Oe?e e c??e ?????i ???ey E??u
A E??a ????o ???a???y ???a, ??? ? ??y??e ?? ? ???e o ??? ??ytho ?? ??a
?a ??? – ????a e ??????a, ??? ???ey a ????? ??o ?? ?????.
E????ay ??ey E??u (EI) ????? ?e ????ae?ay a 1873. I?????? ?u??y? ?????
«?? ?????, ?????a ????e ???? e ???e ???iy???n? ? ????th e A??????e;
????ue ? ??????a ???? ?????i ??????? ?????a, ?????????i ?ae???? e ?????e
??eth?e 1848. E???u ????? ???????th ??????ue ? ???? ????y e ?y?, ?
?????ue ????eth ???????? ??????a a ?cy????th ?y????ue. I??i n 1930-o EI
???a e ??a ???? ??a??e ????, ?eth?y ??? ?????i, ???u ???? ???? e o.ae.
I???ay ?u??ue ????a ?????????i, ???? ?i??? ???????a y?????? ??????a,
«?????th» y???? e ???? ?????a?? ???? ??a??? ?????y. EI ?????o ?ith
??????? ?????i ????i «??????? ???u, ???????e e ?????a ?????? ???? a ???
??????i ???? e ?????? ???u a ??? ????? ???y ?y ??», a ??a ????i ?????a.
E???u ?????atho ????i ??? ?y ?? ??? ????, ????a ?????i ?????ey e ?oy??y.
EI ????? o ??? a 1873–1878, 1896–1911, 1921–1926, 1926–1930, 1935–1957,
1963–1979, 1980–1984 e n 1993. A??o a E????? E??????.
Ia ???o a I??o ??i a 2000 ??ey ???a 40,8% ???a e ????a 172 ??a. Ia??a ?
????ue ????ey e «???e ??????» ?????? ?????y e ???o?y? «?????e, ????e e
???????? ??» ???ey ??? a ?? «?e?? ???? ??o ???? ???????? ??a, ??????
?????i ???a e e????y? a ???????a, ?????ey e ????e, ???? ??e e ???a, a
?e? a ????? ???th?e ???. E????ia i?????? ?y?y? i ????e «????ue ??u
y??????i ???ey» ??o ??e ????e.
E?? – ????-???? E??u I? Ia??.
E??????y ??ey E??u (EIE) ???? a 1854. A 19 a. ????? ????????th ye?????th
e ???oth ????, ??u ???? ????th ??????? e ??e ? ????? ?????e. E?????u
?????ee ?ith ??????? ?? ???? ????ue?? e ???? e ????? ???. I? ?????i
????? ????a ?????????i, ??ei n 1930-o ????e ?????ue ??a ????i ????????
??a???? a y?????oth ??ue, ???ey ?ae ????e, ??? ????a e ??????. A ?? ???e
EIE ?? a 1942 ?????a? a I?????i-??????oth ??eth (IEI). I??i, ????y
y?????? e ????? ???e ?????a, ??ey ????? ??i??ue ? e ??? e ????. A
1980–1990-o ?a ????a ????????e ?????ee ??, ????? ????ey ????? ????,
???ey ????e ???? e ??ie?ey ??????i ??????? n NOA
E?????u ????? o ??? a E??a a 1867–1873, 1878–1896, 1911–1921, 1926,
1930–1935, 1957–1963, 1979 e 1984–1993. A 1987 a IEI ????e ???: ???
?????? ? A???u e A????e E???e ???e I??th ???, ??????th ????th ????
?????? ??????a e ??? ?????a ? ??i A?e. N 1990-o ??a I??y ???, ???????y a
2000 a E???? ??????e ??????? ?uey?, ?? ???e ??????e ??e a I??a ??i. A
2004 IEI e ?uey? ??????? a EIE. I? ????o ? ????? ???a (????, ? ??u e
?e??) e ???????? ??a, ? ?????i? ath??, «??a y?????» ??????i e «??a
??????th» ????oth ????, a ??a ca ????? ?????? ????. ?????? e ??????
????e. A ??? y????, ? ??eth EIE, ??? ?? ???? ????y ???ay ???a?ey, a
?????i ???? ?? ???y? ???th ?????, ????? ???? a i????? e e?????y, ????
i?????a ??u e ??? e ????ue ??? ?? ???? ??ath??y. A ??a ???????? ?????
?????? ???atho ? ???? ???a a N?? e ???u ????????i ?????y ? ???o a I??o
??i, ? ?i????? ???? ???? ?????? e o.ae.
Ia ???o a I??o ??i a 2000 IEI ???? 12,2% ???a, a ??????? ????o??e ?uey?
– 25,5%. I? ??? ??e a ????? ??????? 12 e 66 ????. E?? ??????? EIE – N??i
O???.
E????y ??ey (EI) – ???a a 1968. Ae????y ????y ????? ??e e ? ??a ?
