?AOA?AO
II AAIO?AAIENOEEA
Oaia: Enoi?e/aneea ai?iaea ?innee
Enoi?e/aneea ai?iaea e iinaeaiey – ianae?iiua ioieou, eiathuea
a?oeoaeoo?iua iaiyoieee, a?aaeino?ieoaeueiua ainaiaee e eiiieaenu,
yaeythueany iaiyoieeaie enoi?ee e eoeueoo?u, a oaeaea nio?aieaoeany
i?e?iaeiua eaiaeoaoou e ae?aaiee eoeueoo?iue neie caiee,
i?aaenoaaeythuee a?oaieiae/aneoth e enoi?e/aneoth oeaiiinoue.
Iiiyoea aaaaeaii a iaa 1970 aiaea iinoaiiaeaieai eieeaaee Ieienoa?noaa
eoeueoo?u ?NON? e Ainoaea?noaaiiui eiieoaoii Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?innee,
eiaaea aia?aua aue ooaa?aeae?i nienie ec 115 enoi?e/aneeo ai?iaeia e
ae?oaeo ianae?iiuo ioieoia ?NON?. *a?ac 20 eao iinoaiiaeaieai eieeaaee
Ieienoa?noaa eoeueoo?u ?NON? ? 12 io 19 oaa?aey 1990 aiaea, eieeaaee
Ainno?iy ?NON? ? 3 io 28 oaa?aey 1990 aiaea e i?aceaeeoia Oeaio?aeueiiai
niaaoa AIIIEeE ? 12 (162) io 16 oaa?aey 1990 aiaea, ii niaeaniaaieth n
Niaaoaie Ieieno?ia aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee, eniieeiiaie e?aaauo e iaeanoiuo
Niaaoia ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia aue i?eiyo iiaue nienie enoi?e/aneeo
ianae?iiuo iano ?NON?. Ii cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?eeny e aeeth/ae 426
ai?iaeia, 54 iin?eea ai?iaeneiai oeia e 56 n?e.
Ia 2002 aiae eiee/anoai enoi?e/aneeo ai?iaeneeo iinaeaiee a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee ninoaaeyao 478, a ieo i?iaeeaaao 69,9 iei /aeiaae.
E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie aieueoeinoai enoi?e/aneeo ai?iaeia ?innee
iaoiaeyony a caionoaiee e ?ac?ooa, e, eae i?aaeei, ia niiniaiu
naiinoiyoaeueii ?aoaoue iiiai/eneaiiua i?iaeaiu.
Cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai iaiyoieeia enoi?ee e eoeueoo?u o?aaoao n?i/iie
?anoaa?aoeee eeai eiina?aaoeee. Aieueoeinoai aeeeuo e iauanoaaiiuo
caeaiee enoi?e/aneie cano?ieee ioaeaeathony a iiaea?iecaoeee eee
?aeiino?oeoeee. Eiaeaia?iia iai?oaeiaaiea, iniaaiii a iaeuo e n?aaeieo
enoi?e/aneeo ai?iaeao, iaoiaeeony ia ieceii o?iaia. A oeaeyo iaania/aiey
nio?aiiinoe iauaeoia eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey, a oaeaea eiuo iauaeoia,
i?aaenoaaeythueo niaie enoi?eei-eoeueoo?ioth oeaiiinoue eee eiathueo
i?e?iaeiio?aiiia, ?ae?aaoeeiiiia eee icaei?iaeoaeueiia cia/aiea, a
enoi?e/aneii iinaeaiee a?aaeino?ieoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue iiaeeaaeeo
iniaiio ?aaoee?iaaieth a niioaaonoaee n A?aaeino?ieoaeueiui eiaeaenii
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, ianoiyuei Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii e
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee».
Iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiia ninoiyiea oa?aeoa?ii aeey aieueoeinoaa oeeoe e
aei?ia. Iaaeinoaoi/ii ?acaeoa nioeeaeueiay eio?ano?oeoo?a.
Ana enoi?e/aneea ai?iaea ?innee ?acaeaeythony ia /aou?a eaoaai?ee ii
oeaiiinoe eo a?oeoaeoo?ii-a?aaeino?ieoaeueiiai ianeaaeey:
Eaoaai?ey E– enoi?e/aneea ai?iaea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai (ie?iaiai) cia/aiey,
ianeaaeea eioi?uo eiaao i?eciaiiue iaaeaeoia?iaeiui niiauanoaii
oieeaeueiue oa?aeoa? e ioaeaeaaony a i?eiyoee iniauo ia? e i?ioeaaeo? ii
aai nio?aiaieth.
Eaoaai?ey EE– enoi?e/aneea ai?iaea iauaainoaea?noaaiiiai
(iauaiaoeeiiaeueiiai) cia/aiey, ianeaaeea eioi?uo eiaao auaeathueeny
oa?aeoa? e aeey aai nio?aiaiey o?aaoaony ?ac?aaioea eiiieaeniuo i?ia?aii
e niaoeeaeueiuo i?iaeoia ii ?aeiino?oeoeee e aic?iaeaeaieth enoi?e/aneie
n?aaeu.
Eaoaai?ey EEE– enoi?e/aneea ai?iaea ?aaeiiaeueiiai cia/aiey, ianeaaeea
eioi?uo iainiiauaaao eo auaeaeaiea ec iauaai nienea e ioaeaeaaony a
nio?aiaiee e eniieueciaaiee aai eae a?aaeino?ieoaeueiiai ianeaaeey.
Eaoaai?ey EV– i?i/ea enoi?e/aneea ai?iaea [8].
