Iiiyoea i i?e?iaeiii eiiieaena
Iniiaiui iauaeoii eco/aiey nia?aiaiiie oece/aneie aaia?aoee yaeyaony
aaia?aoe/aneay iaiei/ea iaoae ieaiaou eae eiiieaeniay iaoa?eaeueiay
nenoaia. Iia iaiaeii?iaeia eae a aa?oeeaeueiii, oae e a ai?eciioaeueiii
iai?aaeaieyo. A ai?eciioaeueiii, o.a. i?ino?ainoaaiiii ioiioaiee,
aaia?aoe/aneay iaiei/ea iiae?acaeaeyaony ia ioaeaeueiua i?e?iaeiua
eiiieaenu (neiiieiu: i?e?iaeii-oa??eoi?eaeueiua eiiieaenu, aainenoaiu,
aaia?aoe/aneea eaiaeoaoou).
I?e?iaeiue eiiieaen – oa??eoi?ey, iaeii?iaeiay ii i?ienoiaeaeaieth,
enoi?ee aaieiae/aneiai ?acaeoey e nia?aiaiiiio ninoaao niaoeeoe/aneeo
i?e?iaeiuo eiiiiiaioia. Ii eiaao aaeeiue aaieiae/aneee ooiaeaiaio,
iaeiioeiiue oa?aeoa? e eiee/anoai iiaa?oiinoiuo e iiaecaiiuo aiae,
iaeii?iaeiue ii/aaiii-?anoeoaeueiue iie?ia e aaeeiue aeioeaiic
(ni/aoaiea iee?ii?aaieciia e oa?aeoa?iuo aeeaioiuo). A i?e?iaeiii
eiiieaena iaeiioeiiu oaeaea acaeiiaeaenoaea e iaiai aauanoa iaaeaeo
ninoaaeythueie aai eiiiiiaioaie. Acaeiiaeaenoaea eiiiiiaioia e i?eaiaeeo
a eiia/iii eoiaa e ia?aciaaieth eiie?aoiuo i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia.
O?iaaiue acaeiiaeaenoaey eiiiiiaioia a ninoaaa i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena
ii?aaeaeyaony a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue eiee/anoaii e ?eoiaie nieia/iie
yia?aee (nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee). Ciay eiee/anoaaiiia au?aaeaiea
yia?aaoe/aneiai iioaioeeaea i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena e aai ?eoieeo,
nia?aiaiiua aaia?aou iiaoo ii?aaeaeeoue aaeaaiaeioth
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue aai i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia e iioeiaeueiua n?iee eo
aiciaiiaeyaiinoe. Yoi iicaieyao iauaeoeaii i?iaiice?iaaoue
eniieueciaaiea i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia i?e?iaeii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuo eiiieaenia
(IOE) a eioa?anao oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aieueoay /anoue i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia Caiee a oie eee
eiie noaiaie eciaiaia /aeiaaeii, eee aeaaea caiiai nicaeaia ei ia
i?e?iaeiie iniiaa. Iai?eia?, iacenu a ionouia, aiaeio?aieeeua,
ieaioaoeee naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?. Oaeea i?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu
iacaaiu aio?iiiaaiiuie. Ii naiaio iacia/aieth aio?iiiaaiiua eiiieaenu
iiaoo auoue i?iiuoeaiiuie, naeueneioicyenoaaiiuie, ai?iaeneeie e o.i. Ii
noaiaie eciaiaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth /aeiaaea – ii
n?aaiaieth n enoiaeiui anoanoaaiiui ninoiyieai iie iiae?acaeaeythony ia
neaai eciaiaiiua, eciaiaiiua e neeueii eciaiaiiua.
