Iaoeeiiaeueiue ia?e Eaiaeia
Oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea
1. Eeeiao
Eeeiao Aaianoyeu ii?aaeaeyaony /a?aaeiaaieai aeaaeiuo yeaaoi?eaeueiuo
aicaeooiuo iann i?e ooeeaaie iiaiaea eaoii e nooeo iannaoiuo aao?ia
ceiie. Oaiia?aoo?u iaei eciaiythony a oa/aiea aiaea e caaenyo a iniiaiii
io auniou ianoiinoe. I?ea?aaeiua ianoiinoe ioee/athony eciaouaathuae
aea?ie e aunieie aeaaeiinoueth aicaeooa, ia aicauoaiiinoyo oaiia?aoo?u
ieaea e oneiaey aieaa eiioi?oiu aeey iaeoaiey /aeiaaea. Eiaiii iiyoiio
ana e?oiiua ai?iaea ?aniieiaeaiu ia aunioa io 600 aei 1850 i iaae o.i.
Auoa 1800 i eeeiao cia/eoaeueii i?ioeaaeiaa e aeecie e eeeiaoo oia?aiiuo
oe?io. Ia aunioao aieaa 3000 i ianoieueei oieiaeii, /oi caieaaeaeea
i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeii, e iniiaiui aeaeii naeueneioicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony iaoeaaiaenoai. Aieaa o?ao /aoaa?oae ieiuaaee
no?aiu oa?aeoa?ecothony aeiaeaeeeaui naciiii, eioi?ue i?iaeieaeaaony n
iay aei iiya?y. Eiee/anoai inaaeeia aa?uee?oao io 280 ii ia Ea?eaneii
iiaa?aaeuea aei 2000 ii e aieaa o thaeiie ieiia/iinoe ica?a Ia?aeaeai e
ia iaaao?aiiuo neeiiao ai? e Aaeaineii ieineiai?uea. Nooie nacii
i?iaeieaeaaony n aeaeaa?y ii ai?aeue.
2. Ii/au
A nayce n iieiaeaieai THaeiie Aia?eee i?aeiouanoaaiii a ieceeo oe?ioao,
a iae i?aiaeaaeatho ?acee/iua oeiu eaoa?eoiuo ii/a. AEa?eei eaniui
iaeanoyi n iinoiyiiuie e iaeeueiuie inaaeeaie naienoaaiiu iiiaecieaiiua
eaoa?eoiua ii/au, eioi?ua o?oaeii ioaeaeeoue io i/aiue iiuiie ei?u
auaao?eaaiey. A iaeanoyo n naciiiui oaeaaeiaieai oeie/iu e?aniua,
ei?e/iaai-e?aniua e e?anii-ao?ua ii/au.
Ia oa??eoi?ee ia?ea i?enoonoaotho ionouiiua o?iie/aneeo e noao?iie/aneeo
iiynia, aeethaeaeueiua ?a/iuo aeieei, ianee, aunieiai?iua e ai?iua,
ionouiiua e noaiiaua.
Yeieiae/aneea oneiaey ionouiii-noaiiuo i?ino?ainoa e i?ioeaaeiuo eania
thaeiuo Aiae ?acei ioee/iu io aea?eeo naaaii e eania aieaa naaa?iuo
/anoae iaoa?eea. Iiyoiio nouanoaaiii ioee/aaony e aeeaioiue ie? yoeo
oa??eoi?ee. THaeiua ?aeiiu iauaaeeiythony a *eeeenei-Iaoaaiineoth
ciiaaia?aoe/aneoth iiaeiaeanoue, naaa?iua — a A?aceeueneoth.
3. ?anoeoaeueiue e aeeaioiue ie?
?anoeoaeueiue ie?. Oa??eoi?ey Aaianoyeu, eae e aieueoeinoaa no?ai
THaeiie Aia?eee, ?aciiia?acia ii aaniethoiui aunioai, eiee/anoao
auiaaeathueo inaaeeia e ae?oaei oneiaeyi n?aaeu. Yoi iauyniyao
iaiaeii?iaeiinoue ?anoeoaeueiiai iie?iaa e aiaaonoai oei?u no?aiu.