Iineaa – noieeoea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, ai?iae oaaea?aeueiiai
cia/aiey, aaeieieno?aoeaiue oeaio? Oeaio?aeueiiai oaaea?aeueiiai ie?oaa
e Iineianeie iaeanoe. Ae?aaiaeoea iinaeaiey ia ianoa nia?aiaiiie Iineau,
aa?iyoii, aicieeee a oa a?aiaia, eiaaea ia/aee ?acaeaaoueny oi?aiaua e
i?iiuneiaua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo naaa?ii e thaii ?onneie ?aaieiu. Yoiio
niinianoaiaaei ianoiiieiaeaiea Iineau ia ia?ana/aiee iooae iaaeaeo
aaeoeeneeie Aeaeiie e Iaiaiii e aa?oiei Aeiai?ii e Aieaa e Aeiio,
e?ao/aeoay aei?iaa iaaeaeo eioi?uie oea aeieeiaie ?ae Iineau e Eeycueiu,
aaea ?annayiu iiiai/eneaiiua iaiyoieee ae?aaiae eoeueoo?u – eo?aaiu.
Caeanue e auea iniiaaia Iineaa. Aic?ano Iineau oi/ii ia ecaanoai.
Nouanoaotho eaaaiaeu, ioiinyuea a? iniiaaiea e ae?aaiaeoei a?aiaiai, ii
ia?aui aeinoiaa?iui eaoiieniui oiiieiaieai n/eoaaony oeacaiea
Eiaoueaaneie eaoiiene ia noaaioo 4 ai?aey 1147 aiaea, eiaaea
?inoiai-nocaeaeueneee eiycue TH?ee Aeieai?oeee i?eieiae a ai?iaeea iiae
iacaaieai Iineia naieo ae?ocae e nithcieeia ai aeaaa n
iiaai?iae-naaa?neei eiycai Nayoineaaii Ieueaiae/ai. Oiaaea Iineaa auea
iia?aie/iie eiyaeaneie onaaeueaie. A 1156 aiaeo Aiae?ae Aiaiethaneee
iinoaaee caeanue ii oeacaieth TH?ey iiaoth aea?aayiioth e?aiinoue,
n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueooth (ia?eiao? a? noai ninoaaeye ieiei 510 iao?ia).
Caeanue ?aciauaeny io?yae eiyaeaneie ae?oaeeiu aeey caueou
Nocaeaeueneiai eiyaeanoaa io caiaaeiuo ninaaeae. A 1177 aiaeo e?aiinoue
naeaa ?ycaineee eiycue Aeaa, ii iia auea auno?i ainnoaiiaeaia. Aa?iyoii,
Iineaa oaea a oi a?aiy aiaaoaea e i?eia?aoaea cia/aiea a
iaaeaeoeiyaeaneeo ioiioaieyo. Oaea ia ?oaaaea XII-XIII aaeia iia
ia/eiaao ea?aoue caiaoioth ?ieue n?aaee ai?iaeia Naaa?i-Ainoi/iie ?one.
Nae/an Iineaa – aaaeiaeoee o?ainii?oiue ocae, a oaeaea iieeoe/aneee,
yeiiiie/aneee, eoeueoo?iue e iao/iue oeaio? no?aiu. Ai?iae ianeoaeeaatho
6 ay?iii?oia. A Iineaa 9 aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo aiecaeia, 3 ?a/iuo ii?oa
(eiaaony ?a/iia niiauaiea n ii?yie aannaeiia Aoeaioe/aneiai e Naaa?iiai
Eaaeiaeoiai ieaaiia). N 1935 aiaea a noieeoea ?aaioaao iao?iiieeoai.
E?oiiaeoee ii /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey ai?iae ?innee e Aa?iiu (ianaeaiea ia
1 ethey 2009 aiaea – 10,527 iei /aeiaae) [8]. Aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoe:
E?aieue, O?ai O?enoa Nianeoaey, Aieueoie oaao?, O?aoueyeianeay aaea?ay,
Iocae eca?aceoaeueiuo eneonnoa ei. Iooeeia, Iaacieae Eaieia, Aeii
Iaoeiaa [5].
Aeey aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey ai?iaea i?eiyo Aaia?aeueiue ieai ?acaeoey
Iineau aei 2020 aiaea. Aeaaiay oeaeue iiaiai Aaiieaia – naeaeaoue Iineao
ai?iaeii, oaeiaiui aeey aeecie ethaeae. Iniiaiay caaioa a?aaeino?ieoaeae
– /aeiaae e aai ioaeaeu: aaciianiinoue, oaeianoai, eiioi?o aai aeecie,
aeinooiiinoue oi?ioaai ia?aciaaiey, oaa?aiiinoue a iieo/aiee eioa?aniie
e a aeieaeiie ia?a iiea/eaaaiie ?aaiou, ea/anoaaiiia o?ainii?oiia e
eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea ai?iaea, noa?a oneoa e ae?.
