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?aoa?ao ii aaia?aoee

I a e n e e a

Ieai

Aaaaeaiea 3

Ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai Iaeneee. 4

Aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea no?aiu 5

I?e?iaea Iaeneee 6

Yeiiiieea 6

Eoeueoo?a Iaeneee 9

?aeeaey 11

Enoi?ey 11

Ianaeaiea no?aiu 12

Caeeth/aiea 15

Eniieueciaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a 16

Aaaaeaiea

*oi iau/ii ethaee i?aaenoaaeytho naaa, eiaaea neuoao neiai ”Iaeneea”?

Ioae/ei a iii/i e oe?ieiiieuo oeyiao, iiaiie, ia?ano?aeee, ia?aoiaeu
/a?ac a?aieoeo – an? oi, /oi i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aiaaeee e aanoa?iu.

Eee aea ia?aaeueioth aeeciue ”iueueiuo iia?”.

A iaaeaeo oai Iaeneea yoi no?aia n eioa?aniie enoi?eae, aiaaoaeoei
eoeueoo?iui ianeaaeeai, ni neiaeiie e iaiaeiicia/ii ?acaeaathuaeny
yeiiiieeie e iieeoeeie; ni naieie iniauie o?aaeeoeeyie.

ss aua?ae aeey naiae ?aaiou eiaiii yoo caia/aoaeueioth no?aio, /oiau
naiiio iieo/oa ociaoue a? e iiiaiyoue onoiyaoeany noa?aioeiu o ae?oaeo.

Ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai Iaeneee.

Iaeneea (eni. Mexico), ioeoeeaeueiia iacaaiea Iaeneeaineea Niaaeei?iiua
Ooaou — ainoaea?noai a Naaa?iie Aia?eea, a?aie/auaa ia naaa?a n NOA, ia
thai-ainoiea — n Aaeecii e Aaaoaiaeie, ia naaa?i-caiaaea iiuaaaony
aiaeaie Eaeeoi?ieeneiai caeeaa e Oeoiai ieaaia, ia ainoiea — aiaeaie
Iaeneeaineiai caeeaa e Ea?eaneiai ii?y.

Iaeneea – oaaea?aoeaiay ?anioaeeea. Aeaenoaothuay eiinoeoooeey i?eiyoa 5
oaa?aey 1917 aiaea. Aeaaa ainoaea?noaa e i?aaeoaeuenoaa – i?aceaeaio,
eioi?ue iacia/aao aunoeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo neoaeaueo, aoaa?iaoi?ia ooaoia
e Oaaea?aeueiiai ie?oaa, ?aoaao ana aaaeiua aii?inu aioo?aiiae e aiaoiae
iieeoeee e yaeyaony aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei aii?oaeaiiuie neeaie.

Aunoei i?aaiii caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeanoe yaeyaony ia?eaiaio. Ii
iacuaaaony Iaoeeiiaeueiui eiia?annii e ninoieo ec aeaoo iaeao: naiaoa,
ecae?aaiiai ianaeaieai ia 6 eao (aeaa naiaoi?a io eaaeaeiai ooaoa e
Oaaea?aeueiiai ie?oaa) e iaeaou aeaiooaoia, ecae?aaiie ianaeaieai ia 3
aiaea. Ecae?aoaeueiui i?aaii iaeaaeatho ana a?aaeaeaia, aeinoeaoea
18-eaoiaai aic?anoa. I?aaeoaeuenoai ninoieo ec i?aceaeaioa, ieieno?ia,
aaia?aeueiiai i?ieo?i?a e ?oeiaiaeeoaeae 4 aeaia?oaiaioia.

A ia?a?uaao iaaeaeo nanneyie Iaoeeiiaeueiiai eiia?anna aeaenoaoao
Iinoiyiiay eiienney a ninoaaa 29 /eaiia. Ec ieo 15 yaeythony aeaiooaoaie
e 14 – naiaoi?aie, iacia/aaiuie niioaaonoaothueie iaeaoaie ia iineaaeiai
canaaeaiee nannee ia?aae ?inioneii. *eaiu ia?eaiaioa ia iiaoo auoue
ia?aeca?aiu iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia neaaeothuee n?ie.

Eaaeaeue ooao eiaao naith eiinoeoooeeth e iaeiiiaeaoiue eiia?ann
(Caeiiiaeaoaeueiia nia?aiea), eniieieoaeueiua i?aaiu ai aeaaa n
aoaa?iaoi?ii e noaeu.

Noaeaaioth nenoaio aicaeaaeyao Aa?oiaiue noae, /eaiu eioi?iai
iacia/athony i?aceaeaioii iiaeeciaiii e ooaa?aeaeathony naiaoii.
Eiathony oaeaea ie?oaeiua, iauaaeeiaiiua e ?aeiiiua noaeu.

Iineaaeiea aiaeu auee ianuuaiu aieueoei eiee/anoaii iieeoe/aneeo e
yeiiiie/aneeo niauoee a aeecie Iaeneee. Oae, a 2000 aiaeo iaeaieaa
aaaeiui iieeoe/aneei niauoeai noaee auai?u i?aceaeaioa no?aiu. A
?acoeueoaoa iai?yaeaiiie iieeoe/aneie ai?ueau i?aceaeaioii noae
eaiaeeaeao io Ia?oee iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeaenoaey A. Oien. Oaeei ia?acii, n
eca?aieai i?aceaeaioii Iaeneee eaiaeeaeaoa io iiiiceoeeiiiie ia?oee,
caaa?oeeny 71-eaoiee yoai ?oeiaiaenoaa no?aiie
?aaiethoeeiiii–einoeoooeeiiiie ia?oee. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?aceaeaioii
no?aiu yaeyaony Oaeeia Eaeueaea?ii (eca?ai a 2006 a.)

Iaeneea eiaao aeinoaoi/ii iiuiua aii?oaeaiiua neeu. Aeanoe aaaeoo
aeinoaoi/ii aeoeaioth aiaoithth iieeoeeo, ninoieo a oeaeii ?yaea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo e ?aaeiiaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo. A /anoiinoe aeoeaii
?aaioaao a yeiiiie/aneii e nioeeaeueiii niaaoa III, a THIANEI, OAI, IIO
e ae?oaeo niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo III. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea
Iaeneee o?aaeeoeeiiii iai?aaeaia ia oe?aieaiea iieeoe/aneie e
yeiiiie/aneie iacaaeneiinoe no?aiu, iniaaiii io naaa?iiai ninaaea.

Aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea no?aiu

Iaeneea – iaeii ec e?oiiaeoeo ainoaea?noa Eaoeineie Aia?eee. Aai
oa??eoi?ey ?aaia 1958,2 ouny/ eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?ia. Ii oa??eoi?ee
n?aaee no?ai caiaaeiiai iieooa?ey Iaeneea caieiaao iyoia ianoi. Iaeneea
yaeyaony naiie naaa?iie ec no?ai Eaoeineie Aia?eee e naiie ianae?iiie ec
eniaiiaiai?yueo no?ai.