Iiaeii auaeaeeoue ianeieueei oei?enoe/aneeo iaeanoae. Ia naaa?iii
iiaa?aaeuea oei?a oeie/ii ea?eaneay – n ?aciiia?aciuie aea?aaueyie ec
naiaenoaa aiaiauo, iiiai/eneaiiuie eaeoonaie, aeaeaie Capparia,
Jacquinia e Ziziphus. Aaianoyeueneea Aiaeu – yoi i?iaeieaeaiea
Aiaeeeneie iaeanoe caiaaea THaeiie Aia?eee. Caeanue oa?aeoa?ia
?anoeoaeueiinoue ia?aii (aunieiai?iuo eoaia) e oia?aiiuo eania Eieoiaee,
a /anoiinoe Espeletia, Geranium, Ceroxylon, Cinchona, Miconia e
Gentiana. Oei?a ?aciiia?aciiai ii ?anoeoaeueiiio iie?iao aannaeia
I?eiiei naycaia naiei i?ienoiaeaeaieai n aieaa thaeiuie aicauoaiiinoyie
e aeiaeaeaauie eanaie. Caeanue oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu ieaioaoeee
yecioe/aneeo aeaeia, iai?eia? naoa?iiai o?inoieea e eioaeiiai aea?aaa.
Oi?ioi i?aaenoaaeaiu iiiaea naiaenoaa, ii iaeaieaa caiaoiu aiaiaua e
iaeueiu, auaeaeythueany ia oiia ceaeia. Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue thaeiuo
?aeiiia no?aiu ii oei?a noiaeia n Aiaciieae. Caeanue ?anooo oaeea
yeiiiie/anee aaaeiua aeaeu, eae aaaay a?aceeueneay e eanoeeea
eao/oeiiiniay, a oaeaea eaiaoiay iaeueia (ieannaaa). Naiay eioa?aniay
oei?enoe/aneay i?iaeioeey iaaaeeea ii ieiuaaee e caieiaao ieineea
aa?oeiu ian/aieeiauo ai? Na??a-Iaea?aeia, eaeoueo aaeieue thaeiie
a?aieoeu no?aiu io ianneaa ?i?aeia ia nouea Aaianoyeu, Aaeaiu e A?aceeee
ia caiaae aei ai?u Aeoeaea ieiei ?.Eaneeuey?a, naycuaathuae aa?oiauey
I?eiiei n aa?oiaueyie ?eo-Iaa?o. Yoi ?aeeeoiaay ciia, ianoieueei
ae?aaiyy, /oi aa aeeaeaeoea oei?enoe/aneea nayce i?ineaaeeaathony
oieueei n iaeioi?uie aicauoaiiinoyie thaa A?aceeee, a aieaa ioaeaeaiiua
– n Aiaeeeneie iaeanoueth, ai?aie eoaeineie iaeanoe I?ueaioa e Caiaaeiie
Ao?eee. Caeanue i?iec?anoaao iiiai oceiyiaeaie/iuo aa?aneiauo,
ia?aiiauo, a?iiaeeaauo e eeia?eniauo.
Aiaeinai?iue aannaei I?eiiei caieiaao i?eia?ii /aou?a iyouo oa??eoi?ee
Aaianoyeu. Iaeanoue Eueyiin e naaa?o io ?aee i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
iaoe?iua ca?inee aunieeo ceaeia, ia?aiaaeathueany naaaiiaie, iaeueiiauie
?iuaie e ?aaeeieanueyie. Ai iiiaeo ianoao ceaeiaieeai ia aeatho
ca?anoaoue n iiiiuueth /anouo iaeia. Eana, caieiathuea caeanue
cia/eoaeueiua ieiuaaee, ioiinyony e o?iie/aneiio eenoiiaaeiiio oeio e
noiaeiu n ionniiiuie eanaie o?iieeia Noa?iai Naaoa. Aeeaea e ea?eaneiio
iiaa?aaeueth iie noaiiayony nooa e iinoaiaiii i?eia?aoatho oa?aeoa?