???????a, ??????y ??????i ????y ???y??? ????e E?a? ? E??u ?e ?????
y?????? «?????» ??o ??? ??????e. A ????i-y?????? ???e ????a ??? ?? ??? e
???-?????, ???ay ????ey ?????y ??? ?iy??e, ?i????? ????e ???u, ????ey
???????? ???a e ???ey a y???? e ?? ???th?a ia ?????? (?eth?y ???a a
????? ???ey?y?). I??? y? ???e ?? ?y??u, ? ??y ???-???????y ??????? EI
???e??. A ??a ???? ??e ????? ?????u ???atho ? ???????a ???? ?e ????ai?i
????e ???ey ?????? y??, ?e ??????i ???????? a E???. E????y ??ey ??ae??ue
o ??? a ????e a 1976–1985 e n 1994. A ?????o ???o ? ????o. E?? ??? e
????-???? ????e E?a? – Eth?? Ao??.
E????e ?? (EA) – ??ey ???-???????? ??a, ????? a 1990 ?????e ?i?????
????? ?y ???y a ????i? ???o. A ??????? ???o a E??? ? ????o; ??????
E????th ??eth. A?e ????? ?ath ???????y ????? ??e e ??????i ?????oa E???.
EA ??iy? ?????a ??? a ????e ?? e ????a E??? a y??????, ?????, ?????,
??????, ??????e e ????? ???yo. A???y ? «????ia ????» ???aa e ????a ????
??e, ????? n????? ?y?ytho i «???? ???????» e ??????e «????ath?e ??
?????? a ???yo «????? ???» e «?????i ????y ??o ??????, ??? e ?????i
i????», ?c ??e-?? ????e i??i ? y?o ???? e ?e ????? ???a ??o ???? e ???e.
I?a E??e ???ny a ???a E??u, EA ??e?? ????ey ????ey ?????o ???a ? ?oe ?
???? (a ? ????) ae???e, ??eoey e ????ey ???u ?????y ? ?????u, ????ey
?????o ?????a ?y ??ath??y ?oe e ????e ????y, a ??a ? ??u ???????y, ??? ?
????ey ???? ? ????? ??u, ???a ? ????a?? ??????? ia ?????o ???ey?yo,
?????e ??????o ????? a ???e y???e e ?????y ???? ?????y ?????o ??? ?ae
????i ??? n ?????i. A ???e ???e ???? ????? ?????u ???atho e ????eth ???
no??i «O???i ??», ?????th ?????e ? ???i ???? ???e ??????? ??a, a ??a
???eth ?????? ???????e ?eth?.
A 1993–1997 EA ?e ???e ??????e ???e a ????i ?????. Ia ?????o ???o 2000
?e?? 10,7% ???a e 38 ?? a I??a ??i. E?? – AE?ue Aeth??.
I?ay ???????y ??ey (IAeI) ????? a 1961 ? ?? ??????? n 1932 O???ee
??????? ?????a e ??e ???thc?, ??y?o a E???? ???e ????. IAeI –
???-???????y ??ey, ?? N???????? E??????a. A???? ? ??????a ????u
«y??????, ?????? e ????? ???? e ???? ??n?a «e ????o, ????? ??????? e
?????». I?? ????u ????thony ????ue «????? ???????a i????, a ???i ???th?y
«????? ???? e ?????, y?????? e ?????? ?????. I?????i e ??????a ??? ??
«??????u ? ?????? e ??????? ?????e a ??ao ???th?e ??u e ????? y??i?e, a
? ????????y ?????i ??u??. IAeI ???o ?y? ?ae ???? ??i?? a ???e ?????? e
??????y n ???th y??????i e ?????i i?????y. I? ???o «????ue ????? ????
?????? ???????, o???ue ?????i e ???o ?????? ????. Ae????y ????ey E???
??a i????? e ??? ???e ???? e ????ey ???e ????? ??????? a ??.
I???a ???? ???y? IAeI ???? a ????yo N????i, I???a, A?o??ay E???y e I???,
?a ?a ???e??i ????? o ???. Ia ?????o ???o 2000 ???a 8,5% ???a e ??o 13
?? a I??a ??i. E?? – Ae?e E??i.
C??ay ??ey E??u (CIE) ???a ? y??????i, ???????, ????, ?o????i e ?? ?????
????. I??y ???y ??ey a E??a ?? ???? a 1983 a A????e E???e, a ??i ??i?
??????? ?ith ?y????ue ? ?th ???. I??y ????o ? «????? ????? a ???? n
???th?e ???, ????oth ???????, ???? «????? ???, ????a, ???????th, ?????a
??o ???, ????? ??????? e ?????i ?????ey. A ?cy????e ???e ???a – ?
y?????oth ???o, ???????th ? ???a ??u, «?????» e ?????? ?????e a ???
«?????? ??? C??». Ia ?????o ???o 2000 CIE ???? 0,8% ???a. A I??a ??i a
??iy?a ??y ? ??????.
