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Происхождение и основные свойства воды и атмосферы

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I?ienoiaeaeaiea e iniiaiua naienoaa aiaeu e aoiinoa?u

Aoiinoa?a Caiee yaiethoeeiie?iaaea a ianooaaao aaieiae/aneiai a?aiaie, e
?acaeoea aeecie ia Caiea auei oanii naycaii n ninoaaii aoiinoa?u.
Iieaaatho, /oi ia?ae/iay aoiinoa?a, ie?oaeaaoay iaoo ieaiaoo a ia?eiae
aa ia?aciaaiey ieiei 4600 iei. eao iacaae, ?annayeanue i?e iaa?aaaiee
Caiee. Nia?aiaiiay aoiinoa?a aoi?e/ia e ninoieo ec aacia, auaeaeeaoeony
ec caiiuo iaae?. A ninoaa yoeo aacia aoiaeeee aiaei?iae, aiaeyiie ia?
(I20), ieenue oaea?iaea (NI), aeaoieenue oaea?iaea (NI2), acio (N2),
na?iaiaei?iae (H2S) e oei?enoue aiaei?iae (II). Niioiioaiey aacia a
i?ioeanna eo auaeaeaiey eciaiyeenue ii ia?a eciaiaiey aioo?aiiae
no?oeoo?u Caiee, a iniaaiiinoe a oi a?aiy, eiaaea aa yae?i ioaeaeeeinue
io iaioee. Ii iaeiei oai?eyi, aeaaacaoeey caiiuo iaae? a iniiaiii
i?iecioea a oio ioiineoaeueii ei?ioeee ia?eiae, eiaaea oi?ie?iaaeanue
iaoa ieaiaoa. Ii ae?oaei oai?eyi, yoio i?ioeann i?iaeieaeaeny a oa/aiea
aieaa aeeeoaeueiiai io?acea aaieiae/aneiai a?aiaie. Aacu iiaeaa?aaeenue
i?ioeannai oeie/aneiai ?aniaaea iiae aeaenoaeai nieia/iiai naaoa e
acaeiiaeaenoaiaaee iaaeaeo niaie. Oae ia?aciaaeenue iaoai (NI4) e aiieae
(NH4); aiaeyiie ia? eiiaeaine?iaaeny, e a iai ?anoai?yeenue aeaoieenue
oaea?iaea, oei?enoue aiaei?iae e aiieae.

Ii aaieiae/aneei aeaiiui, ieiei 1500 iei. eao iacaae a aoiinoa?a aia?aua
iiyaeeny a caiaoiii eiee/anoaa naiaiaeiue eenei?iae. Aei yoiai a?aiaie
eenei?iae ia?aciauaaeny i?e oioiaeennioeeaoeee aiaeyiuo ia?ia e
iieiinoueth anooiae a ?aaeoeee ieeneaiey n aauanoaaie ia iiaa?oiinoe
Caiee. Yaiethoeey aeecie ia Caiea a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a caaenaea io
eiee/anoaa eenei?iaea. Eiaaea aai iaeiieeinue aeinoaoi/ii aeey ?acaeoey
caeaiuo ?anoaiee, oi a aoiinoa?o a ?acoeueoaoa oioineioaca noaei
auaeaeyoueny aua aieueoaa eiee/anoai eenei?iaea. Eiioeaio?aoeey
eenei?iaea a iaoe aeie, io?aaeathuay ninoiyiea aeeiaie/aneiai ?aaiiaaney
iaaeaeo auaeaeythueiny e iiaeiuaaiui eenei?iaeii, aa?iyoii, aicieeea
ieiei 100-200 iei. eao oiio iacaae.

Ec aacia, aoiaeeaoeo a ninoaa aoiinoa?u Caiee ia ?aiieo yoaiao aa
?acaeoey, oaea?iae ieacaeny naycaiiui a ea?aiiaoiuo inaaei/iuo ii?iaeao,
oaeeo, eae ecaanoiyee (NaNI3), a oaeaea a ai?th/eo eneiiaaiuo (oaieue,
iaooue); aiaea caiieieea aiaaeeiu ieaaiia, e a iae ?anoai?eeinue
iaeioi?ia eiee/anoai oei?eaeia. Inoaeueiay /anoue oei?eaeia iaeiieeanue
a aeaea ioeiaeaiee nieae (iai?eia?, NaCl), a na?a – a inaaei/iuo
ii?iaeao (iai?eia?, a aeaea ie?eoa FeS2). Acio eiioeaio?e?iaaeny
i?aeiouanoaaiii a aoiinoa?a, a oi a?aiy eae aiaei?iae ec-ca naiaai
ieceiai iieaeoey?iiai aana aue auianai a einie/aneia i?ino?ainoai. Yoiio
aea niinianoaiaaei e oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi aunieay oaiia?aoo?a aa?oieo
/anoae aoiinoa?u i?eaeaaaea iieaeoeai aiaei?iaea nei?inoue,
aeinoaoi/ioth aeey i?aiaeieaiey a?aaeoaoeeiiiiai iiey Caiee. A?aii e
aaeee iiiaee a aoiinoa?o a i?ioeanna ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai ?aniaaea eaeey,
o?aia e oi?ey, ii, a oi a?aiy eae a?aii iaeaieeaaeny a aoiinoa?a, aaeee,
eae e aiaei?iae, aoaeo/e aacii n ieceei iieaeoey?iui aanii, aue ?annayi
a einie/aneia i?ino?ainoai.