eieth/eo ca?ineae n iiiai/eneaiiuie eaeoonaie e oeianouie aiaiauie. Ia
thaa e ainoiea no?aiu aaeieue a?aieoe n A?aceeeae e Aaeaiie yoe
eenoiiaaeiua eana ai iiiaeo ianoao caiauathony oeie/iui aeiaeaeaaui
aiaciineei eanii ec aunieeo aa/iicaeaiuo aea?aaueaa n niieiooui iieiaii
n iiiai/eneaiiuie eeaiaie e neaai au?aaeaiiui iiaeeaneii. Eaniua ianneau
ia?aiaaeathony naaaiiaie. Iaaieueoea ieiuaaee iioiaeaai aeiaeaeaaiai
eana iaoiaeyony ia naaa?a no?aiu, a iniiaiii o thaeiie ieiia/iinoe ica?a
Ia?aeaeai. Neeiiu Aaianoyeueneeo Aiae iie?uou aonoui e
o?oaeiii?ioiaeeiui iioiaui eanii, iacuaaaiui oaeaea ai?iui aeiaeaeaaui
eee iaea/iui. Yoi iiyn oeiiiai aea?aaa (Cinchona), /anoi n/eoathueeny
oia?aiiui ii eeeiaoo. Auoa a?aieoeu i?iec?anoaiey aea?aaueaa iaoiaeyony
aaceaniua ia?aii n aeiieie?iaaieai i?e/oaeeeauo aeaeia Espeletia,
eonoa?ie/eia e iiaeooeiaeaeiuo ?anoaiee. Yoe aunieiai?iua niiauanoaa
ii?aaeatho iiiai/eneaiiuie y?eeie oeaaoaie, eioi?ua i?eaeatho ei
noiaenoai n ia?iiiuie aeueieeneeie naaeaie. E niaeaeaieth, /?acia?iue
auian i?eaae e oiio, /oi anoanoaaiiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue ai iiiaeo ianoao
aeaa?aaee?iaaea aei eonoa?ieeiauo ionoioae.
AEeaioiue ie?. A Aaianoyea aiaeyony yaoa?, ioia, ioeaeio, eonoa?ieeiaay
niaaea, aeeceay e eoieoeai oae?a, auae?u, iaacueyiu, naeieiaua, ioo?ey,
oeaieioainoue aeeeia?ac, oaie? e iaea?e. Ano?a/athony oaeaea ieaie e
iiinnoiu. Ai iiiaeo ?aeao iau/iu e?ieiaeeeu, aeeeaaoi?u e /a?aiaoe. A
aeaeoiaeyo iaeeueii i?aaenoaaeaiu oaeaau, ae?oaea ciae e yua?eoeu. Ia
ieciaiiinoyo ano?a/aaony iiiaeanoai aeo?aaeae, oeaiaeue, aenoia, ooie e
ae?oaie aiaeiie aee/e, a a ai?ao – oeuiuo ioeoe, eaieaoeu, io?aaueaaeu,
a?iiaiinoeu, oaie?u, iaea?e, e ae?oaea i?aaenoaaeoaee A?aceeueneie
iiaeiaeanoe. Iiiai i?aniueathueony (a oii /enea aiaeiiaea,
aiaeino?eeoi?), caiiiaiaeiuo, ianaeiiuo, ec ioeoe – iiioaae, eieea?e,
ooeaiu, o?oaa/e. A ?aeao aiaeyony eaeiaiu, ie?aiuey, yeaeo?e/aneee
oai?ue.