No?aia iiuaaaony Oeoei e Aoeaioe/aneei ieaaiaie. Ia naaa?a no?aia
a?aie/eo n NOA, ia thai-ainoiea – n Aaeecii e Aaaoaiaeie.

Iaeneea – no?aia ai?enoay, aieaa 50% a? oa??eoi?ee ?aniieiaeaii auoa
1000 iao?ia iaae o?iaiai ii?y. Aaeeinoaaiiay ?aaieia – iieoino?ia
THeaoai, oceea ieciaiiinoe oyioony oaeaea aaeieue ieaaineeo iiaa?aaeee.
O?aaou Iaeneeaineiai iaai?uey, Nuea??a-Iaae?a e Iiia?a/iie Aoeeaie/aneie
Nuea??u ni iiiaeanoaii aeaenoaothueo aoeeaiia, a o./. aunoay oi/ea
no?aiu – I?enaaa (5700 i.), Iiiieaoaiaoeue (5452 i.) e ae?.
Aoeeaie/aneay aeoeaiinoue aeinoaoi/ii auniea, oaeaea /anou
caieao?ynaiey.

Aiaeiua ?ano?nu ?ani?aaeaeaiu e?aeia ia?aaiiia?ii, /oi niaianoii n
ae?oaeie oaeoi?aie nicaea?o o?oaeiinoe aeey aaaeaiey naeueneiai
oicyenoaa. Iiiaea ?aeiiu Iaeneee ioaeaeathony a i?ioaiee.

Iaeneea caieiaao iaeii ec ia?auo iano a ie?a n?aaee i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo
no?ai ii caianai oeaeiai ?yaea oeaiiuo eneiiaaiuo. A /anoiinoe, no?aia
iaeaaeaao aieueoeie ?ano?naie a?aoeoa, oethi?eoa, no?ueiu, ?oooe. E?iia
oiai, a iaae?ao no?aiu iaoiaeyony iaooue, i?e?iaeiue aac, oaieue, ?oaeu
/a?iuo e oeaaoiuo iaoaeeia, ai?ii-oeie/aneia nu?uea. Iaooaaaciiiniua
aannaeiu ?aniieiaeaiu a ?aeiia I?eiaeneeaineie aiaaeeiu.

Cia/eoaeueiua caianu oaeaaiaei?iaeiiai nu?uey nin?aaeioi/aiu oaeaea a
aeaaoi?ee Iaeneeaineiai caeeaa. Ii caianai iaooe Iaeneea caieiaao aoi?ia
ianoi a Eaoeineie Aia?eea iinea Aaianoyeu. Oaieueiua caianu
ioeaieaathony a ?acia?a 12 ie?ae. oiii e iaoiaeyony iie a iniiaiii a
ooaoa Eiaoeea (aannaei Naaeian). Anoue oaeaea ianoi?iaeaeaiey
naeioeiai-oeeieiauo ?oae. I?e eo ia?a?aaioea a i?iiuoeaiiuo eiee/anoaao
iieo/atho cieioi, no?ueio, na?aa?i. Ianoi?iaeaeaiey nianoaaiii
na?aa?yiuo ?oae a ?aeiia Ia/oea aeatho ieiei 20% anae aeiau/e na?aa?a.
Eiathony cia/eoaeueiua caianu ieaaeeiaiai oiaoa, iaiueoaa cia/aiea
eiatho ianoi?iaeaeaiey o?aia, anaanoa, eaieeia, oinoaoiiai nu?uey, niee,
nethaeu, oaeueea e o.i.

I?aiaeaaeaiea ai?iiai ?aeueaoa i?aaeii?aaeaeytho aieueoia ?aciiia?acea,
a ia?aaeei e iicae/iinoue eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaee. Eeeiao noao?iie/aneee
ia naaa?a, o?iie/aneee ia thaa.

I?e?iaea Iaeneee

Iaeneea – yoi ie n /ai ia n?aaieiay iicaeea yeinenoai: aaaeue ?a/ue
eaeao i no?aia, caieiathuae /aoaa?oia ianoi a ie?a ii aeieiae/aneiio
?aciiia?aceth. A Iaeneea nouanoaoao 58 iaoeeiiaeueiuo ia?eia e
caiiaaaeieeia aeinoa?u, ia n/eoay iiiaeanoaa i?ae?aniuo oaieeia
i?e?iaeu.

Ia aieueoii oeaio?aeueiii ieineiai?uea ?aniieiaeaiu iaeie ec naiuo
aunieeo aa?oei eiioeiaioa. Eaaeaeoth ceio aeanyoee ieeeeiiia ei?ieaaneeo
aaai/ae i?eeaoatho a Iaeneeo, nianaynue io naaa?iuo oieiaeia. ?ac?aoaii
iinauaiea eeoue iaeiiai ec eo caiiaaaeieeia, iaoiaeyuaainy a
ie?anoiinoyo Neoaeoa?i (ooao Ie/iaeai).

THa Iaeneee – naiue aieueoie ?aeii o?iie/aneeo eania e naaa?o io
Aiaciiee. Oai Aanue iieoino?ia THeaoai – ianoiyuaa /oaei i?e?iaeu.
O?iie/aneea eana e ianoaeua iiaenooiatho aieioioth e Ea?eaneiio ii?th,
caeanue iaoiaeeony aoi?ie ii aaee/eia a ie?a ei?aeeiaue ?eo.

