Aoea»
«Aeaiii», «Ia?ii-?eea?» . Ana iie yaeythony iioaioeeaeueiuie aea?oaaie
iiaeiuaiee ni noi?iiu aieaa e?oiiuo aa?iiaeneeo ia?oia?ia iinea
nicaeaiey aaethoiiai e yeiiiie/aneiai nithca.
Aaeeinoaaiiui iiceoeaiui i?eia?ii aa?anneaiie aeayoaeueiinoe
o?aioeocneiai iao?iiaoa ii eiioeaio?aoeee eaieoaea iooai iiaeiuaiey
eiino?aiiuo eiieo?aioia yaeeanue ecaanoiay a ?innee oe?ia ii
i?iecaiaenoao no?ieiaoa?eaeia «Eaoa?ae» . Iia eoieea ca 17 ie?ae. o?.
aieaa e?oiioth aiaeeeneoth oe?io «?aaeeyiae» e oaeaieea naie iai?io aei
60 ie?ae. o?. Iaaea?ii i?aceaeaio «Eaoa?ae» aue i?eciai eo/oei
o?aioeocneei iaiaaeaea?ii aiaea.
Oeacaiiua i?eia?u naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi o?aioeocneee eaieoae
ieacuaaaony aeinoaoi/ii neaaui ia?aae eeoeii eiieo?aioia, eioi?ua
iaia?aiu yooaeoeaii eniieueciaaoue aiciiaeiinoe aoaeouaai AAN aeey
oe?aieaiey naieo iiceoeee a o?aioeocneie yeiiiieea. Oieueei aeaeueiaeoay
eiioeaio?aoeey o?aioeocneiai eaieoaea iicaieeo ecaaaeaoue iiaeiaiie
ia?niaeoeau.
I?aaenoiyuee n 2000 a. ia?aoiae e 35-/aniaie ?aai/ae iaaeaea
iiaeoaeeeaaao i?aaei?eyoey e aaoiiaoecaoeee n oai, /oiau ecaaaeaoue
?inoa ecaea?aeae ii ?aai/ae neea. Aeaiiay i?e/eia oaeaea i?yii naycaia n
iaiaoeaoeiny ?inoii i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiaanoeoeee.
Anee a 1997 a. aaeiaua eiaanoeoeee a iniiaiie eaieoae oaeoe/anee ia
?inee (oaaee/aiea ia 0,2%), oi a 1998 aiaeo iie i/aaeaeii oaaee/aony ia
4%.
Aua aieaa aia/aoeytho iaeeaeaaiua oeeo?u a ioiioaiee ?inoa
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiaanoeoeee a i?iiuoeaiiinoe a 1998 aiaeo (10%, a a
ia?aaaouaathuae aieaa 11%, ca 1997 a. – 1%, a oii /enea 2% a
ia?aaaouaathuae).
O?aioeocneea i?aaei?eyoey iaeiieee aeinoaoi/ii oeiainiauo n?aaenoa.
Iioaioeeaeueiue iauai eo naiioeiaine?iaaiey a 1997 a. ninoaaee 120
ie?ae. o?aieia. Ii?ia naiioeiaine?iaaiey (ioiioaiea aaeiauo iaeiieaiee e
iauaio aaeiauo eiaanoeoeee a iniiaiie eaieoae) aeey o?aioeocneeo
i?aaei?eyoee i?aauneea a 1997 a. ii ooi/iaiiui aeaiiui 118%.
Aeiaieueii aunieie inoaaony ii?ia aaeiaie i?eauee i?aaei?eyoee (e?iia
i?aaei?eyoee oeiainiaiai naeoi?a). A 1997 aiaeo iia ninoaaeea 32,3% (a
1996 a. – 31,7%).
Caiaoii oeo/oaaony ii?iaoea eeeaeaeiinoe. Aeaa o?aoe aeoeaia
i?aaei?eyoee ninoaaeytho aunieieeeaeaeiua oeiainiaua eino?oiaiou.
Nieaeaaony eiyooeoeeaio caaeieaeaiiinoe (niioiioaiea aeieaiauo
iaycaoaeuenoa e nianoaaiiui n?aaenoaai). A 1997 a. ii ninoaaee 36%.
Oiiiyiooua oaeoi?u niinianoaotho iaeeaeaaiiio a 1998 aiaeo oaaee/aieth
ii?iu iaeiieaiey i?aaei?eyoee (ioiioaiea aaeiauo eiaanoeoeee a iniiaiie
eaieoae e aeiaaaeaiiie noieiinoe) aei 16,1% i?ioea 15,1% a 1997a.
Iaeeaeaaony, /oi a 1998 aiaeo 17,4% aaeiaie i?eauee i?aaei?eyoee
iaoeiainiaiai naeoi?a aoaeoo eniieueciaaiu aeey iaeiieaiey, i?aaeaea
anaai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai. Ia iieaoo o?oaea oeaeoo ieiei 43,5% aaeiaie
i?eauee. Aua 14,3% caeioo nioeeaeueiua io/eneaiey. Ia aeieth ?acee/iuo
iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae iieaeoo 14,7% aaeiaie i?eauee, i?eaeeceoaeueii ii 5%
io/eneaiee io aaeiaie i?eauee ninoaayo auieaou aeeaeaeaiaeia e /enoua
ieaoaaee i?ioeaioia ii iieo/aiiui e?aaeeoai. Eae aeaeii ec yoeo oeeo?,
iniiaiui enoi/ieeii aeaeueiaeoaai oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
iaeiieaiee inoathony aeeaeaeaiaeu, ii aeoeeiia?u, i?aaeaea anaai
eiino?aiiua, eaoaai?e/anee i?ioeayony nieaeaieth o?iaiy aeioiaeia ii
aeeaeaeaiaeai.
Aanueia e?anii?a/eaie yaeyaony no?oeoo?a eiaanoeoeee o?aioeocneeo
i?aaei?eyoee. Ii aeaiiui ca 1997 a., aioo?e no?aiu iie aeiaeeee a oi?ia
i?yiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiaanoeoeee 38,6% io anae noiiu eo eiaanoeoeee.
Ia aeieth i?yiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee ca ?oaaaeii i?eoeenue 22,7%
niaieoiiiai iauaia eo eiaanoeoeee. Ii?ooaeueiua eiaanoeoeee ca ?oaaaeii
ninoaaeee 18,8% eo eiaanoeoeeiiiuo cao?ao (oa aea eiaanoeoeee a naiie
O?aioeee aaeaa i?aauneee 6,1%). Iaeiiaoe, ia IEIE? auee ec?anoiaeiaaiu
13,8% auaeaeaiiuo eiaanoeoeeiiiuo n?aaenoa.
Ianoi?aaeeaaao oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi 50 e?oiiaeoeo o?aioeocneeo
eiiiaiee iaoeiainiaiai naeoi?a (ia ieo i?eoiaeyony nauoa 30% anao
eiaanoeoeee ai o?aioeocneoth yeiiiieeo) caiaoii ia?aueaatho iauai naieo
i?yiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee ca ?oaaaeii i?e nie?auaiee naieo eiaanoeoeee a
naiie O?aioeee. Iaeeaeaaony, /oi a 1998 a. eo i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
eiaanoeoeee aioo?e no?aiu nie?aoyony ia 1,6%. Iaeiei ec aiciiaeiuo
iauyniaiee neoaeeo o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiue oa?aeoa? oeacaiiuo eiiiaiee e eo
caeiiiia?iia no?aieaiea e nieaeaieth i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo, nioeeaeueiuo e
iaeiaiauo ecaea?aeae.
