Ieai.
Aaaaeaiea
Ae?aaioeaiiua eaiie eo eeanneoeeaoeey
Aeiac e aai no?oeoo?a.
Caeeth/aiea
I?eeiaeaiea
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
Aaaaeaiea.
E?anioa, aeieaiaa/iinoue, ?aaeeinoue — oaeiau o?e aeaaiuo aeinoieinoaa
ianoiyuaai ae?aaioeaiiiai eaiiy. Eaiie, eioi?ui iaaeinoaao eaeiai-eeai
ec yoeo naienoa, ia iiaoo i?aoaiaeiaaoue ia oi, /oiau n/eoaoueny
ae?aaioeaiiuie, oioy yoi nianai ia icia/aao, /oi iie ia iiaoo auoue
eniieueciaaiu aeey oe?aoaiey. AEai/oa, eioi?ue ioiinyo e /eneo
ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae iai?aaeeueii, oae eae ii nicaeaaony aeeauie
i?aaieciaie, ii eioi?ue caieiaao ii/aoiia ianoi a thaaee?iii aeaea,
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie a iaeioi?ii niunea eneeth/aiea, iineieueeo
aannii?iay e?anioa aiciauaao aai n?aaieoaeueii iaeoth aeieaiaa/iinoue.
Neacaoue, /oi ae?aaioeaiiue eaiaiue aeieaeai ?aaeiaaoue aeac,— cia/eo
neacaoue aaiaeueioth aauue, oae eae eiaiii a yoii e caeeth/aaony aanue
niune ae?aaioeaiiinoe. I?aaenoaaeoaeae oea?noaa ieia?aeia, eioi?ua
iaoiaeyo i?eiaiaiea a thaaee?iii aeaea, iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia o?e a?oiiu
a caaeneiinoe io oiai, i?ic?a/iua ee iie, i?inaa/eaathuea eee
iai?ic?a/iua. Ia?aay ec yoeo a?oii, aaconeiaii naiay e?oiiay e naiay
aaaeiay, aeaeeony a naith i/a?aaeue ia aeaa ioaeaea: eaiie aanoeaaoiua e
eaiie ie?aoaiiua (oeaaoiua). A ia?aii ec ieo aeaaainoaothuoth ?ieue
ea?aao aeiac, iineieueeo oieueei ii iaeaaeaao niiniaiinoueth eceo/aoue
/oaeaniue iaiiue e iinueaoue i?e eaaeaeii iiai?ioa eo/e naaoa — io
iaaanii-aieoaiai aei ieaiaiii-e?aniiai, /oi iniaaiii a iai oeaieony e
canoaaeyao oneeaiii eneaoue aai. Ec iaaieueoie a?oiiu i?inaa/eaathueo
eaiiae, /a?ac eioi?ua naao oioy e i?ioiaeeo, ii aai iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey
oiai, /oiau /a?ac eaiie iiaeii auei /oi-oi oaeaeaoue, iaeaieaa aaaeioth
?ieue ea?aao iiae. Ii e aua iaeioi?ua ieia?aeu ec yoie a?oiiu oeaiyony
aeaaiaea?y oiio aea iioe/aneiio yooaeoo, eioi?ue nicaeaaony ia
iiaa?oiinoe iueueiuo iocu?ae, iiooneiaaoae noaee e o. ae., a ia
aeaaiaea?y nianoaaiiie ie?anea. Ae?oaie aeae eaiiae — eoiiua e
caacae/aoua eaiie — io?aaeatho naao io naieo aioo?aiieo a?aiae, ii ia
ianoieueei oi?ioi, /oiau aicieeaea ea?a naaoa. A iineaaeiae a?oiia,
iauaaeeiythuae iai?ic?a/iua eaiie, oeie/iuo ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae iaei;
aeaaiua ec ieo — ae?thca, eaco?eo e iao?eo. A yoii neo/aa naao
?annaeaaaony, io?aaeaynue io neiaa, iaoiaeyueony iaiin?aaenoaaiii o
iiaa?oiinoe eaiiy, a oeaao ii?aaeaeyaony aicieeathuei iiaeiuaieai.
Oaiiue oii neeueii ie?aoaiiuo eaiiae iaoneiaeai ae?oaie i?e/eiie: naao,
iiiaaeay a eaiaiue, iieiinoueth a iai iiaeiuaaony e, iineieueeo ec eaiiy
naao ia auoiaeeo, eaiaiue eaaeaony /a?iui.
Ae?aaioeaiiua eaiie. Eo eeanneoeeaoeey.
Eiaiii e?anioo anaaaea caia/atho ia?aie, e, ?acoiaaony, aa iiaeii
n/eoaoue aeaaiui ec o?ao ea/anoa, oae eae e?anioa, iaoneiaeaiiay oeaaoii
eee i?ic?a/iinoueth eaiiy eee ni/aoaieai yoeo naienoa, i?eoyaeaaao
acaeyae /aeiaaea e eaiith. Yoe ea/anoaa oanii naycaiu ni no?oeoo?ie
eaiiy; neaaeiaaoaeueii, ae?aaioeaiiua eaiie (ca eneeth/aieai oaeeo, eae
iiae e ae?thca, eioi?ua oeaiyony eae iiaeaei/iua eaiie) i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie naiua i?ae?aniua ia?acoeu e?enoaeeia, ia eaeea oieueei niiniaia
i?e?iaea. Iaeaieaa e?oiiue enoi/iee aieueoeo e?enoaeeia — yoi ?acee/iua
ecaa?aeaiiua ai?iua ii?iaeu, neaaathuea caiioth ei?o. Yoe ii?iaeu
ia?aciaaeenue a ?acoeueoaoa e?enoaeeecaoeee ?anieaaeaiiie iaaiu, eioi?ay
iiaeieiaeanue n aieueoeo aeoaei e canouaaea ia iiaa?oiinoe caiee eee
aeec iaa; i?e yoii eioa?aae oaiia?aoo? eieaaaeny io 950 aei 450°N.
I?eia?ii oaeie e?enoaeeecaoeee iiaeao neoaeeoue e?enoaeeecaoeey eaau,
eceeaathuaeny ec aea?e aoeeaiia a ianoiyuaa a?aiy. Ii iineieueeo eaaa o
iiaa?oiinoe canouaaao auno?i, ii?iaeu a iniiaiii ieacuaathony
oiieica?ienouie e iiyoiio aaeaa ee iiaoo auoue enoi/ieeii aeaeaiiiai
ae?aaioeaiiiai iaoa?eaea. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, a ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo eaaa
inouaaao ianoieueei auno?i, /oi caoaa?aeaaaao aac e?enoaeeecaoeee,
ia?acoy i?e?iaeiia aoeeaie/aneia noaeei — ianeaeeai. Aieaa aa?iyoiu
iaoiaeee ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae a ecaa?aeaiiuo ii?iaeao, noi?ie?iaaaoeony
ia aieueoeo aeoaeiao a caiiie ei?a eeai a aeaea e?oiiuo aeoaeiiuo iann,
eeai a aeaea aaoayueony e i?yiieeiaeiuo aeee (aeaae), iooiaeyueo io yoeo
iann ii o?aueiai ai aiauathueo ii?iaeao. A yoeo oneiaeyo iaaia canouaaao
iaaeeaiiaa, oae /oi e?enoaee oniaaaao au?anoe aei e?oiiuo ?acia?ia.