4. Aeae?ia?aoey
?a/iay naoue i/aiue aonoay (aannaei ?aee I?eiiei), aeey i?aauo i?eoieia
oa?aeoa?iu iieiaiaeuey, ii?iae, aieueoia eiee/anoai aiaeiiaaeia. Ia ?aea
Ea?iie iino?iaiu aeae?iyeaeo?inoaioeee, aeathuea 75% yeaeo?iyia?aee
Aaianoyeu. Iiiaea eaaua i?eoiee I?eiiei noaeioiaeiu. Eaiae – ?aea
Eaneeuey?a niaaeeiyao I?eiiei n e?oiiuie a?aceeueneeie ?aeaie (aa?oiauea
?eo-Iaa?o, aannaei Aiaciiee) – yoi eeanne/aneee i?eia? aeoo?eaoeee ?ae,
o.a. ?acaeaeaiey ?aee ia aeaa aaoae, eioi?ua a aeaeueiaeoai ia
neeaathony e aiaaeatho a ?aciua aannaeiu.
Aiaeiiaae Aioaeue (Angel) eee Naeoi Aioaeue (Salto Angel) – naiue
aunieee a ie?a naiaiaeii iaaeathuee aiaeiiaae aunioie a 978 iao?ia.
Aiaeiiaae Aioaeue ?aniieiaeai a ai?iie ianoiinoe Aaeaia, iaeiie ec iyoe
oiiia?aoe/aneeo iaeanoae Aaianoyeu, a THaeiie Aia?eea. Ii iaoiaeeony ia
?aea Ea??ai. ?aea Ea??ai – i?eoie ?aee Ea?iie, eioi?ay a eiioea eiioeia
aiaaeaao a I?eiiei. Aeia?aoueny aei aiaeiiaaea iaeaaei, oae eae ii
iaoiaeeony a aonoii o?iie/aneii eano. Iao ieeaeeo aei?ia, aaaeoueo e
aiaeiiaaeo.
Aiaeiiaae Aioaeue iecaa?aaaony n aa?oeiu ieineie ai?u, iacuaaaiie
aai?eaaiaie “oaioe”. Ieineay ai?a iiae iacaaieai Aoyi Oaioe (Ai?a
Aeueyaiea) – iaeia ec aieaa /ai nioie iiaeiaiuo ae, ?annayiiuo ia
Aaeaineii iaai?uea a thai-ainoi/iie Aaianoyea. Yoe ae?aiethuea aeaaiou
oa?aeoa?iu naieie ianneaiuie aunioaie, aceaoathueie e iaao, n ieineeie
aa?oooeaie e iieiinoueth aa?oeeaeueiuie neeiiaie. Oaioe, iacuaaaiua
oaeaea “noieiauie ai?aie” (/oi oi/ii iienuaaao eo oi?iu),
noi?ie?iaaeenue ec ian/aieea ieeeea?aeu eao iacaae. Eo aa?oeeaeueiua
neeiiu iai?a?uaii ?ac?ooathony iiae aicaeaenoaeai i?ieeaiuo aeiaeaeae,
eaeoueo ia Aaeaineii iaai?uea.
Aai?eaaiu Aaianoyeu ciaee i “Naeoi Aioaeue” n iacaiaiyoiuo a?aiai.
Aiaeiiaae aue ia?aiia/aeueii iaia?oaeai a 1910 eniaineei enneaaeiaaoaeai
ii eiaie Y?ianoi Nai/an Ea E?on. Oai ia iaiaa, ii ia aue ecaanoai ie?o
aei ioeoeeaeueiiai ioe?uoey aia?eeaineei eao/eeii e cieioieneaoaeai
Aeaeaeinii E?ioi?aeii Yiaeaeaeii, a /anoue eioi?iai ii e aue iacaai.
Yiaeaeae ?iaeeeny a Ni?eiaoeeaea, ooao Ienno?e a 1899.
Yoio i?aaei?eei/eaue iiuoiue eao/ee a 1935 i?ieaoae iaae ianoiinoueth e
i?ecaieeeny ia aa?oooea iaeeiieie ai?u a iieneao cieioa. Aai iiiiieai
“Oeaieiai” cano?ye a aieioenouo aeaeoiaeyo ia aa?oeia, e ii caiaoee
aeiaieueii aiooeoaeueiue aiaeiiaae, i?inoe?athueeny aiec ia ouny/e
oooia. Aio ia neeoeii iiaacei n 11-ieeueiie yeneo?neae iacaae e
oeeaeeecaoeee, e aai naiieao inoaeny eaaeaoue i?eeiaaiiui e ai?a,
?aeaaathuei iaiyoieeii aai ioe?uoeth. Anei?a aanue ie? ociae i
aiaeiiaaea, iieo/eaoai ecaanoiinoue eae aiaeiiaae Aioaeue, a /anoue
ieeioa, iaia?oaeeaoaai aai.