Yia?aaoeea
Ii iaoa?eaeai aiaeiaiai io/aoa Aaia?aeueiie aee?aeoeee yia?aaoeee e
nu?ueaauo ?ano?nia (AAeYN?) ca 199 a. iieeoeea i?aaeoaeuenoaa O?aioeee a
iaeanoe yia?aaoeee neeaaeuaaaony iiae aeeyieai ?yaea oaeoi?ia, iniiaiuie
ec eioi?uo yaeythony: iaiaoiaeeiinoue oaeiaeaoai?aiey ni?ina ia
yia?aiiineoaee i?e caueoa eiiia?/aneeo eioa?ania iaoeeiiaeueiiai
eaieoaea, oaae Aa?inithca ii iaania/aieth ana aieueoae ioe?uoinoe ?uieia
e aic?anoaiea eiieo?aioeee eiino?aiiuo eiiiaiee, oneeeaathueany
o?aaiaaiey iauanoaaiiinoe ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu n auaiaeii
ianoaeaeaiey yoie i?iaeaiu ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiue o?iaaiue.
Neaaenoaeai iineaaeiaai noaei cayaeaiea E.AEiniaia ia inoaiiaea aoiiiiai
?aaeoi?a «Noia?oaieen» . Auiieiaiea o?aaiaaiee e niaethaeaiea
yeieiae/aneeo ii?i aeaenoaeoaeueii noaei aaniiui yeaiaioii
yia?aaoe/aneie iieeoeee, a ia i?inoi a?aiaiiie aeaiueth iauanoaaiiui
iano?iaieyi. I?ioieieii iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiioa?aioeee ii aii?inai
eciaiaiey eeeiaoa, i?ioiaeeaoae a aeaeaa?a 1997 a. a Eeioi (ssiiiey),
aeey no?ai Aa?inithca i?aaeoniao?eaaaony nieaeaiea e 2010 a. iuiaoiaai
o?iaiy aua?ina a aoiinoa?o oaeaeeneiai e ae?oaeo a?aaeiuo aacia ia 8%.
Aeey O?aioeee ?a/ue eaeao eeoue i noaaeeecaoeee o?iaiy aua?ina, iaeiaei
e yoi, ii iiaieth yenia?oia, iaeaaeay caaea/a, o/eouaay iio?aaiinoe a
yia?aiiineoaeyo i?e yeiiiie/aneii ?inoa (a n?aaeiai ia 2% aaeaaiaeii a
oa/aiea iineaaeieo 10 eao), iaaiciiaeiinoue a neeo oeiainiauo e
nioeeaeueiuo i?e/ei inouanoaeoue oe?ieoth caiaio oaey i?e?iaeiui aacii,
i?e eniieueciaaiee eioi?iai aua?anuaaaony iaiueoa oaeaeeneiai aaca, a
oaeaea iaaiciiaeiinoue oaaee/aiey ia aeaiiii yoaia aeiee aoiiiie e
aeae?iyia?aaoeee, ninoaaeythueo aieaa 90% iauae au?aaioee o?aioeocneie
yeaeo?iyia?aee.
?aoaiea yeieiae/aneeo i?iaeai aoaeao e aeaeaa noeioee?iaaoue ?acaeoea
aiciaiiaeyaiuo enoi/ieeia yia?aee. A yoie nayce aieueoia aieiaiea
oaeaeyaony niaa?oainoaiaaieth e eniieueciaaieth iiauo oeiia ?aaioathueo
ia aaca aaoiiiaeeae e yeaeo?iiiaeeae, aeey /aai, iiieii iiaeaea?aeee
iao/iuo ?ac?aaioie, i?aaeoniao?eaaaony aaaaeaiea iaeiaiauo eueaio aeey
iieueciaaoaeae yeieiae/anee /enouie iaoeiaie, iaycaoaeuenoa ii eo
i?eia?aoaieth i?e iaiiaeaiee o?ainii?oiiai ia?ea aino/?aaeaeaiee e
iinoaiaiiue ia?aaiae ia ieo iauanoaaiiiai o?ainii?oa.
Ianiio?y ia inoaiiaeo ?aaeoi?a «Noia?oaieen», aoaeoo i?iaeieaeaiu
enneaaeiaaiey ii ia?a?aaioea, caoi?iiaieth a aeoaieeo aaieiae/aneeo
neiyo e eiina?aaoeee ia iiaa?oiinoe caiee ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo iooiaeia. A
1997 a. aaeenue aeoeaiua ia?aaiai?u n ianoiuie aeanoyie ii niaeaniaaieth
aii?inia no?ieoaeuenoaa iiaecaiiuo eaai?aoi?ee n oeaeueth
eioaineoeeaoeee enneaaeiaaiee, aeey /aai i?aaeoniao?eaaaony oaaee/aiea
athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee. Oai naiui aeaaony iiiyoue, /oi i?aaeoaeuenoai
ia niae?aaony nai?a/eaaoue i?ia?aiio ?acaeoey aoiiiie yia?aaoeee. Ii
anae aeaeeiinoe e inoaiiaea «Noia?oaieena» – ieii/aoaeueiay ia?a e a
aeaeueiaeoai ia eneeth/ai aai caione, iineieueeo /a?ac 10 eao, eae
n/eoatho niaoeeaeenou, anoaiao aii?in ia iaiiaeaiee iiuiinoae iuia
aeaenoaothueo aoiiiuo noaioeee. Caa?ocea eo yia?aiiiuiinoae a 1997 a.
ninoaaeea 83%. ?aceia aea aa nieaeaiea iaaaoeaii neacaeinue au ia
oieueei ia ii?ia aua?ina oaeaeeneiai aaca, o.e. iio?aaiaaei au oneeaiey
?aaiou oaieiyeaeo?inoaioeee, ii e ia oaeii aaaeiii oaeoi?a
yia?aaoe/aneie iieeoeee, eae iaania/aiea o.i. yia?aaoe/aneie
iacaaeneiinoe.
Iineaaeiyy i?aaenoaaeyao niaie niioiioaiea nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e
aeiau/e e iauaio iio?aaeaieth ia?ae/iuo yia?aiiineoaeae aac o/aoa
eeeiaoe/aneeo ei??aeoea. A 1997 a. iia ninoaaeea 50% (ii iaooe – 4%, ii
aaco – 7%, ii oaeth – 31% e ii yeaeo?iyia?aee -116%).
?anoe?aiea i?iieeiiaaiey o?aioeocneeo eiiiaiee ia ca?oaaaeiue ?uiie
yia?aiiineoaeae, ?aciiia?acea naycae n eo iinoaaueeaie ?anniao?eaathony
eae ia?u ii oe?aieaieth yia?aaoe/aneie iacaaeneiinoe. I?eia?ii yoiai
iiaeao neoaeeoue caeeth/aiiue oe?iie Total eiio?aeo ia aeiau/o e?aineiai
aaca, ianiio?y ia aia?eeaineia yiaa?ai.