Yeiiiieea

Aoaeo/e a oa/aiea 300 eao eniaineie eieiieae, Iaeneea yaeyeanue aeey
Eniaiee aeaoaaui enoi/ieeii nu?uey e ?uieii nauoa oiaa?ia. Oaeay
iieeoeea iaiaaoeea i/aiue iaaieueooth ii /eneaiiinoe iaeneeaineoth
yeeoo, ninoiyaooth ec eniaioeaa e e?aieia (iaeneeaioeaa eniaineiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey), ii i?aiyonoaiaaea yeiiiie/aneiio ?acaeoeth. Yeiiiieea
aace?iaaeanue a iniiaiii ia au?aueaaiee eoeo?ocu, aiaiauo, /eeeeneiai
e?aniiai ia?oea e ?acaaaeaiee e?oiiiai ?iaaoiai neioa aeey aioo?aiiaai
iio?aaeaiey, ia aeiau/a na?aa?a e ae?oaiai ieia?aeueiiai nu?uey, a
oaeaea au?aueaaiee oaaaea ia yenii?o. Iia a neeueiie noaiaie caaenaea io
eniieueciaaiey o?oaea ianoiiai ianaeaiey, ninoiyaoaai a iniiaiii ec
eiaeaeoeaa (iicaea iaoenia). Aieiu ca iacaaeneiinoue (1810-1821) e
iineaaeiaaaoay ca ieie ianoaaeeueiinoue ?aci?eee no?aio e caoi?iiceee
eiaanoeoeeiiiue i?ioeann. A eiioea 19 a. aeeeoaoi? Ii?oe?ei Aeean
(i?aaee a 1876-1910) eniieueciaae ?anoi/eoaeueiua oeiainiaua noeioeu,
/oiau i?eaea/ue eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia, eioi?ua i?enooieee e inaiaieth
ianoi?iaeaeaiee iaooe Iaeneee e iino?ieee aeaeaciua aei?iae, oinna,
ii?oiaua nii?oaeaiey, oaeaa?aoiua eeiee e nenoaiu eeiee yeaeo?iia?aaea/.
Yoi aucaaei ao?iia yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea e ?ino n?aaeiaai eeanna,
eioi?ue aiciouaeny i?aaeinoaaeaieai eiino?aioeai aieaa aeaaii?eyoiuo
oneiaee. Iineieueeo iauai i?iecaiaenoaa eioa, oeiiea, naoa?iiai
o?inoieea e iaeneeaineie iaiueee aic?anoae ca n/ao nie?auaiey
iaoo?aeueiiai naeueneiai oicyenoaa, aieueoeinoai e?anoueyi iino?aaeaee,
oae eae caiee, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoea eo iaueia, oae iacuaaaiua “yoeaein”,
auee caiyou /anoiuie caieaaeaaeaeueoeaie, e iie auee auioaeaeaiu
?aaioaoue ia ieaioaoeeyo, eioi?ua niaoeeaeece?iaaeenue ia au?aueaaiee
yenii?oiuo eoeueoo?, eee ana aianoa iieeaeaoue caieth. Aeaeaeaiea ca
aica?auaiea caiee e?anoueyiai e i?ioea yeiiiie/aneiai ainiiaenoaa
eiino?aioeaa i?eaaei e aniuoea ?aaiethoeee 1910, eioi?ay naa?aea Aeeana.

Iiaia i?aaeoaeuenoai i?aaei?eiyei aeoeaiua aeaenoaey ii
“iaeneeaiecaoeee” yeiiiieee. A 1930-a aiaeu i?aceaeaio Eana?i Ea?aeaian
iaoeeiiaeece?iaae aeaeaciua aei?iae no?aiu, yeni?ii?ee?iaae 17
eiino?aiiuo eiiiaiee, eioi?ua eiio?iee?iaaee iaooyioth i?iiuoeaiiinoue,
e inouanoaee e?oiioth caiaeueioth ?aoi?io.

Ai a?aiy Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu i?aaeoaeuenoai i?enooieei e nicaeaieth
ioa/anoaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe aeey caiaiu eiii?oa – yoa eiioeaioeey
oe?iei ?ani?ino?aieeanue ii anaio caiaaeiiio iieooa?eth a ?acoeueoaoa
Aaeeeie Aeai?annee. Yoa no?aoaaey no?ieeanue ia nicaeaiee
i?ioaeoeeiienoneeo aa?uea?ia aeey iiiu?aiey “ca?iaeaeathueony
ioa/anoaaiiuo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe”, eioi?ua au niiaee i?iecaiaeeoue
oiaa?u, eioi?ua ?aiaa iieoiaeenue ca a?aieoeae. E ae?oaei noeioeai
?acaeoey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ioiineeenue iaeiaiaua eueaiou, caeiu n
ieceeie i?ioeaioaie, aeaoaaay yeaeo?iyia?aey, iineooiia i?ionithciia
aeaeaeaiea e no?ieoaeuenoai iaoe?iie naoe oinnaeiuo e aeaeaciuo aei?ia,
ay?iii?oia e nii?oaeaiee nayce. Oaeay iieeoeea i?aaeoaeuenoaa aucaaea
“yeiiiie/aneia /oaei”, eioi?ia i?iyaeeinue a aunieeo oaiiao
yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa.

Neooaoeey a yeiiiieea Iaeneee a ia/aea 1970-o aiaeia noaea oeo/oaoueny
aeaaiaea?y ioe?uoeth “Iao?ieain iaoeeaiin” (“Iaiaen”), ainoaea?noaaiiie
iaooyiie eiiiaieae, e?oiiuo iaooyiuo ianoi?iaeaeaiee a Oaaanei, *ueyian
e a caeeaa Eaiia/a, iaeiaei anei?a ieacaeanue ianiiniaiie ianeoaeeaaoue
ia?iiiue aiaoiee aeiea, eiaaea oeaiu ia iaooue ia/aee iaaeaoue a ia?eiae
yeiiiie/aneiai niaaea 1981-1982. Yeno?aiiua caeiu, i?aaeinoaaeaiiua NOA
e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie oeiainiauie i?aaiecaoeeyie, nii?iaiaeaeaaoeany
?aceei iaanoeaieaaieai iani e iieeoeeie no?iaie yeiiiiee, nianee no?aio
io aaie?ionoaa.

A 90-a aiaeu a no?aia ia/aeny yeiiiie/aneee niaae. ?acaeooue oi?aiaue
aeaoeoeeo, ia?iiiue aiaoiee aeiea e oaaee/aiea aeaiaaeiie iannu i?eaaee
e iaanoeaieaaieth iani. Iioii ia/aeny ia?eiae icaei?iaeaiey iaeneeaineie
yeiiiieee, eioi?ue, ai?i/ai, i?iaeieaeaeny iaaeieai.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy Iaeneea caieiaao 13-a ianoi a ie?a ii AAI. Ii
ninoaaeyao 1 108 ie?ae. aeiee, eee 8 ouny/ aeiee. ia aeooo ianaeaiey.