I?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu iiaoo auoue ?aciuo ?acia?ia – ?aciiai ?aiaa, eae
aiai?yo o/aiua. Naiue e?oiiue i?e?iaeiue eiiieaen – aaia?aoe/aneay
iaiei/ea Caiee. Iaoa?eee e ieaaiu – i?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu neaaeothuaai
?aiaa. Aioo?e iaoa?eeia auaeaeythony oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneea no?aiu –
i?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu o?aoueaai o?iaiy . Oaeea, iai?eia?, eae
Ainoi/ii-Aa?iiaeneay ?aaieia, O?aeueneea ai?u, Aiaciineay ieciaiiinoue,
ionouiy Naoa?a e ae?oaea. I?eia?aie i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia iiaoo
neoaeeoue e anai oi?ioi ecaanoiua i?e?iaeiua ciiu: ooiae?a, oaeaa, eana
oia?aiiiai iiyna, noaie, ionouie e o.ae. Iaeiaiueoea ii ?acia?ai
i?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu (ianoiinoe, o?i/eua, oaoiu) caieiatho ia?aie/aiiua
oa??eoi?ee. Yoi oieienoua a?yaeu, ioaeaeueiua oieiu, eo neeiiu; eee
ieciaiiay aeieeia ?aee e aa ioaeaeueiua o/anoee: ?onei, iieia,
iaaeiieiaiiua oa??anu. Eioa?anii, /oi /ai iaiueoa ii ?acia?ai i?e?iaeiue
eiiieaen, oai iaeii?iaeiaa aai i?e?iaeiua oneiaey. Iaeiaei e o
i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia cia/eoaeueiuo ?acia?ia nio?aiyaony iaeii?iaeiinoue
i?e?iaeiuo eiiiiiaioia e iniiaiuo oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneeo i?ioeannia. Oae,
i?e?iaea Aano?aeee nianai ia iioiaea ia i?e?iaeo Naaa?iie Aia?eee,
Aiaciineay ieciaiiinoue caiaoii ioee/aaony io i?eeaaathueo n caiaaea
Aiae, Ea?aeoiu (ionouie oia?aiiiai iiyna) iiuoiue
aaia?ao-enneaaeiaaoaeue ia ia?aiooaao n Naoa?ie (ionouie o?iie/aneiai
iiyna) e o.i.
Oaeei ia?acii, any aaia?aoe/aneay iaiei/ea iaoae ieaiaou ninoieo ec
neiaeiie iicaeee i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia ?aciiai ?aiaa. I?e?iaeiua
eiiieaenu, ia?aciaaaoeany ia nooa, nae/an iacuaatho
i?e?iaeii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuie (IOE); ia?aciaaaoeany a ieaaia e ae?oaii
aiaeiaia (a ica?a, ?aea) – i?e?iaeiuie aeaaeueiuie (IAE);
i?e?iaeii-aio?iiiaaiiua eaiaeoaoou (IAE) nicaeaiu oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth /aeiaaea ia i?e?iaeiie iniiaa.
Aaia?aoe/aneay iaiei/ea – naiue e?oiiue i?e?iaeiue eiiieaen
Aaia?aoe/aneay iaiei/ea – iai?a?uaiay e oeaeinoiay iaiei/ea Caiee,
aeeth/athuay a naay a aa?oeeaeueiii ?ac?aca aa?oithth /anoue caiiie ei?u
(eeoinoa?u), ieaeithth aoiinoa?o, anth aeae?inoa?o e anth aeinoa?o iaoae
ieaiaou. *oi aea iauaaeeiyao, ia ia?aue acaeyae, ?acii?iaeiua eiiiiiaiou
i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu a aaeeioth iaoa?eaeueioth nenoaio? Eiaiii a i?aaeaeao
aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ee i?ienoiaeeo iai?a?uaiue iaiai aauanoaii e
yia?aeae, neiaeiia acaeiiaeaenoaea iaaeaeo oeacaiiuie eiiiiiaioiuie
iaiei/eaie Caiee.
A?aieoeu aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ee aei neo ii? /aoei ia ii?aaeaeaiu. Ca
aa?oithth aa a?aieoeo o/aiua i?eieiatho iau/ii iciiiaue ye?ai a
aoiinoa?a, ca i?aaeaeu eioi?iai ia auoiaeeo aeeciue ia iaoae ieaiaoa.
Ieaeiyy a?aieoea /aua anaai i?iaiaeeony a eeoinoa?a ia aeoaeiao ia aieaa
1000 i. Yoi aa?oiyy /anoue caiiie ei?u, eioi?ay ia?aciaaia iiae neeueiui
niaianoiui aicaeaenoaeai aoiinoa?u, aeae?inoa?u e aeeauo i?aaieciia. Any
oieua aiae Ie?iaiai ieaaia iaeoaaia, iiyoiio anee aiai?eoue i ieaeiae
a?aieoea aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ee a ieaaia, oi aa neaaeoao i?iaiaeeoue ii
ieaaie/aneiio aeio. A oeaeii aaia?aoe/aneay iaiei/ea iaoae ieaiaou eiaao
iauoth iiuiinoue ieiei 30 ei.