A iaooaaeiauaathuae io?anee iniaue aeoeaio aeaeaaony ia ?acaeoee
ia?aaeiauo oaoiieiaee, iicaieythueo aanoe ?acaaaeeo e aeiau/o iaooe ia
aieueoie aeoaeia eiioeiaioaeueiiai oaeueoa. Yoe oneeey oaea oaai/aeenue
oniaoii. A 1997 a. Elf ioe?ue e?oiiua ianoi?iaeaeaiey a iooi?iie ciia
Aiaieu e Eiiai. Yenii?o oaeeo oaoiieiaee, eae n/eoatho o?aioeocneea
yenia?ou, iiaeao eciaieoue aaia?aoeth iaooaaeiau/e, ?anoe?eoue ciiu
iienea e oaaee/eoue /enei no?ai-iinoaaueeia. N o/aoii i?iaiica
ioiineoaeueii oiai, /oi a aeeaeaeoea 5 eao iooi?iay iaooue ninoaaeo
aieaa 80% oaaee/aiey iaooaaeiau/e no?ai-ia/eaiia IIAE, O?aioeey iieo/aao
aieueooth noaiaiue iacaaeneiinoe a ieaia niaaaeaiey iaooueth, a o./. a
neooaoeee, eiaaea /eaiu IIAE aeiaiaa?eaathony i nieaeaiee iauaia
iaooaaeiau/e.
A iaeanoe yeaeo?iyia?aaoeee i?aaeoaeuenoai, iiieii iiaeienaiey eiio?aeoa
n Electricite de France, i?aaeoniao?eaathuaai nieaeaiea oa?eoia,
oneeaiea eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ca ?oaaaeii, ?aaeecaoeeth
nioeeaeueiuo i?ia?aii e nieaeaiea caaeieaeaiiinoe ia?aae ainoaea?noaii,
iaia?aii caeeth/eoue niaeaoaiey n iacaaeneiuie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie. Yoa
ia?a, eae i?aaeiieaaaaony, aoaeao noeioee?iaaoue ?acaeoea
aeueoa?iaoeaiuo enoi/ieeia yia?aee, iaeaa/eo oi?aaeaiea yia?ainenoaiie
aneaaenoaea aa aeaoeaio?aeecaoeee, iiauneo yeiiiie/iinoue yeaeo?inaoae e
iicaieeo iiaeaea?aeeaaoue a aeieaeiii ninoiyiee nenoaio iaeuo AYN i?e
oneeaiee ai acaeiiaeaenoaee n ianoiuie aeanoyie ?aaeeia aaciianiinoe
ieioei.
A aaciaie io?anee, e?iia aiaeiae/iiai eiio?aeoa n Gaz de France, a
i?aaeaeaa?ee ioe?uoey aa?iiaeneiai ?uiea aaca e oneeaiey eiieo?aioeee
eiioe?i iiaeienaiu niaeaoaiey i nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo GdF, Total e
Elf, a o./. a ?aieao aei/a?ieo oe?i, n oeaeueth oe?aieaiey eo iiceoeee
ia o?aioeocneii ?uiea.
A oaeaaeiauaathuae io?anee aieiaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaa i?eaea/aii e
auiieiaieth o.i. «oaieueiiai iaeoa», caeeth/aiiiai a 1994 a. iaaeaeo
?oeiaiaenoaii a?oiiu Charbonnage e i?ionithcaie i?e o/anoee ieieno?a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ioiineoaeueii cae?uoey ia?aioaaaeueiuo oaoo. A 1997 a.
auei cae?uoi aua 3 ?ac?aca a Yeuecana. Ia?niiae aue /anoe/ii ioi?aaeai
ia iaineth, ia eo?nu i?ioia?ai?eaioaoeee eee ia?aaaaeai ia ae?oaea
oaoou.
A 1997a. ?anoiaeu iio?aaeoaeae yia?aee oaaee/eeenue ia 8%, ninoaaea 85,6
ie?ae.o?., /oi yaeeinue neaaenoaeai ia ?inoa iio?aaeaiey eae oaeiaiai, a
?inoa ?uii/iiai eo?na aeieea?a. Yia?aicao?aou aea, eae niioiioaiea
ia?ae/iiai iio?aaeaiey yia?aee n o/aoii eeeiaoe/aneeo ei??aeoea e
oiaa?iiai AAI, nieceeenue ia 1,7%, /oi, ii iiaieth yenia?oia AAeYN?,
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iieiaeeoaeueioth oaiaeaioeeth, nii?iaiaeaeathuoth
oaaee/aiea oaiiia yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi AAeYN?, yaeyynue aaeeiui, oioy e ?acaaoaeaiiui
ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiii, caieiaaony anai eiiieaenii i?iaeai, naycaiiuo
n yia?aaoeeie e nu?ueaauie ?ano?naie O?aioeee. A aai aaaeaiee iaoiaeyony
neoaeau ii aii?inai aoiiiie yia?aee, iaaeaeoia?iaeiui naycyi,
aiciaiiaeyaiui enoi/ieeai yia?aee e aa ?aoeeiiaeueiiio eniieueciaaieth,
nu?ueaaui ?ano?nai e iieaciui eneiiaaiui, aiaeeoe/aneea ath?i e
oi?aaeaiey yia?aiiineoaeae, aaca, yeaeo?e/anoaa e oaeaaeiau/e.
Niaoeeaeenou AAeYN? n/eoatho, /oi a aeeaeaeoea aiaeu i?e oneeaiee oiai
eee eiiai oaeoi?a, aeeythuaai ia au?aaioeo yia?aaoe/aneie iieeoeee
O?aioeee, iia ana ?aaii aoaeao aeeth/aoue a naay oaeea neaaaaiua, eae
oaeiaeaoai?aiea ni?ina ia yia?aiiineoaee, ?acaeoea aiciaiiaeyaiuo
enoi/ieeia yia?aee, aeaeueiaeoaa eniieueciaaiea aoiiiie yia?aee e
iaania/aiea yia?aaoe/aneie iacaaeneiinoe ainoaea?noaa.
«Yeueo-Aeeoyi» . TH?eaee/aneee aae?an: 2, place de la Coupole, Tour ELF
Courbevoie, 92400 Paris, la Defense. Oaeaoii: 01.47.44.45.46; oaen:
01.47.44.78.78; oaeaen: ELFA615-400. Iaceaeaio-aai.aee?aeoi?: Philippe
Jaffre Oeeeii AEaoo?a. TH?eaee/aneee noaoon: Aeoeeiia?iay eiiiaiey.
Aeoeeiia?iue eaieoae: 13,21 ie?ae.o?. Ninoaa aeoeeiia?ia: 46% –
eiino?aiiua einoeoooeeiiaeueiua eiaanoi?u; 29% – o?aioeocneea
einoeoooeeiiaeueiua eiaanoi?u (Credit Agricole, GEC Alsthom, Lafarge,
UAP, Paribas, BNP, CIC, IBCA e ?yae ae?oaeo); 20% – /anoiua eiaanoi?u,
5% – neoaeauea eiiiaiee.
A?oiia aia?aua ia/aea naith aeayoaeueiinoue a 1940 a. n i?iecaiaenoaa e
?ani?aaeaeaiey i?e?iaeiiai aaca ai O?aioeee.
«Yeueo-Aeeoyi» caieiaao 7 ianoi a ie?a n?aaee iaooyiuo eiiiaiee, a ai
O?aioeee iaeiicia/ii yaeyaony «iiia? iaeei» ii iauaio iai?ioa,
eaieoaeecaoeee ia ae?aea, /eneo aeoeeiia?ia e ?yaeo ae?oaeo iieacaoaeae.