Aieueoay /anoue iaaiu, canouaathuae a ei?a, aeecea ii ninoaao e naiie
?ani?ino?aiaiiie aoeeaie/aneie ii?iaea — aacaeueoy. A aa oeie/aneii
ninoaaa i?enoonoaotho (a ii?yaeea cia/eiinoe e?aiiacai SiOg — ieiei 50%,
aeeiicai Al2O3, ieeneu eaeueoeee NaI, iaaiey MgO e aeaeaca (FeO e
Fe2O3). Ii?iaeu n oaeei ieceei niaea?aeaieai e?aiiacaia (ii n?aaiaieth n
ae?oaeie oeiaie ai?iuo ii?iae) iacuaathony iniiaiuie. Eiaaea ia/eiaaony
e?enoaeeecaoeey oaeie iaaiu, ia?aui a cia/eoaeueiii eiee/anoaa
auaeaeyaony iaaiaceaeueiue ieeaei. Niaea?aeaiea e?aiiacaia a iai
iiieaeaii ii n?aaiaieth n niaea?aeaieai e?aiiacaia a iaaia a oeaeii;
anee e?enoaeeu ieeaeia (ia?eaeioa) ninoaaeytho aieueooth /anoue
ia?aciaaaoaeny ii?iaeu, eioi?ay iacuaaaony niioaaonoaaiii ia?eaeioeoii
oi yoa ii?iaea aoaeao ii ninoaao oeueo?ainiiaiie. Ii?iaeu oaeiai oeia
caiieiytho aeiaciiiniua o?oaee THaeiie Ao?eee; aianoa n ieeaeiii
aiciiaeia e e?enoaeeecaoeey ie?iia — iaaiaceaeueiiai a?aiaoa, oaeaea
aaaeiiai e?aiiacaiii.
E?enoaeeecaoeey ec iaaiu oeueo?ainiiaiuo ii?iae i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi
inoaeueiay /anoue ?anieaaa iaiaauaaony e?aiieai ia?acothueany ia aieaa
iicaeieo noaaeeyo oaeiai i?ioeanna iaaiaoe/aneea ii?iaeu eiatho aieaa
eeneue ninoaa (o. a. oa?aeoa?ecothony aieaa aunieei niaea?aeaieai
e?aiiacaia). Niaea?aeaiea e?aiiacaia a ?anieaaa iiauoaiiie eeneioiinoe
(70% eee aieaa) oaeiai, /oi aieueoay aai /anoue e?enoaeeecoaony n
auaeaeaieai naiaiaeiiai e?aiiacaia a aeaea eaa?oea, eae, iai?eia?, a
a?aieoa Auneacaiiua caeanue i?aaenoaaeaiey i/aiue onoa?aee. A?aieoiay
iaaia, niaea?aeauay ieiei 4—6% aiaeu, eae iieacaee yenia?eiaiou,
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie naiue eaaeiieaaeee ninoaa e auieaaeyaony i?e
oaiia?aoo?ao 600-— 650°N. I?aaeiieaaatho, /oi a?aieoieaeu aicieeatho a
iaeanoe eiioeiaioia ia ioiineoaeueii iaaieueoie aeoaeia a ?acoeueoaoa
ecae?aoaeueiiai ieaaeaiey iioneathueony nthaea aeoaiei iaoaii?oeciaaiiuo
ii?iae (iaeaiaaiac). iaeanoue ia?aciaaiey aacaeueoiauo ii?iae
?aniieaaaaony aeoaaea a iaioee. Oeueo?aaaceou oaeaea i?aaenoaaeythony
i?iecaiaeiuie aa?oiae iaioee. ?acee/e” a i?ienoiaeaeaiee iaoneiaeeaaao
aaioeie/aneea ?acee/ey. E?iia oiai, neacuaaaony e aiaaonoai a?aieoiie
iaaiu aiaeie.. Ia?yaeo n iiauoaieai niaea?aeaiey e?aiiacaia aoaeao
oaeaea aic?anoaoue eiioeaio?aoeey ?aaeeeo eiiiiiaioia — eeoey, aa?eeeey,
ai?a e o. ae., ia i?eieiaaoeo o/anoey a ia/aeueiuo noaaeeyo
e?enoaeeecaoeee. Oaaee/eaaaony oaeaea eiioeaio?aoeey eaaeieaoo/eo
eiiiiiaioia — ooi?a, oei?a, aiaei?iaea; iie ea?atho nouanoaaiioth ?ieue
a iiieaeaiee ayceinoe ?anieaaa ia aieaa iicaeieo noaaeeyo, iaania/eaay
aieueooth naiaiaeo ?inoa e?oiiuo e?enoaeeia. Iiyoiio ia caeeth/eoaeueiie
noaaeee iaaiaoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe i?ienoiaeeo ia?aciaaiea
e?oiiie?enoaeee/aneeo iaaiaoeoiauo oae, oa?aeoa?ecothueony e?oiiuie
e?enoaeeaie eaa?oea, iieaaiai oiaoa, nethaeu. Iaaiaoeoiaay noaaeey
iniaaiii aeaaii?eyoia aeey ia?aciaaiey oaeeo ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae, eae
oo?iaeei, aa?eee, oiiac e niiaeoiai. Ciiaeueii ie?aoaiiua e?enoaeeu
oo?iaeeia, oa?aeoa?iua aeey yoiai ae?aaioeaiiiai eaiiy, iieacuaatho, eae
iiaoo iaiyoueny oneiaey ai a?aiy e?enoaeeecaoeee, inoaaaynue, iaeiaei,
ana a?aiy aeaaii?eyoiuie aeey ?inoa e?enoaeeia.
Aeiau/a ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae ec oaa?aeuo iaauaao?aiuo ii?iae ?aaeei
auaiaeia (eneeth/aiea ninoaaeytho ciaiaieoua ?ac?aaioee aeiaciiiniuo
o?oaie a THaeiie Ao?eea, eioi?ua aoaeoo iienaiu a iaeiie ec neaaeothueo
aeaa). Eiaiii caeanue iu iiaeai oaaaeeoueny aua a iaeiii i?aeiouanoaa
niaa?oaiiiai ae?aaioeaiiiai eaiiy — aai noieeinoe. Ae?aaioeaiiue
iaoa?eae, iaoiaeynue a ii?iaea, eniuouaaao aianoa n iae aeeyiea
auaao?eaaiey e iiyoiio iiaeao auoue eaaei oaeaeai ec auaao?aeie iyaeie
iniiaiie iannu ai?iie ii?iaeu. E oiio aea, eiaaea ii?iaea niaa?oaiii
?ac?ooaaony e aa ninoaaiua /anoe oiinyony aiaeie, ae?aaioeaiiue iaoa?eae
aneaaenoaea aieaa aunieie oaa?aeinoe e aieueoae ieioiinoe inoaaony
i?aeoe/anee iaiia?aaeaeaiiui e iaeaieeaaaony a ?oneao ae?aaieo eee
nia?aiaiiuo ?o/ueaa e ?ae. Ia eaiiyo iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue neaoaiiua e?ay,
oa?ioiaaoinoue a?aiae, /oi naycaii n i?iaeieaeeoaeueiui o?aieai i
ninaaeiea /anoe/ee ai a?aiy ia?aiina aiaeiui iioieii.