Eae aeaeei, aaia?aoe/aneay iaiei/ea ii iauaio e oa??eoi?eaeueii
niaiaaeaao n ?ani?ino?aiaieai ia Caiea aeeauo i?aaieciia. Iaeiaei
aaeeiie oi/ee c?aiey ioiineoaeueii niioiioaiey aeinoa?u e aaia?aoe/aneie
iaiei/ee aei neo ii? iao. Iaeie o/aiua n/eoatho, /oi iiiyoey
«aaia?aoe/aneay iaiei/ea» e «aeinoa?a» i/aiue aeecee, aeaaea
oiaeaeanoaaiiu, e oeacaiiua oa?ieiu nooue neiiieiu. Ae?oaea aea
enneaaeiaaoaee ?anniao?eaatho aeinoa?o oieueei eae ii?aaeaeaiioth
noaaeeth ?acaeoey aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ee. A yoii neo/aa a enoi?ee
?acaeoey aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ee auaeaeytho o?e yoaia: aeiaeiaaiiue,
aeiaaiiue e aio?iiiaaiiue (nia?aiaiiue). Aeinoa?a, niaeanii yoie oi/ea
c?aiey, niioaaonoaoao aeiaaiiiio yoaio ?acaeoey iaoae ieaiaou. Ii
iiaieth o?aoueeo, oa?ieiu «aaia?aoe/aneay iaiei/ea» e «aeinoa?a» ia
oiaeaeanoaaiiu, oae eae io?aaeatho ?acioth ea/anoaaiioth nooue. A
iiiyoee «aeinoa?a» iniiaiia aieiaiea aeoeaioe?oaony ia aeoeaiie e
ii?aaeaeythuae ?iee aeeaiai aauanoaa a ?acaeoee aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ee.
Eaeie oi/ea c?aiey ioaeaoue i?aaeii/oaiea? Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi
aeey aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ee oa?aeoa?ai ?yae niaoeeoe/aneeo
iniaaiiinoae. Iia ioee/aaony, i?aaeaea anaai, aieueoei ?aciiia?aceai
aauanoaaiiiai ninoaaa e aeaeia yia?aee, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey anao
eiiiiiaioiuo iaiei/ae – eeoinoa?u, aoiinoa?u, aeae?inoa?u e aeinoa?u.
*a?ac iauea (aeiaaeueiua) e?oaiai?iou aauanoaa e yia?aee iie iauaaeeiaiu
a oeaeinoioth iaoa?eaeueioth nenoaio. Iiciaoue caeiiiia?iinoe ?acaeoey
yoie aaeeiie nenoaiu – iaeia ec aaaeiaeoeo caaea/ nia?aiaiiie
aaia?aoe/aneie iaoee.
Oae, oeaeinoiinoue aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ee – aaaeiaeoay caeiiiia?iinoue,
ia ciaiee eioi?ie iniiauaaaony oai?ey e i?aeoeea nia?aiaiiiai
?aoeeiiaeueiiai i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiey. O/ao yoie caeiiiia?iinoe iicaieyao
i?aaeaeaeaoue aiciiaeiua eciaiaiey a i?e?iaea Caiee (eciaiaiea iaeiiai
ec eiiiiiaioia aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ee iaycaoaeueii auciaao eciaiaiea
ae?oaeo); aeaoue aaia?aoe/aneee i?iaiic aiciiaeiuo ?acoeueoaoia
aicaeaenoaey /aeiaaea ia i?e?iaeo; inouanoaeoue aaia?aoe/aneoth
yenia?oeco ?acee/iuo i?iaeoia, naycaiiuo n oicyenoaaiiui eniieueciaaieai
oao eee eiuo oa??eoi?ee.
Aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ea i?enoua e ae?oaay oa?aeoa?iay caeiiiia?iinoue –
?eoie/iinoue ?acaeoey, o.a. iiaoi?yaiinoue ai a?aiaie oao eee eiuo
yaeaiee. A i?e?iaea Caiee auyaeaiu ?eoiu ?aciie i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe –
nooi/iue e aiaeiaie, aioo?eaaeiaua e naa?oaaeiaua ?eoiu. Nooi/iay
?eoieea, eae ecaanoii, iaoneiaeaia a?auaieai Caiee aie?oa naiae ine.
Nooi/iue ?eoi i?iyaeyaony a eciaiaieyo oaiia?aoo?u, aeaaeaiey e
aeaaeiinoe aicaeooa, iaea/iinoe, neeu aao?a; a yaeaieyo i?eeeaia e
ioeeaia a ii?yo e ieaaiao, oee?eoeyoeee a?ecia, i?ioeannao oioineioaca o
?anoaiee, nooi/iuo aei?eoiao aeeaioiuo e /aeiaaea.
Aiaeiaay ?eoieea – ?acoeueoao aeaeaeaiey Caiee ii i?aeoa aie?oa Nieioea.