Oaeei ia?acii, aiaea nouanoaiaaea ia iiaa?oiinoe Caiee oaea ia naiuo
?aiieo yoaiao aaieiae/aneie enoi?ee ieaiaou. Iia yaeyeanue ?anoai?eoaeai
aeey aauanoa, auiineiuo ec caiiie ei?u a ?acoeueoaoa aoeeaie/aneeo
ecaa?aeaiee eee aea auiaaoeo ec aoiinoa?u. Iineaaeiea iiiaee ooaea,
aeaeeii, i?e aeaaacaoeee caiiuo iaae?, a ia ec ia?aicaeaiiie ooiaiiinoe,
nouanoaiaaaoae a iiiaio ia?aciaaiey ieaiaou. Iie iieo/eee iacaaiea
«ecauoi/iuo eaoo/eo aauanoa» e iiieii oaea?iaea, acioa e, eiia/ii, aiaeu
aeeth/aee oei?, a?ii, na?o e ai?. Aaieiae/aneea aeaiiua oaeaea
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi aiaea i?enoonoaiaaea ia iiaa?oiinoe Caiee
a aeinoaoi/iii eiee/anoaa oaea ieiei 3000 iei. eao oiio iacaae.

Iaeiaei nia?aiaiiua ieaaineea eioeiaeiu ia?aciaaeenue ia caiiie
iiaa?oiinoe n?aaieoaeueii iaaeaaii. Ii/oe ana iie eiatho aic?ano iaiaa
250 iei. eao (oi anoue oieueei 5% aaieiae/aneiai a?aiaie). Ieaea
iiaa?oiinoe ieaaia auaeaeythony iaeanoe n ieaaie/aneie ei?ie, eaaeauea
ia aeoaeiao 2-6 ei, e iaeanoe n aieaa ae?aaiae eiioeiaioaeueiie ei?ie, e
eioi?ui ioiinyony eiioeiaioaeueiua oaeueou, eaaeauea ia aeoaeia ieiei
200 i. Yoe aeaa iaeanoe ?acaeaeythony iaoa?eeiaui neeiiii, eiathuei
n?aaieoaeueii e?ooie iaeeii iiaa?oiinoe, iau/ii a i?aaeaeao 1/10 e 1/20.
Aa?aaiaay eeiey, eioi?ay ?acaeaeyao nooo e ii?a, yaeyaony aanueia
iaiinoiyiiie a?aieoeae, iieiaeaiea eioi?ie iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io
oiai, oiaiueoaaony ee eiee/anoai aiaeu a ieaaia, eiaaea i?ienoiaeeo ?ino
iaoa?eeiauo eaaeieeiauo ueoia, eee aea, iaiai?io, oaaee/eaaaony, eiaaea
i?ienoiaeeo oayiea eaaeieeia. A eaaeieeiaua yiioe ieaenoioeaia oaeea
yanoaoe/aneea eieaaaiey i?eaiaeeee e iiieaeaieth o?iaiy ii?y i?eia?ii ia
100 i ii n?aaiaieth n aai nia?aiaiiui o?iaiai. Iiaen/eoaii, /oi anee ana
eueaeu, iie?uaathuea Aioa?eoeaeo e A?aieaiaeeth, ?anoatho, oi yoi
i?eaaaeao e iiauoaieth o?iaiy Ie?iaiai ieaaia i?eia?ii ia 60 i. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy ieiei 70% iiaa?oiinoe Caiee iie?uoi aiaeie; ec ieo
60-65% iiaenoeeaaony ieaaie/aneie ei?ie.

Aaaeiay /a?oa ieaaineeo aannaeiia – yoi oi, /oi ana iie naycaiu iaaeaeo
niaie: Oeoee, Aoeaioe/aneee e Eiaeeeneee ieaaiu, iiaeiaii eo/ai,
?anoiaeyony io oee?eoiiiey?iiai THaeiiai ieaaia. Naaa?iue Eaaeiaeoue
ieaai e aa?iiaeneea noaa?eoe/aneea ii?y iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae
aieueoia aioo?aiiaa iieocaieiooia ii?a, ie?oaeaiiia nooae e ioaeaeaiiia
io i?eeaaathuaai ieaaineiai aannaeia iiaeaiaeiuie o?aaoaie.
Enneaaeiaaiey iineaaeieo eao iieacaee, /oi oiiia?aoey ieaaineeo
aannaeiia naycaia n enoi?eae eo oi?ie?iaaiey e ?acaeoey. Yoio i?ioeann,
eioi?ue iacuaaaony ?acaeaeaaieai (ni?aaeeiaii) ii?neiai aeia, yaeyaony
ninoaaiie /anoueth eiioeaioeee oaeoiieee eeoinoa?iuo ieeo. Niaeanii
aeaiiie eiioeaioeee, ieaaie/aneay ei?a ia?aciaaeanue ec iaioee Caiee,
iiaeieiathuaeny e iiaa?oiinoe a oao ciiao, aaea i?ienoiaeeo ?acaeaeaaiea
ei?u. A ?acoeueoaoa ni?aaeeiaa noi?ie?iaaeanue ie?iaay nenoaia oae
iacuaaaiuo n?aaeeiii-ieaaie/aneeo o?aaoia, aicauoathueony iaae
ie?oaeathueie o/anoeaie aeia ia 2-3 ei. Enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee, /oi a
thaeiie /anoe Aoeaioe/aneiai ieaaia, ia ainoi/iii oeaiaa
N?aaeeiii-Aoeaioe/aneiai o?aaoa, ieaaineia aeii, ii e?aeiae ia?a ca
iineaaeiea 80 iei. eao ?acaeaeaaeinue a ai?eciioaeueiii iai?aaeaiee ni
nei?inoueth ieiei 2 ni/aiae. Oaeei ia?acii, oe?eia ieaaineiai aannaeia
oaaee/eaaeanue ni nei?inoueth ieiei 1 ei ca 25 oun. eao. Oaeea o?aaou
oa?aeoa?ecothony aunieie aoeeaie/aneie aeoeaiinoueth, iaee/eai
iaaeeaiiie ?eooiaie aeieeiu, a oaeaea iiiai/eneaiiuo ?aceiiiuo cii,
i?ioyaeaathueony ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii o?aaoo. Aaeieue ?aceiiia a?aaaiue
o?aaoa niauaaony iau/ii ia ianeieueei aeanyoeia eeeiiao?ia. Yoe ?aceiiu,
iieo/eaoea iacaaiea o?ainoi?iiuo, ia?aciaaeenue a ?acoeueoaoa
ioiineoaeueiiai niauaiey eaaceaeanoeeo anaenie/iuo ieeo eeoinoa?u,
iieacaiiuo ia ?en. 1.2, eioi?ua neaaatho aa?oiea 100-150 ei iaoae
ieaiaou.