Aaaeiui enoi/ieeii ae?aaioeaiiiai iaoa?eaea yaeythony oaeea aoi?e/iua
ioeiaeaiey, eae ianie e a?aaee. A ieo iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue ia oieueei
ieia?aeu, ioeiaeeaoeany a ?acoeueoaoa ?aciuaa ia?ae/iuo ecaa?aeaiiuo
ii?iae, i /ai oieueei /oi ?anneacuaaeinue, ai oaeaea e ieia?aeu,
iai?eia? naioe?, ?oaei, oieiaeue, i?eianaiiua ec iaoaii?oe/aneeo ii?iae,
iienuaaaiuo ieaea. Ec aeethaey aeiauaatho cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai
aeiacia, ii e, e?iia yoiai ae?aaioeaiiiai ieia?aea, ia i?iaeoeoeaiue
a?aaee, aa?iyoii, i?eoiaeeony ieiei iieiaeiu iauaai iauaia aeiau/e
ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae.
Ianie e a?aaee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ?aciiaeaeiinoe oae iacuaaaiuo
inaaei/iuo ai?iuo ii?iae. Yoei oa?ieiii iacuaatho ana ii?iaeu,
ia?aciaaaoeany a ?acoeueoaoa auaao?eaaiey ia?ae/iuo ii?iae, eo ia?aiina
e ia?aioeiaeaiey aiaeiuie iioieaie. (Ae?oaei i?eia?ii inaaei/iuo ii?iae
yaeythony aeeiu e aeeienoua neaioeu, ii aeey ian iie ia i?aaenoaaeytho
aieueoiai eioa?ana.) E?iia ia?anoai?eiiai iaoa?eaea, eioi?ue ia?aiineony
ai acaaoaiiii ninoiyiee e ioeeaaeuaaaony iaoaie/anee, a ?anoai?a
iaoiaeyony e ?anoai?eiua i?iaeoeou ?ac?ooaiey ii?iae, eioi?ua a eoiaa,
e?enoaeeecoynue, inaaeaeathony, ia?acoy oeie/aneee inaaeie, iai?eia?
aein e iaeioi?ua aeaeu ecaanoiyea. Eaeay-oi /anoue ia?anoai?eiiai
iaoa?eaea iiaeao auoue ia?aioeiaeaia a ?acoeueoaoa aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe
aeeauo i?aaieciia: i?e ?inoa ei?aeeia e ia?aciaaiee aeai/oaa.
N iaaiaoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth naycai aua iaeei aaaeiue niinia
ia?aciaaiey ae?aaioeaiiiai iaoa?eaea. Eiaaea aieueoay ianna
?anieaaeaiiie iaaiu ia?aiauaaony ai aiauathueo inaaei/iuo ei?iaeao
caiiie ei?u, iineaaeiea ?acia?aaathony e i?aoa?iaaatho eiioaeoiaue
iaoaii?oeci, i?e eioi?ii aieueoay eo /anoue eee ana iie eniuouaatho
ia?ae?enoaeeecaoeeth. Iniaaiii iiaeaa?aeaiu yoiio i?ioeanno ecaanoiyee.
Ae?aaioeaiiua eaiie, ia?acothueany a i?ioeanna iaoaii?oecia, oaeea, eae
?oaei e oieiaeue, iiaoo iieinoueth ninoiyoue ec iaoa?eaea,
i?enoonoaiaaaoaai a ia?ae/iie ai?iaea; ?oaei i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
ei?oiae, ia?aciaaaoeeny ec aeeienouo i?eianae a ecaanoiyea; ieenue
iaaiey, aoiaeyuay a ninoaa oieiaee, ia?acoaony ec ia?ae/iiai aeieiieoa,
eaeueoeee iaaieaaiai ea?aiiaoa. Ia?aaeei ec eio?oceaiiai oaea ai
aiauathuea ii?iaeu i?iieeatho eaoo/ea eiiiiiaiou, o/anoaothuea a
ia?aciaaiee iiauo ieia?aeia, iai?eia? i?e ia?aciaaiee eyien-eaco?e.
Eaoo/ea eiiiiiaiou iiaoo acaeiiaeaenoaiaaoue e n naieie ecaa?aeaiiuie
ii?iaeaie; i?e yoii ieeaei ia?aoiaeeo a na?iaioei, a a o?aueiao e
ionoioao iiaoo ioeaaaoueny oaeea iaoa?eaeu, eae oii-niieo, iiae e aaao.
Eiioaeoiaue iaoaii?oeci iau/ii auaaao eieaeueiui e i?eo?i/ai e
iaaieueoiio i?ino?ainoao aaeieue eiioaeoa eio?oceaiiai oaea n
ie?oaeathueie ii?iaeaie, ii i?e iaeioi?uo oneiaeyo a ?acoeueoaoa
?aaeiiaeueiiai iaoaii?oecia ia?ae?enoaeeecaoeey ie?oaeathueo ii?iae
i?ienoiaeeo ia ai?acaei aieueoeo ieiuaaeyo. I?ioeann ?aaeiiaeueiiai
iaoaii?oecia aeey ian ia noieue nouanoaai, eae eiioaeoiaue iaoaii?oeci,
iaeiaei e ii iiaeao niinianoaiaaoue ia?aciaaieth oaeeo ieia?aeia, eae
iao?eo,; eeaieo, noaa?ieeo e neeeeiaieo. Iiiaea ae?aaioeaiiua ieia?aeu
iaoaii?oe/aneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey, oae aea eae ae?aaioeaiiua eaiie
ia?ae/ii ecaa?aeaiiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey, aeiauaatho aeaaiui ia?acii ec
aoi?e/iuo a?aaaeeoia, a eioi?uo iie neiioeaio?e?iaaiu.
Ae?aaioeaiiua eaiie iieuecothony aeinoaoi/ii oe?ieei ?ani?ino?aiaieai,
iaeiaei oieueei a iaiiiaeo ?aeiiao aiciiaeia eo nenoaiaoe/aneay aeiau/a.
