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Природные и географические факторы в истории России

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?aoa?ao

ii aeenoeeieeia: «Enoi?ey ?innee»

ia oaio:

«I?e?iaeiua e aaia?aoe/aneea oaeoi?u a enoi?ee ?innee»

2010

Niaea?aeaiea

Aaaaeaiea

Oneiaey aeecie e iaoeeiiaeueiue oa?aeoa?

Oei oicyenoaa

Eaeaae aeayoaeueiinoe

Eiaeeaeaeoaeeci e eieeaeoeaeci

Eieiiecaoeey caiaeue e yoaiu enoi?ee ?innee

Caeeth/aiea

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u

Aaaaeaiea

Enoi?eth no?aiu iaaiciiaeii iiiyoue, ia ciay aa aaia?aoe/aneeo oneiaee.
*oiau nouanoaiaaoue, /aeiaae aeieaeai oaeiaeaoai?youe naie aeieiae/aneea
iio?aaiinoe: anoue, ieoue, i?iaeeaaaoue naie ?iae. Aeey yoiai
iaiaoiaeeii aaeaioe?iaaoueny (i?eniinaaeeaaoueny) e n?aaea iaeoaiey e
naiei i?aia?aciauaaoue aa. ?aciua aaia?aoe/aneea ciiu i?aaeinoaaeytho
?acee/iua aiciiaeiinoe aeey yoiai. Iaeioi?ua eo ieo ianoieueei oi?ioi
iiaeoiaeyo aeey aeecie /aeiaaea, /oi ia nicaeatho i?aaeiinueie aeey
eciaiaiey n?aaeu, a cia/eo, e ?inoa iio?aaiinoae e, a eiia/iii n/aoa,
?acaeoey. Ae?oaea ianoieueei iaaeaaii?eyoiu, /oi i?aiyonoaotho anyeei
i?aia?aciaaieyi. Iaeaieaa auno?i ?acaeaathony oa??eoi?ee, ?aniieiaeaiiua
ia ia?ae?anoeao aaia?aoe/aneeo iooae, naycuaathueo ?aciua ia?iaeu,
aaeece oeaio?ia oeeaeeecaoeee.

No?aieaiea iiae?aaeaoue aieaa ?acaeoui ninaaeyi i?eaiaeeo e niciaieth
oeaiiinoe i?ia?anna. Acaeiiaeaenoaea iio?aaiinoae e eoeueoo?iuo
oeaiiinoae aucuaaao onoie/eaia no?aieaiea e niaa?oainoaiaaieth. A
i?ioeaiii neo/aa aini?iecaaaeaiea o?aaeeoeeiiiuo oi?i aeecie iiaeao
i?iaeieaeaoueny aaeaie e ouny/aeaoeyie, a naia o?aaeeoeey iiaeao
i?aa?auaoueny a aaniethoiue eaeaae, ia?ooaiea eioi?iai n/eoaaony
i?anooiiui. I?eia?u a?oae/iuo iauanoa aeaao Ao?eea, auno?i
?acaeaathueony e iiaea?iece?othueony – Aa?iia e Naaa?iay Aia?eea. A
enoi?ee Acee i?aiaeaaeatho oaiaeaioeee e o?aaeeoeeiiiinoe, ii a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo aceaoneea oeeaeeecaoeee niiniaiu e ?acaeoeth.
Naiiauoiinoue ?innee ii?aaeaeyao aa aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea iaaeaeo
Aa?iiie e Aceae, ie?ii iiaea?iecaoeee e ie?ii o?aaeeoeeiiiinoe.

Oneiaey aeecie e iaoeeiiaeueiue oa?aeoa?

Acaeiiaeaenoaea /aeiaaea ni n?aaeie a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ai iiiaii aeeyao ia iaoeeiiaeueiue oa?aeoa?, aeeciaiiua
oeaiiinoe, ninoaaeythuea iaioaeeoao ia?iaea. A cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ii
yaeyaony oi?iie aeooiaiiai i?eniiniaeaiey e n?aaea iaeoaiey, niiniaii
iaaeaeaiey niuneii i?eau/iuo, iianaaeiaaiuo aeaenoaee e iinooieia.