Yoi niaia a?aiai aiaea, eciaiaiey a eioaineaiinoe ii/aiia?aciaaiey e
?ac?ooaiey ai?iuo ii?iae, naciiiua iniaaiiinoe a ?acaeoee
?anoeoaeueiinoe e oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. Eioa?anii, /oi
?aciua eaiaeoaoou ieaiaou iaeaaeatho ?acee/iie nooi/iie e aiaeiaie
?eoieeie. Oae, aiaeiaay ?eoieea eo/oa anaai au?aaeaia a oia?aiiuo
oe?ioao e i/aiue neaai – a yeaaoi?eaeueiii iiyna.
Aieueoie i?aeoe/aneee eioa?an i?aaenoaaeyao eco/aiea e aieaa
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiuo ?eoiia: 11-12 eao, 22-23 aiaea, 80-90 eao, 1850 eao e
aieaa aeeeoaeueiuo ii, e niaeaeaieth, iie iiea aua iaiaa eco/aiu, /ai
nooi/iua e aiaeiaua ?eoiu.
I?e?iaeiua ciiu caiiiai oa?a, eo e?aoeay oa?aeoa?enoeea
Aaeeeee ?onneee o/aiue A.A. Aeieo/aaa aua a eiioea i?ioeiai noieaoey
iainiiaae iauaieaiaoa?iue caeii aaia?aoe/aneie ciiaeueiinoe –
caeiiiia?iia eciaiaiea eiiiiiaioia i?e?iaeu e i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia i?e
aeaeaeaiee io yeaaoi?a e iiethnai. Ciiaeueiinoue iaoneiaeaia a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue iaiaeeiaeiaui (oe?ioiui) ?ani?aaeaeaieai ii iiaa?oiinoe Caiee
nieia/iie yia?aee (?aaeeaoeee), naycaiiui n oa?iia?aciie oi?iie iaoae
ieaiaou, a oaeaea ?aciui eiee/anoaii inaaeeia. A caaeneiinoe io
oe?ioiiai niioiioaiey oaiea e aeaae caeiio aaia?aoe/aneie ciiaeueiinoe
iiaeaa?aeaiu i?ioeannu auaao?eaaiey e yeciaaiiua ?aeueaoiia?acothuea
i?ioeannu; ciiaeueiue eeeiao, iiaa?oiinoiua aiaeu nooe e ieaaia,
ii/aaiiue iie?ia, ?anoeoaeueiinoue e aeeaioiue ie?.
Iaeaieaa e?oiiua ciiaeueiua iiae?acaeaeaiey aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ee –
aaia?aoe/aneea iiyna. Iie i?ioyaeaathony, eae i?aaeei, a oe?ioiii
iai?aaeaiee e, ii nouanoao, niaiaaeatho n eeeiaoe/aneeie iiynaie.
Aaia?aoe/aneea iiyna ioee/athony ae?oa io ae?oaa oaiia?aoo?iuie
oa?aeoa?enoeeaie, a oaeaea iaueie iniaaiiinoyie oee?eoeyoeee aoiinoa?u.
Ia nooa auaeaeythony neaaeothuea aaia?aoe/aneea iiyna:
– yeaaoi?eaeueiue – iauee aeey naaa?iiai e thaeiiai iieooa?ee;-
noayeaaoi?eaeueiue, o?iie/aneee, noao?iie/aneee e oia?aiiue – a eaaeaeii
iieooa?ee;- noaaioa?eoe/aneee e aioa?eoe/aneee iiyna – a thaeiii
iieooa?ee. Aiaeiae/iua ii iacaaieyi iiyna auyaeaiu e a Ie?iaii ieaaia.
Iiyniinoue (ciiaeueiinoue) a ieaaia iaoiaeeo naia io?aaeaiea a eciaiaiee
io yeaaoi?a e iiethnai naienoa iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae (oaiia?aoo?u,
nieaiinoe, i?ic?a/iinoe, eioaineaiinoe aieiaiey e ae?oaeo), a oaeaea a
eciaiaiee ninoaaa oei?u e oaoiu.
Aioo?e aaia?aoe/aneeo iiynia ii niioiioaieth oaiea e aeaae auaeaeythony
i?e?iaeiua ciiu. Iacaaiey cii aeaiu ii i?aiaeaaeathuaio a ieo oeio
?anoeoaeueiinoe. Iai?eia?, a noaa?eoe/aneii iiyna yoi ciiu ooiae?u e
eaniooiae?u; a oia?aiiii – ciiu eania (oaeaa, niaoaiiua
oaieii-oe?ieieenoaaiiua e oe?ieieenoaaiiua eana), ciiu eaninoaiae e
noaiae, iieoionouiue e ionouiue.