I aeiau/a a ?acee/iuo no?aiao iioaeeeiaaiu i/aiue iaiieiua aeaiiua,
iiyoiio y iiao i?eaanoe caeanue oieueei naiua iauea naaaeaiey. I?e
nenoaiaoecaoeee aeaiiuo n o/aoii iauaai iauaia aeiau/e ae?aaioeaiiuo
eaiiae ainiiaenoaothuaa iieiaeaiea caeiao iniiaiie iinoaauee aeiacia a
nayce n ia?iiiie aaaeiinoueth yoiai eaiiy eae a thaaee?iii aeaea, oae e
a i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iineieueeo aeiacu aeiauaatho ai iiiaeo ao?eeaineeo
no?aiao — Eiiai, Aiaiea, Aaia, THA?, Oaicaiee, Nuea??a-Eaiia,— ia aeieth
Ao?eee i?eoiaeeony, aa?iyoii, aieaa 90% ie?iaie aeiau/e ae?aaioeaiiuo
eaiiae. Ia aoi?ii ianoa, ii-aeaeeiiio, noieo THaeiay Aia?eea,
iinoaaeythuay aeiacu ec A?aceeee e Aaeaiu, a oaeaea ecoi?oaeu ec
Eieoiaee, ii aiciiaeii, /oi aeeaae Acee a ie?iaoth aeiau/o i?aeoe/anee
?aaai aeeaaeo thaeiiaia?eeaineeo no?ai.
Anee eneeth/eoue aeiacu e ?anniao?eaaoue iaiaa oeaiiua eaiie, oi ia?aia
ianoi, aa?iyoii, aoaeao i?eiaaeeaaeaoue Acee aeaaiaea?y aeiau/a ?oaeiia
e naioe?ia a Ae?ia, Oaeeaiaea, ia ino?iaa O?e Eaiea (Oeaeeii) e a
Eiaeee. Oeaiiinoue yioa?y n iiaa?aaeuey Aaeoeeneiai ii?y, ec ?oiuiee e
Neoeeeee ii?aaeaeyao iiceoeeth Aa?iiu, aeey THaeiie Aia?eee noieue aea
cia/eoaeueii ?aciiia?acea a?aceeueneeo ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae. A Naaa?iie
Aia?eea aeiauaaaony iiiaeanoai iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae e a iaaieueoii
eiee/anoaa aieaa oeaiiua eaiie; aa?iyoii, iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueioth aeieth
aeiau/e a i?ioeaioiii ioiioaiee ninoaaeyao ae?thca.
A i?eeiaeaiee y ia?a/eneee ae?aaioeaiiua eaiie, eioi?ua aeiauaathony a
iniiaiuo no?aiao ie?a. Nienie aaeaa ee i?aoaiaeoao ia oe?ioo ioaaoa; ii
niaea?aeeo oa ieia?aeu, eioi?ua oioy au ec?aaeea iaoiaeeee nauo, ii ia
aeeth/aao ieia?aeu, ec eioi?uo iiaeii eiiaaea iieo/eoue ae?aaioeaiiue
iaoa?eae.
Aeiac e aai no?oeoo?a.
Oaia?ue y oi/o eiie?aoii ?anniio?aoue iaeei ec ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae.
Aeiacu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eioa?aniaeoee e iaiaueiiaaiiaeoee ?ano?n.
?aiaa, aieioue aei XV aaea, /aeiaa/anoai ciaei eeoue iaeio noi?iio yoiai
oaeeaeoaeueiiai ieia?aea: oi, /oi iie iaiaueiiaaiii oa??aeua. Aei
n?aaeieo aaeia iie oeaieeenue ieaea ecoi?oaea eee ?oaeia. E oieueei a
XVII aaea a?aieeueueee ecia?aee niaoeeaeueioth ia?aieo ieia?aea:
a?eeeeaioiaoth, eioi?ay iaeneiaeueii iiae/??eeaaao aai aeinoieinoaa.
A thaaee?iii aeaea oeaiyony oieueei aanoeaaoiua eaiie aac iooaiea, ca
eneeth/aieai aieoaiai, e aac ecuyiia — oae iacuaaaiua aeiacu “/enoie
aiaeu”. Ia thaaee?iua oeaee eae?o ia aieaa 10-15% aeiauouo eaiiae.
Iniiaiay ianna aeiacia eniieuecoaony a oaoieea. Ec ieo ecaioaaeeaatho
aa?aceau, ao?u aeey i?ioiaeee aeoaieeo neaaaeei a oa??aeuo ii?iaeao,
?acoeu aeey ia?aaioee iaoaeeia, e o.ae.
Aeiac ecaanoai oaea ieiei 5 oun. eao. Enoi?eee i?aaeiieaaatho, /oi
aia?aua ii aue iaia?oaeai a Eiaeee a ?a/iuo ?innuiyo. Aio ecaeaaia
i?eienuaatho iaae/aneea naienoaa, a iaeaieaa e?oiiua ciaiaieoua
e?enoaeeu e ecaeaeey ec ieo ieooaiu i?aieii ienoe/aneeo eaaaiae. Eiaeee
ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo aaeia i?eiaaeeaaeaea iiiiiieey ia iinoaaeo yoiai
iaiaueiiaaiiiai eaiiy. Eiaiii caeanue iaeaeaiu oaeea ciaiaieoua aeiacu,
eae “Eio-e-Ii?”, “?aaaio”, “I?eia”, “Oao” e ae?.
A ia/aea XVIII a. eiaeeeneea eiie auee oaea neeueii enoiuaiu. A n 1714
a. iinea iaoiaeee aeiaca a A?aceeee ia/aeanue ia?aay aeiaciay
eeoi?aaeea. Aiciee ai?iaeie Aeeaiaioeii, aaea ?aaioaee ouny/e
noa?aoaeae. Eiaeey ia?anoaea auoue iiiiiieenoii.
A A?aceeee naaiaeiy aaeaaiaeii aeiauaathony aeiacu iauei aanii ieiei
400.000 ea?aoia (ieiei 80 ea), ii n?aaee ieo aeiaieueii iaei e?oiiuo.
A ?innee ia?aue aeiac aue iaeaeai a 1829 a. Ianeieueei iicaea auee
iaia?oaeaiu ?a/iua ?innuie n iaaieueoei eiee/anoaii iaeeeo aeiacia.
Iaeiaei, ianiio?y ia ia i?ae?auathueany 150 eao iienee, cia/eoaeueiuo
?innuiae a iaoae no?aia iaeaeaii ia auei.
N 1867 a. ia/aeanue aeiau/a aeiacia a THaeiie Ao?eea, ec aiaaouo ?a/iuo
?innuiae, a a 1890 a. i?iecioei nainaoeeiiiia ioe?uoea iiaiai oeia
ianoi?iaeaeaiee — eeiaa?eeoiauo o?oaie — oaeaea a THaeiie Ao?eea, aaeece
iin?eea Eeiaa?ee.
Aeiaciua o?oaee ioe?uee iiaua aiciiaeiinoe aeey ai?ii?oaeiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa. E eiioeo ia?aiai aeanyoeeaoey XX a. a Ao?eea auee
auyaeaiu nioie ianoi?iaeaeaiee. Iicaeiaa, a 1940 a. a Oaicaiee auea
iaia?oaeaia e?oiiaeoay e aiaaoaeoay o?oaea Iaaaeoe. A? ?acia? —
1625o1070 i. A 70-o aa. ec eeiaa?eeoia e iiiai/eneaiiuo ?innuiae a
ie?anoiinoyo o?oaee aaeaaiaeii aeiauaaeinue ieiei 1 iei. ea?aoia.