Aeeyiea aaia?aoe/aneie n?aaeu iiiaiia?acii. Aeaaiui n?aaee i?e?iaeiuo
oaeoi?ia ciiu ?annaeaiey ainoi/iuo neaayi, i?aaeeia ?onneeo, iiyaeaoeony
a VI aaea ia oa??eoi?ee nia?aiaiiie Oe?aeiu, aue aa eiioeiaioaeueiue
oa?aeoa?. Ii?a, n aai oi?aiauie iooyie, naycuaathueie oeeaeeecaoeee,
ea?aei a ?onneie enoi?ee iaiueooth ?ieue, /ai iaiauyoiua, neaai
inaiaiiua oa??eoi?ee Aa?aceeneiai iaoa?eea. Auoiae ?innee e ii?th naycai
a iniiaiii n niauoeyie XVIII – XX aaeia. Eieiieaeueiie caii?neie
eiia?ee, oaeie, eae o Aiaeee ?onneei nicaeaoue ia oaeaeinue. Caoi iie
inaieee e canaeeee oanooth /anoue nooe io I?eaaeoeee aei Aeaeueiaai
Ainoiea. Iiaeiaiie ciiu eiiiaeoiiai ?annaeaiey ia eiaao aieueoa ie
iaeei ia?iae a ie?a.

Yoi iio?aaiaaei io ?onneiai ia?iaea iaaa?iyoiuo, aa?ie/aneeo oneeee ii
eieiiecaoeee caiaeue, eioi?ay ninoaaeyao naiaai ?iaea aaia?aoe/aneee
«noa?aeaiue» ?onneie enoi?ee. Iniaaiiinoe ioaeaeueiuo yoaiia
eieiiecaoeee ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeeee niaoeeoeeo enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey
?innee.

Iauei aeey oa??eoi?ee, inaiaiiuo ?onneeie, yaeyaony ioiineoaeueiia
iaeiiia?acea i?e?iaeiuo oaeoi?ia, eioi?ia iaoneiaeei iaeiioeiiinoue
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ai anao ciiao. Yoi ioee/aei oneiaey
aeayoaeueiinoe ?onneiai ia?iaea io oneiaee aeayoaeueiinoe ia?iaeia
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo no?ai. A Caiaaeiie Aa?iia iaeeea ai? e
aicauoaiiinoae, neeueiia ?an/eaiaiea ianoiinoe aeaaii?eyonoaiaaei
niaoeeaeecaoeee oicyenoaa, niinianoaiaaei oiaa?iiaiaio iaaeaeo
ianaeaieai ai? e aeieei.

Ia?iaeu Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu a ia/aea enoi?ee aa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee
?acei ioee/aeenue ae?oa io ae?oaa ii eoeueoo?iiio o?iaith. *anoue ec ieo
aoiaeeea a ninoaa ?eineie eiia?ee e caeinoaiaaea aioe/ioth eoeueoo?o.
I?eiyoea ae?aaieie aa?iaioeaie o?enoeainoaa e eaoeineiai ycuea eae ycuea
aiaineiaey i?eaaei e i?aa?auaieth iineaaeiaai a ycue
iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiiai iauaiey a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia, iiaeoaeeeaaei aa ia?iaeu
e aeoeaiiio inaiaieth iiuoa aioe/iie eoeueoo?u. ?acoeueoaoii yoiai auee
iaeua «Aic?iaeaeaiey» VII – XII aa. (ea?ieeianeia, o?eae?eoianeia e
ae?.), eioi?ua iicaieeee caiaaeiiaa?iiaeoeai oai?/anee onaieoue
eoeueoo?o ?eineie eiia?ee. O ?eieyi aa?iaioeu iicaeinoaiaaee iau/ae
no?ieoue eaiaiiua ai?iaea, eioi?ua auee iai?aiaeieeiie i?aa?aaeie ia
iooe iiauo aiei ei/aaieeia n Ainoiea. Eo iaiaaeaiey, a iniiaiii,
i?ae?aoeeenue e 1000 a.