I?iiuoeaiiinoue no?aiu nin?aaeioi/aia aeaaiui ia?acii a ciia n
80-eeeiiao?iaui ?aaeeonii io ai?iaea Iaoeei e a ai?iaeao Iiioa??ae e
Aaaaeaeaoa?a. Aeiau/a iaooe nin?aaeioi/aia ia ainoi/iii iiaa?aaeuea io
Oaiieei aei Aeeuey-Y?iina, ia ii?neeo ao?iauo onoaiiaeao a caeeaa
Eaiia/a. Aieueoeinoai oa?i ii ?acaaaeaieth e?oiiiai ?iaaoiai neioa
iaoiaeeony a naaa?iuo e oeaio?aeueiuo ooaoao, a ieo nin?aaeioi/aia e
aieueoay /anoue ae?oaeo iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo. Iaei?aioaaaeueiia
i?iecaiaenoai eoeo?ocu, aiaiauo, oueau, aaeeaaeaiia e /eeeeneeo e?aniuo
ia?oeaa ?aciauaii ii anae no?aia, ca eneeth/aieai oao ?aeiiia, aaea
yoiio i?aiyonoaotho eeeiao e anoanoaaiiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue (naaa?iua
?aeiiu ionouiue e eana a Oaaanei, THeaoaia e *ueyiana) eee oa??eoi?ey
(neaeenoua ai?iua aeieeiu CaiaaeiieNuea??u-Iaae?a). Iiouae e ieoae,
cai?yaeaiiua aoeaieaie, ana aua oe?iei eniieuecothony iaei?aioaaaeueiuie
e?anoueyineeie oicyenoaaie, eioi?ua ?aaeei iiaoo iicaieeoue naaa
eniieueciaaoue aieaa ia?aaeiaoth naeueneioicyenoaaiioth oaoieeo, eioi?ay
i?eiaiyaony e?oiiuie caieaaeaaeaeueoeaie. Oiaa?iia naeueneia oicyenoai
iaeaieaa ?acaeoi e iaoaiece?iaaii a ?aeiiao e naaa?o io aeieeiu Iaoeei e
ia naaa?i-caiaaeiuo neeiiao e a aeieeiao Caiaaeiie Nuea??u-Iaae?a,
iniaaiii a ooaoao Neiaeia e Niii?a, aaea au?aueaathony, a iniiaiii ia
yenii?o, o?oeou e iaiue, i?iec?anoathuea a oneiaeyo oia?aiiiai
eeeiaoe/aneiai iiyna, a /anoiinoe iiieaei?u e aeuie. Oiaa?iua
o?iie/aneea eoeueoo?u au?aueaathony ia oeaio?aeueiii iiaa?aaeuea e ia
thaa: naoa?iue o?inoiee – ia ?aaieiao, eioa – a ai?iuo ?aeiiao,
iaeneeaineay iaiueea ia THeaoaia, a aaiaiu, iaiai, aoaeyaa, iaiaey e
aiaianu a ?yaea ae?oaeo ?aeiiia.

A 1998 a Iaeneea ii/oe 38 iei. /aeiaae iaoiaeeeinue a o?oaeiniiniaiii
aic?anoa, ec ieo ii/oe 5% ia ?aaioaee e aua 35% ?aaioaee iaiieiue
?aai/ee aeaiue. I?iaeaia ono?ienoaa ia ?aaioo noeioee?oao ia?iiioth
iea?aoeeth ianaeaiey a ai?iae Iaoeei, noieeoeu ooaoia e a NOA. Ii
ioeaieai, /eneaiiinoue ethaeae, eioi?ua a 1990-a aiaeu iea?e?iaaee a
iieneao ?aaiou, ninoaaeea 14 iei. /aeiaae.

E aaaeiaeoei naeueneioicyenoaaiiui eoeueoo?ai ioiinyony ioaieoea, ?en,
y/iaiue, iaen e ni?ai. E ae?oaei aaaeiui yenii?oiui eoeueoo?ai ioiinyony
o?oeou e iaiue, iniaaiii iiieaei?u, aiaeueneiu, iaiai, aaiaiu, a oaeaea
eioa.

?acaaaeaiea e?oiiiai ?iaaoiai neioa a Iaeneea nin?aaeioi/aii a
naaa?ii-oeaio?aeueiii ?aaeiia, eioi?ue yenii?oe?oao aieueoia /enei aieia
?iaaoiai neioa a NOA. Aiayaeeia e iiei/iua i?iaeoeou aeey
o?aaiece?iaaiiuo ?aeiiia Iaeneee a iniiaiii iinooiaee ec i?eii?neiai
?aeiia Iaeneeaineiai caeeaa, aaea ?acaiaeyo e?oiiue ?iaaoue neio ii?iaeu
caao. Aieueoia cia/aiea a aeeaioiiaiaenoaa no?aiu eiatho oaeaea eioaaee,
ioeu, ineu, iaoeu, eicu e naeiuee. Iauai auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee
aeeaioiiaiaenoaa niioaaonoaoao aioo?aiiei iio?aaiinoyi no?aiu a
aiayaeeia, naeieia, naaaeai iieiea, ioeoea e yeoeao, ii nooia iieiei
eiii?oe?oaony.

Eana Iaeneee auee au?oaeaiu ia oiieeai eee aeey aaaeaiey caieaaeaeey. N
1940-o aiaeia noaea inouanoaeyoueny i?ia?aiia ainnoaiiaeaiey eania iooai
nicaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiuo eaniia?eia. A 1990 i?iecaiaenoai e?oaeiai eana
ninoaaeyei 22,2 iei. eoaiiao?ia. 70% ae?aaaneiu eniieueciaaeinue eae
oiieeai. Ii iauaio i?iecaiaenoaa e oeaiiinoe ninia i?aainoiaeeea ii/oe a
10 ?ac ana inoaeueiua ii?iaeu aea?aaueaa, oaeea, eae e?aniia aea?aai,
?iciaia aea?aai, eaiiaoaaia aea?aai, naaoeia e?aniia aea?aai, eaiie e
oonoee, a iniiaiii ia ia?aoaeea Oaoaioaiae e iieoino?iaa THeaoai. E
ae?oaei aeaeai i?iaeoeoeee eaniie i?iiuoeaiiinoe ioiinyony /eeee ec
naiiaeeeeiaiai aea?aaa, aeooi, eaieoieue e ae?aaaniue oaieue.

Oaoou e iaooyiua iiey Iaeneee, eioi?ua eiaaea-oi i?eiaaeeaaeaee aeaaiui
ia?acii ei?ii?aoeeyi NOA, oaia?ue a iniiaiii iaoeeiiaeece?iaaiu. Iaeneea
yaeyaony iaeiei ec iniiaiuo ie?iauo i?iecaiaeeoaeae na?aa?a (2536 o a
1996) e ieaaeeiaiai oiaoa (480 oun. o a 1997), a oaeaea aeaaiui
iinoaaueeii no?ueiu, eaaeiey, ia?aaioea, ?oooe e oeeiea. A 1997 auei
i?iecaaaeaii 170 oun. o naeioea, 360 oun. o iaaee e 2,3 iei. o na?u, a
oaeaea aieueoia eiee/anoai cieioa, iieeaaeaia, aieueo?aia, ieiaa,
aeniooa, o?aia, aa?eoa e aunieiea/anoaaiiiai eienothuaainy oaey.