I??i ????, a E??a ?e??? ????i ??? ??? ??? ????? ??a: I??y ??????i ???ey
(??ay, ???? a 1987), I??y ??????i ???, o?????a ?????e (N???????y ??y,
N???????y ??????, E???????? ??/? ???o, N???????a ????, I?ay ???????ay
???. E???????? ?????, I??y ????????i ????a, ?a??a ??????a), ???u
(E???????y ???y E??u (?????i-????y), I?????-????y ??ey E???.
N????-y?????? ????a E??u
O????y: ? ???? ?u? ???e (9985 ?n. ?. ?) E??a ???? ??? ???e. O????y ???y
? A??/??e ???, ?????th ????th ??ue, O?????? ????a, ????th e ???oth
??????? ??. ?????? ????? ???? ? ????i, ???? e ???? ????yo. E?? a ?????i,
??????? e ????i ??????o ?y?o. ???o ??? ?????e ??e e E????i A?????i ?????
?a???, ???? e ????e ??? ??? — ????. Ia ????? ???y ??ay ?? ?e e ??,
??????y ???????.
I???? — 33,4 ?i. ?e. (eth? 2007 a.), ??????a ??u ?i ???? a 2000—2006 ?.
????e 0,9%. ?????? ??a?y? 10,75, ????? — 7,9 ? 1 ?n. ?e. (2007 a.). ??o
? ?? ?????a, a ???? ? ??i A?e, a 2005 a. ???? 262 ?n. ?e. I?? 11% ??
???? ????y ?ath?? ????? ?i????? (??????), 9% — ?????a (??????u), 13% —
????y?? ? ??? ??i A??u, 4,5% — ? ??i A???? e TH?-A???? A?e, 35,8% —
????? ??????y, 18,6% — ????? ??????y; 1,7% ?????o e ???? ??eyi — ???? e
y???? (??-?i). I?? 46% ??th?o yaey?ny ?????, 36% — ??????e; ????i
??????y 7,5%, ?????? ???? — 1,4%. A E??a ?a ?????o (???????o) y?? —
????? e ?????e; ? ??? ?c???? ?? ??? ???o 17% ????y, ??? ????? — 67% e
??? ?????i — 14%.
O??? e ???a ?????y. O???a ?????a ?y???? ?y ??e n 6 ? 14—16 ?o (a ?????e
? ????e). Ia ????e ???e ???e ??u ?????a ???y ? ??????a e ??????
(????????) ?????y. I???? ???e ???e ??u ?? ??i ? ?????a a ?????o. A ???
75 ??????a e 195 ????e (2000 a.). A??a ?????a ???a, ? ??????e ???y?
?????a. ???aeu ? ??????a ?????a ? 70% ??i??th?y ? ?? ????e, ??????
??????a e ???????a (1998 a.). O??i ???a ???a ?????y ?y ???uo. A???i ??a
99% ????.
Ia ???????a ??????y 9,6% AAI, ?i? 70% ??o ???? ?????y ? ?? ?????a (1999
a.). I???ay ????????ue ??e a 2007 a. — 80 ?o (???u — 77 ?o, ???u — 84
??).
O??? ??e — ?? ? ??o ?n?? a ??. A 1999 a. ??? ??????i ???ey ??y?y 0,936
(??? ??i a ?? ??? n A????e e O???).
E??ey. I???????? E??u ????y ?????e ??????ue AE? E??a (1534 a.), o?y ?a a
1497 a. ????ay y????y ?ae ??????i Ae?? E??a ???? ???a Iueth????ae. I??a
?????a ????a (E??e) ???? a 1608 a. Aei ???ey a 1663 a. ?????e ??????e
???e ????? ???y? ???? ????. E????ey E??u ????a a ??? ??o A??? e O???e. A
1670 a. ?? ???a ????ay E???y A???? ???. E 1758 a. ????? ????i n?e ?? ???
Iueth????ae e O?????? ????a. A 1791 a. ?i????i ????? ???u ????? ???e a
N???e A???. A 1867 a. a ????o?e n ??y?i ????? ?????i A?? i A????e N???e
A??? ?? ??a? ????y i? ????i “???? E??a”. N 1931 a. — ????? ???iy??iay
???, ?? N?????.
A??????? ?????: ???????y ??????y ????ey n ?????? ?????i. A?? ?????a —
????? ???, ???? ????ey? a???-?????, ?????e ? ? ??? ????-???? E??u, ??? a
????a ??y — ? ??a ????o ???i. A ????yo ???a i????ytho ????o-?????u.
O???? ????-i??? E??u e ????y?? ? ???o y?yth?y ??oi??e ???a; ? ????
??????oth ??? ????y? E???. Ii ???o ? ????-???? e ?????, y?yth??y ???e
????? ? ???, ????e ? ???o ????? ??i ???a. E??? ???ey? ????????th ???eo e
??aa???o ???oth ??ue ???????o ????a. A ????yo ???e???th ??? ????ytho
????, ???a ??? ??????ey — ???????, ??? ???a e ?. — ????? ??ath?y a??y?
????e e ? ????u.