*eneaiiinoue nio?oaeieeia «Yeueo-Aeeoyi» a 81 no?aia ie?a ninoaaeea a
1997 aiaeo 85 000 /aeiaae.
?acoeueoaou a?oiiu a 1997 aiaeo ioeaieaathony eae iaeeo/oea ca anth aa
enoi?eth. A /anoiinoe yoi ioiineony e iieacaoaeyi i?eauee, ?inoo
aeioiaeia ia aeoeee (+7%) e ?inoo eo eo?na (+42%).
A nio?oaeie/anoaa «Yeueo-Aeeoyi» n ?inneeneie noi?iiie a noa?a aeiau/e
oaeaaiaei?iaeia anoue ?yae neiaeiuo i?iaeai. A /anoiinoe ii IIC a
a.Eaeia (i?iaeo «Eaeia-2000» ia 10 iei. oiii iaooai?iaeoeoia a aiae), a
40 eeeiiao?ao io Eaeioeeaa ia oa??eoi?ee auaoae AAe?.A 1994 aiaeo Elf
Aquitaine i?eaeaeea a ea/anoaa aeoeeiia?ia e aeaiiiio i?iaeoo o?e
?inneeneea eiiiaiee «?iniaooue», «No?aooiaooaaac», «Iaaeiiiaooaaac» . Eo
aeiey a i?iaeoa ninoaaeea 24%. O Elf Aquitaine – 43% e ia aeieth
aa?iaineie «BvS» aeieaeii auei i?eeoenue 33%.
?inneeneea eiiiaiee aeieaeiu auee iieaoeoue naia o/anoea a i?iaeoa
iinoaaeaie nu?ie iaooe. Iaeiaei aneaaenoaea eciaiaiey oneiaee
?aaeaiaioaoeee yenii?oa yia?aiiineoaeae i?aaeii/ee yoi naeaeaoue a
aeaiaaeiie oi?ia. Ianiio?y ia aeiiieieoaeueioth ion?i/eo a 1 aiae, eie
auei auiea/aii oieueei 25% ec iaiaoiaeeiuo 240 iei. ia?ie. Oaeei
ia?acii, aeiey ?inneeneeo eiiiaieeia?aoea e Elf Aquitaine, eioi?ay
oaeoe/anee iieo/eea 67%. Elf Aquitaine iaia?aaaeanue ia?aie/eoue naia
o/anoea a i?iaeoa 50%. e ecuneeaaea aiciiaeiinoue iiaeeeth/aiey e
i?iaeoo iiauo ia?oia?ia.”Yeueo Aeeoyi» aioiaa ianoaeaeaoue aica?auaiea
?inneeneeo oe?i a i?iaeo, ii ia iiauo oeiainiauo oneiaeyo.
Iiaui iiiaioii a nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo ?inneeneeie e o?aioeocneeie
iaooyiuie eiiiaieyie yaeeinue caeeth/aiiia a ia?aii eaa?oaea 1998 aiaea
niaeaoaiea i no?aoaae/aneii ia?oia?noaa iaaeaeo nicaeathuaeny no?oeoo?ie
«THENE» e «Yeueo Aeeoyi» . Ii oneiaeyi aeiaiai?a e o?aioeocneie oe?ia
aeieaeii ia?aeoe 5% aeoeee iiaie eiiiaiee. Oae eae ia?aciaaiea «THENE»
ia ninoiyeinue, «Yeueo Aeeoyi» ia/aea ia?aaiai?u i i?eia?aoaiee 12%
aeoeee «Neaiaooe» ca 528 iei. aeiee. O?aioeocneay eiiiaiey auea
caeioa?aniaaia i?aaeaea anaai a caianao «Neaiaooe», eioi?ua
ioeaieaathony i?eia?ii a 700 iei. aa??aeae. «Yeueo» /a?ac aeaiiue i?iaeo
i?aaeiieaaaea nicaeaoue naie o?aoee iiethn i?iecaiaenoaa – a ?innee
(iiieii Naaa?iiai ii?y e Aaeiaeneiai caeeaa). Ii 25 aaaonoa 1998 aiaea
?oeiaiaenoai o?aioeocneie eiiiaiee iauyaeei i naiai ioeaca io aeueyina n
«Neaiaooueth», ii e?aeiae ia?a ia i?aaeieo oneiaeyo. Ioeoeeaeueiia
iauyniaiea oaeiio oaao – iaaeaiea noieiinoe iaooe e oooaeoaiea
oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey iaaeo eiiiaiee.
Ii?aaeaeaiiua iaaeaaeaeu ?oeiaiaenoai «Yeueo-Aeeoyi» aiceaaaao oaeaea ia
nio?oaeie/anoai n ?AI «Aaci?ii», eioi?ia nouanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey iiea ia
iieo/eei. «Yeueo-Aeeoyi» aeinoaoi/ii naea?aeaiii ioiineony e iiauoaieth
naiae eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeoeaiinoe a ?O. Eiiiaiey o/anoaoao oieueei a
i?iaeoa ii ?ac?aaioea Oaieeineiai iaooyiiai ianoi?iaeaeaiey a
Oeiaii-Ia/i?neii aannaeia. A iai oaeaea i?eieiatho o/anoea ?inneeneay
«EiieOYE» e oeineay «IANOA» . Iauee iauai eiaanoeoeee ioeaieaaaony a 400
iei. aeiee.
«Yeueo-Aeeoyi» eiio?iee?oao aeayoaeueiinoue aieaa 50 aei/a?ieo oe?i e
oeeeaeia, ?aniieiaeaiiuo a ?acee/iuo ?aaeiiao ie?a. Aeayoaeueiinoue
a?oiiu ?acaeaaaony ii 4-i iniiaiui iai?aaeaieyi.
1. ?acaaaeea e aeiau/a nu?uey. «Yeueo-Aeeoyi» aeoeaii aaaeao iieneiaua
?aaiou a 29 no?aiao ie?a e inouanoaeyao i?iecaiaenoai a 15. Aaeiaay
i?eaueue a 1997 aiaeo aic?inea ii n?aaiaieth n 1996 aiaeii ia 9% e
ninoaaeea 17,1 ie?ae.o?. ?acaaaeaiiua caianu eiiiaiee – 3,4 ie?ae.
aa??aeae iaooe (i?e?ino ia 3% ii n?aaiaieth n i?aaeuaeouei aiaeii).
Iniiaiuie ?aeiiaie aeiau/e oaeaaiaei?iaeiiai nu?uey aeey «Yeueo»
o?aaeeoeeiiii yaeythony O?aioeey, Naaa?iia ii?a (Aaeeeia?eoaiey,
Ii?aaaey, Ieaea?eaiaeu), no?aiu Caiaaeiie Ao?eee, auoiaeyuea e
Aaeiaeneiio caeeao (Aaaii, Eiiai, Ieaa?ey, Eaia?oi), e Aiaiea.
«Yeueo-Aeeoyi» aaaeao oaeaea ?ac?aaioee a ainoaea?noaao Aeeaeiaai e
N?aaeiaai Ainoiea (Iiai, Ne?ey), a Oeaio?aeueiie Ao?eea, Iaeneeaineii
caeeaa e ae?. A 1977 a. ia iaooue i?eoiaeeeinue 75% io iauaai iauaia
i?iecaiaenoaa a?oiiu, i?e/ai 63% iaooe aeiauaaeinue a Aaeiaeneii caeeaa,
a oi a?aiy eae 90% aeiau/e i?e?iaeiiai aaca auei nin?aaeioi/aii a
Ii?aaaeneii ii?a e ai O?aioeee.