Iaeiaei, ianiio?y ia aieueooth iiioey?iinoue eeiaa?eeoiauo o?oaie,
aieaa 90% iannu anao eiaaea eeai ecaea/?iiuo aeiacia auei iieo/aii ec
?innuiae. Aaaeue niaea?aeaiea aeiacia a eeiaa?eeoa /?acau/aeii iaei —
ieiei 1 ea?aoa ia 3 o eeiaa?eeoa.
I?i?ua ?innee a /enei aeiaciaeiauaathueo no?ai i?iecio?e a 50-60 aa. XX
a. e naycai n ioe?uoeai yeooneeo ianoi?iaeaeaiee. Ca 40 eao a sseooee
ioe?uou au? aeanyoee ianoi?iaeaeaiee. ?inney noaea iaeiie ec aaaeoueo
no?ai ii aeiau/a caia/aoaeueiiai eaiiy.
A 70-o aa. XX a. ia iaeii ec aaaeoueo iano ii aeiau/a aeiacia
auaeaeaaaony Aano?aeey, aaea auei naeaeaii iaiau/iia ioe?uoea. Caeanue
auee iaia?oaeaiu aeiaciiiniua o?oaee, neiaeaiiua ia eeiaa?eeoaie, a
?iaenoaaiiuie ei ii?iaeaie — eaiii?eoaie.
Iaeaieaa aiaaoay o?oaea A?aaee auea ioe?uoa a eiioea 1979 a. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy oieueei ec yoiai ianoi?iaeaeaiey aaeaaiaeii ecaeaeatho
25 iei. ea?aoia. Aano?aeey oaa?aiii caiyea aoi?ia ianoi ii aeiau/a
aeiacia iinea THA? ia ie?iaii nu?ueaaii ?uiea, onoie/eai iieo/ay
eaaeaeue aiae 30-40 iei. ea?aoia. Ni?in ia aeiacu ianoieueei aaeee, /oi
aaaeouea ai?ii?oaeiua eiiiaiee e ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey ie?a
i?iaeieaeatho iiene iiauo ianoi?iaeaeaiee. ?inney nouanoaaiii oaaee/eea
naie aeiaciue iioaioeeae aeaaiaea?y ioe?uoeth ia iiaa?aaeuea Aaeiai ii?y
iiaie i?iaeioeee. Anoue naaaeaiey i iaoiaeeao a I?eii?uea. Ianeieueei
aeanyoeia eeiaa?eeoiauo o?oaie n i?iiuoeaiiuie aeiacaie a aeeaeaeoea
aiaeu au? aieueoa oi?i/ao iaoa iieiaeaiea a Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii aeiaciii
neiaeeeaoa, caoaaoeaoai iiiiiieeth ii nauoo i?e?iaeiuo aeiacia,
aeiauaaaiuo ai iiiaeo no?aiao ie?a (THA?, Iaieaey, Cae?, e ae?.). Ieaea
i?eaiaeeony oaaeeoea iau?iia i?iecaiaenoaa aeiacia e?oiiaeoeie
aeiaciaeiauaathueie no?aiaie:
No?aiaA?eeeeaiouOaoie/aneea
aeiacuAnaaiTHA?0,691,221,91Cae?0,051,451,50Aionaaia0,150,840,99Iaieaey0,
240,010,25Anaai2,025,807,82Oaaeeoea 1: Iauaiu i?iecaiaenoaa aeiacia
e?oiiaeoeie aeiaciaeiauaathueie no?aiaie ia 1982 a, iei. a.
Iineaaeiyy nainaoeey a yoie io?anee naycaia n ioe?uoeai e?oiiuo
ianoi?iaeaeaiee aeiacia a i?iaeioeee A?eoaineay Eieoiaey — ecaanoiii
cieioi?oaeiii ?aeiia Eaiaaeu. Iao ieeaeeo niiiaiee, /oi oaea a ia/aea
neaaeothuaai ouny/aeaoey ia ie?iaie ?uiie aoaeao iinooiaoue
cia/eoaeueiia /enei eaiaaeneeo aeiacia.
A ie?a iaoeeiiii ?ano?o aeiau/a aeiacia — io ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia
ieeeeiiia ea?aoia a 50–60-o aa. XX a. aei aieaa 100 iei. ea?aoia a 1990
a. Ii aeiaciue iioaioeeae Caiee aeaeaei ia en/a?iai. O/?iua n/eoatho,
/oi, iai?eia?, a ?innee aiieia aiciiaeiu ioe?uoey ianoi?iaeaeaiee a
Iiaeiineiauea, eee, e i?eia?o, a ss?ineaaneie e Ooeueneie iaeanoyo.
Ec anao ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae aeiac eiaao iaeaieaa i?inoie oeie/aneee
ninoaa — ii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?inoi e?enoaeee/aneee oaea?iae N. A iai
/anoi i?enoonoaotho i?eiane, aeaaiui ia?acii ieenue aeaeaca e e?aiiacai
ni neaaeaie ecaanoe e iaaiacee, ii eiee/anoai i?eianae iau/ii ia
i?aauoaao 5%. Eiaiii i?eianue ieeneia aeaeaca iaoneiaeeaaao aeaeoiaaoue
iooaiie, eioi?ue noieue oa?aeoa?ai aeey aeiacia ia/enoie aiaeu, iniaaiii
aeey eaiiae ec THaeiie Ao?eee, e eioi?ue nieaeaao eo oeaiiinoue.
Oaea?iae aeeii?oai, ae?oaay aai e?enoaeee/aneay ?aciiaeaeiinoue —
a?aoeo. Iienoeia, i?e?iaea i?aacioea naiia naay, nicaeaa ec iaeiiai e
oiai aea yeaiaioa aauanoaa ni noieue ?acee/iuie e i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie
naienoaaie, eae oaa?aeue, aeanoyuee e i?ic?a/iue aeiac e iyaeee, ia?eee
e iai?ic?a/iue a?aoeo. Eaaeaeia ec yoeo aauanoa iaeaaeaao i?enoueie aio
aeinoieinoaaie. Aeiac, iiieii oiai, /oi ii i?aainoiaeeo ii ea/anoaai ana
ae?oaea ae?aaioeaiiua eaiie, iaoiaeeo i?eiaiaiea a i?iiuoeaiiinoe a
ea/anoaa ?aaeouaai e aa?aceaiiai iaoa?eaea. A?aoeo oiio?aaeyaony aeey
ecaioiaeaiey ea?aiaeaoae, aeey /enoee eooiiiuo ieeo, a a niane n aeeiie
— aeey ecaioiaeaiey iaiaoii?iuo oeaeae. E?iia oiai, ii iaioeaiei eae
niaci/iue iaoa?eae, iniaaiii i?e ?aaioao iiae aieueoie iaa?oceie. Iaa
ieia?aea nouanoaotho a i?e?iaea, ia iaia?oaeeaay caiaoiie oaiaeaioeee
ia?aoiaeeoue iaeei a ae?oaie. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, aeey oiai /oiau e?enoaee
aeiaca ii/a?iae i?e iaa?aaaiee aac aeinooia eenei?iaea, o. a. aeey oiai
/oiau ii /anoe/ii i?aa?aoeeny a a?aoeo, iaiaoiaeeia i/aiue aunieay
oaiia?aoo?a (ii e?aeiae ia?a 1500°). (I?e iaa?aaaiee a aoiinoa?a
eenei?iaea eee aeaaea ia aicaeooa aeiac ieeneyaony aei NI eee NI2 i?e
oaiia?aoo?ao ieiei 800°N.)