A??e ???????e ??i E??u — ?????? ????o. I??a ??i (308 ??) ????ny ??? ? 5
?o ???????i ?????e ????y ????e (?????). Na?o ? 105 ??? ?????y
???e-?????? ? ?????? ????-???? a ?????? n ??? ???????? ????????a. A??ay
??? N??a — ??? ?a??????? ??????? ??? ?????o ????o ????a, n ???? ?
????i-y?????? ???u. I??????a ???????a ???ey ??????, ??y?e ? o???????y
??? n I??? ??i.
A??e ???? ??i E??u — A??a?e ?ae ? 9 ???e, ?????o E???? ? ??? ????-????.
N?u ????? ? ??? ??? ???. A????o ?? i???? ????e (??????), ??ey???e e ???
?????a ??, a ??a n??? ??????i-???????o ???? ???a. N???y ???a ????e E??e
??o ?????? ???y ? ??a ??? ????e.
A ???????i-???????i ????e Ea?? ???y ? 10 ????e (Iueth????ae, I??a
I??-Y??ae, I?ay O???ey, Iueth-A???e, E??e, I???, I???a, N????i, A????,
A????y E???y) e 3 ?????: TH?i, I??? e N??i-C???y ????ey. N??? — I??a
(1,1 ?i. ?e.), ???e ???? a??a? y?yth?y O??? (5,0 ?i. ?e.), I???ue (3,5
?i. ?e.), A???? (2,1 ?i. ?e.).
A ???o ???o ????o ??a 3/4 ?ao ???? (2002 a.).
I?? AEAe — 1127 ??. ??. ? IIN (2006 a.), ? ?? ????y — 34 610 ??. O??
y??????i ?n?: ??????a ??u ???? AAI a 2006 a. ????e 2,8% ? ?a??eth n 4,5%
? ??? 70-o ?. e 2,8% a 1990—2000 ?. I?? ???? ????ey a 2000 a. ???ey?
20%. Ae???y ???a — ????e ???, ?? ???? e ???o NOA — 1:0,88 (2006 a.).
Y?????ay ???? ??a A??e ??a? ??u ?????? ?iy??. A ??? i?????a ?? e ? ??a
80-o ?. ?a???? ??oth (??? ???eyth?th) ?? a y???? ??? ?????i, ???? ??????
?????ay ??????ue; ??c ??a??u ??????ey?? ???y ?ey AAI, ??ey E??a n 1945
a. ????ue ?????e i???????? ????e.
A??? ??u ??a, ???????ny ??????e ????ey? a ????a ???e ?cy??a, ?? ????
y??????i ???? 70-o ?. A ????? ???u ????e ??ey?? ????. A?????, ????y a
1983 a. 11,9%, ? 1998 a. ? ????? ?? 8%. Ii a 1990-o ?. ?a ??a ?????
????i? ?? ? ??????e y?????? ???ee, y???ny a ???ae?? ?? ?????i ????ey
???? ???? e ????ey ??? a IAOOA. O?y????? ???, ?????y ??a 1993 a. e
????ny aei ??a 90-o ?., ?????i ??????? ?????y ????????e y?????? ????: ??
? ???e???eth, ? ????e ?????? ??????, ????? ? ???? ?y?? ???y ?????a a
o?y????e ??e. Ae?y ????? ???? ??? e ????e n 50% AAI a 1992 a. ????ue e
1999 a. ? 38,7%; a ? ? ??y a ?y? ???? ???ya?y ?????a ???a ?????a (????
N??a, ???y y????a, ??????i ???? ???????u e ?.). I????a ????? i ????e
???? n NOA (1988 a.) e ????? a IAOOA (1994 a.) ???? ???????eth y????.
I??? ?????????y y???? ?e ??????i e ??o 90-o ?. ??o ??????? ??? ???????
??. No??????ue ????i-y?????? ????a ??a ??e ???, ? ???ey?yo ???? ???? ??i
2/3 ????.
Ae???-????y ?a? a ??a XX a. ?? ?????? ?????a ?-? ?????? ???i ? ???- e
???y?????? ????. I?????i ?iy?y e ?? ?e?? NOA e ????? ???o: 1984 a. —
0,77, 1991 a. — 0,87, 1993 a. — 0,78, 1999 a. — 0,67. A??? ?eueth ????
???? n ??? 90-o ?. ??i ????? ??y?e, a ?i /?? ??i ?????ey ????? ??a ?i a
1—3% a ?ae. A ????? ??u e?ey?e n 5,6% a 1991 a. ????ue e 2002 a. ? 2,2%
e e 2006 a. — ? 2,0%.
I???i-ath???y ??a. Ath???y ???a E??u ??????y. ???? ?????? ath??a a 90-a
?. ?????? AAI ??o? ?????ue — n 24,1% a 1992 a. ? 17,3% a 2001 a. A ?????