Ieaaineea aiaaeeiu yaeythony ia oieueei ianoii, aaea ia?acoaony iiaay
ieaaie/aneay ei?a; a ieo oaeaea nouanoaotho iaeanoe, aaea i?ienoiaeeo
iia?oaeaiea ei?iaiai iaoa?eaea a iaioeth Caiee. Yoi i?ienoiaeeo a ciiao
aeoaieiaiaeiuo aeaeiaia, iaeneiaeueiua aeoaeiu a eioi?uo i?aauoatho 10
ei. Caeanue i?ienoiaeeo noieeiiaaiea aeaoo eaaceaeanoeeo ieeo, e, eiaaea
iaeia ec ieo iaaeaeaaaony ia ae?oaoth, ia?acoaony aeoaieiaiaeiue aeaeia.
Oaeay neooaoeey aicieeea, iai?eia?, a thai-ainoi/iie /anoe Oeoiai
ieaaia, aaea aeaeaeouayny a caiaaeiii iai?aaeaiee ieeoa, /anoueth
eioi?ie yaeyaony iaoa?ee THaeiay Aia?eea, aeaoi?ie?iaaeanue e ia aa
e?ath aicieeee ai?iua o?aaou Aiae. A oii neo/aa, eiaaea i?ienoiaeeo
noieeiiaaiea aeaoo ieaaie/aneeo ieeo e iaeia ec ieo iaaeaeaaaony ia
ae?oaoth, eae, iai?eia?, a caiaaeiie /anoe Oeoiai ieaaia, ia iaeiie ec
ieo ?acaeaaaony aoeeaie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue e aicieeaao oeaiue
aoeeaie/aneeo ino?iaia.

Ae?oaay aaaeiay /a?oa iiaeaiaeiiai ?aeueaoa – yoi aaennaeueiua oieiu e
ai?u, aieueoeinoai ec eioi?uo, ianiiiaiii, eiatho aoeeaie/aneia
i?ienoiaeaeaiea. Iaeioi?ua ai?u – oae iacuaaaiua aaeiou – eiatho
ieineoth aa?oeio, oioy iie e ?aniieaaathony ia aeoaeiao 1-2 ei ieaea
o?iaiy ieaaia. Yoi oeacuaaao ia oi, /oi ?yae aoeeaiia a i?ioeii
aeinoeaae iiaa?oiinoe ieaaia, aaea eo aa?oeiu auee n?acaiu a ?acoeueoaoa
aicaeaenoaey aiei. Aieueoeinoai ec ieo ia?aciaaeenue, aa?iyoii, a
i?aaeaeao aeoeaiie /anoe n?aaeeiii-ieaaie/aneeo o?aaoia, a caoai a
?acoeueoaoa ni?aaeeiaa ieaaineiai aeia, eae ii eaioa eiiaaea?a,
iinoaiaiii ia?aianoeeenue, caiya naia iuiaoiaa aaia?aoe/aneia
iieiaeaiea.

Aieueooth /anoue eiaea ieaaia caieiatho aaennaeueiua ?aaieiu, eiathuea
eneeth/eoaeueii au?iaiaiioth iiaa?oiinoue, eioi?ay auea nicaeaia a
?acoeueoaoa iaeiieaiey iiuiie oieue inaaeeia. Iaeioi?ua inaaeee eiatho
aeaenoaeoaeueii ieaaie/aneia i?ienoiaeaeaiea. E iei ioiinyony ?acee/iua
eeu – i?iaeoeo ?aceiaeaiey ianaeythueo aiaeioth oieuo ii?neeo
i?aaieciia. Aeeiu, oaeaea ioeaaathueany a ieaaia, ia?aciaaiu i/aiue
iaeeeie /anoeoeaie, eioi?ua, i?aaeaea /ai iiianoue ia aeii, ia?aiinyony
oa/aieyie eee aao?aie ia cia/eoaeueiua ?annoiyiey. Aeeaea e eiioeiaioai
iaeaieeaaaony aieaa a?oaue iaoa?eae oa??eaaiiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Yoio
iaoa?eae i?eiineony a ieaai ?aeaie, eaaeieeaie, a oaeaea ia?acoaony a
?acoeueoaoa aa?acee aa?aaia. Ii aeeoioee?oaony ia eiioeiaioaeueiuo
oaeueoao, aaea iiae aicaeaenoaeai aiei e i?eeeaiuo oa/aiee caoai
ia?aioeaaaaony a aeaea ?aciiia?aciuo aeeoioeyoeaiuo oi?i, oaeeo, eae
i?ea?aaeiua aa?u e aaiee, ian/aiua aieiu e iieinu ian/aiuo ioeiaeaiee.
Anee aeeoioeyoeey i?ienoiaeeo a ianoaaeeueiie ciia ia e?ath oaeueoa eee,
iai?eia?, a naeniiaeoeaiuo iaeanoyo, oiaaea aiec ii eiioeiaioaeueiiio
neeiio iiaeao ono?aieoueny oae iacuaaaiue oo?aeaeeoiue (iooueaaie)
iioie. Eae i?aaeei, oaeea iioiee ?ani?ino?aiythony aaeieue iiieaeaiee a
?aeueaoa aeia, aua aieueoa y?iaee?oy eo, /oi i?eaiaeeo e ia?aciaaieth ia
eiioeiaioaeueiii neeiia eaiueiiia. Inaaeee iiaeaea?aeeaathony ai
acaaoaiiii ninoiyiee a ?acoeueoaoa ?acaeaathuaeny a oaeii iioiea
oo?aoeaioiinoe; a oi aea a?aiy nai iioie aeiaieueii auno?i ia?aiauaaony
aiec ii neeiio. Eae onoaiiaeaii aeey oo?aeaeeoiiai iioiea, eioi?ue i?e
aeaeaeaiee aiec ii neeiio Aieueoie Aaiee (?aeii Iuethoaoiaeeaiaea)
?aci?aae ia naiai iooe ianeieueei o?ainaoeaioe/aneeo eaaaeae, aai
nei?inoue iiaeao ninoaaeyoue 7,5 i/nae e aieaa. Oai?aoe/aneea ?an/aou
iiaeoaa?aeaeatho, /oi oaeea nei?inoe aeaenoaeoaeueii aiciiaeiu. Iaeiaei
eiaaea oo?aeaeeoiue iioie aeinoeaaao aaennaeueiie ?aaieiu, ii
?anoaeaaony ii iae, oa?yy nei?inoue, e ia?aianaiiua ei inaaeee
ioeaaathony ia aeia, ia?ae?uaay, neiaii ieauii, ana aai ia?iaiinoe.