«Yeueo-Aeeoyi» yaeyaony e?oiiui i?iecaiaeeoaeai i?e?iaeiiai aaca a
Aa?iia, eiaao i?ioeaio o/anoey a ?acee/iuo o?oaii?iaiaeao e eiiiaieyo,
caiyouo nauoii aaca. «Yeueo» i?iaeaao yoio aeae nu?uey eiiiaieyi British
Gaz e Gorby Power (Aaeeeia?eoaiey), Ruhrgas BEB, Thyssen (Aa?iaiey),
Distrigaz (Aaeueaey), Gazunie (Ieaea?eaiaeu), Enagas (Eniaiey).
2. Iaooaia?a?aaioea e nauo. Yoio aeae aeayoaeueiinoe «Yeueo-Aeeoyi»
nin?aaeioi/ai, aeaaiui ia?acii, a Aa?iia. A /anoiinoe, ai O?aioeee
a?oiia eiaao 4 iaooaia?a?aaaouaathueo caaiaea, 3025 cai?aai/iuo
noaioeee. A iineaaeiea aiaeu eiiiaiey i?eia?aea aieueoia eiee/anoai
aeoeee iaooaia?a?aaaouaathueo e nauoiauo i?aaei?eyoee a Aa?iaiee,
Eniaiee, Aaeeeia?eoaiee e a no?aiao Ao?eee.
Iaeiei ec iaeaieaa cia/eiuo i?iaeoia o?aioeocneie eiiiaiee yaeyaony
e?oiiaeoee a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia iaooaia?a?aaaouaathuee eiiieaen a a. Eaeia
(Aa?iaiey) – i?iaeo «Eaeia 2000» . A 1977 aiaeo no?ieoaeuenoai aeaiiiai
iauaeoa auei caaa?oaii. Aai iauay noieiinoue ninoaaeea 5,4 ie?ae. o?.
Ia aeaiiue iiiaio ca i?aaeaeaie O?aioeee «Yeueo-Aeeoyi» i?eiaaeeaaeeo
ieiei 2000 cai?aai/iuo noaioeee a ae?oaeo no?aiao Aa?iiu, 708 a
Caiaaeiie Ao?eea, 70 – ia i.?athiueii e Aioeeueneeo ino?iaao.
A 1997 aiaeo aaeiaay i?eaueue eiiiaiee ii yoiio iai?aaeaieth ninoaaeea
2,2 ie?ae. o?., /oi icia/aao i?e?ino ia 3%.
3. Oeiey. Oeeeae a?oiiu «Yeueo-Aoieai» ii iauaiai i?iaeaae caieiaao 2
ianoi ai O?aioeee iinea «?ii-Ioeaie» e 13 a ie?a. «Yeueo-Aoieai»
yaeyaony e?oiiui i?iecaiaeeoaeai i?iaeoeoeee niaoeeaeece?iaaiiie (54%) e
aaciaie oeiee (40%), eiay neeueiua iiceoeee a Aa?iia, NOA,
EaoeineieAia?eea e ae?oaeo no?aiao ie?a. E?iia oiai, a NOA a?oiia
auioneaao iiai/iua i?iaeoeou e oiaa?u ieia?aeueiie oeiee aeaaiaea?y
naiaio oeeeaeo TG Soda Ash.
Aaeiaay i?eaueue eiiiaiee a 1977 aiaeo a aeaiiie noa?a au?inea ia 12% e
ninoaaeea 4,1 ie?ae. o?.
4. Oa?iaoeaaoeea e einiaoeea. Ii iauaio oiaa?iiai?ioa oe?ia «Yeueo
Naiioe» – 2 ai O?aioeee e 20 a ie?a. I?iecaaaeaiiay i?iaeoeoeey
?aaeecoaony a iniiaiii ai O?aioeee, Aa?iaiee, Eoaeee, Eniaiee, NOA e
ae?. Aaeiaay i?eaueue eiiiaiee a yoie noa?a – 2,1 ie?ae. o?.
«Aac aea O?ain». Aiaeeoeee ie?iaiai aaciaiai ?uiea a oa/aiea iineaaeiaai
aeanyoeeaoey a ea/anoaa y?eie ioee/eoaeueiie /a?ou ioia/atho
/?acau/aeioth aeoeaiinoue o?aioeocneie ainoaea?noaaiiie ei?ii?aoeee Gaz
de France (GdF) a noa?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aaciaiai aeciana.
Ia?aua iaaeaeoia?iaeiua oaae eiiiaiee auee iai?aaeaiu ia iaania/aiea
iaaeaaeiinoe aaciniaaaeaiey O?aioeee, nae/an iie eioaa?e?iaaiu a
aeayoaeueiinoue ii aai ?acaaaeea e aeiau/a. GdF oaea aeiauaaao aac a
Aa?iaiee, aeiaiaa?eaaaony i ?ac?aaioea aaciauo ianoi?iaeaeaiee a
Aaeeeia?eoaiee (Franklin e Eigin) e Ii?aaaee. Aeiauaaaiue aac
ieaie?oaony iinoaaeyoue ai O?aioeeth.
Aaaeouae noa?ie aeayoaeueiinoe o?aioeocneiai eiioea?ia ia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie a?aia yaeyaony i?iaeaaea aaca. A 1997 a. eiino?aiiuie
eiiiaieyie, a eioi?uo o/anoaoao GdF, auee i?iaeaiu 15 oao// (10,5 ie?ae.
eoa.i.) i?e?iaeiiai aaca, ec ieo iaiin?aaenoaaiii GdF ?aaeeciaaea 4,5
(aeey n?aaiaiey: a 1997 aiaeo ai O?aioeee i?iaeaii ii?yaeea 352
oa?aaaoo//ania aaca.). Aeiiieieoaeueii yoeie aea eiiiaieyie ia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ae?aeao auee i?iaeaiu 2,7 oao// (2,5 ie?ae. eoa.i)
aaca.
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy GdF ana aieueoa eioa?anoao o/anoea a aaciauo e
yia?aaoe/aneeo i?iaeoao ia oieueei a ea/anoaa iinoaaueea aaca, ii e
eiaanoi?a. Oieueei a Aa?iaiee a 1997 a. GdF aeiauea 9,6 oao// aaca.
Ca ?oaaaeii ia?oia?ii GdF ia?aaeei aunooiaao aa iaoa?eineay
ainoaea?noaaiiay eiiiaiey Electricite de France (EdF). Niaianoii iie,
iai?eia?, ?ac?aaaouaatho aaciaia ianoi?iaeaeaiea a Eio-ae’Eaoa?,
i?eia?aee aeoeee aano?eeneie oe?iu Estag. Iaa eiiiaiee yaeythony oaeaea
o/anoieeaie ?yaea ae?oaeo i?iaeoia.
Iaoe?iay aaia?aoey eiaanoeoeee GdF iauyniyaony no?aieaieai oiaiueoeoue
?ene, naycaiiue n oai, /oi ii/oe iieiaeia anao i?iaeaae aaca GdF ai
O?aioeee i?eoiaeeony ia iaeeeo /anoiuo iio?aaeoaeae, iio?aaiinoue
eioi?uo a aaca a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie caaeneo io n?aaeiaaiaeiauo
oaiia?aoo?.