Oeaeueth a?aaeino?ieoaeueiiai ?acaeoey Iineau yaeyaony nio?aiaiea e
i?aoiiiaeaiea aa enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iiai, eaiaeoaooiiai e
a?oeoaeoo?ii-i?ino?ainoaaiiiai naiaia?acey, nicaeaiea aeey iuiaoiaai e
aoaeoueo iieieaiee aaciianiie, aeaaii?eyoiie aeey aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe e
?aciiia?aciie ai?iaeneie n?aaeu. A?aaeino?ieoaeueiia ?acaeoea aeieaeii:
iaania/eaaoue ia oa??eoi?ee ai?iaea aeey anao eaoaai?ee ianaeaiey
nioeeaeueii cia/eiua o?aaiaaiey aeinooiiinoe aeeeeua, ?aaiou,
ia?aciaaiey, cae?aaiio?aiaiey, ianeoaeeaaiey e aeinoaa, n?aaenoa
o?ainii?oa, nayce e eioi?iaoeee, aaciianiinoe, eiaeaia?iiai
iai?oaeiaaiey e aeaaiono?ienoaa oa??eoi?ee; ioaa/aoue aeieaia?aiaiiui
eioa?anai aeeoaeae Iineau a ?acaeoee e eniieueciaaiee oa??eoi?ee ai?iaea
aeey iauaai aeaaa; niinianoaiaaoue i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoe ai?iaea aeey
a?oeoaeoo?iie, eiaanoeoeeiiiie e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe,
iaania/eaaoue iiiaiia?acea e naiaiaeo yoie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?aieao
a?aaeino?ieoaeueiuo o?aaiaaiee, onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii. Iaania/aiea
yeieiae/aneie aaciianiinoe oa??eoi?ee e io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu:
i?eaaaeaiea oa??eoi?ee, iiaeaa?aeaiiuo iianiui aicaeaenoaeyi
oaoiiaaiiiai e (eee) i?e?iaeiiai oa?aeoa?a, a ninoiyiea, ioaa/athuaa
o?aaiaaieyi yeieiae/aneie aaciianiinoe e naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aceeo ii?i;
nieaeaiea iaaeaaii?eyoiuo aicaeaenoaee o?ainii?oa e noaoeeiia?iuo
enoi/ieeia caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ia aeeeua, iauanoaaiiua
oa??eoi?ee e oa??eoi?ee i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena; oeo/oaiea
iee?ieeeiaoe/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee aeeeuo e iauanoaaiiuo oa??eoi?ee,
iioeiecaoeey ?aaeeiia eo i?iaao?eaaiey e ?annaeaaiey caa?yciythueo
aauanoa, aao?icaueou, iueacaueou, oaiei- e eenei?iaeiaiaia, aeaaeiinoe;
ainnicaeaiea e i/enoea ?ae e aiaeiaiia e oa??eoi?ee eo aiaeiio?aiiuo
cii, iaania/aiea ?aaeeia naieoa?iiai aiaeiiaiaia a ?aeao e aiaeiaiao;
inouanoaeaiea iieiie ia?a?aaioee e ooeeecaoeee oaa?aeuo i?iiuoeaiiuo e
auoiauo iooiaeia n eniieueciaaieai yeieiae/anee aaciianiuo oaoiieiaee.
?acaeoea nenoaiu iauanoaaiiuo oa??eoi?ee, oeaio?ia e iauaeoia
nioeeaeueiie eio?ano?oeoo?u:
– ooieoeeiiaeueiia iaiieiaiea o?aaiece?iaaiiiai ea?eana ai?iaea,
oi?ie?iaaiea ia aai iniiaa i?ino?ainoaaiii ?acaaoaeaiiie
iieeoeaio?e/aneie nenoaiu iiiaii?ioeeueiuo e niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo
iauanoaaiiuo oeaio?ia e cii ai?iaeneiai cia/aiey; ?acaeoea iauanoaaiiuo
ooieoeee ia oa??eoi?eyo, ia?acothueo o?iio aeaaiuo oeeoe e ieiuaaeae;
– iiauoaiea ?iee enoi?e/aneiai oeaio?a Iineau e, i?aaeaea anaai, aai
oeaio?aeueiiai yae?a a ea/anoaa iaoeeiiaeueiiai iauanoaaiii-eoeueoo?iiai
oeaio?a, neiaiea ?inneeneie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe e ianoa ?aciauaiey aunoeo
oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe;
– nicaeaiea aeaaiiai aeaeiaiai oeaio?a ai?iaea – iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
oeaio?a “Iineaa-Neoe” ia E?aniii?aniaineie iaaa?aaeiie; oi?ie?iaaiea
iiauo ai?iaeneeo iauanoaaiii-aeaeiauo oeaio?ia a o?ainii?oiuo oceao ia
oa??eoi?ee enoi?e/aneiai oeaio?a e a n?aaeeiiii iiyna, ?aciauaiea a yoeo
oeaio?ao iauaeoia, eiioeaio?e?othueo ianniaua iioiee ?aaioathueo e
iinaoeoaeae;
– ?acaeoea io?aneaauo nenoai iauaeoia e eiiieaenia nioeeaeueiie
eio?ano?oeoo?u, ianeoaeeaaiey e iio?aaeoaeueneiai ?uiea –
cae?aaiio?aiaiey, ia?aciaaiey, eoeueoo?u, ?aeeaeiciie aeayoaeueiinoe,
oi?aiaee, aeinoaa e ?ae?aaoeee, oece/aneie eoeueoo?u e nii?oa,
ainoeieoe;
– i?aaiecaoeey ai?iaeneeo oo?enoe/aneeo cii, eiioeaio?e?othueo eiiieaenu
iauaeoia oo?enoe/aneiai iinauaiey, ainoeieoeu, iauaeou aeinoaa,
ianeoaeeaaiey e oi?aiaee;
– oi?ie?iaaiea a iauanoaaiiuo oeaio?ao e ciiao aeaaiono?iaiiuo
iaoaoiaeiuo i?ino?ainoa. ?aeiino?oeoeey e ?acaeoea aeeeuo oa??eoi?ee: –
oaaee/aiea a?aaeino?ieoaeueiie aieinoe aeeeuo oa??eoi?ee ai?iaea aei
250-270 iei. i2 iauae ieiuaaee iooai caaa?oaiey inaiaiey
aioo?eai?iaeneeo oa??eoi?eaeueiuo ?aca?aia e ?aeiino?oeoeee
nouanoaothueo aeeeuo oa??eoi?ee;
– oi?ie?iaaiea eiiieaeniie aeeeie n?aaeu, ioaa/athuae nioeeaeueiui
o?aaiaaieyi aeinooiiinoe iauaeoia ianeoaeeaaiey, ianoiuo oeaio?ia,
ai?iaeneiai o?ainii?oa, iauaeoia ioaeuoa e icaeaiaiey, o?aaiaaieyi
aaciianiinoe e eiiieaeniiai aeaaiono?ienoaa e o.ae. [2].
Nocaeaeue – ai?iae a ?innee, aaeieieno?aoeaiue oeaio? Nocaeaeueneiai
?aeiia Aeaaeeie?neie iaeanoe.