Naienoaa aeeaeeinoe: aoiinoa?a e aiaea

Aauanoai iiaeao iaoiaeeoueny a ethaii ec o?ao ninoiyiee: oaa?aeii,
aeeaeeii e aaciia?aciii. Ninoiyiea, a eioi?ii iaoiaeeony aauanoai,
caaeneo io nouanoaothueo oece/aneeo oneiaee. Oae, aiaea iau/ii
ano?a/aaony ia caiiie iiaa?oiinoe a aeaea aeeaeeinoe, ii a oieiaeiuo
?aeiiao iia i?aaenoaaeaia a aeaea eueaea; a aoiinoa?a aiaea iaoiaeeony a
aeaea aiaeyiiai ia?a (oi anoue aiaea a aaciia?aciie oi?ia) eee aea a
aeaea acaaoaiiuo eaiaeue eee e?enoaeeia eueaea. AEeaeeinoe e aacu eiatho
iauaa naienoai iai?a?uaii aeaoi?ie?iaaoueny (eee eaaei eciaiyoue naith
oi?io) iiae aicaeaenoaeai naeaeaiauo aeaoi?iaoeee. Yoi i?ienoiaeeo
iioiio, /oi iieaeoeu, ec eioi?uo iie ninoiyo, eaaei niauathony iaeia
ioiineoaeueii ae?oaie e iaeaaeatho niiniaiinoueth naiaiaeii oa/ue;
ionthaea aicieeei eo iacaaiea – aeeaeeea, eee oaeo/ea, n?aaeu.

Naeeiaaiinoue

Eiaaea aeeaeeinoue eee aac naeeiatho (iai?eia?, n iiiiuueth ii?oiy a
cae?uoii ninoaea), ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo iieaeoeaie, a oaeaea iauai
aeeaeeinoe eee aaca oiaiueoathony, a ieioiinoue oaaee/eaaaony.
Naeeiaaioth aeeaeeoth n?aaeo eaaei ioee/eoue io i?aeoe/anee ianaeeiaaiie
ii oiio, ianeieueei eciaiyaony iauai i?e iaeeiaeiaii eciaiaiee
aeaaeaiey. A oeaeii aacu, eioi?ua eiatho ieceoth ieioiinoue, eaaei
naeeiaaiu, a oi a?aiy eae aeeaeeinoe, iaeaaeathuea ioiineoaeueii aieaa
aunieie ieioiinoueth, i?aeoe/anee ianaeeiaaiu. Anee aac iiianoeoue a
ionoie cae?uoue ninoae, ii caiieieo aai aanue ?aaiiia?ii a
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue aeeaeeinoe, eioi?ay a aiaeiae/iuo oneiaeyo aoaeao
eiaoue naiaiaeioth ai?eciioaeueioth iiaa?oiinoue. Yoe oa?aeoa?enoeee
oeacuaatho ia niaa?oaiii ?acioth i?e?iaeo aa?oieo a?aieoe ieaaia e
aoiinoa?u – iiaa?oiinoue ieaaia ii?aaeaeyaony ynii e io/aoeeai, a
a?aieoea aoiinoa?u iineo aeeooociue oa?aeoa?, e ii?aaeaeeoue aa oi/ii
iaaiciiaeii.