A ?innee aea iaeiiia?acea eaiaeoaooa nicaeaaaei neaaua i?aaeiinueee aeey
niaoeeaeecaoeee oicyenoaa e aioo?aiiae oi?aiaee, eioi?ua aicieeee
aeiaieueii iicaeii. Ia iooe ?annaeaiey ainoi/iuo neaayi ii/oe
ionoonoaiaaee ia?iaeu n ae?aaiae aunieie eoeueoo?ie. Eiioaeou n
Aecaioeeneie eiia?eae eeoue io/anoe niinianoaiaaee ?acaeoeth
ae?aaia?onneie eoeueoo?u. ?aiiee ia?aaiae aiaineoaeaaiuo eiea ia
neaayineee ycue iiiaoaie Ee?eeeii e Iaoiaeeai a IX aaea naeaeae
iaiaycaoaeueiui eco/aiea a?a/aneiai ycuea, cao?oaeiea aeoeaiia
aini?eyoey e oai?/aneoth ia?a?aaioeo aioe/iie eoeueoo?u. Iiyoiio
«I?aaeaic?iaeaeaiea» aa?iiaeneiai oeia i?iecioei a ?innee eeoue a XV
aaea. Iaciaiea eaoeineiai ycuea, ycuea aiaineiaey e iaoee, ia aeaaaei
aiciiaeiinoe ?onneei aei XVIII aaea iieueciaaoueny eoeueoo?iuie
oeaiiinoyie Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu. Iaeiiaoe, ?inney iinoiyiii nii?eeanaeanue
ni Noaiueth, aei XVIII aaea eniuouaaea oa?ico iionoioeoaeueiuo iaoanoaee
noaiiyeia. Ana yoi oi?iiceei aa aioo?aiiaa ?acaeoea, enoi?e/aneee
i?ia?ann.

Oei oicyenoaa

Iniaaiiinoe i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu ?annaeaiey ?onneeo ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeeee
eo iaoeeiiaeueiue oa?aeoa? e ainiiaenoaothuea oeaiiinoe. Ieioiinoue
ianaeaiey Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu, eioaineaiinoue iaiaia, ia?aie/aiiinoue
i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia niinianoaiaaee eioaineoeeaoeee oicyenoaa,
no?aieaieth e iiaiaaaaeaieyi. Aieueoia i?ino?ainoai ciiu ?annaeaiey,
ioiineoaeueii ieceay ieioiinoue ianaeaiey nicaeaaaee a ?innee
aiciiaeiinoue iiaeaea?aeeaaoue o?aaoaiue o?iaaiue aeecie, aiaeaeay a
oicyenoaaiiue iai?io anoanoaaiiua aiaaonoaa caiee. A eo/oai neo/ae ia
iiaua caiee ia?aiineeenue o?aaeeoeeiiiua iaauee oicyenoaiaaiey. Ana yoi
ii?iaeeei o ?onneeo i?eau/eo e yenoaineaiiio, iio?aaeoaeueneiio
ioiioaieth e i?e?iaeiui ?ano?nai. Aicieeea ooiiey i «iaen/a?iaaiinoe
aiaaonoa» ?iaeiie caiee. Aeaaiuie ieacaeenue eiee/anoaaiiua, a ia
ea/anoaaiiua e?eoa?ee, /enei, a ia oiaiea. I?ioeaiiieiaeiua
oaiaeaioeee a iaoeeiiaeueiii oa?aeoa?a ?acaeaaeenue a iniiaiii a
ai?iaeao e a enoi?e/anee aieaa iicaeiee ia?eiae.

Eaeaae aeayoaeueiinoe

Ia o?oaeiaua iaauee ?onneiai ianaeaiey na?ueacii iiaeeyee eeeiaoe/aneea
oneiaey. A Aa?iia eieaaaiey oaiia?aoo?u a oa/aiea aiaea ec-ca aeeyiey
naaa?iaoeaioe/aneiai oa/aiey Aieueono?ei ninoaaeytho 10 – 20 a?aaeonia
a aiae. ?inney, a oii /enea aa?iiaeneay aa /anoue, eaaeeo a ciia
aeaenoaey neae?neiai aioeoeeeeiia, i?e eioi?ii eieaaaiey oaiia?aoo?u
aieaa cia/eoaeueiu – aei 35 – 40 a?aaeonia a aiae.