1. I?e e?aoeie oa?aeoa?enoeea i?e?iaeiuo cii caiiiai oa?a ia
anooieoaeueiii yecaiaia ?aeiiaiaeoaony ?anniio?aoue iniiaiua i?e?iaeiua
ciiu yeaaoi?eaeueiiai, noayeaaoi?eaeueiiai, o?iie/aneiai,
noao?iie/aneiai, oia?aiiiai, noaa?eoe/aneiai e a?eoe/aneiai iiynia
naaa?iiai iieooa?ey a iai?aaeaiee io yeaaoi?a e Naaa?iiio iiethno: ciia
aa/iicaeaiuo eania (aeeae), ciia naaaii e ?aaeeieanee, ciia o?iie/aneeo
ionouiue, ciia aeanoeieenoiuo aa/iicaeaiuo eania e eonoa?ieeia
(n?aaeecaiiiii?neay), ciia ionouiue oia?aiiiai iiyna, ciia
oe?ieieenoaaiiuo e oaieii-oe?ieieenoaaiiuo (niaoaiiuo) eania, ciia
oaeae, ciia ooiae?u, eaaeyiay ciia (ciia a?eoe/aneeo ionouiue).
I?e oa?aeoa?enoeea i?e?iaeiuo cii iaiaoiaeeii i?eaea?aeeaaoueny
neaaeothuaai ieaia.
1. Iacaaiea i?e?iaeiie ciiu.
2. Iniaaiiinoe aa aaia?aoe/aneiai iieiaeaiey.
3. Aeaaiua /a?ou eeeiaoa.
4. I?aiaeaaeathuea ii/au.
5. ?anoeoaeueiinoue.
6. AEeaioiue ie?.
7. Oa?aeoa? eniieueciaaiey i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia ciiu /aeiaaeii.
Oaeoe/aneee iaoa?eae aeey ioaaoa ia oeacaiiua aii?inu ieaia aaeoo?eaio
iiaeao nia?aoue ii oaiaoe/aneei ea?oai «Aoeana o/eoaey», eioi?ue
iaycaoaeai a nienea iiniaee e ea?o ia anooieoaeueiii yecaiaia ii
aaia?aoee a EAO. Yoi ia oieueei ia aica?aiyaony, ii e o?aaoaony «Iaueie
oeacaieyie» e oeiiaui i?ia?aiiai anooieoaeueiuo yecaiaiia ii aaia?aoee a
aocu ?innee.
Iaeiaei, oa?aeoa?enoeea i?e?iaeiuo cii ia aeieaeia auoue «oaaeiiiie».
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi a nayce n iaiaeii?iaeiinoueth ?aeueaoa e
caiiie iiaa?oiinoe, aeecinoueth e oaeaeaiiinoueth io ieaaia (a
neaaeiaaoaeueii, e iaiaeii?iaeiinoueth oaeaaeiaiey) i?e?iaeiua ciiu
?acee/iuo ?aaeiiia iaoa?eeia ia anaaaea eiatho oe?ioiia i?inoe?aiea.
Eiiaaea iie eiatho ii/oe ia?eaeeiiaeueiia iai?aaeaiea, iai?eia?, ia
aoeaioe/aneii iiaa?aaeuea Naaa?iie Aia?eee, oeoiieaaineii iiaa?aaeuea
Aa?acee e ae?. ianoao. Iaiaeii?iaeiu e i?e?iaeiua ciiu, i?ioyaeaathueany
oe?ioii /a?ac aanue iaoa?ee. Iau/ii iie iiae?acaeaeythony ia o?e
io?acea, niioaaonoaothueo oeaio?aeueiiio aioo?eeiioeiaioaeueiiio e aeaoi
i?eieaaie/aneei naeoi?ai. Oe?ioiay, eee ai?eciioaeueiay, ciiaeueiinoue
eo/oa anaai au?aaeaia ia aieueoeo ii ieiuaaee ?aaieiao, iai?eia? oaeeo,
eae Ainoi/ii-Aa?iiaeneay eee Caiaaeii-Neae?neay.
A ai?iuo ?aeiiao Caiee oe?ioiay ciiaeueiinoue onooiaao ianoi aunioiie
iiyniinoe eaiaeoaooia caeiiiia?iie niaia i?e?iaeiuo eiiiiiaioia e
i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia n iiaeuaiii a ai?u io eo iiaeiiaeee e aa?oeiai.