Eiathony o?e aeaaiuo ai?iiaeiauaathueo ?aeiia. Ia naaa?a Ieaeiyy
Eaeeoi?iey e ooaou Niii?a, Neiaeia, *eoaoa, Eiaoeea, Ioyai-Eaii,
Aeo?aiai e Naeaoaean aiaaou na?aa?ii, iaaeueth, oaeai, cieioii,
aeaeaciie ?oaeie, oeeieii, naeioeii, iieeaaeaiii, aa?eoii, ieaaeeiaui
oiaoii, o?aiii e aieueo?aiii. Ia iiaa?aaeuea Iaeneeaineiai caeeaa, ooaou
Aa?ae?on, Oaaanei e Eaiia/a i?iecaiaeyo na?o, aethieiee e ia?aaiaoe.
Cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai cieioa, ia?aaioea, ieaaeeiaiai oiaoa, naeioea e
oeeiea no?aiu aeiauaaaony a caiaaeii-oeaio?aeueiuo ooaoao Oaeenei,
Aa??a?i, Aaoaneaeueaioan, Aoaiaooaoi, Eaeaeueai e Nai-Eoen-Iioine.

Eoeueoo?a Iaeneee

Enoeiiuie iaiyoieeaie ae?aaiinoe a Iaeneea yaeythony ie?aieaeu. Eo a
no?aia iiiai, ii aeinooiiu aeey iaic?aiey eeoue iaeioi?ua. Iiiaea
ie?aieaeu iia?aaaiu iiae eoeueoo?iui neiai e iie?uou aonoie o?iie/aneie
?anoeoaeueiinoueth, oae /oi i?aaenoaaeytho niaie i?inoi caeaiua oieiu.
Aieueoeinoai ie?aieae — iiiaineieiua nii?oaeaiey: naiay ae?aaiyy
iaoiaeeony aioo?e, a iaae iae nouanoaotho ianeieueei aieaa iicaeieo
iaaeno?iae e iaeeoeiaie.

Iaeaieaa ecaanoiuie e, aa?iyoii, iaeaieaa ae?aaieie, yaeythony ie?aieaeu
Oaioeoaeaia, iaiiaeaeaeo io Iaoeei. Oaioeoaeai (a ia?aaiaea icia/aao
«ianoi, aaea ethaee iauathony n aiaaie») — naiue ae?aaiee e caaaaei/iue
ec anao ioe?uouo ai?iaeia aeieeanne/aneie Aia?eee. Ai a?aiaia Ae?aaiaai
?eia ii ian/eouaae 200 oun. aeeoaeae. E eiioeo ia?aiai ouny/aeaoey iaoae
y?u ai?iae iionoae, aai o?aiu e aeiia auee ?ac?ooaiu. Nio?aieeenue aeaa
e?oiiaeoea ie?aieaeu — ie?aieaea Nieioea e ie?aieaea Eoiu, a oaeaea o?ai
naiiai iiioey?iiai ec iaeneeaineeo aiaia — Eaooeaeueeiaoey,
ieeoeaoai?yaoaai aeia?ia e naaoeia ia/aei. I?e/ei aeaaee ae?aaiaai
ai?iaea e oiai, eoi e eiaaea iino?iee aai e nio?aiee e?oiiaeoea
ie?aieaeu, ia ciaao ieeoi.

Aoeoaee ia niiiaaaeenue a oii, /oi yoi iiaee naeaeaoue oieueei aiae. A
ia aa?oeia ie?aieaeu Eoiu, eae iieaaatho, i?ienoiaeeo i/euaiea /aeiaaea
io a?aoia. Aua iaeia aia/aoeythuay a?oiia ie?aieae — ie?aieaeu Ieoea e
Iiioa-Aeueaaia — iaoiaeeony aaeece ai?iaea Iaoaee. Ae?aaiea naiioaeneea
ai?iaea iieo/eee iniaaiii iuoiia ?acaeoea a IV–VII aaeao, ii e 1400
aiaeo auaoay noieeoea naiioaeia Iiioa-Aeueaaia i?aa?aoeeanue a ia?iiiia
eeaaeaeua n i/aiue aiaaouie caoi?iiaieyie. Nie?iaeua, iaia?oaeaiiua oaea
a OO aaea a caoi?iiaiee, yaeythony iaeiie ec aiaaoaeoeo a?oaieiae/aneeo
iaoiaeie ie?a. Iaeioi?ua ec yoeo nie?iaeu — aoeoaeneea cieioua
oe?aoaiey, ecia?aaeathuea aiaa nia?oe, nieioea, ea?o a iy/ e ae?oaea,
aeaiiino?e?othony a iocaa ai?iaea Iaoaee.

Naiay e?oiiay ii iauaio ie?aieaea ec anao ecaanoiuo ia caiea iaoiaeeony
a ai?iaea *ieoea, a 100 ei io iaeneeaineie noieeoeu. Naaiaeiy yoa
ie?aieaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oiei, ca?inoee eanii, ia aa?oeia eioi?iai
auneony eaoiee/aneee o?ai. Oaeei ia?acii eniaioeu iaicia/eee naia
i?aainoiaenoai iaae ae?aaiae eiaeaeneee oeeaeeecaoeeae.

Iiiai/eneaiiua o?aiu–ie?aieaeu e nayuaiiua eieiaeoeu, a eioi?ua
eiaeaeoeu a?inaee cieioua oe?aoaiey, nouanoaotho e ia ?aaieiao
iieoino?iaa THeaoai, aaea ?acaeaaeanue oeeaeeecaoeey eiaeaeoeaa ieaiaie
iaey. Iie nicaeaee ea?iaeeoe/aneoth ienueiaiiinoue, aeinoeaee aieueoeo
oniaoia a no?ieoaeueiii eneonnoaa, ?acaeee i?eeeaaeioth iaoaiaoeeo e
ano?iiiieth. Oiaaeie yoie oeeaeeecaoeee ia/aeny ouny/o eao iacaae,
caaeieai aei iiyaeaiey eniaioeaa. Iionoaee o?aiu, ca?inee eieiaeoeu —
oeeaeeecaoeey en/acea, ii iioiiee iaey e naaiaeiy aeeaoo ia caiea
THeaoaia, nio?aiyy ae?aaiea o?aaeeoeee e aa?o a naieo aiaia.

Ia THeaoaia nouanoaotho ?acaaeeiu (?oeiu) ianeieueeeo ae?aaieo
ai?iaeia–ainoaea?noa. N?aaee ieo ecaanoiu ie?aieaeu a Iaeaiea e ae?aaiyy
iana?aaoi?ey a *e/ai-Eoea.