Oaiia?aoo?a yiaa?y a Aa?iia a n?aaeiai ia 10 a?aaeonia auoa, /ai a
oeaio?a ?innee. Yoi iicaieyao caieiaoueny naeueneei oicyenoaii, a oii
/enea caieaaeaeeai, aieueooth /anoue aiaea, iai?eia?, ?acaiaeeoue ceiiea
ni?oa iaiuae. O e?anoueyieia oai i?aeoe/anee ionoonoaoao ia?oaue nacii,
/oi i?eo/aao aai e nenoaiaoe/aneiio o?oaeo. Aanaiiee e inaiiee ia?eiaeu
caeanue aieaa i?iaeieaeeoaeueiu, /ai a ?innee.

A ?innee aea aeoaieia i?iia?caiea ii/au (40 ni a oeaio?a no?aiu) e
ei?ioeay aania, ia?aoiaeyuay a aea?eia eaoi, canoaaeytho e?anoueyieia
iinea aeiiaoieo caaio ceiiae ii?u auno?i ia?aeeth/aoueny ia
naeueneioicyenoaaiiua caaiou – iaoioo, naa, io nei?inoe i?iaaaeaiey
eioi?uo caaeneo aai aeaaininoiyiea, a oa/aiea anaai aiaea. Eaoi aeey
?onneiai e?anoueyieia – ia?eiae no?aaeu, i?aaeaeueiiai iai?yaeaiey nee.
Yoi au?aaioaei niiniaiinoue a ?onneii /aeiaaea «aueiaeeoueny», i?iaanoe
ia?iiioth ?aaioo ca ei?ioeee n?ie. Ii a?aiy no?aaeu ia aaeeei. Niaa a
?innee eaaeeo 5 – 6 ianyoeaa. Iiyoiio iniiaiie oi?iie ioiioaiey e ?aaioa
yaeyaony ioiioaiea iaoi?iieeai-ianneaiia. Yoa neooaoeey io?aceeanue a
iineiaeoea: «?onneee ioaeee aeieai cai?yaaao, aea auno?i aaeao».

I?aaaea, iaaei ioiaoeoue , /oi ionoonoaea no?aieaiey e aunieiio ea/anoao
o?oaea auei naycaii oaeaea n iauanoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie a ?innee,
e?aiinoiui o?oaeii. A oao ciiao, aaea aai ia nouanoaiaaei – ia Naaa?a e
a Neae?e, – oeaiiinoe iinoiyiiiai e ea/anoaaiiiai o?oaea noiyee auoa,
/ai a oeaio?aeueiie ?innee.

Eiaeeaeaeoaeeci e eieeaeoeaeci

Iaoi?iieeai-ianneaiia ioiioaiea e o?oaeo e aeecie au?aaioaei o /aeiaaea
ae?oaoth oeaiiinoue – oa?iaeeainoue, noaaooth iaeiie ec /a?o
iaoeeiiaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a. Eo/oa «ia?aoa?iaoue», /ai i?aaei?eiyoue
/oi-eeai, eciaieoue oiae aeecie. A yoii i?iyaeyaony ia oieueei
iaaeinoaoie eieoeeaoeau, ii i?eioeeieaeueiia iaaeaeaiea auaeaeyoueny
naiae aeoeaiinoueth n?aaee ie?oaeathueo. Oaeia iiaaaeaiea
ii?aaaeuaaaony oa?aeoa?ii o?oaea e ?annaeaieai ?onneeo e?anoueyi.
Inaiaiea eania , iie?uaathueo aieueooth /anoue oa??eoi?ee no?aiu,
au?oaea e ei?/aaea aea?aaueaa, aniaoea caiee o?aaiaaee eieeaeoeaiiai
o?oaea ianeieueeeo naiae. ?aaioay a eieeaeoeaa, ethaee aeaenoaiaaee
aaeeiiia?acii, no?aiynue ia auaeaeyoueny n?aaee ae?oaeo. A yoii aue naie
niune. Niei/aiiinoue eieeaeoeaa auea aaaeiaa, /ai yooaeoeaiinoue
aeayoaeueiinoe eaaeaeiai ec aai /eaiia. Aiineaaenoaee a yoii aea
iai?aaeaiee e?anoueyi iiaeoaeeeaaei iaueiiia o?aaieoaeueiia
caieaaeaaeaiea. A ?acoeueoaoa n?aaee ?onneeo neaai ?acaeeny
eiaeeaeaeoaeeci, canoaaeythuee no?aieoueny e eieoeeaoeaa, iiauoaieth
yooaeoeaiinoe o?oaea e ee/iiio iaiaauaieth. Aai iiyaeaiea naycaii n
aieaa iicaeieie i?ioeannaie a ?onneii iauanoaa e aeeyieai aa?iiaeneeo
oeaiiinoae.