A aeeaeaeoea aiaeu a no?aoaaeth GdF (iiieii o?aaeeoeeiiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa iaooai?iaeoeoia, eo ?ani?aaeaeaiey, nauoa e o?aiaiey) –
caeiaeaiu ieaiu o/anoey eiiiaiee a aaieiai?acaaaei/iuo ?aaioao. Oe?ia
«Nio?aaac» – oeeeae GdF, iieo/eea eiio?aeo eeoaeneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia
i?iaaaeaiea eiaeaia?iuo ?aaio a Oaioaa ia 250 iei.o?.N eiiiaieae Elf
Aquitaine GdF iiaeienaea ?aii/iia niaeaoaiea i niaianoiie aeiau/a
i?e?iaeiiai aaca a Naaa?iii ii?a e aeaeueiaeoai aai nauoa ai O?aioeee.
Aaeaaiaeii i?aaeiieaaaaony aeiauaaoue aei o?ao ie?ae. eoa. i. aaca. GdF
iaia?aia oaeaea i?eia?anoe o eiiiaiee Total /anoue aaciaie eiioeannee a
Naaa?iii ii?a.
Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue o?aioeocneee aaciaue eiioea?i aeaaeaao aeoeeyie
aieaa 40 eiiiaiee a 20 no?aiao ie?a.
A ea/anoaa iaeiiai ec iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiuo oniaoia GdF iineaaeiaai
a?aiaie i?eciaaony iieoiea niaianoii n eiiiaieae Bewag 52,1% (aeiey GdF
ninoaaeyao 28,16%) aeoeee aa?eeineie aaci?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie eiiiaiee
GASAG. Yoi i?eia?aoaiea iicaieeei GdF caiyoue no?aoaae/anee aaaeiia
ianoi ia oieueei a ainoi/iie /anoe Aa?iaiee, ii e ai anae Oeaio?aeueiie
Aa?iia. A ino?ie ai?ueaa oaiaeaio GdF-Bewag oaeaeinue iiaaaeeoue o
eiini?oeeoia a ninoaaa Ruhrgas, RWE (Ruhrgas e RWE a ?acoeueoaoa ia?aiai
yoaia i?eaaoecaoeee iieo/eee ii 11,95% aeoeee GASAG) e aia?eeaineie
eiiiaiee Energie Houston Industries Energy.
Niaianoii n EdF GdF ?acaeaeeea (25% iethn iaeia aeoeey) o/anoea a
aano?eeneii yia?aaoe/aneii oieaeeiaa Steirische Ferngas Energie
Steiermark (Estag). Aeey yoiai aue nicaeai eiini?oeeoi, a eioi?ii GdF
i?eiaaeeaaeaee 20%, ca yoi ii caieaoee 560 iei.o?. O/anoea a Estag
?anniao?eaaaony ?oeiaiaenoaii GdF a ea/anoaa ieaoeaea?ia aeey ?anoe?aiey
yeniainee a Aaia?ee e Neiaaiee.
Aeaaiaea?y oaeiaiiio aaia?aoe/aneiio iieiaeaieth O?aioeee a aeeaeaeoea
aiaeu GdF noaiao aaaeiaeoae eiiiaieae a Aa?iia, inouanoaeythuae o?aiceo
aeaee?neiai, ii?aaaeneiai, ?inneeneiai, ieaa?eeneiai, iicaeiaa,
aiciiaeii, oo?eiaineiai aaca. Aeey yoiai GdF ia oieueei iiaeienuaaao
niaeaoaiey i i?aaeinoaaeaiee naieo aaciauo iaaeno?aeae aeey o?aiceoa
aaca, ii oaeaea o/anoaoao a i?aaiecaoeee eiiiaiee, eioi?ua aoaeoo yoei
caieiaoueny.
Ia/eiay n 1998 aiaea, GdF noaea aaaeiui ia?aaaei/iui ioieoii aeey
ii?aaaeneiai aaca, yenii?oe?othuaainy a Eniaieth – o?aiceoiua iaaeno?aee
i?ioiaeyo /a?ac O?aioeeth e Ie?aiae.
A 1998 aiaeo GdF iiaeienaea n aoiaeyuae a ninoaa eiiiaiee ENI a?oiiie
SNAM niaeaoaiea, ?aaoee?othuaa o?aiceo 6 ie?ae.eoa.i. i?e?iaeiiai aaca
ec Ii?aaaee a Eoaeeth /a?ac oa??eoi?eth O?aioeee. Niaeaoaiea ?ann/eoaii
ia 25 eao. ?aaeecaoeey i?iaeoa ia/iaony a 1999 a., o?aiceoiua iinoaaee –
a 2001 a. ?oeiaiaenoai GdF ?anoeaieaaao aeiaiai? eae na?ueaciue oniao a
ai?ueaa O?aioeee ca i?enoonoaea ia aaaeiaeoeo a Aa?iia o?aiceoiuo
ia?o?ooao aaca.
I?eia?ii 85% iinoaaeyaiiai ec Ii?aaaee a Eoaeeth aaca aoaeao i?ioiaeeoue
/a?ac Aethiea?e, eiia/ioth oi/eo aacii?iaiaea Norfra (aeeeia – 840 ei.),
ii eioi?iio aac ec ianoi?iaeaeaiey Troll iioae a Aa?iio n ieoya?y 1998
aiaea. Inoaeueiua 15% aoaeoo iinooiaoue a Oyiuea?-nth?-Ii
(Taisniere-sur-Hon) ia o?aiei-aaeueaeeneie a?aieoea aeec Aaeainueaia
(Naaa?iay O?aioeey), eoaea ii?aaaeneee aac iinooiaao a ianoiyuaa a?aiy.
Aeiiieieoaeueii GdF ieaie?oao iino?ieoue aacii?iaiae io Oyiuea?-nth?-Ii
aei oaaeoea?neie a?aieoeu i?ioyaeaiiinoueth 500-550 ei. e aeeaiao?ii
o?oau 900-1100 ii. Oai yoio aacii?iaiae aoaeao iiaeeeth/ai e o?aiceoiiio
aacii?iaiaeo Transitgaz.
Aacii?iaiae io Oyiuea?-nth?-Ii aei oaaeoea?neie a?aieoeu, oaea
iieo/eaoee iacaaiea «a?oa?ee aaeieue naaa?i-ainoi/iie a?aieoeu»,
iaieaeaony GdF aieaa 3 ie?ae.o?. Yoi aoaeao ia?aia i?yiia niaaeeiythuaa
caaii iaaeaeo o?aioeocneie e eoaeueyineie aacii?iaiaeiuie naoyie.
No?ieoaeuenoai yoie aacii?iaiaeiie eeiee ia/iaony a eiioea 1999 a. e
aoaeao caaa?oaii a 2001 a. Ia?o?oo o?annu iiea ia ii?aaeaeai, iaeiaei
iia noaiao iaiouaieaiui yeaiaioii aaeeiie aaciaie nenoaiu GdF.