?aeeaey

Iaeneea yaeyaony naaoneei ainoaea?noaii. Oea?eiaue a no?aia ioaeaeaia io
ainoaea?noaa e ia eiaao oiai iieeoe/aneiai aeeyiey, eioi?ia o iaa auei
iinea caoaaoa oa??eoi?ee no?aiu eniaineeie eiieaenoaaei?aie, iaaycaaoeie
no?aia eaoieeoeeci e oie/oiaeeaoeie ycu/aneia iieeiiaiey eiaeaeoeaa
iiiai/eneaiiui aiaai, a /anoiinoe, Aiao Nieioea. A ainoaea?noaaiiuo
o/?aaeaeaieyo no?aiu cai?auaia ethaay ?aeeaeiciay i?iiaaaiaea,
iineieueeo enoi?e/anee neiaeeeinue oae, /oi aeooiaainoai neeueii
?aciauaii, a eiaiii ec aai ?aeeaeiciie n?aaeu auoee iiiaea eaeaieiae,
eioi?ua naaiaeiy aicaeaaeytho ?acee/iua iieeoe/aneea aeaeaeaiey.

Aieueoeinoai ianaeaiey Iaeneee eniiaaaeoao eaoieeoeeci, oneeaiii
ianaaeaeaaoeeny a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie ii?ooaaeueneeie
eieiiecaoi?aie. Naaiaeiy eaoieeeaie iiieiaeueii n/eoatho naay i?eia?ii
ieiei 89% ianaeaiey, i?ioanoaioia ian/eouaaaony 6%, a e ae?oaei
eiioanneyi i?e/eneytho naay 5% aa?othueo. A /anoiinoe, a Iaeneea
aeiaieueii iiiai ionoeueiai, ieiei iieooi?a i?ioeaioia eoaeaaa, anoue
i?aaineaaiua o?enoeaia. Aianoa n oai nia?aiaiiui iaeneeaioeai ia i/aiue
i?enoua ?aeeaeiciinoue, iaeiaei, aieueoeinoai ana aea niaethaeaao
?aeeaeiciua iau/ae e o?aaeeoeee.

Ia?auaiea eiaeaeoeaa a eaoiee/anoai inouanoaeyeinue ienneiia?aie –
/eaiaie ?acee/iuo iiiaoaneeo i?aeaiia. A iniiaiii yoi auee
i?aaenoaaeoaee i?aeaiia aeiieieeaioeaa, o?aioeeneaioeaa, eacoeoia e
ae?oaeo. Aianoa n oai ianeeuenoaaiiia ianaaeaeaiea eaoieeoeecia e
?ani?ino?aiaiea ae?oaeo ?aeeaee ia niiaee iieiinoueth enei?aieoue
ae?aaieo aa?iaaiee eiaeaeoeaa: caieaaeaeue/aneea eoeueou, aa?o a
?acee/iuo aeooia e oiio iiaeiaiia. A no?aia iiaeii ano?aoeoue
ao?io?enoaineea eoeueou, eioi?ua neiaeeeenue a eieiieaeueiue ia?eiae. Eo
iineaaeiaaoaeyie yaeythony auaacaiiua ec Ao?eee ?aau. A /anoiinoe,
naaiaeiy ao?iaia?eeaioeu ii/eoatho O?enoa, aeaao Ia?eth, i?iaeieaeay
iieeiiyoueny naiei ao?eeaineei aiaeanoaai, eioi?ua i?eia?aee naieo
o?enoeaineeo aeaieieeia.

Enoi?ey

Ia oa??eoi?ee nia?aiaiiie Iaeneee iaoiaeeeenue iaeie ec iaeaieaa
?acaeouo oeeaeeecaoeee Caiaaeiiai iieooa?ey. Ia?aie oeeaeeecaoeeae auei
ainoaea?noai ieueiaeia, i?inouanoaiaaaoaa n 1500 ii 600 aiae aei i.y.
Eoeueoo?a iaey aeinoeaea naiaai ?anoeaaoa ieiei VI aaea i.y. Aua iaeiie
oeeaeeecaoeeae auei ainoaea?noai aieinoaaiiuo oieueoaeia, aicieeoaa a O
aaea a oeaio?a nia?aiaiiie Iaeneee. A XI aaea oieueoaee auee auoaniaiu
ieaiaiai /e/eiaea, eioi?uo a naith i/a?aaeue auoanieee i?eoaaeoea n
naaa?a ieaiaia iaooaoeai, naiui iiuiui n?aaee eioi?uo auei ieaiy
aoeoaeia eee Iaeneea. Eiia?ey aoeoaeia aicieeea ai aoi?ie /aoaa?oe XIV
aaea e e XV aaeo auea naiui iiaouanoaaiiui ainoaea?noaaiiui ia?aciaaieai
a oeaio?aeueiie e thaeiie Iaeneea.

Ia?aui aa?iiaeoeai, i?eoaaeoei ia oa??eoi?eth Iaeneee, aue eniaineee
ii?aieaaaoaeue O?ainenei Oa?iaiaean aea Ei?aeiaa, a 1517 aiaeo ioe?uaoee
ia THeaoaia ae?aaiea iinaeaiey iaey. *a?ac aiae Ooai aea A?eoaaa,
aicaeaaeyaoee yeniaaeeoeeth ia ainoi/iii aa?aao Iaeneee, i?eian
niiauaiea i nouanoaiaaiee aiaaoie eiia?ee aoeoaeia.

A 1519 aiaeo aieueoie aii?oaeaiiue io?yae iiae ia/aeii Oa?iaiaei Ei?oana
ia/ae aiaaua aeaenoaey i?ioea aoeoaeia. A 1535 aiaeo iaea noieeoea
aoeoaeia, e Iaeneea noaea eniaineie eieiieae. A ia/aea XIX aaea, eiaaea
aienea Iaiieaiia ieeoie?iaaee Eniaieth, a Iaeneea ia/aeanue
inaiaiaeeoaeueiay aieia, caeii/eaoayny a ethea 1821 aiaea ia?aciaaieai
iacaaeneiie Iaeneeaineie eiia?ee. A 1823 aiaeo no?aia auea i?iaicaeaoaia
?anioaeeeie. A 1836 aiaeo Iaeneea iioa?yea oa??eoi?ee Eaeeoi?iee e
Oaoana, iauyaeaoea naay iacaaeneiuie ?anioaeeeaie, a iinea aieiu n
Niaaeeiaiiuie Ooaoaie (1846-1848) – caiee e naaa?o io ?ei-A?aiaea.

A 1917 aiaeo iinea e?iaaauo niauoee iaeneeaineie ?aaiethoeee auea
i?eiyoa iiaay eiinoeoooeey, i?eaaaeoay e cia/eoaeueiui iieeoe/aneei
?aoi?iai. N 1929 aiaea a no?aia o aeanoe iaoiaeeony Eiinoeoooeeiiiay
?aaiethoeeiiiay ia?oey. 1 yiaa?y 1994 aiaea Iaeneea niaianoii n NOA e
Eaiaaeie noaea /eaiii e?oiiaeoae ciiu naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee IAOOA, a yoio
aea aeaiue ia/aeenue aeoeaiua aiaaua aeaenoaey a ooaoa *ueyian, aaea oae
iacuaaaiay Caiaoenoneay iaoeeiiaeueiay inaiaiaeeoaeueiay a?iey caoaaoeea
ianeieueei ai?iaeia, o?aaoy i?iaaaeaiey ea?aeeiaeueiuo iieeoe/aneeo
?aoi?i a no?aia. Iaeneea yaeyaony /eaiii III, IAO, AAOO, IAOOA,
I?aaiecaoeee aia?eeaineeo ainoaea?noa.