Iia iaoneiaeaia eciaiaieai eeeiaoa n aunioie: N ia eaaeaeua 100 i
iiaeuaia e oaaee/aieai eiee/anoaaiiieaeaieai oaiia?aoo?u ia 0,6 inaaeeia
aei ii?aaeaeaiiie auniou (aei 2-3 ei). Niaia iiynia a ai?ao i?ienoiaeeo
a oie aea iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe, /oi e ia ?aaieiao i?e aeaeaeaiee io
yeaaoi?a e iiethnai. Iaeiaei a ai?ao anoue iniaue iiyn noaaeueieeneeo e
aeueieeneeo eoaia, eioi?iai iao ia ?aaieiao. Eiee/anoai aunioiuo iiynia
caaeneo io auniou ai? e iniaaiiinoae eo aaia?aoe/aneiai iieiaeaiey. *ai
auoa ai?u e /ai aeeaea iie ?aniieiaeaiu e yeaaoi?o, oai aiaa/a o ieo
niaeo? (iaai?) aunioiuo iiynia. Niaeo? aunioiuo iiynia a ai?ao
ii?aaeaeyaony oaeaea ianoiiieiaeaieai ai?iie nenoaiu ioiineoaeueii
ieaaia. A ai?ao, iaoiaeyueony aaeece ieaaia, i?aiaeaaeaao iaai? ec
eaniuo iiynia; ai aioo?eeiioeiaioaeueiuo (a?eaeiuo) naeoi?ao iaoa?eeia
oa?aeoa?iu aaceanua aunioiua iiyna.
I?e?iaeiue eiiieaen – /anoue yeinenoaiu ni neiaeeaoeieny acaeiinaycyie
iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie aa eiiiiiaioaie, ia?aie/aiiay anoanoaaiiuie
i?e?iaeiuie a?aieoeaie: aiaei?acaeaeaie, iauae aeey aeaiiie oa??eoi?ee
ia?aie io iiaa?oiinoe ?aaeiiaeueii ?ani?ino?aiaiiie oieuae
neaaii?iieoeaaiuo ii?iae (aiaeioii?ii) e i?ecaiiui neiai aoiinoa?u.
I?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu, i?eo?i/aiiua e e?oiiui aiaeiui a?oa?eyi,
iiae?acaeaeythony ia aieaa iaeeea, ioiinyueany e i?eoieai ?acee/iuo
ii?yaeeia. Niioaaonoaaiii, auaeaeythony i?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu ia?aiai,
aoi?iai, o?aoueaai e o.ae. ii?yaeeia. A iaia?ooaiiuo oneiaeyo aeaa
ninaaeieo i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaena iiaoo auoue i?aeoe/anee iieiinoueth
eaeaioe/iu, iaeiaei i?e i?iyaeaiee oaoiiaaiiuo aicaeaenoaee ethaua
eciaiaiey eiiiiiaioia yeinenoaiu aoaeoo neacuaaoueny a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
a i?aaeaeao oiai i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena, aaea iaoiaeeony enoi/iee
aiciouaiey. A oneiaeyo ai?iaeneeo aaeiia?aoeee i?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu
yaeythony aaciauie yeaiaioaie, oi?ie?othueie i?e?iaeioth ninoaaeythuoth
i?e?iaeii-oaoiiaaiiie aainenoaiu. Auai? ii?yaeea i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena,
?anniao?eaaaiiai a eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii neo/aa, caaeneo a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue io ianooaaa ?aaio. A /anoiinoe, aeey a. Iineau i?e i?iaaaeaiee
iaeeiianooaaiuo ?aaio (1:50000 e iaeue/a) oeaeaniia?acii auaeaeyoue
i?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu, i?eo?i/aiiua e i?eoieai ia?aiai ii?yaeea ?. Iineau
(Naooie, ssocu, Noiaeie e o.ae.) Aieaa aeaoaeueiua enneaaeiaaiey
o?aaotho ?anniio?aiey a ea/anoaa “aaciauo” i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia aieaa
iaeeeo ii?yaeeia. Aeey ?aaio, auiieiyaiuo a ianooaaa 1:10000,
iioeiaeueii ?anniao?eaaoue i?e?iaeiua eiiieaenu, i?eo?i/aiiua e i?eoieai
aoi?iai, o?aoueaai e (a ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo) /aoaa?oiai ii?yaeeia.