Iaeiaei oio aea eieeaeoeaeci aue iniiaie aeooaaiinoe ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
ethaeueie, aaciaeyaeiuo i?iyaeaiee aeaai?iaenoaa e naiiiiaea?oaiaaiey,
oe?iou aeooe ?onneiai /aeiaaea, oaeaea yaeyaoaeny oi?iie
«ia?an/aoeeainoe».

I?eaioaoeey ia iio?aaiinoe eieeaeoeaa ainieouaaea a ?onneeo ethaeae oi,
/oi iie a aieueoeinoaa naiai ieacuaaeenue /oaeaeuie iaeeiio aeeoaeneiio
aeaai?acoieth. Eaeaaeii e?anoueyieia auei oiaiea ai iiiaii ioeacuaaoue
naaa ?aaee eioa?ania iauaai aeaea. AEeciue aini?eieiaeanue eae
eniieiaiea aeieaa, aaneiia/iia i?aiaeieaiea o?oaeiinoae. AEeoaeneay
ioae?inoue o/eea, /oi ianoiyoaeuenoaa /aua aunooiatho i?ioea /aeiaaea,
/ai ia aai noi?iia. Yoi noi?ie?iaaei a ?onneii ia?iaea oaeea /a?ou, eae
oii?noai e ecia?aoaoaeueiinoue a aeinoeaeaiee iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae.
Eniieiaiea caaeoiaiiiai ?anniao?eaaeinue eae ?aaeeay oaea/a, aea?
noaeueau, e oiaaea i?eau/iue aneaoeci aoaeiae niaiyeny ?acaoeii
i?acaeieea, ia eioi?ue i?eaeaoaeinue ana naei. Ia?aoiae io oaeiai
y?eiai, naiiauoiiai oeia ee/iinoe a XVIII aaea e aieaa
aa?iiaece?iaaiiiio (n?aaee ia?aciaaiiuo neiaa ianaeaiey) aini?eieiaeny
iiiaeie eae aeooiaiay aeaa?aaeaoeey.

Eieiiecaoeey caiaeue e yoaiu enoi?ee ?innee

E?aiinoiie eee caaeneiue e?anoueyiei a Aa?iia aaaeae a ai?iae,
yaeyaoeeny ino?iaeii aeaiie?aoee e i?aaa n?aaee ii?y oaiaeaeueiiai
naiaaieey. Aieueoa aaaeaoue auei iaeoaea, ?acaa /oi ca ii?a. Naiaiaeiuo
caiaeue ia inoaeinue. A ?innee aaaeaee ia a ai?iae, a a eacaee, ioeoaea
«auaea/e ia auei», a ?aneieueieee – ia ie?aeiu, ia iainaiaiiua caiee. A
?acoeueoaoa a Aa?iia iieo/eee ?acaeoea ai?iaeneea, ao?aeoaciua
oeaiiinoe, a a ?innee – iaueiiua, eieeaeoeaenoneea. Aa?iiaaoe ?aoae naie
i?iaeaiu ?acaeaay ao?aeoacioth ?an/aoeeainoue e naiaei?unoea, a ?onneee
– ooaa?aeaeay o?aaieoaeueiua eieeaeoeaenoneea eaeaaeu. Ia iieeoe/aneii
o?iaia yoi i?iyaeyeinue niioaaonoaaiii a ao?aeoaciuo ?aaiethoeeyo, a
?acoeueoaoa eioi?uo ainoaea?noai ieacaeinue iiae eiio?ieai
a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa, e ooaa?aeaeaeenue oeaiiinoe eeaa?aeecia e
aeaiie?aoee.