Ai?o (bort, eee, eae eiiaaea ieooo, boart) i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
ne?uoie?enoaeee/aneoth oi?io, a eioi?ie e?enoaeeu aeiaca ?aniieiaeaiu
aanii?yaei/ii, aac ii?aaeaeaiiie i?eaioe?iaee. Yoio oa?iei eniieuecoaony
oaeaea aeey iaicia/aiey e?enoaeeia e eo iaeiieia ia iaoiaeyueo
i?eiaiaiey a thaaee?iii aeaea; oaeea e?enoaeeu eciaeue/athony e
eniieuecothony aeey ?acaiey e iiee?iaee. Ea?aiiaaei, eee /a?iue aeiac,
oaeaea yaeyaony ne?uoie?enoaeee/aneie ?aciinoueth aeiaca e i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie iaiaeii?iaeioth ianno aua aieaa iaeeeo e?enoaeeia; ii eiaao /a?iue
oeaao, iai?ic?a/iue eee oieueei i?inaa/eaathuee. A ne?uoie?enoaeee/aneeo
oi?iao ioaeaeueiua e?enoaeeu ia niiniaiu ?aneaeuaaoueny ii ii?aaeaeaiiui
iai?aaeaieyi. Ii yoie i?e/eia oaeea iannu iaeaaeatho eneeth/eoaeueiie
oaa?aeinoueth aeiaca, ii ia ?aneaeuaathony iiae aicaeaenoaeai neeueiiai
oaea?a; iie eaaeoony aieaa oaa?aeuie, /ai iaeeii/iua e?enoaeeu aeiaca.
Ea?aiiaaei iieueciaaeny aieueoei ni?inii aeey ecaioiaeaiey ?aaeoueo
eino?oiaioia.
Ia aaniethoii i?ic?a/iuo e naiaiaeiuo io ecuyiia aeiacao aiai?yo, /oi
iie “/enoie aiaeu”. Oaeea aeiacu, eiaaea iie ia iaeaaeatho eaeei-eeai
oeaaoiaui iooaieii, ca eneeth/aieai, aiciiaeii, aieoaiaaoiai, oeaiyony
iaeaieaa auniei. Eaiie ni neaaui aeaeoiaaoui iooaieii iacuaathony
eaiiyie “ia/enoie aiaeu” e oeaiyony cia/eoaeueii ieaea. Eiiaaea
i?aaei?eieiaeenue iiiuoee oeo/oeoue eaiie ia/enoie aiaeu, iie?uaay eo
aacaeueiua a?aie aieoaie ieaieie. Oaeoth ieaieo iau/ii iiaeii oaeaeeoue,
i?iiuaay eaiaiue a aaiciea, iaoeeiaii nie?oa eee aeaaea a ai?y/ae aiaea,
ii anee yoe niiniau ia iiiiaatho, iiaeii eniieueciaaoue e eeneioo.
Ii?aaeaeaiioth i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue eiatho eaiie eaia?aa/ii-aeaeoiai
oeaaoa, eioi?ua, iaeiaei, ioiinyony e ae?oaie eaoaai?ee. Iau/iu oaeaea
caeaiiaaoua eaiie, oioy aeaenoaeoaeueii oi?ioee iooaiie yoiai oeaaoa
?aaeei auaea?aeeaaaony a i?aaeaeao oeaeiai e?enoaeea. Ia?aaeee
ei?e/iaaua eaiie, iniaaiii ec THaeiie Ao?eee. ?iciaua eaiie iaiaa
iau/iu, a ?oaeiiai e?aniua, ?iciaaoi-eeeiaua e neiea eaiie ?aaeee.
Eaiie, iaeaaeathuea iineaaeiei ec ia?a/eneaiiuo oeaaoia, eiatho, eae
i?aaeei, “noaeueiie” iooaiie. Naioe?iai neiea eaiie ano?a/athony
eneeth/eoaeueii ?aaeei e noiyo aanueia aei?iai. Aeey iaicia/aiey aeiacia
n /a?iuie iyoiuoeaie eaeenoiai iaoa?eaea aioo?e eniieuecotho
o?aioeocneia neiai “ieea” (pique), icia/athuaa “eneieioue” eee
“iyoienoue io, oeonia ianaeiiuo”.
Aeiac e?enoaeeecoaony a aeaea ieoayae?ia ni naa?eathueie aeaaeeeie
a?aiyie e ?aaea — a aeaea eoaia n a?oai i?io?aaeaiiuie a?aiyie. Eiiaaea
aianoi eaaeaeie ec a?aiae ieoayae?a ?acaeaathony o?e eee oanoue a?aiae,
e eaiaiue i?eia?aoaao ii/oe noa?e/aneoth oi?io. Iiaa?oiinoe a?aiae
e?enoaeeia /anoi onayiu ?aaiinoi?iiieie o?aoaieueiuie oaeoaeaieyie,
eioi?ua aicieeatho aneaaenoaea o?aaeaiey e ?anoai?aiey. *anoi
iaaethaeathuaany ene?eaeaiea ?aaa? e?enoaeeia yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii
iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai ionooiaiey ieineinoae ?inoa. Iau/iu aeaieieee, a
eioi?uo aeaa ioaeaeueiuo e?enoaeea niaaeeiythony aianoa eee i?i?anoatho
ae?oa ae?oaa, a oaeaea caacae/aoua oi?iu. Eiiaaea ieoayae?e/aneea
e?enoaeeu ecoieoaeueii neiiao?e/iu. Ie?oaeua e?enoaeeu ia?aaeei iie?uou
niieiiiaeiaiie iaiei/eie, eioi?ay iya/a naiiai e?enoaeea. Aieueoia /enei
i?e?iaeiuo e?enoaeeia aeiaca yeniiie?oaony a eieeaeoeee ae?aaioeaiiuo
eaiiae Aaieiae/aneiai iocay a Eiiaeiia.
Aeaoaeueiia eco/aiea i?ic?a/iinoe aeiacia a oeueo?aoeieaoiauo eo/ao
iieacaei, /oi aeiacu iiaeii iiae?acaeaeeoue ia ianeieueei oeiia. Iau/iue
oei I i?ic?a/ai oieueei aeey eo/ae n aeeeiie aieiu ieiei 3000 A e
niaea?aeeo naiaiaeiue acio. Aieaa ?aaeeee oei II eiaao a?aieoeo iieinu
iiaeiuaiey, niioaaonoaothuoth aeeeia aieiu 2250 A. Yoo a?oiio ia iniiaa
?acee/ee a oinoi?anoeaioeee iiaeii iiae?acaeaeeoue ia oeiu Ia e IUe.