Oa??eoi?ee i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena – o/anoee caiiie iiaa?oiinoe,
ieiioo?aiiua a?aaeino?ieoaeueiuie a?aieoeaie, a i?aaeaeao eioi?uo
nio?aiaiu a ioiineoaeueii iaia?ooaiiuo oneiaeyo eee /anoe/ii
ainnoaiiaeaiu caeaiua ianaaeaeaiey. A a. Iineaa e oa??eoi?eyi
i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena ioiinyony: ai?iaeneea e i?eai?iaeiua eana e
eaniia?ee, ia?ee, icaeaiaiiua oa??eoi?ee ?acee/iiai iacia/aiey, aiaeiua
iiaa?oiinoe e aeieeiu ?ae.
Neaaeoao ?acee/aoue iiiyoey “i?e?iaeiue eiiieaen” e “oa??eoi?ee
i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena”: i?e?iaeiue eiiieaen – anoanoaaiiiiao/iia
iiiyoea, aaeeie/iue yeaiaio yeinenoaiu, oiaaea eae oa??eoi?ey
i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena – a?aaeino?ieoaeueiia iiiyoea, ii?aaeaeythuaa
iacia/aiea e noaoon ioaeaeueiuo oa??eoi?ee a i?aaeaeao a. Iineau.
O/aiea i i?e?iaeii-oa??eoi?eaeueiii eiiieaena, aaia?aoe/aneii eaiaeoaooa
Aeaenaiae? Aoiaieueo oeacuaae, /oi “i?e?iaea anoue aaeeinoai ai
iiiaeanoaa, niaaeeiaiea ?aciiia?aciiai /a?ac oi?io e niaoaiea, anoue
iiiyoea anoanoaaiiuo aauae e anoanoaaiiuo nee eae iiiyoea aeeaiai
oeaeiai”.
A.I. E?aniia a 1895 a. noi?ie?iaae eaeath i “aaia?aoe/aneeo ni/aoaieyo
yaeaiee” eee “aaia?aoe/aneeo eiiieaenao”, eioi?uie aeieaeii caieiaoueny
/anoiia caieaaaaeaiea.
Iauai?eciaiiuie ?iaeiia/aeueieeaie ioa/anoaaiiiai eaiaeoaooiaaaeaiey
yaeythony A.A. Aeieo/aaa e E.N. Aa?a.
Iniaaiii ao?ii eaiaeoaooiaaaeaiea noaei ?acaeaaoueny a 1960-o aiaeao a
nayce n cai?inaie i?aeoeee, ?acaeoeai caieaaeaeey e eaniaiaenoaa,
eiaaioa?ecaoeeae caiaeue. aii?inai eaiaeoaooiaaaeaiey iinayuaee naie
noaouee e eieae aeaaeaieee N.A. Eaeaniee, A.A. Ni/aaa, E.I. Aa?aneiia, a
oaeaea oeceei-aaia?aou e eaiaeoaooiaaaeu I.A. Nieioeaa, A.A. Ena/aiei,
Ae.E. A?aeiaiae, e ae?oaea.
A ?aaioao E.A. ?aiaia, Y.A. Eieiiueoea, A.I. Nieioeaaa auea ?ac?aaioaia
eiioeaioeey iieeno?oeoo?iinoe eaiaeoaooiiai i?ino?ainoaa.
E aaaeiaeoei iai?aaeaieyi nia?aiaiiiai eaiaeoaooiaaaeaiey ioiineony
aio?iiiaaiiia, a eioi?ii /aeiaae e ?acoeueoaou aai oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ?anniao?eaatho ia oieueei eae aiaoiee oaeoi?, ia?ooathuee
eaiaeoaoo, a eae ?aaiii?aaiue eiiiiiaio IOE eee i?e?iaeii-aio?iiiaaiiiai
eaiaeoaooa.
Ia oai?aoe/aneie aaca eaiaeoaooiaaaeaiey oi?ie?othony iiaua
iaaeaeenoeeieeia?iua iai?aaeaiey, eiathuea nouanoaaiiia eioaa?aoeeiiiia
cia/aiea aeey anae aaia?aoee (yeieiae/aneay aaia?aoey, enoi?e/aneay
aaia?aoey eaiaeoaooia e ae?.)
I?e?iaeii-oa??eoi?eaeueiue eiiieaen. A?oiiu OIE
I?e?iaeii-oa??eoi?eaeueiue eiiieaen (i?e?iaeiay aainenoaia,
aaia?aoe/aneee eiiieaen, i?e?iaeiue eaiaeoaoo), caeiiiia?iia
i?ino?ainoaaiiia ni/aoaiea i?e?iaeiuo eiiiiiaioia, ia?acothueo
oeaeinoiua nenoaiu ?aciuo o?iaiae ( io aaia?aoe/aneie iaiei/ee aei
oaoeee); iaeii ec iniiaiuo iiiyoee oece/aneie aaia?aoee.
Iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie i?e?iaeiuie oa??eoi?eaeueiuie eiiieaenaie e eo
eiiiiiaioaie inouanoaeyaony iaiai aauanoaaie e yia?aeae.
A?oiiu i?e?iaeii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuo eiiieaenia:
1) aeiaaeueiua;
2) ?aaeiiaeueiua;
3) eieaeueiua.
E aeiaaeueiui IOE ioiineony aaia?aoe/aneay iaiei/ea (iaeioi?ua aaia?aou
ioiinyo iaoa?eee, ieaaiu e oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneea iiyna).
E ?aaeiiaeueiui – oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneea no?aiu, iaeanoe e ae?oaea
aciiaeueiua ia?aciaaiey, a oaeaea ciiaeueiua – oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneea
iiyna, ciiu e iiaeciiu.
Eieaeueiua IOE, eae, i?aaeei, i?eo?i/aiu e iaci- e iee?ioi?iai ?aeueaoa
(ia?aaai, aaeeai, ?a/iui aeieeiai e ae?.) eee e eo yeaiaioai (neeiiai,
aa?oeiai e ae?.).
Nenoaiaoeea i?e?iaeii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuo eiiieaenia
1 aa?eaio:
a) oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneia ?aeiie?iaaiea.
a) oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneay no?aia.
a) oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneay iaeanoue.
a) oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneee ?aeii.
?acoeueoaoii ?aaio ii oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneiio ?aeiie?iaaieth yaeyaony
ea?oa NNN? a ianooaaa 1:8000000, a caoai eaiaeoaooiay a ianooaaa
1:4000000.
Iiae oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneie no?aiie iiieiaaony /anoue iaoa?eea,
noi?ie?iaaaoayny ia iniiaa e?oiiie oaeoiie/aneie no?oeoo?u (oeoa, ieeou,
ieaooi?iu, neeaae/aoie iaeanoe) e iauiinoe oaeoiie/aneiai ?aaeeia a
iaiaai-/aoaa?oe/iia a?aiy, ioee/athuayny ii?aaeaeaiiui aaeeinoaii
?aeueaoa (?aaieiu, ieaoi ieeo, aicauoaiiinoe ueoia, ai?u e iaai?uey),
iee?ieeeiaoa e naiae no?oeoo?ie ai?eciioaeueiie ciiaeueiinoe e aunioiie
iiyniinoe. I?eia?u: ?onneay ?aaieia, O?aeueneay ai?iay no?aia, Naoa?a,
Oaiiineaiaeey. Ia ea?oao oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneiai ?aeiie?iaaiey iaoa?eeia
iau/ii auaeaeytho 65-75, eiiaaea e aieueoa i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia.
Oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneay iaeanoue – /anoue oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneie no?aiu,
iainiaeaoayny aeaaiui ia?acii, ca iaiaai-/aoaa?oe/iia a?aiy iiae
aeeyieai oaeoiie/aneeo aeaeaeaiee, ii?neeo o?aina?annee, iaoa?eeiauo
ieaaeaiaiee, n iaeiioeiiui ?aeueaoii, eeeiaoii e naiaia?aciui
i?iyaeaieai ai?eciioaeueiie ciiaeueiinoe e aunioiie iiyniinoe. I?eia?u:
Iaua?neay ieciaiiinoue, N?aaeia?onneay aicauoaiiinoue.
2 aa?eaio:
Oeiieiae/aneay eeanneoeeaoeey. Ii?aaeaeaiea IOE ii noiaenoao.
a) Eeannu i?e?iaeiuo eiiieaenia (ai?iua e ?aaieiiua).
a) Oeiu (ii ciiaeueiiio e?eoa?eth)
a) ?iaeu e aeaeu (ii oa?aeoa?o ?anoeoaeueiinoe e iaeioi?ui ae?oaei
i?eciaeai).
Auaiae
N?aaieaay oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneia ?aeiie?iaaiea e oeiieiae/aneoth
eeanneoeeaoeeth IOE, iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi a nenoaia
oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneiai ?aeiie?iaaiey, /ai auoa ?aia IOE, oai ii
oieeaeueiaa, i?e oeiieiae/aneie aea eeanneoeeaoeee iaiai?io, /ai auoa
?aia, oai iaiueoa au?aaeaia aai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue
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