Ninoaa aoiinoa?u

A eaeie-oi ia?a ninoaa aoiinoa?u caaeneo io auniou. Aieaa eaaeea
iieaeoeu iiaeieiathony aaa?o, iiyoiio ia aunioao iaaeaeo 100 e 1000 ei
iaae iiaa?oiinoueth Caiee aoiinoa?a ninoieo i?aeiouanoaaiii ec
aoiia?iiai eenei?iaea; iaaeaeo 1000 e 2400 ei ?aniieaaaaony neie aaeey,
a auoa 2400 ei i?aiaeaaeaao aiaei?iae. Ae?oaea eciaiaiey ninoaaa aa?oieo
/anoae aoiinoa?u n aunioie iaoneiaeaiu nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeeae. Iaeiaei
o?e /aoaa?oe iannu aoiinoa?u neiioeaio?e?iaaiu a i?aaeaeao ieaeieo 10
ei, e a yoie /anoe aoiinoa?u ia iaaethaeaaony eieaaaiee a i?ioeaioiii
ninoaaa aa iniiaiuo eiiiiiaioia, a eiaiii acioa (78%), eenei?iaea (21%)
e a?aiia (1%). (Caeanue i?eaaaeaiu iauaiiua eiioeaio?aoeee ninoaaiuo
/anoae aoiinoa?u.) E?iia aiaeyiiai ia?a, e eioi?iio iu aa?iainy
iicaeiaa, nouanoaoao aua iaeei aac, eiathuee i/aiue aieueoia cia/aiea.
Yoi aeaoieenue oaea?iaea, eioi?ay i?aeoe/anee ?aaiiia?ii ?ani?aaeaeaia a
ieaeieo neiyo aoiinoa?u, ii aa eiioeaio?aoeey a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
ninoaaeyao anaai eeoue 0,03%. Iu ?anniio?ei aa cia/aiea aeey ieaaia a
aeaaa 4, a aeey oaieiaiai aaeaina Caiee.

Nai?aiea oiieeaa, a oaeaea ae?oaea eiaeono?eaeueiua i?ioeannu i?eaiaeyo
e ianoiui oaaee/aieyi eiioeaio?aoeee aacia, caa?yciythueo aoiinoa?o,
oaeeo, eae aeaoieenue na?u, aiieae, aeaoieenue oaea?iaea e ?acee/iua
acaaoaiiua /anoeoeu. Iineaaeiea iiaoo oaeaea ia?aciauaaoueny a
?acoeueoaoa iueaauo ao?ue, ecaa?aeaiee aoeeaiia eee aea ?annayiey nieae
iaae iiaa?oiinoueth ieaaia. Aiaea a aoiinoa?a, ?acoiaaony, nouanoaoao
eae a aeeaeeii, oae e a oaa?aeii ninoiyiee: a aeaea acaaoaiiuo eaiaeue e
/anoeoe eueaea, ec eioi?uo ninoiyo iaeaea e ooiai.

Aaeeaaaoe/aneea eciaiaiey

Niiniaiinoue aeeaeeinoe naeeiaoueny i?eaiaeeo e aaeeaaaoe/aneei
eciaiaieyi, oi anoue e oaeei eciaiaieyi, eioi?ua i?ienoiaeyo aac iaiaia
oaieii n ie?oaeathuae n?aaeie. A niioaaonoaee n ia?aui caeiiii
oa?iiaeeiaieee eciaiaiea aioo?aiiae yia?aee, i?ienoiaeyuaa i?e
aaeeaaaoe/aneeo oneiaeyo, ?aaii aiaoiae ?aaioa, eioi?oth i?iecaiaeeo
aeeaeeay n?aaea i?e aa ?anoe?aiee eee eioi?ay auea cao?a/aia ia aa
naeaoea. Eiaaea aicaeoo iiaeieiaaony aaa?o, ii ?anoe?yaony, oa?yao
aioo?aiithth yia?aeth e aai oaiia?aoo?a iiieaeaaony. Iiieaeaiea
oaiia?aoo?u i?ienoiaeeo n iinoiyiiie nei?inoueth, ?aaiie 9,8°N/ei. Yoio
a?aaeeaio oaiia?aoo?u oa?aeoa?ai aeey aicaeooa, ia ianuuaiiiai aiaeyiui
ia?ii, iiyoiio ii iacuaaaony nooiaaeeaaaoe/aneei a?aaeeaioii
oaiia?aoo?u.

Aaeeaaaoe/aneea oaiia?aoo?iua eciaiaiey cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa a
aeeaeeinoyo, eioi?ua i?aeoe/anee ianaeeiaaiu, A ii?neie aiaea
aaeeaaaoe/aneee a?aaeeaio oaiia?aoo?u aic?anoaao n oaaee/aieai eae
oaiia?aoo?u, oae e aeaaeaiey, ii, a iauai, a ieaaia ii inoaaony ieaea
0,2°N/ei. Eae a ieaaia, oae e a aoiinoa?a oaiia?aoo?a, eioi?ie
aeinoeaiao aiaea eee aicaeoo, anee eo aaeeaaaoe/anee ia?aianoeoue n
enoiaeiiai o?iaiy ia o?iaaiue, aaea aeaaeaiea ninoaaeyao 1000 ia (/oi
niioaaonoaoao aeaaeaieth ia o?iaia ii?y), iacuaaaony iioaioeeaeueiie
oaiia?aoo?ie aeeaeeie n?aaeu. Iioaioeeaeueiay oaiia?aoo?a aicaeooa
iiaeao auoue ia ianeieueei aeanyoeia a?aaeonia auoa, /ai oaiia?aoo?a in
situ, a iioaioeeaeueiay oaiia?aoo?a iiaeiiaa?oiinoiuo aiae a ieaaia
anaaaea ieaea, /ai oaiia?aoo?a in situ, ii ia aieueoa, /ai ia 1,5°N.