?aniieiaeai ia ?aea Eaiaiea, i?eoiea ?aee Ia?ee, a 26 ei e naaa?o io
Aeaaeeie?a. Nocaeaeue – ai?iae-caiiaaaeiee, aoiaeeo a Cieioia eieueoei
?innee [8]. Nocaeaeue – ae?aaiyy noieeoea e aaeeinoaaiiue a ?innee
ai?iae-iocae [7]. Ia i?ioyaeaiee anae enoi?ee ainoaea?noaa ?inneeneiai
noieeoe auei iyoue e Nocaeaeue o?iiieiae/anee noieo a yoii ?yaeo aoi?ui
iinea Eeaaa. Aei 1799 a. caeanue iaoiaeeeanue eaoaae?a iao?ea?oa e
neaaeiaaoaeueii ai?iae – ?aeeaeiciue oeaio? ?innee.
Iaaieueoie ii ?acia?ai Nocaeaeue ia iioiae ie ia iaeei ae?oaie ai?iae.
Aaconeiaii, ii yaeyaony aeai/oaeeiie eoeueoo?iiai, enoi?e/aneiai e
a?oeoaeoo?iiai ianeaaeey eae Ae?aaiae ?one, oae e ?inneeneie eiia?ee. A
ianeieueeeo eeeiiao?ao io ianaeaiiiai ioieoa, a Eeaeaeoa, noieo naiia
ae?aaiaa caeaiea anae Oeaio?aeueiie ?innee – o?ai Ai?ena e Aeaaa,
iino?iaiiue TH?eai Aeieai?oeei a 1147 aiaeo ia aa?aao ?aee Ia?ee.
Nocaeaeue ?aniieiaeeeny ia i?iaeieaiaaoie aicauoaiiinoe n?aaee eania e
iieae. Ia?aua ?onneea iinaeaioeu i?eoee nthaea a X-XI aaeao, i?ineuoaa i
ieiaei?iaeiinoe oo/iie caiee iiieuey (iacaaiei/aiiay aicauoaiiay
aaceaniay ?aaieia, iau/ii ie?oaeaiiay iieanueyie, n ieiaei?iaeiuie
oaiiioeaaoiuie ea?aiiaoiuie e na?uie eaniuie ii/aaie). Iie iniiaaee
caeanue iiiai/eneaiiua aea?aaie, i?e/ai iniaaiii aonoi canaeeee
ianoiinoue, aaea ?a/ea Eaiaiea aiaaeaao a Ia?eue. Yoe iinaeaiey e
iineoaeeee iniiaie aeey aicieeiiaaiey Nocaeaey. Ianoi aeaenoaeoaeueii
auei aua?aii i/aiue oaea/ii – aaeece oiaaea aua noaeioiaeiie ?aee e
i?ioiaeyueo iaiiaeaeaeo oi?aiauo iooae. Iaeiaei ie?iay aeeciue aeeeeanue
iaaeieai. Ia?aia oiiieiaiea i ai?iaea a eaoiiene (1024 aiae) naycaii n
e?anoueyineei aoioii, eioi?ue iiaeaaee ss?ineaa Ioae?ue. Io a aeaeueoa
eiyaeaneea aieiu, ooaa?aeaeaiea o?enoeainoaa, no?aoiua iiaea?u, iai?iia
io iaoanoaee /oaeacaiiuo caoaao/eeia, iiiaiei-oaoa?neia eai,
iionoioeoaeueiay /oia. N aiaiii-oi?oeoeeaoeeiiiie oi/ee c?aiey ianoi
aeey ai?iaea oaeaea auei aua?aii oaea/ii. Iaiaeaaoay iuia ?aea Eaiaiea
caeanue aeiaieueii neeueii iaoeyao, oi anoue naiie iaoooeie-i?e?iaeie
nicaeaii ianeieueei anoanoaaiiuo iieoino?iaia. ?aea a oa a?aiaia auea
na?ueaciui i?aiyonoaeai ia iooe iacaaiuo ainoae, iiyoiio
iaoaeeaeoaeueii, /oi e?aieue ia/aee no?ieoue ia iaeiii ec ino?iaia.
I/aiue oaeiaii – iai?iieoaeueiue ?ia ?uoue ia iaaei. Enoi?ey ai?iaea
iai?yioth naycaia n oaeeie ecaanoiuie enoi?e/aneeie ee/iinoyie, eae
TH?ee Aeieai?oeee, Aeaaeeie? Iiiiiao, eiycue Iiaea?neee.
Nia?aiaiiue Nocaeaeue ia/ae oi?ie?iaaoueny a XVI aaea, eiaaea a ai?iaea
i?e o/anoee Eaaia A?iciiai noaei aeoeaii ?acaeaaoueny eaiaiiia
no?ieoaeuenoai. Oaea oiaaea ooo ?aniieaaaeny oeaio? aeiaieueii aiaaoie
Nocaeaeueneie aieneiiee, a niioiioaiea aeai?ia e oea?eaae i?inoi
ii?aaeaao (i?eia?ii iaeia oea?eiaue ia ainaiue aeai?ia). Ieioiinoue
iaiyoieeia enoi?ee e a?oeoaeoo?u ecoieyao e naaiaeiy. Eo caeanue aieaa
300, i?e/ai aieueoay /anoue – o?aiu, iiianou?e e /aniaie, iiiaea ec
eioi?uo aeaenoaothuea.
A iineaaeiea 40 eao Nocaeaeue yaeyaony ecethaeaiiie nuaii/iie ieiuaaeeie
aeey ioa/anoaaiiuo e ca?oaaaeiuo eeiaiaoia?aoenoia. Ia oiia
nocaeaeueneie noa?eiu niyoi aieaa 50 oeeueiia, n?aaee eioi?uo
«AEaieoueaa Aaeuecaieiiaa», «Aiae?ae ?oaeaa», «?inney iieiaeay» e ae?.