Ia aeeaeaeoea aiaeu ieaiu GdF i?aaeoniao?eaatho cia/eoaeueiia ?anoe?aiea
i?iioneiie niiniaiinoe e iiauoaiea ea/anoaaiiuo oaoie/aneeo
oa?aeoa?enoee iai?oaeiaaiey e aiia?aoo?u, eioi?uie iniauaiu aai aaciaua
naoe. Aeey yoiai aoaeoo iino?iaiu iiaua eiii?anni?iua noaioeee ia
aacii?iaiaea Hauts de France, aeeaiao? o?oau eioi?iai ninoaaeyao 1100
ii, a i?ioyaeaiiinoue 185 ei. Ii caaa?oaiee no?ieoaeueiuo ?aaio yoio
aacii?iaiae nayaeao Aethiea?eneee oa?ieiae n o?aioeocneie aaciaie
naoueth aeec iiaecaiiiai aaciaiai o?aieeeua Goumay-sur-Aronde e naaa?o
io Ia?eaea. Noieiinoue i?iaeoa -1,2 ie?ae.o?. No?ieoaeuenoai aeieaeii
auei caaa?oeoueny a ieoya?a 1998 a., aai iaeneiaeueiay aaeaaiaeiay
i?iioneiay niiniaiinoue – 15 ie?ae.eoa.i. aoaeao aeinoeaiooa e 2005 a.
Iaaeaaii, iinea o?aaoee?iaaiey na?ee neaiaeaeia, iiaeienaii iiaia,
acaiai aiioee?iaaiiiai, niaeaoaiea i iaeaaeeaaiee /a?ac o?aioeocneea
ii?ou yenii?oa naeeaeaiiiai aaca ec Ieaa?ee eoaeueyineie oe?ia ENEL.
Naeaeea i?aaeoniao?eaaao iinoaaeo naeeaeaiiiai aaca ia iaoiaeyueeny ia
caiaaea O?aioeee oa?ieiae GdF «Iiiooa?-aea-A?aoaiue»
(Montoir-de-Bretagne), aeec a. Nai-Iaca?a a aeaia?oaiaioa Aoeaioe/aneay
Eoa?a. A naith i/a?aaeue eoaeueyineee eiioea?i ENEL aoaeao a
yeaeaaeaioiii iauaia iieo/aoue io GdF i?e?iaeiue aac /a?ac aa?iiaeneoth
nenoaio aaciniaaaeaiey. I?i?aaaouaathony oaeaea ae?oaea aa?eaiou
?aaeecaoeee yoie naeaeee, iai?eia?, eniieuecoy no?iyueeny a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy oa?ieiae naeeaeaiiiai aaca a A?aoeee. Ii cayaeaieth
i?aaenoaaeoaeae GdF, aa?eaio n «Iiioo?-aea-A?aoaiue» iio?aaoao aieueoeo
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, oae eae ie nouanoaothuea ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue
aacii?iaiaeu, ie nai oa?ieiae, ia ?aniieaaatho aeinoaoi/iuie i?iioneiuie
iiuiinoyie aeey ia?a?aaioee aeiiieieoaeueiiai iauaia aaca a oaeeo
eiee/anoaao.
O/anoea GdF a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oaiaea?ao e eiaanoeoeeiiiuo eiieo?nao
i?iaeieaeaaony. I?iaaaey ioeaieo iio?aaeaiey yia?aee e aaca ia Oe?aeia
GdF onoaiiaeea, /oi oieueei ca n/ao i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo ia?ii?eyoee iiaeii
oiaiueoeoue eo iio?aaeaiea ia iaiaa, /ai ia o?aoue.
Aieueoay /anoue aeoeee iyoe ?aaeiiaeueiuo aaci?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee Aaia?ee, a oaeaea 39% Aoaeaiaooneiai aaciaiai i?aaei?eyoey
i?eiaaeeaaeao GdF e Rhurgas.
A A?iaiee aeaenoaoao nicaeaiiia a 1994 aiaeo NI «A?io?aaac»,
o/?aaeeoaeai eioi?iai yaeyaony GdF. I?ei?eoaoiua i?ia?aiiu
«A?i?inaaci?iia» e «A?io?aaaca» iai?aaeaiu ia inouanoaeaiea iaeieo e oao
aea oeaeae – aeinoaaeo aaca a A?iaieth e ainnoaiiaeaiea aaciniaaaeaiey
ianaeaiey ?anioaeeee. Ia eneeth/aaony ia oieueei oaniia nio?oaeie/anoai
«A?io?aaaca» n iiaui «A?i?inaaci?iiii», ii e eo neeyiea. I?e yoii
aeeyiea GdF iiaeao oaeaea aic?anoe.
A oeaeyo aeieain?i/iiai aa?aioe?iaaiey iinoaaie aaca GdF i?iaaea
ia?aaiai?u i iinoaaeao aaca ec Aaeeeia?eoaiee, ia/eiay n 1999 aiaea.
?anoe?yaony nio?oaeie/anoai iaaeaeo GdF e iaooyiui eiioea?iii Total. Iie
caeeth/eee niaeaoaiea i nio?oaeie/anoaa a aaciaii naeoi?a eae aioo?e
no?aiu, oae e ca ?oaaaeii. Iaa eiiiaiee oaea o/anoaotho a oe?ia
Compagnie Francaise du Methane (CFM), caieiathuaeny oi?aiaeae aacii.
O?aoee ia?oia? CFM – iaooyiie eiioea?i Elf Aquitaine. Ii oneiaeyi
niaeaoaiey, Total oaaee/eo naia o/anoea n 10 aei 15%, GdF – n 50 aei
55%. I?e yoii aeiey Elf Aquitaine ii ioaeaeueiui eiio?aeoai oiaiueoeony
n 40 aei 30%.
Nio?oaeie/anoai GdF n ?AI «Aaci?ii» ii cayaeaieth i?aceaeaioa GdF
AE.Iy?a (Jacques Maire) ?anniao?eaaaony ?oeiaiaenoaii o?aioeocneiai
eiioea?ia a ea/anoaa na?ueaciiai no?aoaae/aneiai ia?oia?a a Caiaaeiie
Aa?iia. GdF caeioa?aniaaia a ?anoe?aiee nio?oaeie/anoaa e aeaaea
i?eaea/aiee ?AI «Aaci?ii» e o/anoeth a aai eaieoaea eee acaeiiii iaiaia
aeoeeyie. Oai naiui a oneiaeyo eeaa?aeecaoeee aa?iiaeneiai aaciaiai
?uiea GdF oi/ao i?aaeioa?aoeoue aiciiaeiinoue nicaeaiey ?inneeneie
eiiiaieae ai O?aioeee ia?aeeaeueiuo aaci?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo no?oeoo?,
eae yoi aeaeaaony a Aa?iaiee eee Eoaeee. Iineaaeiaa neiai ii yoiio
aii?ino aoaeao i?eiaaeeaaeaoue o?aioeocneiio ainoaea?noao, eioi?ia
n/eoaao, /oi GdF aeieaeia auoue i?eaaoece?iaaia, iineieueeo a ioee/ea io
ae?oaie o?aioeocneie yia?aaoe/aneie iiiiiieee EdF, iia ia niiaeao
ni?aaeoueny n oaeanoi/athuaeny eiieo?aioiie ai?ueaie ia aa?iiaeneii
?uiea.