Ayceinoue

Aua iaeiei naienoaii aeeaeeeo n?aae, eioi?ia iaiaoiaeeii ?anniio?aoue,
yaeyaony ayceinoue. Ayceinoue-yoi niiniaiinoue aeaoo neiaa aeeaeeie
n?aaeu nii?ioeaeyoueny neieueaeaieth ioiineoaeueii ae?oa ae?oaa. Aa
iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue eae oaiaaioeeaeueioth neeo, aeaenoaothuoth ia
aaeeieoeo ieiuaaee e niiniaioth aucaaoue a aeeaeeie n?aaea aaeeie/iue
a?aaeeaio nei?inoe ii ii?iaee e iioieo. Ayceinoue eiaao ?acia?iinoue i *
nae/i2. AEeaeeinoue n aunieie ayceinoueth iiaeao auoue iacaaia «eeieie»,
iai?eia? aeeoea?ei. Oaeay n?aaea ia iiaeao oa/ue naiaiaeii. Iaeiaei
aacu, eiathuea cia/eoaeueii aieaa ieceoth ayceinoue, iaeaaeatho aunieie
oaeo/anoueth. A oaae. 1 i?eaaaeaiu cia/aiey ieioiinoe e ayceinoe
aicaeooa, aiaeu e aeeoea?eia i?e aoiinoa?iii aeaaeaiee e oaiia?aoo?a

Oaaeeoea 1

Ieioiinoue (ea/i3)Ayceinoue (i * nae/i2)Aicaeoo1,21,8 * 10-5Aiaea1,0 *
1031,0 * 10-3Aeeoea?ei1,3 * 1038,3 * 10-1

Aiaea

Aiaea, iniiaiay ninoaaiay /anoue ieaaia, yaeyaony oaeaea i/aiue aaaeiie
ninoaaiie /anoueth aoiinoa?u; auei aeaaea auneacaii i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi
aeey iaoai?ieiae/aneeo oeaeae aicaeoo iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae
?acaaaeaiiue aiaeyiie ia?. Eiioeaio?aoeey aiaeyiuo ia?ia a aoiinoa?a
iiaeaa?aeaia cia/eoaeueiui eciaiaieyi; iia eiaao iaeaieueoea cia/aiey
ieiei iiaa?oiinoe e a ieceeo oe?ioao. A i?iaa aicaeooa, acyoiai iaae
o?iie/aneie /anoueth ieaaia, iiaeao niaea?aeaoueny aieaa 3% aiaeyiiai
ia?a. A aeeaeeie oi?ia aiaea yaeyaony naiie ?ani?ino?aiaiiie oaeo/ae
n?aaeie ia iiaa?oiinoe Caiee. Aieueoeinoai ianaeythueo Caieth i?aaieciia
iaiin?aaenoaaiii caaenyo io aiaeu, e aa naienoaa ieacuaatho ?aoathuaa
aeeyiea ia ie?oaeathuoth ian n?aaeo. A nia?aiaiiii ie?a iio?aaeaiea
aiaeu ana a?aiy oaaee/eaaaony, iia eniieuecoaony e aeey aeiiaoieo
ioaeae, e a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, e a naeueneii oicyenoaa. Ii, ianiio?y ia aa
ia?iiiia cia/aiea aeey aeecie e oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea, aiaea yaeyaony
aauanoaii aanueia iaiau/iui.

Oi/ee caia?caiey e eeiaiey aauanoa naycaiu n ?acia?ii eo iieaeoe: iie
oai auoa, /ai aieueoa iieaeoeu. Iiyoiio, n?aaieaay aiaeo n ae?oaeie
niaaeeiaieyie aiaei?iaea, iiaeii auei au i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi aiaea
caia?caao i?e oaiia?aoo?a — 100°N e caeeiaao i?e — 80°N. A yoii neo/aa
any aiaea i?e nouanoaothuae a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia Caiea oaiia?aoo?a
aeieaeia auea au iaoiaeeoueny a aaciia?aciii ninoiyiee. Eiaaea aauanoai
caia?caao, aai iieaeoeu iau/ii naeeaeathony, /oi i?eaiaeeo e oaaee/aieth
ieioiinoe aauanoaa, ii ieioiinoue eueaea iaiueoa, /ai ieioiinoue aiaeu
(oaae. 2), e iiyoiio, eiaaea aiaea caia?caao a o?aueiao ai?iuo ii?iae,
ii?iaea ?ac?ooaaony e ?aneaeuaaaony ia /anoe. Ia?aciaaiea a aunieeo
oe?ioao eueaea ia iiaa?oiinoe (a ia ia aeia) ica? eee ieaaia i?eaiaeeo e
aicieeiiaaieth neiy ieceie oa?ie/aneie i?iaiaeeiinoe, caueuathuaai aiaeo
io aeaeueiaeoae iioa?e oaiea. Eiaaea aeeaeeinoue iaa?aaaaony,
eeiaoe/aneay yia?aey aa iieaeoe oaaee/eaaaony, e ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo ieie
oaaee/eaaaony, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai ieioiinoue aeeaeeinoe oiaiueoaaony.
Ieioiinoue i?aniie aiaeu, iaeiaei, aic?anoaao n iiauoaieai oaiia?aoo?u
io 0°N aei 4°N, aeinoeaay i?e yoie oaiia?aoo?a iaeneiaeueiie ieioiinoe.
A eioa?aaea io 4°N aei oi/ee eeiaiey ieioiinoue aiaeu, eae e neaaeiaaei
iaeeaeaoue, n oaaee/aieai oaiia?aoo?u oiaiueoaaony. Iiaeii
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi ayceinoue aeeaeeinoe oiaiueoaaony n oaaee/aieai
oaiia?aoo?u e oaaee/eaaaony i?e naeaoee: /ai iaiueoa ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo
iieaeoeaie, oai aieueoa eo nii?ioeaeaiea oa/aieth. Yoi i?aaeei
niaethaeaaony aeey aieueoeinoaa aeeaeeinoae. Ayceinoue aiaeu oaeaea
?acei oiaiueoaaony n oaaee/aieai oaiia?aoo?u, ii i?e ieceeo oaiia?aoo?ao
iia oiaiueoaaony n oaaee/aieai aeaaeaiey.