Ianaeaiea no?aiu.

A iineaaeiaa aeanyoeeaoea Iaeneea ia?aaeeaaao ianoiyuee aeaiia?aoe/aneee
a?ua. N?aaeiaaiaeiaua oaiiu i?e?inoa ianaeaiey eieaaethony iaaeaeo 4-5
i?ioeaioaie. A 1970 aiaeo ianaeaiea no?aiu ninoaaeyei ieiei 50
ieeeeiiia, a ia/aea 90-o – aieaa 50, a a iineaaeiea aiaeu ianaeaiea
no?aiu oaea i?aauneei 97 ieeeeiiia. Iaeneea ioiineony e iaeaieaa
iieiaeui no?aiai ie?a – aieaa iieiaeiu aeeoaeae ninoaaeytho eeoea, ia
aeinoeaoea 20-eaoiaai aic?anoa. Iniaaiiinoueth iaeneeaineie aeaiia?aoee
yaeyaony nin?aaeioi/aiea iniiaiie iannu ianaeaiey a aa oeaio?aeueiuo
ai?iuo ?aeiiao. Yoi iauyniyaony, i?aaeaea anaai, oai, /oi caeanue
neiioeaio?e?iaaiu aeaaiua i?iiuoeaiiua oeaio?u no?aiu.

A oeaeii aeey ianaeaiey Iaeneee oa?aeoa?ai aunieee o?iaaiue
iiaeaeaeiinoe, eioi?ue naycai n yeiiiie/aneei oaeoi?ii. Cia/eoaeueiia
/enei aeeoaeae naeueneeo ?aeiiia iea?e?oao ii oa??eoi?ee no?aiu a
iieneao naciiiie caiyoinoe. Aeanyoee ouny/ iaeneeaioeaa aaeaaiaeii
ia?anaeatho a?aieoeo n NOA, iiiaea ec ieo yoi aeaeatho iaeaaaeueii, /oi
iaaaoeaii neacuaaaony ia acaeiiioiioaiee aeaoo no?ai.

Ii iaoeeiiaeueiiio i?eciaeo ianaeaiea Iaeneee /?acau/aeii iiiaieeei.
Enoi?e/anee iii noi?ie?iaaeinue ec o?ao iniiaiuo yoie/aneeo a?oii:
ei?aiiuo aeeoaeae – eiaeaeoeaa, auoiaeoeaa ec no?ai Aa?iiu (aeaaiui
ia?acii eniaioeaa) e i?eaacaiiuo ec Ao?eee iaa?ia-?aaia. A Iaeneea
iiaeii ano?aoeoue oaeaea iioiieia ia?anaeaioeaa ec Acee – Eiaeee, Eeoay,
ssiiiee. Ia i?ioyaeaiee aaeia aaeia ianaeaiea niaoeaaeinue n ianoiuie
eiaeaeoeaie, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai ia?aciaaeny cia/eoaeueiue neie iaoenia.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy eiaeaeneia ianaeaiea no?aiu a /enoii aeaea ia
i?aauoaao 8-9 i?ioeaioia io iauaai /enea aeeoaeae no?aiu. Aieueoeinoai
ec ieo i?iaeeaaao a oeaio?aeueiuo e thaeiuo ooaoao. Yoi auoiaeoeu ec
ieaiai aoeoaeia, ioiie, iaey, oeioeeee, ieooaeia, naiioaeia. I?yiua
iioiiee aa?iiaeoeaa, a oii /enea iaaeaaii i?eaoaaoea ec Aa?iiu, e
ae?oaea aaeua ninoaaeytho ia aieaa 15 i?ioeaioia anaai ianaeaiey. Nauoa
o?ao /aoaa?oae iaeneeaioeaa – iaoenu.

A no?aia eiaaony aeiaieueii ?aciiia?aciay eieiiey eiino?aioeaa, Ia?aia
ianoi ii /eneaiiinoe n?aaee ieo caieiatho aia?eeaioeu – eo aieaa 100
ouny/. I?eia?ii iaiieiaeio iaiueoa eniaioeaa, ieiei 10 ouny/ iaioeaa,
i?eaeeceoaeueii noieueei aea aaaoaiaeueoeaa, iiiai auoiaeoeaa ec ae?oaeo
no?ai Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee Ea?eaneiai aannaeia. A Iaeneea iiaeii
ano?aoeoue o?aioeocia, eoaeueyioeaa, iieyeia, a?aaia, ?onneeo,
oe?aeioeaa e i?aaenoaaeoaeae iiiaeo ae?oaeo ia?iaeia ie?a.

Ii aianoa n oai, ianiio?y ia iiiaiia?aciue yoie/aneee ninoaa ianaeaiey,
i?eiyoi aiai?eoue i nouanoaiaaiee iaeneeaineie iaoeee, /oi ii?aaeaeyaony
iaee/eai iaoeeiiaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae oa?aeoa?a e oeeaaea aeecie
iaeneeaioeaa. I?e yoii ia neaaeoao caauaaoue i ei?iyo i?ienoiaeaeaiey
oiai eee eiiai /aeiaaea, a oaeaea i aai nioeeaeueiii iieiaeaiee. Aianoa
n oai n?aaee oa?aeoa?iuo iaoeeiiaeueiuo /a?o iaeneeaioeaa auaeaeythony
oaeea, eae /oanoaeoaeueiinoue e nianoaaiiiio aaoi?eoaoo, ne?uoiinoue,
aaccaaioiinoue, no?aieaiea e au?aaeaieth ene?aiiaai n/anouey,
iaa?aaeiinoue a auoo. Yoe /a?ou nio?aiythony o iaeneeaioeaa, aeaaea anee
iie a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie aeeaoo a ae?oaii iauanoaa.