Inoaeueiua oece/aneea naienoaa yaeythony, ii-aeaeeiiio, iaeeiaeiauie
aeey anao oeiia, e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy auoai?eaaaeaiiia iiae?acaeaeaiea ia
eiaao iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai cia/aiey aeey eniieueciaaiey aeiacia a ea/anoaa
Ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae. Iaeiaei iii eioa?anii n oi/ee c?aiey ie?anee
aeiacia, eae anoanoaaiiie, oae e iaaaaeaiiie iaeo/aieai a oaeaea aeey
noaeaeaiey i i?ienoiaeaeaiee aeiacia. Aia/aea n/eoaee, /oi aeiacu oeia
II ia niaea?aeao acioa, ii nae/an iieaaatho /oi iaaeaeo iaiaauaiiui
acioii oeiii I e aaaeiui yoei yeaiaioii oeiii II nouanoaotho iinoaiaiiua
ia?aoiaeu.
Auei iaia?oaeaii, /oi ea?aiiaaei eiaao ne?uoie?enoaeee/aneoth no?oeoo?o,
ninoiyuoth ec naycaiiuo a aaeeioth ianno iaeue/aeoeo e?enoaeeia aeiaca.
Aeiac ia iaeaaeaao aeaoi?aeiieaieai, ii ioaeaeueiua ciiu e?enoaeeia
aeaoi?aeiieytho, /oi /anoi naycaii n aeeth/aieyie eaiaeae aeeaeeie
oaieueiie eeneiou e aicieeathueie aie?oa ieo aioo?aiieie iai?yaeaieyie.
Yoe iai?yaeaiey auaatho noieue aaeeee, /oi iiiaea i?ae?aniua eaiie i?e
ecaea/aiee ec aiauathuae eo ai?iie ii?iaeu “ac?uaathony”, ?aceaoaynue ia
ioaeaeueiua eoni/ee. N?aaeiyy aaee/eia iieacaoaey i?aeiieaiey
aanoeaaoiuo eaiiae ?aaia 2,4175 a aeaeoii naaoa iao?ey n aanueia
iaaieueoeie ioeeiiaieyie (aei 0,0003), /oi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i /enoioa
ninoaaa. N oaaee/aieai eiee/anoaa i?eianae aaee/eia iieacaoaey
i?aeiieaiey oaaee/eaaaony aei iaeneiaeueiiai cia/aiey 2,421. Iieacaoaeue
i?aeiieaiey eaiiae ia/enoie aiaeu eaaeeo a eioa?aaea iaaeaeo yoei
cia/aieai e 2,419. Aeenia?ney aeey eioa?aaea A—G ?aaia 0.044, e a yoii
ioiioaiee aeiac i?aainoiaeeo ana aanoeaaoiua eaiie, ii onooiaao
eanneoa?eoo, noaio (oeoaieoo) e caeaiiio a?aiaoo (aeaiaioieaeo), a
oaeaea neioaoe/aneiio ?ooeeo e neioaoe/aneiio oeoaieoo no?iioeey. Aeane
iiee?iaaiiiai aeiaca ianoieueei oa?aeoa?ai, /oi aue iacaai “aeiaciui”;
ii iaoneiaeai ni/aoaieai aunieiai naaoii?aeiieaiey e eneeth/eoaeueiie
oaa?aeinoe. Aeiac, a ioee/ea io noaeea, i?ic?a/ai aeey ?aioaaiianeeo
eo/ae. Ii oinoi?anoee?oao iiae aeaenoaeai eo/ae, eaaeaueo ca i?aaeaeaie
oeieaoiaie /anoe aeaeeiiai niaeo?a, aeaaea iiae aeaenoaeai
ei?ioeiaieiiaiai eceo/aiey yiaiaoeee ?aaeey. Iaeioi?ua, ii ia ana aeiacu
oethi?anoee?otho a oeueo?aoeieaoiauo eo/ao a aieoauo eee
aeaeoiaaoi-caeaiuo oiiao. Iiiaea ec ieo naaoyony a oaiiioa iinea
auaea?aeee ia nieia/iii naaoo, a iaeioi?ua aeaaea eceo/atho naao, anee
eo iioa?aoue,— yaeaiea, ecaanoiia iiae iacaaieai o?eaiethieianoeaioeee.
Oaeaeueiue aan aeiacia aeiaieueii iinoiyiai, oioy ii, anoanoaaiii, aieaa
eciai/ea, /ai iieacaoaeue i?aeiieaiey, iineieueeo ia aai aaee/eio
aeeytho aeeth/aiey aacia e ieia?aeia, a oi a?aiy eae ia iieacaoaea
i?aeiieaiey yoe oaeoi?u ia neacuaathony. N?aaeiyy aaee/eia oaeaeueiiai
aana aeey e?enoaeeia ?aaia 3,520 n aiciiaeiuie eieaaaieyie,
aeinoeaathueie 0,010, i?e/ai oaeaeueiue aan eaiiae ia/enoie aiaeu auoa.
Aeiac — iaeaieaa oaa?aeia aauanoai ec anao, ano?a/athueony a i?e?iaea.
Ii ioia/ai Iiinii a aai oeaea oaa?aeinoe aaeeii 10, ii ?acee/ea a
oaa?aeinoe iaaeaeo aeiacii e ei?oiaeii, eioi?ue eiaao oaa?aeinoue 9 ii
oeaea Iiina, ia?iiii.