Naiieao Aeaeeiie Yiaeaeaea inoaaaeny a aeaeoiaeyo ia i?ioyaeaiee 33 eao,
iiea ia aue iiaeiyo aa?oieaoii. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ii iaoiaeeony a Iocaa
Aaeaoeee a Ia?aeaa. Oio, eioi?ue au iiaeaoa oaia?ue aeaeaoue ia aa?oeia
oaioe – aai oi/iay eiiey.
Ioeoeeaeueiay aunioa aiaeiiaaea auea ii?aaeaeaia yeniaaeeoeeae
Iaoeeiiaeueiiai Aaia?aoe/aneiai Iauanoaa a 1949. Aiaeiiaae – aeaaiay
aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoue Aaianoyeu.
Aiaeiiaae ii/oe aaeaia auoa Aaoie eiiiuethoa?iie naoe, naiiai aunieiai
no?iaiey a ie?a. Ii oaeaea a 20 ?ac auoa, /ai Ieaaa?neee aiaeiiaae.
I/a?iaaoaeueiue ie? iaoeeiiaeueiiai ia?ea Eaiaeia yaeyaony niaa?oaiiie
eiiaeiaoeeae aieoaanoaa e aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, n aai aiooeoaeueiuie
noieiauie ai?aie – oaioe, aan/eneaiiuie ?aeaie, eaaoiaie, aiaeiiaaeaie,
eanaie e naaaiiaie, i?inoe?athueieny caeaiui ii?ai. Yoa aoiinoa?a
caneoaeeaaao iinauaiey oioy au oieueei ?ac a aeecie.
A yoii ?aeneii oaieea i?e?iaeu au iaeaeaoa eioa?anioth oei?o e oaoio, ai
iiiaeo neo/ayo oieeaeueioth a ie?a, ?aaii eae eiaeaeoeaa ieaiaie Iaiii,
a anoanoaaiiie aoiinoa?a, n eo ianeaaenoaaiiie eoeueoo?ie, ?aianeii,
oieueeei?ii, e eoeeia?eae.
Iaoeeiiaeueiue ia?e Eaiaeia i?inoe?aaony ia thai-caiaae Aaianoyeu, e
thao io ?aee I?eiiei, a ioieoeeiaeeoaoa A?ai Naaaia, ooao Aieeaa?. Ii
aue iniiaai aeae?aoii i?aaeoaeuenoaa Aaianoyeu 12 ethiy 1962.
Oa??eoi?ey ia?ea ninoaaeyao 3 ieeeeiia aaeoa?ia, caieiay oaeei ia?acii
aoi?oth a Aaianoyea e naaeueioth a ie?a ii i?ioyaeaiiinoe anoanoaaiioth
caiiaaaeioth iaeanoue.
Ia?e ?acaeaeai ia aeaa naeoi?a: Caiaaeiue e Ainoi/iue.
E caiaaeiie iaeanoe, iacuaaaiie Eaiaeia, iiaeii aeia?aoueny aicaeooiui
iooai eiiia?/aneeie ?aenaie ec Ea?aeana, Ia?aa?eou e
Nuethaeaae-Aieeaa?a.
Ianeaaeeoanue yoei i?eaeeaae?iaaiiui iyoa/eii ia caiea, naiii aunieei
aiaeiiaaeii a ie?a. Iaaa?iyoiia c?aeeua aiaeiiaaea Aioaeue, eaaoiu
Eaiaeia, caoaaouaathuea iaecaaee, n e?aneauie aiaeiiaaeaie, i?eaeaoatho
aan ia inaaaeathuaa ieaaaiea eee nieia/iua aaiiu ia e?aneaii aaeii
ianea, ie?oaeathuai eaaoio Eaiaeia.
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