Eioa?anii, /oi iaeiaaeaeu Nocaeaeue i?aaenoaaeye ia ye?aia noa?oth
Iineao. E 850eaoeth Iineau a Nocaeaea niyee ea?oeio «Eiycue TH?ee
Aeieai?oeee».Naiieaoii eee iiacaeii a ai?iae ia aeia?aoueny – oieueei
aaoio?ainii?oii ec Aeaaeeie?a, aei eioi?iai 37 ei. Iaaeaeoai?iaeiea
aaoiaonu ia yoii ia?o?ooa oiaeyo ?aaoey?ii, a aio a naiii Nocaeaea
?acaeoea iauanoaaiiiai o?ainii?oa iaoiaeeony a ca/aoi/iii ninoiyiee.
Oaeei, eae nae/an, ai?iae noae ieiei 40 eao iacaae. Eiaiii a 60o aiaeao
auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea naeaeaoue Nocaeaeue iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo
oo?enoe/aneeo oeaio?ia N?aaeiae iieinu ?innee. Caa?ioaiiua e iaaaooaaoea
iaiyoieee i?eaaee a ii?yaeie, iino?ieee ainoeieoeu e, eae oiaaea
aiai?eee, ioieou iauaieoa. E i?eaio ainoae iiaeaioiaeeenue
iniiaaoaeueii. E oo?enou iiaoaee, iineieueeo iiaeiaiuo iano a NNN? auei
iaiiiai. A na?aaeeia 80o yeneo?neiiiue aaoiaon a Nocaeaeue ec Iineau
ioi?aaeyeny i?yii io E?aniie ieiuaaee.
Ainoeie/ii-oo?enoe/aneee eiiieaen, aicaaaeaiiue a niaaoneea a?aiaia,
aeaenoaoao caeanue e iiiuia. Oieueei oaia?ue ii iacuaaaony ainoeieoea
«Nocaeaeue» e ioithaeue ia yaeyaony iiiiiieenoii ia iaaieueoii, ii
aanueia eioa?aniii ?uiea. Ioaeae e ainoaauo aeiiia a Nocaeaea naaiaeiy
ieiei iieooi?a aeanyoeia. Iaeiia?aiaiii iie iiaoo i?eiyoue ieiei 1300
/aeiaae.
Ia?aaeei Nocaeaeue iinauatho aunieiiinoaaeaiiua ainoaea?noaaiiua eeoea.
Caeanue i?iaiaeyo auacaeiua niaauaiey n o/anoeai /eaiia i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
A 2004 aiaeo ia ?iaeaeanoaaineii aiaineoaeaiee a Ciaiaineie oea?eae
i?enoonoaiaae e I?aceaeaio ?O Aeaaeeie? Iooei.
Ia iacia/eoaeueiue ii ?acia?ai Nocaeaeue i?eoiaeyony iaeei e?aieue e
iyoue iiianou?ae. Eiaaea eaeaoue ii oeeoeai ai?iaea, ioianthaeo aeaeai
ii e?aeiae ia?a iaeei ec ieo, aea aua ianeieueei ioaeaeueii noiyueo
oea?eaae. I?e/ai aieueoeinoai aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoae iaoiaeeony a
i?eee/iii ninoiyiee, a ia a ?oeiao, eae ai iiiaeo ianoao, ia aoiaeyueo a
Cieioia eieueoei ?innee. Oae /oi au?aaeaiea «ai?iae-iocae» aiieia
niioaaonoaoao aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe.
Aieaa oiai, aiieia aa?iyoii, Nocaeaeue a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy ioeoeeaeueii
noaiao ia?aui a ?innee ai?iaeii-iocaai. Iaae yoei ?aaioaao niaoeeaeueiay
eiienney. Iaeioi?ua yenia?ou aeaaea i?iaiice?otho ?aceee ?ino oeai ia
oaea iino?iaiiua eiooaaeaee e iniaiyee. Ai-ia?auo, iie aoaeoo
?aniieaaaoueny ia oa??eoi?ee iaiyoieea eoeueoo?u, a aiaoi?uo,
no?ieoaeuenoai iiauo iauaeoia iiaeiaiiai ?iaea iinea i?eiyoey
niioaaonoaothueo aeieoiaioia nouanoaaiii cao?oaeieony. Aiaaiua aieina
oao, eoi aiciouaaony ia?ooaieai oieeaeueiiai enoi?e/aneiai eaiaeoaooa,
aeiaieueii a?iiei cao/ao oaea naaiaeiy. Iniiaiua ai?iaeneea iino?ieee
nin?aaeioi/aiu ia eaaii aa?aao Eaiaiee. Oeaio?aeueiay oeeoea Eaieia e
ana io iaa iooiaeyuea ninoiyo eneeth/eoaeueii ec aeiiia noieaoiae
aeaaiinoe. Io a ie?aeiu Nocaeaey i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aea?aayiiua aeiia
n i?eonaaeaaiuie o/anoeaie.
Ethaiiuoii, /oi ia i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo eiioeao ai?iaea aei neo ii?
nio?aieeenue Eaaiianeea e Aeaaeeie?neea ai?ioa (a caaeneiinoe io oiai,
eoaea aaaeao aei?iaa). A nai Nocaeaeue ca aaea oae e ia auoae ca
i?aaeaeu naieo enoi?e/aneeo a?aieoe. I?ieaey ai?iae-iocae aaeieue e
iiia?ae, au ia iaeaeaoa a iai ie iaeiiai iyoeyoaaeiiai caeaiey. A /a?oa
nia?aiaiiiai Nocaeaey anoue ianeieueei aeaoo- e o?aoyoaaeiuo aeiiia, ii
iaoiaeyony iie ca Eaaiianeeie ai?ioaie, ia oa??eoi?ee auaoae aea?aaie
Ei?iaieee, eioi?oth a niaaoneia a?aiy i?eniaaeeieee e ai?iaeo, a eiy
nio?aieee a iacaaiee iiaie oeeoeu.
Ca iineaaeiea 20 eao /enei ai?iaeai i?aeoe/anee ia eciaieeinue e
ninoaaeyao 14 ouny/ /aeiaae. Naiia aieueoia i?aaei?eyoea a ai?iaea –
o?eeioaaeiue oeao, a eioi?ii caiyoi ieiei 80 /aeiaae. I?iiuoeaiiinoe eae
oaeiaie iao. Anoue oi?ioi iniauaiiay Oeaio?aeueiay ?aeiiiay aieueieoea,
aeaa n?aaeiea oeieu, naeueneioicyenoaaiiue eieeaaeae e Nocaeaeueneia
?anoaa?aoeeiiiia ooaeiaeanoaaiiia o/eeeua (N?OO).
Iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai a?aaeaeai o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa ?aaioatho
a oo?enoe/aneie noa?a, inoaeueiua caiyou au?aueaaieai oe?iaiiiai
nocaeaeueneiai iaiua – iao?oea.
Aaeaaiaeiue i?acaeiee iao?oea, eioi?ue i?ioiaeeo a yoii ae?aaiai ?onneii
ai?iaea, oaeinoaeaaaony aieiaiey ouny/ oo?enoia e i?aeoe/anee anao
iaoeeiiaeueiuo oaeaeaiaeia. Aicieeaao aiieia anoanoaaiiue aii?in: /ai
aea ioee/aaony ianoiue iao?aoe io ethaiai ae?oaiai, au?auaiiiai a
N?aaeiae iieina ?innee? Aiia?auo, a Nocaeaea oaeeaeoaeueii ieiaei?iaeiay
ii/aa (i?aeoe/anee /enoue /a?iicai), a aiaoi?uo, i?e au?aueaaiee
naaeiaiaeu eniieuecotho nia?aiaiiua oaoiieiaee. O iiiaeo ai?iaeai iiae
iai?iaeaie i?ieiaeaiu ioiieoaeueiua o?oau, eioi?ua iicaieytho iieo/aoue
o?iaeae ai?acaei ?aiueoa iau/iiai i?e?iaeiiai n?iea [3].
Ia II Ana?inneeneie eiioa?aioeee «Ainoaea?noaaiiay iieeoeea a iaeanoe
?acaeoey eoeueoo?ii-iiciaaaoaeueiiai oo?ecia a ?innee», i?ioiaeeaoae a
ai?iaea Nocaeaeue 17-18 iay 2007 aiaea aiai?eee ia onoie/eaii ?inoa
iau?ia oo?enoneeo oneoa ia aioo?aiiai iai?aaeaiee, iiae/a?eioa, /oi
iniiaie aioo?aiiaai oo?ecia a ?innee yaeyaony eae ?ac oo?eci
eoeueoo?ii-iiciaaaoaeueiue. E caeanue aaeaaiaeiue i?e?ino ninoaaeyao
15%. A caeeth/aiea ia i?eia?a Nocaeaey auea iieacaia aaaeiinoue
aic?iaeaeaiey noa?eiiuo ?ai?nae e o?aaeeoeee aeey iauaai ?acaeoey
eoeueoo?ii-iiciaaaoaeueiiai oo?ecia [6].
Ineia – ai?iae ia naaa?i-caiaaea ?innee, aaeieieno?aoeaiue oeaio?
Ineianeie iaeanoe e Ineianeiai ?aeiia. ?aniieiaeai ia ?aea Aaeeeay
(aiaaeaao a Ineianeia ica?i) i?e neeyiee a? n ?aeie Ineiaa? [8].
Ineia – iaeei ec ae?aaiaeoeo ai?iaeia ?innee. Naiei aanoeaiiui
enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iui ianeaaeeai ii ciaiaieo ia oieueei a iaoae no?aia,
ii e ai anai ie?a.
Ai?iae aia?aua oiiieiaaony a eaoiienyo iiae 903 aiaeii a nayce n
eaaaiaea?iuie eiaiaie Nayoie ?aaiiaiinoieueiie eiyaeie Ieueae e eiycy
Eai?y. Iaeiaei, ii aeaiiui a?oaieiae/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee, ia?aia
iinaeaiea aicieeei aua ?aiaa – a VI-VII aaeao [1]. A X- ia/aea XII
aaeia aoiaeeo a ninoaa Ae?aaia?onneiai ainoaea?noaa. C XII aaea – a
ninoaaa Iiaai?iaeneie caiee. A XIV-XV aa. oeaio? Ineianeie ?anioaeeee. N
1510 a. a ninoaaa Aaeeeiai Eiyaeanoaa Iineianeiai. A 1581–1582 aa. ai
a?aiy Eeaiineie aieiu auaea?aeae iieoaiaeiaoth inaaeo aiene Noaoaia
Aaoi?ey. N 1777 a. oeaio? Ineianeie aoaa?iee n 10-th oacaeaie. Ca a?aiy
ieeoiaoeee aa?iaineeie aieneaie a aiaeu —Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu a
Ineiaa ?ac?ooaii 94% aeeeiai oiiaea. Ae?aaiaeoay /anoue ai?iaea – E?ii –
Ineianeee e?aieue. Nio?aieeenue niai?u Ie?iaeneiai (aei 1156),
Eaaiianeiai (1243), Niaoiai?neiai (1310) iiianou?ae, oea?eae Aaneeey ia
Ai?ea (1413), Einueiu e Aeaieaia (1463) e ae? [8].
Ecae?aaea Ineia yaeyaony iaeiei ec aeooiaiuo oeaio?ia ?one, n?aaeioi/eai
oieeaeueiuo iaiyoieeia ae?aaia?onneiai ciae/anoaa. Ai?iae anaaaea
neaaeeny naieie aeia?ininaaeneeie ioiioaieyie: caeanue iaoiaeeeenue
aaaeiua oi?aiaua iooe, aeoeaii ?acaeaaeenue ?aianea, aaeanue iaoe?iay
iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey, a oii /enea e n ai?iaeaie Aaicaeneiai nithca.
Naaiaeiy Ineia – iaeei ec e?aneaaeoeo, aeeiaie/ii ?acaeaathueony
?inneeneeo ai?iaeia. Iaaieueoie ii nia?aiaiiui ia?eai, n ianaeaieai
ieiei 200 ouny/ /aeiaae, Ineia ii-i?aaeiaio noieo ia no?aaea a?aieoe
Ioa/anoaa e aiineo aaniiue aeeaae a ?acaeoea ?inneeneie yeiiiieee [1].
A yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneii iieiaeaiee Ineia – oeaio? iaeiieiaiiie
iaeanoe, ?aniieiaeai a ia?eoa?eeiie /anoe Naaa?i-Caiaaeiiai
yeiiiie/aneiai ?aeiia, eioi?ay oa?aeoa?ecoaony ioiineoaeueii ?aaeeie
ai?iaeneie naoueth e iaoe?iuie caeanaiiuie oa??eoi?eyie. A iaeanoe
ioiineoaeueii iaaaeeea ieiuaaeue naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo oaiaeee e ieceay
ieioiinoue naeueneiai ianaeaiey. Iaeiaei a oeaeii Ineianeoth iaeanoue
iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae naeueneioicyenoaaiiue ?aaeii, a eioi?ii
o?iaaiue o?aaiecaoeee ieaea n?aaeiaai ii no?aia (65% i?ioea 73% a
n?aaeiai ii ?O, aeaiiua 1994 a.) e aeiey caiyouo a naeueneii oicyenoaa
i?aauoaao n?aaeia?inneeneoth (17,5% i?ioea 12,8% a ?O, aeaiiua 1993 a.).
E oiio aea Ineia yaeyaony iaeiei ec iaiiiai/eneaiiuo ioiineoaeueii
e?oiiuo ai?iaeia ia naaa?i-caiaaea no?aiu, iiyoiio aunooiaao oeaio?ii
nauoa e ia?a?aaioee naeueoici?iaeoeoeee aeinoaoi/ii iaoe?iiai
ie?oaeathuaai ?aaeiia e eiaao iioaioeeae aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey a yoii
ioiioaiee.
I?aeiouanoaaie o?ainii?oii-aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiey ai?iaea yaeyaony
?aniieiaeaiea ia ?yaea iaaeno?aeueiuo aaoi- e aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo
iaaeno?aeyo ?aaeiiaeueiiai cia/aiey, naycuaathueo Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a e, a
iaiueoae noaiaie, Iineao n ainoaea?noaaie Aaeoee e Eaeeieia?aaeneie
iaeanoueth, a oaeaea n Iieueoae, Aaea?onueth e Caiaaeiie Oe?aeiie.
?annoiyiea aei Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa ninoaaeyao 286 ei, aei ?eae e Oaeeeia,
/a?ac eioi?ua ioe?uaaaony auoiae e Aaeoeeneiio ii?th, niioaaonoaaiii 290
e 340 ei.
Aaaeiaeoae iniaaiiinoueth ai?iaea Ineiaa noaei aai i?aa?auaiea a
i?ea?aie/iue ai?iae iinea auoiaea i?eaaeoeeneeo ?anioaeee, e a /anoiinoe
Ynoiiee e Eaoaee, ec ninoaaa NNN?. Ai?iae Ineia ?aniieiaeai naaiaeiy
iaiaa /ai a 40 ei io ainoaea?noaaiiie a?aieoeu ?innee. I?ea?aie/iia
iieiaeaiea aucaaei ii?aaeaeaiiua o?oaeiinoe (oa??eoi?eaeueiua nii?u e
iai?yaeaiiinoue a ioiioaieyo n Ynoiineie ?anioaeeeie e Eaoaeeneie
?anioaeeeie, iaono?ienoai ainoaea?noaaiiie a?aieoeu e niioaaonoaothuay
iaa?ocea ia iaeanoue a oneiaeyo iaonoie/eaiai oeiaine?iaaiey
oaaea?aeueiuie aeanoyie). Iaeiaei a oeaeii iioaioeeae i?ea?aie/iiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa i?aaenoaaeyaony aunieei, iniaaiii a naaoa iinoaiaiiie
ii?iaeecaoeee iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo ioiioaiee ?O e no?ai Aaeoee e
iinoaiaiiiai oneeaiey yeiiiie/aneie i?eaioaoeee iineaaeieo ia ?inneeneea
?uiee.
Ioiineoaeueioth aeecinoue e Naieo-Iaoa?ao?ao e Iineaa, a oaeaea auoiae
ia aaeoeeneea no?aiu iiaeii a oeaeii n/eoaoue oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiie
iniaaiiinoueth nauoi-aaia?aoe/aneiai iieiaeaiey. Iaeiaei i?e ioeaiea
neaaeoao o/eouaaoue iaee/ea neeueiuo eiieo?aioia a eeoea ninaaeieo
iaeanoae (Iiaai?iaeneie, Oaa?neie, Niieaineie, Eaieia?aaeneie), a oaeaea
Ea?aeee, niiniaiuo ninoaaeoue eiieo?aioeeth a i?aaeeiaeaiee aiaeiae/iie
i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e iai?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey.
Ioiineoaeueii iaauaiaeiui oaeaea a ianoiyuaa a?aiy yaeyaony ninaaenoai n
Aaea?onueth, /uey i?iaeoeoeey a oneiaeyo yeiiiie/aneie i?iieoeaaiinoe
a?aieoe e aieueoae aeaoe?oaiinoe yaeyaony ii ?yaeo iiceoeee (a
/anoiinoe, ii naeueoici?iaeoeoai) aieaa eiieo?aioiniiniaiie ii
n?aaiaieth n ianoiie.