I?EEIAEAIEA
?ani?ino?aiaiea ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae a iniiaiuo no?aiao ie?a
Aa?iia e Acey
Aaeeeia?eoaiey: eaa?oe (ai?iue o?onoaeue, aeui/aoue eaa?oe, ea?iai?i,
aiaoeno), oaeoeaaeii (aaao), oethi?eo (“aeoaeaeii”, neiyy
?aciiaeaeiinoue oethi?eoa, ano?a/athuayny a Aea?aioe?a), aaiaoeo,
yioa?ue, aaaao
O?aioeey: oee?eii, aa?enoeeo, eaa?oe (ai?iue o?onoaeue, aiaoeno)
O?A: oiiac, a?aiao (aeueiaiaeei, ie?ii), ei?oiae (naioe?), o?ecieeo,
eaa?oe (aiaoeno), oaeoeaaeii (o?ecii?ac, aaao), aeeiineae, oethi?eo,
yioa?ue
Ii?aaaey: aa?eee, iieaaie oiao
Eniaiey: eaa?oe (aiaoeno), aaiaoeo, aaaao
Oaaeoea?ey: noai, eaa?oe (ai?iue o?onoaeue, aeui/aoue eaa?oe)
?inney: aeiac, aa?eee (ecoi?oae, aeaaia?ei), o?eciaa?eee (aeaenaiae?eo,
oiiac), oaiaeeo, oo?iaeei, a?aiao (a?innoey?, aiae?aaeeo), ae?thca,
eaa?oe (aiaoeno), oaeoeaaeii, Eaa?aaei?, iao?eo, eyien-eaco?ue,
ianeaeeai, aeeiae-oac, aaieii?oeo, nieia/iue eaiaiue
Eeoae: iao?eo, eaa?oe (aiaoeno, aeui/aoue eaa?oe), oaeoeaaeii (ea?iaie,
aaao)
Oaeaaiue: oaeoeaaeii, iao?eo
ssiiiey: eaa?oe (ai?iue o?onoaeue, aiaoeno, ?iciaue eaa?oe, yuia,
ieacia),
aeaaeaeo
Aoaaienoai: ei?oiae (?oaei), eyien-eaco?ue
E?ai: ae?thca
Eiaeey: aeiac, ei?oiae (naioe?), o?eciaa?eee (oeeiioai), aa?eee
(ecoi?oae), a?aiao (aeueiaiaeei), oo?iaeei, eaa?oe (ai?iue o?onoaeue,
aiaoeno, ?iciaue eaa?oe, aaaioth?ei), oaeoeaaeii (aaao), eeaieo, yaeeac,
na?iaioei (aiaaieo), aiaoeo, ei?aeea?eo, iieaaie oiao (aiaciieo),
oee?eii, ?iaeiieo
Iaeenoai: aa?eee (ecoi?oae), a?aiao (a?innoey?), na?iaioei (aiaaieo)
O?e Eaiea: ei?oiae (naioe?, ?oaei), o?eciaa?eee (aeaenaiae?eo),
oieiaeue, oee?eii, oiiac, a?aiao, aa?eee, oo?iaeei, noai, ?ooee,
ei?aeea?eo, oea?ieeo, aiaeaeoceo, aeeiineae, aiaoeo, eaa?oe (aiaoeno,
eioa/ee aeac), iieaaie oiao (eoiiue eaiaiue), ei?ia?oiei
Ae?ia: ei?oiae (?oaei, naioe?), oieiaeue, aeaaeaeo, oee?eii, eaa?oe,
aa?eee, o?eciaa?eee, oiiac, o?ecieeo, neaiieeo, aiaoeo, oea?ieeo,
oo?iaeei,
yioa?ue (ae?ieo), eyien-eaco?ue, aeeiineae, yinoaoeo, eeaieo,
aeaiao?eo
Oaeeaiae: ei?oiae (naioe?, ?oaei), oee?eii
Ao?eea
Aeaee?, Ia?ieei: oaeoeaaeii, na?iaioei
Aaeiao: aa?eee, o?ecieeo, ae?thca
Nuea??a-Eaiia, Aaeiay: aeiac, a?aiao (aiae?aaeeo), ei?oiae (?oaei),
oee?eia
Aaia, Aa?aa Neiiiaie Einoe: aeiac
Ieaa?ey: oiiac
Oeaio?aeueiiao?eeaineay ?anioaeeea: aeiac
Cae?: aeiac, oaeoeaaeii, aeeiioac
Aiaiea: aeiac, ei?oiae
Oaicaiey: aeiac, ei?oiae (naioe?, ?oaei), a?aiao (aeueiaiaeei, ie?ii),
eaa?oe
(aiaoeno), oaiaeeo, oo?iaeei, iieaaie ioao (eoiiue eaiaiue), yaeeac
oeieceo
Caiaey: eaa?oe (aiaoeno), a?aiao (a?innoey?)
Iaeaae: ei?oiae (naioe?, ?oaei)
Ceiaaaaa: aeiac, aa?eee (ecoi?oae, aeaaia?ei), o?eciaa?eee, oiiac,
a?aia, (ie?ii), oo?iaeei, eaa?oe (aiaoeno), oaeoeaaeii, iao?eo
THA?: aeiac, a?aiao (a?innoey?, ie?ii), aa?eee (ecoi?oae), eaa?oe
(aiaoeno, ?iciaue eaa?oe, ea?iai?i, nieieeiue aeac, oea?iaue aeac),
yinoaoae”
Iaieaey: aeiac, aa?eee, oo?iaeei, oiiac, eaa?oe (aiaoeno, ?iciaue
eaa?oe), oaeoeaaeii (o?ecii?ac, aaeeio?ii), ei?aeea?eo, eaco?eo
Iaaeaaanea?: ei?oiae (?oaei, naioe?), aa?eee, a?aiao (aeueiaiaeei,
nianna?oei), oiiac, oo?iaeei, oieiaeue, o?eciaa?eee, niiaeoiai
(eoioeeo), eaa?oe (ai?iue o?onoaeue, aiaoeno, ?iciaue eaa?oe),
oaeoeaaeii, ei?aeea?eo, iaaeaaie oiao (eoiiue eaiaiue, aiaciieo),
oee?eii, ei?ia?oiei, neaaeieea, aeaiao?eo, aaiaa?aeo, ?iaeeoeea
Aia?eea
Eaiaaea: o?ecieeo, oo?iaeei, aiaoeo, ae?thca, eaa?oe (aiaoeno),
oaeoeaaeii (aaao), iieaaie oiao (Eaa?aaei?)
Iuethoaoiaeeaiae: Eaa?aaei?
NOA: aeiac, ei?oiae (naioe?), ae?thca, oo?iaeei, iiae, oaeoeaaeii
(aaao), aa?eee, iieaaie oiao (aiaciieo, nieia/iue eaiaiue),
eyien-eaco?ue, iao?eo, ?iaeiieo, oiiac, niiaeoiai (eoioeeo, aeaeaeaieo),
iiaeeoieo, oeeieeo, aa?enoeeo, aethii?ouea?eo
Iaeneea: iiae, a?aiao, eaa?oe (aiaoeno, ai?iue o?onoaeue)
Aaaoaiaea: aeaaeaeo
Aiiaeo?an: iiae
Eieoiaey: aa?eee (ecoi?oae), ei?oiae (?oaei, naioe?), a?aiao (ie?ii,
a?innoey?, nianna?oei), oiiac, o?eciaa?eee, oo?iaeei, eaa?oe (aiaoeno,
ai?iue o?onoaeue, oeeo?ei), oaeoeaaeii (aaao), aiaeaeoceo, yaeeac,
iao?eo, oaiaeeo, neaiieeo, a?aceeeaieo
A?aaioeia: a?aiao (ie?ii), aa?eee, eaa?oe (?iciaue eaa?oe), oaeoeaaeii
(aaao), ?iaeio?iceo
O?oaaae: eaa?oe (aiaoeno), oaeoeaaeii (ea?iaie, aaao)
Aano?aeey: aeiac, ei?oiae (naioe?, ?oaei), iiae, aa?eee (ecoi?oae,
aeaaia?ei), oee?eii, oieiaeue, oiiac, a?aiao (ie?ii, nianna?oei), eaa?oe
(aiaoeno), oaeoeaaeii (aaao, o?ecii?ac, yoia), ae?thca, o?ecieeo,
oo?iaeei
Iiaay Caeaiaeey: iao?eo, iiae, oaeoeaaeii, na?iaioei (aiaaiea)
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
1. A. Nieo “Ae?aaioeaiiua eaiie”
2. E. A. Oaoaeiaa, A. A. Neo?eia “Iieoiaoaeth i thaaee?iuo ecaeaeeyo”
3. Neeiia? A: Oaaoeo ee /aeiaa/anoao caiiuo ?ano?nia? – I., Ie?, 1989.
4. Yioeeeeiiaaeey aeey aeaoae: O. 4 (Aaieiaey). – I., Aaaioa+, 1995. –
624 n.
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