??ey?? ???o ????i?i ath??a ???ny a 2003 a. ????? a 6,3 ??. ??. (a 2005
a. — 1,8 ??. ??.). N????? ????ue ???u ??????i? (?????e) ??????e ? ????th
e AAI: n 71% a 1996 a. ? 53% a 2001 a. (a 2006 a. — 65,4%). A ? ? ??y
??? ???u ath??? ????e e ?????, ???eyth?a a ?a????e ??i ???? ?????????
ath??a; ath??u ???? ??y?y n ????i. Ae??? ? ath??? ??? ???e ???eytho ??i
15% a ???o ?????? e ??i 25% — a ???o ???o ath???.
I???? ?????e ???a ?????? ath??a ??? ????? ??? (60% a 2003 a.), a a
?????? ath??? — ????ua, ??? ? ?????a e ???????a ???. N???? ?ey ath???o
???? ia ?????? ???? — ? 20% ?????? e 15% ?????? ath??? e ??? XXI a.
I????y ????a y????. Ia ???ia, ??? ?cy??i e ?????i ????ny 2,3% AAI,
??????? e ??????i — 29,2%, ??? — 68,5% (2006 a.). Y?????e ???? ??e?? ?
???? ??? ?iy??e ???y ??oth?i ???i: ???? ?cy??i — 2%, ??????? e ??????i —
19%, ??? — 75% (2004 a.). A? ???th?o ???? a ????a AAI ????y: n 7,5% a
???? 70-o ? 5,5% e ??o 90-o ?. I???a ?? ??o??: ??ue, ???i ???i ? ????e
A???oa e N????i,— 137,4 ?i. ?a. i (2002 a.); ????? ?????e ???ath?y
?????i ??????i ?e ?????? ?u?? y???a e ???a. Ii ?????? i????i ?? E??a
????y ? ???i ??a a ?? (??a NOA e ???e) — 171,3 ie?. ?a. i (2002 a.); ?
83% ?? ????ny a ????e A???a. I?? 70% i???? y?o ???? y??????y, a ???? a
NOA. Ec ??? ??a ?????? ??y ??oth ?? ??? ??? ??? (164,7 o), ???? ?? (36,6
?i. o), ?? (691 ?n. o), ??ey (0,2 ?i. o), ??a, ?a??a, ???u e ?. (1998
a.). A 1999 a. ?????i 588 ??. ?o-/ y???y???. I?? 80% ???e??i ??y
y??????y, ? 4/5 — a NOA.
I????ath?y ??????? ?? ??i 18% AAI (1999 a.), ?????? ??? ??i ??????i
??????i ?????ey, ????? ????a, y????????e e y????? ??ney?, ????????th?e
???????th e ?. ?????ny ??????????a ?????? — a “??? I??u” ??i 500 ????
??iath?y ???????, ???????ey? e o. i. N?????y ???ue ?? 5,4% AAI (1999
a.).
O??i ???u ????, ??? ?cy??i e ?????i. A ??? ??????y 280 ?n. ??, ???e ???
???o 246 ?. A 90-a ?. ?????? a ?ae ? 23 ? 30 ?i. o ???u, 12—15 ?i. o
y??y, ??, ??. E??ny ??i 15 ?i. ??a ???ai ???? ??a (1999 a.), 12 ?i. ??a
??? (2000 a.), ?????ny 850 ?n. o iy? ??u (1999 a.), 7,5 ?i. o ??? e ???
(2000 a.). ????n?i e ??? ??a ?tho 0,1%, ??? ?cy??i — 0,6% AAI (1999 a.).
O????: ??????ay ?? ???? e ????o ??a, a ???? ? th?, ???????, ??????a.
O???? ?? 4% AAI. AE???a ??? ????eytho 13,4% ?? ?????? e ????o ?e?. Aei
90% ??????o ?????? e 75% ?? ???? ????e ????ey?ny ???????i; a ???
???????? 18 ?i. ?. ??????? (1999 a.).
Nay?. Ia ?y? e ?????? ??? ????ny 7% AAI (1999 a.), a ?i ??a ???? ? i? —
? ????????. O???????i 98% ??? ??a ???, 42% ??u ??eth?? e E????. A ???e e
????? ???? ?????ny ? 6,4% AAI (1999 a.).
N????y ??a: ???ue ?????u a 2006 a. ???? 6,4%. Ec 14,7 ?i. ???th?o ??????
? ?????a ???? 13,1 ?i. ?e. (2002 a.). N??? ??? ??? ???ey? 269 ??. a
??eth. *??? ???th?a y?y?ny ??i 71% ?? ???th?o. N??? ?????i ?a???ey
?eth?? ???? ???? ?? ???e ???, ?eth/ay ???? ???e, ???y, ????a ??? e o.
ae.
A??ay?????? ?y?. A 90-a ?. y??? ???a e ??a ????e ? 8%, ??? — ? 7% a ?ae.
E ??o 90-o ?. ? ???o ?????ue ? 40% ???a e ??a — ? 10% ???, ?i a ??a 80-o
?. I?? y???a ???ey? 405 ??. ??. NOA (2006 a.), ???? ??? — ????? e ????