Aaanoai ianaeaiey ia ie?aeiu ai?iaeia cao?oaeiyei ?acaeoea ai?iaeia,
iaania/eaaei aei eiioea XV aaea a oeaio?a e aei XIX aaea ia ie?aeiao
oneiaey aeey nouanoaiaaiey ionoaeiai iiaena/ii-iaiaaiai caieaaeaeey,
iniiaaiiiai ia yenoaineaiie yenieoaoaoeee aiaaonoa eana e o?aaiaaaoaai
ia?iiiuo naiaiaeiuo oa??eoi?ee (aeanyoee eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?ia ia
naiueth). Aunieea o?iaeae ia aiiaue inaiaiiuo o/anoeao e i?aeoe/aneia
ionoonoaea aieiaeiaie, nouanoaiaaiea i?aaa ia naiaiaeiue caoaao caiaeue
a eano e ionoonoaea ?aaoey?iiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey nicaeaee o e?anoueyi
iniaue, a?oae/iue, aeiainoaea?noaaiiue eaeaae aieueiie aeecie, aioaaeoee
a ia?iaeioth eoeueoo?o. A iaai aoiaeeee iaania/aiiinoue nouanoaiaaiey,
naiaiaea ia?aaeaeaeaiey, oi?iaeueiue oa?aeoa? aeanoe, ionoonoaea
nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth e iaeiaia. Yoio eaeaae iinoiyiii auaeaeaaeny eae
o?aaiaaiea a oiaea e?anoueyineeo aiei.

Iniaaiii iieacaoaeai a yoii niunea ia?aue yoai eieiiecaoeee a XI – XIV
aaeao, eiaaea canaeyeanue Ainoi/iiaa?iiaeneay ?aaieia, /oi auei aucaaii
oa?icie n thaa io iieiaoeaa e oaoa?. Neaaenoaeai yoiai auei «caionoaiea»
thai-caiaaeiuo caiaeue, yaeyaoeony yae?ii Eeaaneie ?one. N aaanoaii
e?anoueyi io e?aiinoie/anoaa aue naycai aoi?ie yoai eieiiecaoeee a XV –
XVII aaeao, eioi?ue i?eaae e canaeaieth Iiaieaeuey, O?aea, Neae?e. Ii
nii?iaiaeaeaeny oiaiueoaieai ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey e ?aceei caiaaeeaieai
iauaai i?e?inoa ianaeaiey a Oeaio?aeueiie ?innee. Ia ie?aeiao iiyaeeny
iiaue neie ianaeaiey – eaca/anoai, aeeaoee a oneiaeyo ainiiaenoaa ii?i e
oeaiiinoae aeiainoaea?noaaiiie «aiaiiie aeaiie?aoee».

Iaeiaiaa ?ac?ooeoaeueiui aeey aioo?aiiaai ?acaeoey no?aiu aue o?aoee
yoai eieiiecaoeee a XVIII – XIX aaeao. Iaeiaei, inaaeaay iiaua
oa??eoi?ee, ?onneea ia iiaee iaania/eoue niei/aiey aeeaoeo ia ieo
ia?iaeia a aaeeiia niiauanoai. N ?inoii ianoiiai ianaeaiey oneeeaaeenue
oeaio?iaaaeiua no?aieaiey iaoeeiiaeueiuo iaiueoeinoa, iiae?uaaaoea
aaeeinoai ainoaea?noaa.

Eieiiecaoeey niinianoaiaaea i?a?uaiiio, aeene?aoiiio oiaeo ?onneie
enoi?ee. Oneeaiea oeaio?aeueiie aeanoe ianeieueei ?ac niaiyeinue aa
ineaaeaieai. Aeaaioth ?ieue a yoii ea?aea ia?ac?aoaiiinoue iieeoe/aneeo
i?iaeai. Ii auei au iai?aaeeueiui ia aeaeaoue oaeaea naycue iaaeaeo
ia?aui yoaiii eieiiecaoeee e ainoaea?noaaiiie ?acae?iaeaiiinoueth a XII
– XV aaeao, aoi?ui yoaiii eieiiecaoeee e Niooiui a?aiaiai ia/aea XVII
aaea, o?aoueei yoaiii eieiiecaoeee e ?aniaaeii aaeeiie ?inneeneie
eiia?ee ai a?aiy a?aaeaeaineie aieiu a 1918 – 1921 aiaeao.