Oaae. 2

Oaiia?aoo?a, °NNinoiyieaIeioiinoue,
ea/i3-2oaa?aeia917,20oaa?aeia917,00aeeaeeia999,84aeeaeeia1000,010aeeaeei
a999,725aeeaeeia997,1

*oiau iaeoe iauyniaiea yoei aiiiaeueiui naienoaai aiaeu, iu aeieaeiu
?anniio?aoue no?oeoo?o aa iieaeoeu. Aoii aiaei?iaea a iieaeoea aiaeu
eiaao aeaa iauea yeaeo?iiiua ia?u n aoiiii eenei?iaea. ?acoeueoaoii
yoiai yaeyaony aicieeiiaaiea iieiaeeoaeueiiai yeaeo?iiiiai iaeaea aaeece
eaaeaeiai aoiia aiaei?iaea e io?eoeaoaeueiiai – aaeece aoiia eenei?iaea.
*aou?a eiaaeaioiua nayce aoiia eenei?iaea eiatho o?aoia?ioth
oao?ayaeioth oi?io n oaeaie iaaeaeo ieie 120°. A iieaeoea aiaeu
io?eoeaoaeueiua ca?yaeu aeaoo iaiiaeaeaiiuo yeaeo?iiiuo ia? eenei?iaea
acaeiii iooaeeeaathony, /oi i?eaiaeeo e naeeaeaieth oao eiaaeaioieo
naycae, a eioi?uo yeaeo?iiiua ia?u iiaeaeaiu n aoiiii aiaei?iaea.
Iiyoiio aaeaioiue oaie III oiaiueoaaony aei 105°. Yeaeo?iiu, ia?acothuea
nayce I—I, niauaiu e aieaa yeaeo?iio?eoeaoaeueiiio aoiio eenei?iaea, a
?acoeueoaoa /aai aoiiu aiaei?iaea i?eia?aoatho yooaeoeaiua
iieiaeeoaeueiua ca?yaeu. Oaeei ia?acii, oai, aaea nin?aaeioi/aiu aoiiu
aiaei?iaea, iieaeoea aiaeu eiaao iaaieueoie ecauoie iieiaeeoaeueiiai
ca?yaea, a ae?oaay noi?iia ianao neaaue io?eoeaoaeueiue ca?yae. I?e yoii
iaaeaeo iieaeoeaie aicieeatho neeu i?eoyaeaiey, e iie iauaaeeiythony a
/anoe/ii oii?yaei/aiiua a?oiiu eee no?oeoo?u. Yoio i?ioeann iacuaaaony
iieeia?ecaoeeae. Nayce iaaeaeo iieaeoeaie aiaeu iacuaathony
aiaei?iaeiuie naycyie.

Eiaaea oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu oaaee/eaaaony, yia?aey iieaeoe oaeaea
aic?anoaao, e iie ieacuaathony a ninoiyiee ?aci?aaoue aiaei?iaeiua nayce
e ioaeaeeoueny io ia?aciaaiiuo a?oii. Iinea yoiai iieaeoeu
?aniieaaathony iaaeaeo a?oiiaie e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, caieiatho iaiueoa
ianoa, /oi i?eaiaeeo e oaaee/aieth ieioiinoe aiaeu. Nicaeaaony
aia/aoeaiea, /oi aaeain iaaeaeo yoei yooaeoii e ii?iaeueiui ?anoe?aieai
aauanoaa, eioi?ia i?ienoiaeeo n oaaee/aieai oaiia?aoo?u, aeinoeaaaony a
i?aniie aiaea i?e 4°N. Ieaea 4°N i?aaaee?oao yoio yooaeo, a i?e
oaiia?aoo?a auoa 4°N iniiaioth ?ieue ea?aao iau/iia oa?ie/aneia
?anoe?aiea. Oi/ii oae aea oiaiueoaiea ayceinoe n oaaee/aieai aeaaeaiey
i?e ieceeo oaiia?aoo?ao icia/aao, /oi aiaea i?e yoeo oaiia?aoo?ao
iaeaaeaao no?oeoo?ie, eioi?ay i?aiyonoaoao oa/aieth, ii eioi?oth iiaeii
?ac?ooeoue, iiauoay aeaaeaiea.

Aiaea – aanueia yooaeoeaiue ?anoai?eoaeue, e yoi aa naienoai, ii e?aeiae
ia?a, /anoe/ii, iiaeii iauynieoue i?enoonoaeai yeaeo?e/aneeo ca?yaeia ia
iieaeoeao aiaeu. Eiathueany a ?anoai?a ioaeaeueiua eiiu, iai?eia? a
?anoai?a oei?enoiai iao?ey eaoeii iao?ey Na + eee aieii C1- ,
i?eoyaeaatho i?ioeaiiieiaeiua ca?yaeu iieaeoe aiaeu. Iaeiaei yoi
?ac?ooaao no?oeoo?o aiaeu e eciaiyao iaeioi?ua aa oece/aneea naienoaa:
oi/ea caia?caiey iiieaeaaony (aeaiiia naienoai eniieuecoaony oiaaea,
eiaaea iaeaaeaiaeua aei?iae, /oiau ?anoaye eaae, iinuiatho nieueth),
iaiueoa noaiiaeony e oaiia?aoo?a, i?e eioi?ie aeinoeaaaony iaeneiaeueiay
ieioiinoue.

Eiaaea niaea?aeaiea nieae a aiaea aeinoeaaao i?eia?ii 25 a/ea,
oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu iaeneiaeueiie ieioiinoe e oi/ea caia?caiey niaiaaeatho
a iaeanoe ieiei — 1,3°N. Anee aea niaea?aeaiea nieae a aiaea aua auoa
(iai?eia?, a ieaaia), ieioiinoue aiaeu aoaeao aic?anoaoue n oiaiueoaieai
oaiia?aoo?u, iiea ia aeinoeaiao oi/ee caia?caiey.