Aeey ?AI «Aaci?ii» aeaaea iacia/eoaeueiia o/anoea a eaieoaea GdF
iaeaa/eei au aeinooi e o?aiceoiui aacii?iaiaeai o?aioeocneiai eiioea?ia
e iicaieeei au ?anoe?eoue aiciiaeiinoe ia oieueei aeey ?inoa iauaiia
yenii?oa ?inneeneiai aaca a no?aiu thaeiie Aa?iiu, ii e i?ioeainoiyiey
aaciaie yeniainee ec Ii?aaaee e Aeaee?a (a?aiaiiia nie?auaiea aeiee
Aeaee?a ai o?aioeocneii eiii?oa aaca n 24 aei 21% iauyniyaony
?aeiino?oeoeeae aeaee?neeo onoaiiaie naeeaeaiey aaca.). Nae/an aeiey
?innee a iinoaaeao aaca GdF ninoaaeyao 33%, Ii?aaaee – 23%. A
aeaeueiaeoai aeiey Ii?aaaee aoaeao aic?anoaoue.
Oeaaoiao
Ii ioeaieai niaoeeaeenoia AAeYN?, o?aioeocneea i?iiuoeaiiua a?oiiu 1997
aiaeo caieiaee aeaeiia ianoi a ie?iaii i?iecaiaenoaa oeaaoiuo e
?aaeeicaiaeueiuo iaoaeeia. Yoi iiaee?aieyaony neaaeothueie oeeo?aie:
a?oiiie Pechiney auei i?iecaaaeaii 320 oun.o. aethieiey, /oi ninoaaeei
6% iauaie?iaiai i?iecaiaenoaa; a?oiiie Cogema auei aeiauoi ieiei 3560 o.
o?aia, /oi niioaaonoaoao 19,3% iauaie?iaie au?aaioea yoiai aeaea nu?uey;
a?oiia Eramet iieo/eea 271 oun.o oa??iia?aaioea, – 9,1% ie?iaiai o?iaiy,
ath aea auei i?iecaaaeaii ieiei 45 oun.o. ieeaey, o.a. 5,5% aai
iauaie?iaiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
A 199 a. yenia?ou AAeYN? aianoa n oa??eoi?eaeueiuie aeanoyie Iiaie
Eaeaaeiiee i?eieiaee aeoeaiia o/anoea a ia?aaiai?ao iaaeaeo
caeioa?aniaaiiuie eiiiaieyie – Eramet e aa aei/a?iae oe?iie SLN, n
iaeiie noi?iiu, e SMSP (ai?iii?iiuoeaiiia iauanoai thaeiiai aannaeia
Oeoiai ieaaia) e eaiaaeneie oe?iie Falconbridge, n ae?oaie, i
no?ieoaeuenoaa iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai caaiaea ia naaa?a Iiaie Eaeaaeiiee. A
oaa?aea 1998 a. aue iiaeienai i?ioieie, ii eioi?iio iniiaiui
ianoi?iaeaeaieyi ieeaey aue i?eaeai iacaaeneiue noaoon. I?ioieieii
i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ia?aaea/a eiieo?aioai SLN ?ac?aaaouaaaiiai ath
ianoi?iaeaeaiey, anee iia aei 2005 a. ia i?eiao ?aoaiey i no?ieoaeuenoaa
caaiaea, e ia?aoiae e iae aoi?iai, iaiaa aiaaoiai ianoi?iaeaeaiey n
ii?aaeaeaiiie eiiiainaoeeae iioa?ue, anee SMSP aei 2002 a. ia/iao
no?ieoaeuenoai.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy SLN ia?a?aaaouaaao ieiei iieiaeiu aeiauaaaiie ath ia
ino?iaa ?oaeu, i?iecaaaey a 1997 a. 55 oun.o ieeaey. Inoaaoayny ?oaea
yenii?oe?oaony ia caaiaeu Aano?aeee, ssiiiee e NOA.
AAeYN? ii niaeaniaaieth n oa??eoi?eaeueiuie aeanoyie aue iiaeaioiaeai
i?iaeo caeiia i ?ani?ino?aiaiee aeaenoaey Ai?iiai eiaeaena ia caii?neea
aeaia?oaiaiou e aai niioaaonoaothuae aaeaioaoeee. Yoei caeiiii
i?aaeoniao?eaaaony eaaaeecaoeey ?aaiou noa?aoaeae ia?yaeo n
ai?iiaeiauaathueie oe?iaie (?a/ue eaeao, i?aaeaea anaai, i
cieioieneaoaeyo O?aioeocneie Aaeaiu e i?aaeinoaaeaiee ei o/anoeia
ieiuaaeueth aei 1 ea.ei.), o/anoea ianoiuo aeanoae a ?aoaiee aii?inia
aeiau/e iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo i?e iaycaoaeueiii niaethaeaiee
i?e?iaeiio?aiiuo ia?. Caeii aue i?eiyo Iaoeeiiaeueiui nia?aieai a ai?aea
1998 a.
Aua iaeiei aaaeiui yeaiaioii o/anoey AAeYN? a ?ac?aoaiee nicaeaaoeony
i?iaeai ia ?uiea oeaaoiuo e ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo iaoaeeia noaee ia?aaiai?u n
aeanoyie ninaaeieo no?ai i oieeiaaiee a?ociauo iaeeaaeiuo i?e eiii?oa
iaoaeeieiia. Iaoaeee/aneea iooiaeu noaee ianoieueei iaiaoiaeeiu aeey
aania?aaieiie ?aaiou ?yaea o?aioeocneeo i?aaei?eyoee, /oi i?aa?aoeeenue
a ioaeaeueioth noaoueth eiii?oa. Iaeiaei i?e ia?aaicea /a?ac aa?iaineoth
e aaeueaeeneoth a?aieoeo aicieeaee oaiiaeaiiua neiaeiinoe ec-ca ?aciiaiy
a ioi?ieaiee yenii?oii-eiii?oiie niaoeeoeeaoeee, a /anoiinoe, ii
eeanneoeeaoeee iaoaeee/aneiai eiia (ii oeacuaaeny eeai eae oiaa?, eeai
eae iooiaeu). A eoiaa ia?aaiai?ia ii aue eaaeeoeoee?iaai eae oiaa?.
Ia?a?aaioea iaoaeeiiooiaeia iicaieyao nieceoue noieiinoue eiii?oiie
i?iaeoeoeee, yeieiae/anee oeaeaniia?acia, o.e. ia aaaeao e eo
neeaaee?iaaieth e aanueia auaiaeia a ieaia yeiiiiee yia?aicao?ao
(iieo/aiea iaaee e oeeiea ec iooiaeia a 4-5 ?ac yeiiiie/iaa ii
yia?aicao?aoai, /ai i?e auieaaea eo ec ?oaeu, a aoi?e/iia iieo/aiea
aethieiey a 20 ?ac ieaea ia?ae/iuo cao?ao ia aai i?iecaiaenoai).
Oaeei ia?acii AAeYN?, n oeaeueth oaaee/aiey iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa
oeaaoiuo e ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo iaoaeeia e ?inoa iaoeeiiaeueiiai eaieoaea,
eae i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue i?aai i?ecaai iia?aoeaii aiaoeaaoueny a
?ac?aoaiea nii?iuo aii?inia ia oieueei ia iaaeainoaea?noaaiiii o?iaia,
ii e iaaeaeo eiieo?e?othueie ia ?uiea o?aioeocneeie i?iiuoeaiiuie
a?oiiaie e oe?iaie.
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