Caeeth/aiea

Ia?aaeienii enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna a ?innee auei oi, /oi ayeinoue
?acaeoey yeiiiieee niinianoaiaaei e ioe?uoea iiauo i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia.
Inaiaiea caiaeue naaa?i-ainoiea ?one a XII – XIII aaeao, Neae?e a XVII
aaea, i?eaaei e ionoaeinoe caieaaeaeey, ainiiaenoao aeiauaathueo
io?aneae oicyenoaa iaae i?iecaiaeyueie, caiaaeeaieth nioeeaeueiiai
?acaeoey.

E ia/aeo XX aaea no?aia i?eoea n aeaaioneei iaeniieueciaaiiui
iioaioeeaeii. A yoi a?aiy aa iieiaeaiea ia yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneie
ea?oa ie?a ei?aiiui ia?acii eciaieeinue. Ii ?inneeneei caieyi aiiaue
i?ioiaeeee oi?aiaua iooe: aaaeiaeoay «oeaaiay» aeaeaciiaei?iaeiay
iaaeno?aeue Iaeanna – Eaieanaa?a e O?ainneae?neay iaaeno?aeue,
naycuaathuay Aa?iio n Neae?ueth e Eeoaai. ?inney aa?ioea naaa e i?i/ii
oaea?aeaea iieiaeaiea aa?iiaeneie aea?aeaau. Niaa?oaiii iiaoth
aaia?aoe/aneoth neooaoeeth aeey no?aiu nicaeae aa auoiae e iaooyiui
ianoi?iaeaeaieyi Aca?aaeaeaeaia, oeiieo N?aaeiae Acee, aiaaonoaai
aeeaioiiaiae/aneeo ?aeiiia caaaeeaeueneeo noaiae. No?aia ia oieueei
aueoiaea aa?iiaeneea oiaa?u e oaoiieiaee, ii e i?iaeaaaea nianoaaiiua
ecaeaeey ia Ainoie. ?inney noaea iin?aaeieeii a ?ani?ino?aiaiee
aa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee ia Ainoiea.

Iaeiaei naie oeeaeeecaoeeiiiue auai? a ieoya?a 1917 aiaea ?inney
naeaeaea ia a iieueco iin?aaeieea iaaeaeo Ainoieii e Caiaaeii, a a
iieueco iniiaaoaey nianoaaiiie aeiaaeueiie oeeaeeecaoeee, iino?iaiiie ia
o?aaieoaeueiuo oeaiiinoyo – nioeeaeenoe/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee. Yoi aue
auai? aiiaue iono?aieaoee ?inneth io Aa?iiu. Yoio auai? iiaeii
?anniao?eaaoue eae oeeaeeecaoeeiiiue e?ecen, cao?oaeieaoee aoiaeaeaiea
?innee a ie?iaoth oeeaeeecaoeeth. I?iyaeaieai yoiai e?ecena auei
aiciaeaaeaiea aceaoneie oaiaeaioeee e naiiecieyoeee no?aiu (iiaeiaii
ssiiiee e Eeoath a XVII aaea), no?aieaiea iiae/eieoue ana nioeeaeueiia
?acaeoea o?aaieoaeueiui onoaiiaeai iaueiiie eoeueoo?u. Nia?aiaiiia
aica?auaiea ?innee a ie?iaia niiauanoai – yoi iooue i?aiaeieaiey
oeeaeeecaoeeiiiiai e?ecena, iooue ainnoaiiaeaiey aa naiiauoiinoe a
nithca, a ia a i?ioeainoiyiee n aa?iiaeneeie e ae?oaeie ?acaeouie
eaieoaeenoe/aneeie no?aiaie. Yoi iooue iienea eiii?iienna oeaiiinoae
iaoeeiiaeueiie ?onneie eoeueoo?u e eeaa?aeueiuo oeaiiinoae nia?aiaiiie
ie?iaie oeeaeeecaoeee.

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u

1. Aa?aeyaa I. Noaeueaa ?innee. – I., 2001.

2. Aeaieeaaneee I.ss. ?inney e Aa?iia. – I., 2004.

3. Eiiia E.I. ?inney e ie?iaay oeeaeeecaoeey //Ioa/anoaaiiay enoi?ey. –
2002.

4. Eiiia E.I. ?inneeneay oeeaeeecaoeey, IX – ia/aei XX a. – I.:
I?inaauaiea, 2003.

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