(23,2%), ??? e ?????? (22,4%), ???a?u (18,4%); ???a ???? — NOA (83,8%),
AN (5,5%), ss??y (2,5%). I?? ???a a 2006 a. ???? 353 ??ae. ??. NOA.
I???a ??? — ??? e ?????? (32,7%), ????? e ?i??e (21,8%), ????? (19,5%);
Y???y E??u
Ii, ????y, ???? ?, ? ??????a ????a ???u E??u (a ? ??? – 60 ??a ????o
????a, 15% ???o ???a ???e ??, ???? ????? ???a ???), ?????a ????e a ??a
????????ey ???tho ????th?th ???o ????. O????? ?????a ??? ???? ???i e
?io, ?i ??????????a ??? ? a ??iy?e ?????y? ?????eth ??a. I????, a ????e
A????y E???y ?e ????u ? 90 ?i. ?, a ??????u ?? ia 38% y?e ???e. E y? ?
??ay ??i?? ??? ??i ? ?????? ?e/? – ????, ??? ???a e o. ae. A y??y ??? e
????a ?? ?i?yo ?????? ??. O??i a ????e I??? ????a ??? ? y??e ?? ???ath?y
a 168 ?i. ??.
E??a ??i ??o a E??a ??? i ????o ???o, ??ny?o a??? ?? ???a, ?cy??o e
???ueth ????. NOA ????? ??y?ytho ? ??? ?ith, ? e ????th ???th?th ??o.
I???i 50% ????o ???, ???th?o a E??a, ????yo ? NOA. A?y?th ????o ???a a
E??a ????? ??i 45% ai???, ?????? ??? ???u.
I? ???e a E??a ??aey?y e c??u ???? ??, ???i ???i ?-? ?????? ??y??ey ?
?????. O?, a A??? ??? ????? ??i 1000 ????a, ???th?o ?? n ??????e e ???e
???e, a ??a ? ???a. I?a? ??????? ???? ? ????th?y ????e ????e ??????o
???e. O?, a ???? ?? a. O??? ?????ey ??ey e ??e ????o ??o. Ii ??iy?th
????? ??? O??? n ??? ??a ?y? ?????? ???a ? ????i ?????a ???? ???y ????a
?y ????e ?? n ???th ??????i? ?ey. O?? ????e ?????, ?? ? ??o ??? ????
???ey ???? ? ?ae A??? ??.
A???? ???e y??????i ????? a E??a ??i ????? ? ???a ???? ????i ??. A ???
???c?? N???e A???, 300 ?o ??ae, ??a E??u ?????a 190 ??a ????ath?o, 500
??a ??, 43 ?? ????th??y, 44 ?? ?????o. A ?? ?e ? ???ue ?? ?????i ????ny.
O?, ??? ???e ?th??????e ??, ???y ??a, ??i, ????? ??e, ?????ay ??, ??y
???a, ????oth?e ???, ???ay ?ay. Ca y?o ? ??? ?????i ????? 25% ???e?i
????a, ?i i???i e ?????eth ??????y ??? ??a ????. O????? ??? ???? a
A????e E???e, I??? e E???, ??????a a ???? ?cy??a y?????a ???e ?????? ??
? ??ey?yi. N????? ??i ???o ?? ? Aoe????? ????a, ?????ue ??ey?e ???,
???o, ?????? ??y, ???o ????. I???y ???ey ????o ? ??? ?? ???u ??? ???th?e
??u.
A??????? ??????y ?????i ???ey
N ?? ???a, ?e ????y ?????i ???ey ?? ???a ????? ? ???th ??o, ?????a, ???
y?? ???o, ??e ??? ???????ue n ???e ???th?e ??u. A ??iy?a ??y y? ????y
??o ???i ?e? ???a ????? (?i ??ou?? ??? e ????? ???eth ?? ????, ?????a
???o e ???? ????a, ???u ?????y, ?e ? ?e e ?????? ??? i ??iy?e ???th?e
??u). Ia ??y??e ????? ?ny???y ??e???? ??i, ??? e ????a ?a??a ??? ??a
???? ?????ny n y??i e ??????? ????a ?????i ???ey. E?????ay ????,
????th?y a ????o ????? ????????o ???eyo, ???? ?? ??? a ???o ??????ey
?????? ????n? ?y ???o ????e. E ?y ??? e????e ??e ?? ????? ????ey ??iy??
???th?e ??u n ?????e e y??????e ???? ?a ??????ny a ????th ???y ???a n
????i.
Y??????o ???eth, ?e ?? e ????ie ?????? e ??a ???? ??ith ??e, ?a ?a ?
????y ?????? ???ey. I??a ???a ??? a ???a ???? ????? ???tho, ?i i???a
???eth ?????? ??? y?y?ny ??? ??th ?? y?????? ????. I? ??a i??atho, ?i ?y
???ae?ey e ????e ??? ??a ????, ???y y?y?ny ????? n ??e ??ey ?e ???e ??u,
?e e ?????, a ??a ??????o ?????? y?????? i??i, ?? ? ??? ?????a – y? ???a
a ????? e ????? ??????o ????? e ?? ??? n?????y.