Aianoa n oai a /a?oao oa?aeoa?a iaeneeaioeaa iiaeii caiaoeoue iiiai
i?ioeai?a/eainoe. Iai?eia?, ei i?enoua io/oaeaeaiiinoue e a oi aea a?aiy
iaueoaeueiinoue, ne?uoiinoue e ene?aiiinoue, naiaiaeiethaea e
/eiiii/eoaiea, oaaaeaiea e o?aaeeoeeyi e aaaioth?eci. ?iiaioeci e
ia/oaoaeueiinoue ni/aoathony a iaeneeaioeao n iiauoaiiie
yiioeeiiaeueiinoueth, aniueue/eainoueth e aca?oiinoueth. Iaeiia?aiaiii
ei naienoaaiai iao?eioeci e naiiioaa?aeaiiinoue i?e caueoa
iaoeeiiaeueiuo eioa?ania. Ana yoe ea/anoaa oi?ioi oaeeaathony n
/?acia?iui ?iiaioeciii e ia/oaoaeueiinoueth, n iiauoaiiie
yiioeeiiaeueiinoueth, aniueue/eainoueth e aca?oiinoueth. I?e
ii?aaeaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao iaeneeaiaoe iiaeao ni/aoaoue ia?yaeo n
aiaeoeeiciinoueth e eeoeaia?ea. I/aiue /anoi iaoeeiiaeeci i?eia?aoaao o
iaeioi?uo iaeneeaioeaa-iaoenia aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiua oi?iu, a /anoiinoe iie
iiaoo aani?e/eiii aeaeaoue a aaeii /aeiaaea a?aaa e n/eoatho ca aeaai
iaiaiooue aai eae a aieueoii, oae e a iaeii.

Iaaeiaa?ea e /aeiaaeo ae?oaie iaoeeiiaeueiinoe, aeaeaiea ne?uoue
enoeiiua /oanoaa o iaeneeaioeaa /anoi ni/aoathony n iieaciie
aaaeeeainoueth, e e?aeiae iaiaycaoaeueiinoueth. Yoe /a?ou oa?aeoa?a
iau/ii naienoaaiiu ia?iaeai, eioi?ua aeieaia a?aiy auee a caaeneiinoe. A
iaia?a iauaiey iaeneeaioeaa iiaeii caiaoeoue y?ei au?aaeaiiua yeaiaiou
iaaeiaa?ey, eioi?ua iie noa?athony ne?uaaoue ia?aae ethaeueie auoa eo ii
iieiaeaieth (ia?aae oicyeiii), a a iauaiee n ?aaiuie naaa iie /anoi
i?iyaeytho iaiioeae?iaaiioth iiaeic?eoaeueiinoue. Yoe /a?ou oa?aeoa?a
yaeythony neaaenoaeai iiiaiaaeiaiai eieiieaeueiiai i?ioeiai, a oaeaea
ninaaenoaa n neeueiui naaa?iui ninaaeii – aia?eeaioeaie, eioi?ua anaaaea
i?ac?eoaeueii e nauniea ioiineeenue e iaeneeaioeai, A oa, a naith
i/a?aaeue, n iaeiie noi?iiu, iaiaaeaeyo “a?eiai”, a n ae?oaie –
i?aeeiiythony ia?aae eo aiaaonoaii e oaa?aiiinoueth a naaa.

Io/oaeaeaiiinoue e caieiooinoue iaeneeaioeaa oi?ioi oaeeaaaony n
iaueoaeueiinoueth. Eae e aieueoeinoai eaoeiiaia?eeaioeaa, iie eaaei e
auno?i anooiatho a eiioaeo e ia?aoiaeyo ia ae?oaeaneoth iiao n
iii?aaeaoeieny ei ethaeueie. Iie ethayo e oeaiyo thii? e oooee, n
ia?iiiui eioa?anii neooatho ?acee/iua aanaeua enoi?ee e aiaeaeiou.
Iaeiaei /anoi iaueoaeueiinoue niaa?oaiii ia icia/aao ioe?uoinoue,
Iaeneeaioeu ne?uoiu ii oa?aeoa?o, i/aiue ia ethayo, eiaaea ei eacoo a
aeooo, n/eoay, /oi ana ee/iua ia?aaeeaaiey – yoi i?a?iaaoeaa eo /anoiie
aeecie. Iie, eae e aia?eeaioeu, n/eoatho, /oi /?acia?iay ioe?iaaiiinoue
– yoi i?iyaeaiea neaainoe.

Caeeth/aiea

Iaeneea — oieeaeueiay e oaeeaeoaeueiay no?aia n aiaaoaeoae enoi?eae
ae?aaieo oeeaeeecaoeee iaey e aoeoaeia.

Iaeneea – yoi nieioea e neiaa ii?a, e?enoaeueii aaeua ieyaee e aunieea
ai?u, aoeeaiu e aeaeoiaee.

Iaeneea – yoi no?aia aaeeeieaiiuo, anaie?ii ecaanoiuo eo?i?oia. Iaeneea
— yoi eooiy, neaayuayny naieie o?aaeeoeeyie ai anai ie?a.

Iaeneea – yoi ii?aceoaeueiia ?aciiia?acea, eioi?ia o?oaeii naaa
i?aaenoaaeoue ca?aiaa: caeanue anoue ai?iaea-iaaaiieenu e iino?ieee
a?aiai eniaineie eieiiecaoeee, oeueo?ania?aiaiiua ioaee e
a?oaieiae/aneea iaiyoieee ae?aaiaeoeo eiaeaeneeo eoeueoo?, ?ineioiua
ieyaee e caniaaeaiiua aoeeaiu, canooeeaue naaa? e ?anoeaaoathuea aaniie
aeieeiu, ionouie e ooiiathuea a caeaie o?iie/aneea eana.

Ai?aeinoue Iaeneee – noieeoea no?aiu Iaoeei, e?oiiue iaaaiieen, aaea
aiieioeeenue aiaaoay eoeueoo?a e enoi?ey no?aiu, nin?aaeioi/eeenue
nia?aiaiiua oeiainiaua oeaio?u. Iaoeei-Neoe iniiaai a 1325 a.
eiaeaeoeaie–aoeoaeaie ia ianoa, aaea ii eaaaiaea, aiae iiaaeaee aoeoaeai
iniiaaoue noieeoeo ia iaeiii ec ino?iaia ica?a Oaneiei, aaea iie oaeaeyo
i?ea, eioi?ue iiaee?aao ciath, neaey ia eaeoona. Iaoeei iacuaatho
«iocaai iiae ioe?uoui iaaii» ca aiaaonoai enoi?e/aneeo iaiyoieeia e
iocaaa, eioi?uo caeanue ian/eouaaaony ia?iiiia eiee/anoai.

Eniieueciaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a

1. Eioa?iao yioeeeeiiaaeey ”E?oainaao” (http://krugosvet.ru)

2. Iaeneiaiei E.I. Iaeneea. — I.: Iuneue, 1983.

3. No?aiu ie?a (E?aoeee yeiiiieei-iieeoe/aneee ni?aai/iee).

4. Oaiieia Aeae. Caaiaaaiea eiia?ee eieia. I?ieeyoea en/acioaoae
oeeaeeecaoeee. — I.: 2007.

5. Naeo http://www.mexico.ru/

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