Ae?oaeie iniauie e aanueia aaaeiuie naienoaaie aiaeu yaeythony aunieea
aaee/eiu aa iiaa?oiinoiiai iaoyaeaiey, oaeaeueiie oaieiaieinoe e ne?uoie
oaieiou ieaaeaiey e eeiaiey.

Iiaa?oiinoiia iaoyaeaiea ecia?yaony neeie, iaiaoiaeeiie, /oiau
?aci?aaoue iiaa?oiinoue aeeaeeinoe. Iia iaoneiaeeaaaony neeaie
noeaieaiey iaaeaeo iieaeoeaie aeeaeeinoe, e iao ie/aai oaeeaeoaeueiiai a
oii, /oi aeey aiaeu yoa neea n?aaieoaeueii aaeeea. Anoue oieueei iaeii
aauanoai, eioi?ia, iaoiaeynue a aeeaeeii ninoiyiee i?e oaiia?aoo?a
iiaa?oiinoe Caiee, iaeaaeaao aieaa aunieei iiaa?oiinoiui iaoyaeaieai,
/ai aiaea: yoi ?oooue. Iiaa?oiinoiia iaoyaeaiea aiaeu – aaaeiia
naienoai, i?eaiaeyuaa e ia?aciaaieth eaiaeue a aoiinoa?a e i/aiue
iaeaiueeeo eaieeey?iuo aiei ia iiaa?oiinoe ieaaia, a oaeaea e
eaieeey?iiio ia?aiino aiaeu a ii/aao e oeaiyo aeeauo i?aaieciia.

Aunieea oaeaeueiay oaieiaieinoue e ne?uoay oaieioa ieaaeaiey aiaeu
aeeciaiii aaaeiu aeey nio?aiaiey oaieiaie yia?aee e i?aaeioa?auaiey
neeueiuo eieaaaiee oaiia?aoo?u. Oaeaeueiay oaieiaieinoue aiaeu, eioi?ay
ii?aaeaeyaony eiee/anoaii oaiea, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey oaaee/aiey
oaiia?aoo?u aaeeieoeu aa iannu ia iaeei a?aaeon Oeaeueney, iaeaieaa
auniea n?aaee anao oaa?aeuo e aeeaeeeo aauanoa, ca eneeth/aieai aiieaea.
Aieueoay /anoue yoie oaieiaie yia?aee caeeth/aia a naycyo iaaeaeo
ninaaeieie iieaeoeaie aiaeu, eioi?ua iiaeii ia?acii i?aaenoaaeoue naaa a
aeaea oi?oaeo ieoae, naycuaathueo iieaeoeu. *ai aieueoa yia?aee aoaeao
niiauaii aiaea, oai neeueiaa aoaeao eieaaaiea iieaeoe e oaiia?aoo?a
aoaeao iiaeieiaoueny. Iaeiaei yoe eieaaaiey neeueii ia?aie/aiu
aeaenoaeai ieoae. A eiioea eiioeia iieaeoeu iiaoo niaa?oaiii ?aci?aaoue
nouanoaothuea iaaeaeo ieie nayce e ia?aeoe ec aeeaeeiai ninoiyiey a
aaciia?aciia, oi anoue a aiaeyiie ia?.

*oiau niaa?oaiii ?aci?aaoue ieoe naycae, o?aaoaony, iaeiaei, i/aiue
aieueoay yia?aey: i?e 20° N iaeiie e oie aea yia?aee aeinoaoi/ii, /oiau
eeai oaaee/eoue oaiia?aoo?o 585 ea aiaeu ia 1°N eee aea /oiau enia?eoue
1 ea aiaeu. O aiaeu ne?uoay oaieioa enia?aiey auoa, /ai o eaeiai-eeai
ae?oaiai aauanoaa. Anee aiaeyiie ia? ia?aeaeao a aeeaeeia ninoiyiea, aai
ne?uoay oaieioa aunaiaiaeeony. *oiau aiaea caia?cea e noaea eueaeii, iia
aeieaeia iioa?youe ana oaiei, oiaaea iieaeoeu aoaeoo iaeaaeaoue
cia/eoaeueii iaiueoae yia?aeae e aoaeoo ?aniieaaaoueny a aeaea
oii?yaei/aiiie ?aoao/aoie no?oeoo?u eueaea. Iineieueeo iaaeaeo
ninaaeieie iieaeoeaie nouanoaotho nayce, eae a aeeaeeie oaca, oae e a
oaca eueaea, a yoio ia?aoiae aiaeaeaaony iaiueoa ne?uoie oaieiou, /ai
i?e ia?aoiaea aiaeu ec aeeaeeiai ninoiyiey a ia?. Eiee/anoai oaiea,
eioi?ia iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau ?anoiieoue 1 ea eueaea, iiaei au iiaeiyoue
oaiia?aoo?o 80 ea aiaeu ia 1°N. Yoi oaeaea aieueoa, /ai aeey eaeiai au
oi ie auei ae?oaiai aauanoaa, ca eneeth/aieai aiieaea.

Eeoa?aoo?a

1.Oeeueie A.O. Iniiau oeceee aeinoa?u. – E., 1989

2.?iaeaea? A. Aa??e. Iiaiaea e eeeiao a ai?ao. – E., 1984

4.Aethaeiuei I., Oaia I. Aeinoa?a e ianoi a iae /aeiaaea. – I., 2002

5.Aaicaeaoeeee I.A. Iniiaiua i?iaeaiu oece/aneie aaia?aoee. – I., 1989

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