N???? ????tho ??? ???u ??e ??e – ? ???uey e ?????? ? ??????e ????. N???
????u e ?y ?????ey ???? ???a e ?aeu, e ?y ????? ?y??i?? a ???e ?????a
??a. N???? ???ytho ??a ????ey? ????th ??c ???u, ?i ?? ???eyi ?????ue ??a
y????? ?????e ? ???o ???. N???o, ??????e a ??? ????a ????n? ???th?e ??u
??e-?? ??? (? ????o ?ey?a ? ?? ??????o ????? e y?????), y?y?ny ?????ui
?????i ?y ????y ???a ? ???? ?????? ??? ???.
I???? e ???, ?y??? n ?????i ?????, ???i ??????a?? e ???????, ????otho
???eth ???? ???. A??a n ?i ?e ??a ??o ??????i ?????? ?e ??y????ue ???o ?
?????? ???a ??a. Aeey ??? a ???a ??????? ????? ? ???????, ?eth?y E??ne?
??o ? ?????, ???? ??th??ny a ?i, ??u ????? ???y, ?e e??? ????u ? ????e ?
???? ?y ???y ????. ????a ????? i????y ???y ??????e ???? e ?????e ??y???
???a ? ????iua ??e ???ny ??iy?? ??th ??????? ????? ? ???????.
I?????a ??? ? ??????? ?o? ?????ey ??o ??e ??e ?y????e, ????? ? ????e
??????e ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??iey ??????? ???i, ?y??? n ?????
????i.
I?o E??u
A E??a ????? ?????? ?????? ??i ? ??????: Ea???e ??o ? ?????. N?? ? ?????
?????o ???eth ?????? ???????e ?e ???? ????y ?????ie y????, ????y ??iy
???????y e ?????y?y, ??? ????a ??????. Ii ??a ?????? ???eth ???? e
??????? ???????. Ii ????ey? ?????th e ??? ?ae ?y????ueth N??? ??ii???
??????? (NSS), ?o?ay ?eth?? ?????e E??u e ??a 15 000 ???i, ?????o a
????? ?????? ????? e ?y????ue ? ??? ?????ey, ? ?????? e ??????i ?i?yo.
N?? ? ????? ?????y? ?e?e ? ?????? ???a ? ????? ?????, ?????? ????e, ???a
????e, ?????? ????a, ???o??? e ??????o ?????e, ?????e, ????????? ? ENI
9000 e ENI 14000 e i?????? ???ey ????a.
Ae?? ????yth?y ????a ???u ?e???, ????y?o a E??a, ???a ??y?th ?y?? n
????e ?????i ???ey:
E???? ??o ? ????? ?e ??? ??e N??? ?????? ????? ???e ?????a ????y ? ???e
??i??ey?, ??? ?e N?? ?????? ?????? e E???ay ????ey ??????o ?????e ?
????i ???th?e ??u (CAEAL). Y? ???y? N??o ? ????? ?a???ue ?????eth a ???e
???? ??o? ????a e ????, ??o e? ??? ???th?e ??u, ??? a ???ii ?cy??a, ???
???o ????a e ??? ?????o ???a. Y? ????u ??i??eytho ???? ??a ?????e e
???e????? ???n ?????y ??, ???i ? ????ny ??????.
A?? 400 ?????e ??????u I????e ?????? ?????e E????i ??? ? ????? (PALCAN).
A?????y E???? ???i ? ????? ?e ??????e ????u PALCAN – y? ???ey ??, ?i
???u ???aa ?????e e ?????y e????ey ??aey?y a ?????? n ??????e e ???????
?????e.
N?? ???? ??? ???????? ??a-?? ?????, ???a ??y? ??a ?i 600 000 ?????y? a
??a ?i 160 ???o, ??ey ????? ???u ?????a ???? ENI (ENI 9000) e ??y ?????
???u ?????a ???th?e ??u ENI (ENI 14000) ?atho ?????a ???????? ????a,
????? ????? ???ey?. E?????? ??? ?????a ???th?e ??u e ???? ?????? y?i
e???yi ??? ?????? ?e ??o ????, ?????a ???? e ????a ??i ????y ???i ??a
????/????. I??? ?????ey ?????tho, ?i ????u, ???a ?????? ???u ?????a ????
e/?e ??aeath?e ??u ia ??i ??a ???? ????y a ??a ?????i ?????a, ????e n
?????y? e ??????, a ??a a ??? ????y ???????i???. O???? a ??e ??a y??????
?y????e, ?e ???i, ??????ny ?e?????e ?co???? a ???.
A?? 1000 ????o ???? ???????? ? ?????? ENI 14001. N ??? ??? i???? ??????
??? ?????a ???th?e ??u (EMS), ????ay E???? ???i ? ?????, ?????ue ????
?????e ???e. N?ey ????? ENI 14000, ???y i?????th ????o ??????? ?????,
????ey? ??e ?? ? ???? ?ey??i? ?????? ?????? ?y ????y ???th?e ??u.
I?????, ????????? ? ?????? ENI 14001, ????yo ??ey?? ????? e ????y ?????e
??aeath?e ??u, ??ny??y e ? ?y????e, ????e e ???i.
A ??????? n ???? ??????iey E??u N?? ? ????? ??a ??i?o ??? ? ??????
???????o ???a ? ?????e ???u ?????a ???? (QMS) n ??th ?????e QMS ??????e
?????o ???e n ??e ??ey ? ?????ey ?????. E???? ?????a ???????? ???o, ??u
?????a a E??a ?????a ???y ?? i?c??? e ?????u ?e ???e QMS, ???y ??????o
??????i ????? ENI 13485 e? ENI 13488.
I????ay ??????? ??? ?????i?e E??u e ?????o ???eth, N?? ii ????? ????o
????? ?????i ?????a ??? ??????? (SFM). A ???o ????u N?? ? ????? ????o ??
??? ? ?????e a ??a i????y ?????? ? ??????? ????? SFM. I?????e ?y y?e
????u ??o ??ue ?????, ??u ??? ? ????oe? ?? ??????u a ??? ????u ??????
EMS. Y? ???????a ??? ? ?????e ???????? ?????e, a ??o ?????e ???o ??? ??a
127 ????a ????, ? ?????? ????o ENI 14001 e 32 ???? ???? ? n?????a
??????o ????o. N???????? a E??a ???e ????tho 78% ?? ???? ??, ???????o ?y
??????i ??????y. Y? ????? ??????? ????th ?????e ??iy?y ???th?e ??u e
????? ???a ??? ???ey?e ??? ??????? E??u.
A? ????th?a ??i ????o ????, ???????? a ????? ????ey? ???th?e ??u,
????iyth?y e ?????? ???? ????y, ???a ? ??? ??e??tho ??? ????a ?????y,
??o?eth ?????? ????e e ??a, ? ??a ?????tho e ??atho ??a ??e ??a ?y ????o
???ey?e. I????, ??oe??y ????????e E??u (FPAC) ??a ??? ??????e ??????
?????e (a 2002 a.), ???y ?o????a, ??u ?a e???e-??u ?????e ?????eth ?
???i?? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????e ???e ????. I?i ec ?????, ?
?????? ???? ????-??u ??o ????ny n ?y?? i ?????e e ???i ? ?????e EMS,
a??????? ???i ? ?????, y?y?ny I?????e ???? E??u ? ?????o ?????o ???
??????? (SFM), ??????e E???? ?????e ? ????? (CAS/CSA Z809 – SFM System).
A????y y?e i???? FPAC a 2002 a. ???e ??eth ??????i ??a AEIAON ? ????ey a
??? ???th?e ??u.
A????i ???ey?y ????e ???? ??? ??????ny e ????th?i ????i a ???e ???th?e
??u e ?????a ?????i ???ey. Ae? Depot, ?? ? ????? a ?? ????th??a ????e
??? ???????, ?e ??e ??? ???ey?e, ???a ??e ????ue ???? ? ????? ????e,
??oy ?????? ? ??o ????a, ????y ?i ??i, ?i ????y ??o?? ? ???? ??,
??aey??y ?ae ??????i ?????i.
E??a ??a ?? ????a a ??????a ????ey n ??th ???ey ????ey ??? ???i, ???????
????? ???? ?? ?y ? ???i. N?? ? n????i e CAEAL ???i??e n ?i-?????? ??????
???????y ? ????? ??a a ???e ?????? ?????e ii ???eth ???? ?? a E????
A???a. Y? ?????ay ????a ????? ????a ?????? ????o ?????e, ??a??y ?
ENI/IYE 17025, ????eyth?y ??e ??????e ???? ? ?????e ?????e e ???? ? ??
???yo ????e e ?????.
E? ????e ??? ??? ?y????? a ??? ????? ??e ?????i ???ey, ??o ? ????? ????o
?ae??? e ????? ???th ???ath??y ??? a ?y????e ? ??????e ???????. A ??
E????i ???????? ???? ? ???ath??y ???i (CAC/DEVCO) ? ????o ???a a ???i
??a ??????o e ?????? ???eyoee (????, a ????-??????i ???a, ? ??????
?????), ?? ???o ???o a ?ae???e ???th ???i ??????? e ???? e ????? ???
???y ???ath??y ??i a ??????e ???????. N?? ? ????? ?no?? ????i ???y ???
??????? ???ath??y ??i a ??????o ????yo, a ??a ??ye ???a a ????o ???ey?yo
? ??? ??? e ??? ???ey. A ??????? n ????i ??????i I?????a ?????o ?e N??
ii ????? ????o ??? A??? a ????? ?????, ?y??? n ?????? ?????o ???? a ????
(TBT) a ??? ?y??i?? A???? ???? ?????e (WTO), ??i i??????y ? ????a ????e
y????e ??????, o???th?e ???? i????ey.
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