Iaauaiaeiui yaeyaony iieiaeaiea Ineiaa ioiineoaeueii enoi/ieeia
yia?aaoe/aneeo ?ano?nia. Ai?iae iieo/aao iniiaioth /anoue oiieeaa ec
ae?oaeo, aeinoaoi/ii oaeaeaiiuo ?aaeiiia. I?aeoe/anee oaeay aea
neooaoeey neeaaeuaaaony ioiineoaeueii aieueoeinoaa aeaeia nu?uey e
iaoa?eaeia. Iaeanoue e ai?iae i?aeoe/anee eeoaiu ieia?aeueii-nu?ueaauo
?ano?nia, ca eneeth/aieai aeeiu, oi?oa, aeiiiiai eea. E ainnoaiiaeiui
?ano?nai, eioi?uie ?aniieaaaao iaeanoue, ioiineony ean. Iieiaeeoaeueiie
iniaaiiinoueth yaeyaony oi?ioay iaania/aiiinoue Ineiaa aiaeiuie
?ano?naie; aeaaiua aiaeiua a?oa?ee ai?iaea – ?aee Aaeeeay e Ineiaa. Ii
?aeoeiao ?ano?nii-nu?ueaaiai iioaioeeaea Ineianeay iaeanoue caiyea
65-a, oiieeaii-nu?ueaaiai – 89-a (iineaaeiaa) ianoi n?aaee ?aaeiiia
?innee.
Ai?iae Ineia ?aniieaaaao aeinoaoi/iuie ?ano?naie oa??eoi?ee. Iauee
caiaeueiue oiiae ai?iaea ninoaaeyao 136,85 ea.ei, a oii /enea caiaeue a
a?aieoeao ai?iaeneie /a?ou – 94,9 ea.ei. ?aeueao oa??eoi?ee ?aaieiiue, n
eieaaaieyie ioiaoie io 30 aei 55 i. Ai?iae ?aniieaaaao a oeaeii oi?ioeie
eiaeaia?ii-no?ieoaeueiuie oneiaeyie.
Ineia ?aniieiaeai a ciia a aeaaii?eyoiiai oia?aiii-eiioeiaioaeueiiai
eeeiaoa ni n?aaeiaaiaeiaie oaiia?aoo?ie +4,8 a?aae. N e n?aaeiaaiaeiaui
eiee/anoaii inaaeeia 50 ii. Ionoonoaea “a?yciiai” i?iiuoeaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa a ai?iaea Ineiaa e iaeanoe naeaeaei iaeiei ec ?ano?nia
ai?iaea aeaaii?eyoiua yeieiae/aneea oneiaey, a /anoiinoe ninoiyiea
aicaeooiiai e aiaeiiai aannaeiia. Ii iieacaoaeth yeieiae/aneie
ninoaaeythuae eiaanoeoeeiiiiai ?enea. Ineianeay iaeanoue caiyea aunieia
10-a ianoi n?aaee 89 ?aaeiiia ?innee.
Ai?iae Ineia e Ineianeay iaeanoue ?aniieaaatho cia/eoaeueiui
eoeueoo?ii-?ae?aaoeeiiiui iioaioeeaeii. Ineia ie?oaeatho iiiai/eneaiiua
eana e aiaeiaiu, a oii /enea Ineianeia e *oaeneia ica?a; a Ineiaa
nio?aieeinue aieueoia eiee/anoai iaiyoieeia a?oeoaeoo?u XII-XVII aaeia.
Aianoa n oai, o?iaaiue ?acaeoey oo?enoe/aneie eio?ano?oeoo?u inoaaony
neaaui.
Aeey aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey ai?iaea Ineiaa auee iiaeaioiaeaiu i?ia?aiiu
a ?aieao i?iaeoa “Yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea ai?iaeia” Oiiaea “Einoeooo
yeiiiieee ai?iaea”. E /eneo iaycaoaeueiuo i?ia?aii i?aaeeaaaaony ioianoe
ia?aua o?e – “I?eaea/aiea eiaanoeoeee e iiaeaea?aeea nouanoaothuae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe”, “?aoi?ie?iaaiea e ?acaeoea aeeeeuii-eiiioiaeueiiai
oicyenoaa” e “?acaeoea iaeiai aeciana e nicaeaiea oneiaee ?inoa
caiyoinoe”. I?ia?aiiu “?acaeoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai o?ainii?oiiai ocea” e
“?acaeoea oo?ecia” ?anniao?eaathony aaoi?aie eae ia?niaeoeaiua, ii ia
iaycaoaeueiua. A ioiioaiee yoeo i?ia?aii ?aoathuae aoaeao iiceoeey
ai?iaea – ?acaeaaoue iaa, aua?aoue iaeio ec ieo eee aeiaaaeoue ae?oaea
aa?eaiou.
I?ia?aiia «?acaeoea oo?ecia». Aiaaoia enoi?e/aneia i?ioeia ai?iaea
Ineiaa, aai ?aniieiaeaiea ii ninaaenoao n Aaeoeeneeie ainoaea?noaaie, ia
iooe, niaaeeiythuai aeaa noieeoeu, a oaeaea aeaaii?eyoiua i?e?iaeiua
oneiaey, oi?ie?otho ii?aaeaeaiiue iioaioeeae aeey ?acaeoey oo?ecia.
Enoi?e/aneia ianeaaeea Ineiaa (e?aieue, iiianou?ue) yaeyaony iniiaie
?acaeoey oae iacuaaaiiai enoi?e/aneiai oo?ecia, eioi?ue o?aaeeoeeiiii
yaeyaony iaeaieaa aeioiaeiui. Iai?eia?, a NOA oo?enou, ioiinyueany e
yoie eaoaai?ee, iau/ii inoathony a ai?iaea ia iieaeiy aieueoa e o?aoyo
ia 62 aeiee. aieueoa, /ai ae?oaea oo?enou.
I?e ?acaeoee yoiai aeaea oo?ecia iaiaoiaeeii naeaeaoue aeoeaio ia
aooaioe/iinoe (iiaeeeiiinoe) e ea/anoaa (nio?aiiinoe) enoi?e/aneeo
iauaeoia. Iiyoiio, ?acaeaay oo?enoe/aneee aecian neaaeoao
i?aaeoniio?aoue ?ino ?anoiaeia ia nio?aiaiea e io?aio enoi?e/aneeo
iauaeoia e enoi/ieeia, iiaeaea?aeaiea eo aeecianiiniaiinoe.
?aeiiaiaeoaony ieaie?iaaoue iauaaeeiaiiua oo?u n ninaaeieie ai?iaeaie
Iiaai?iae, Oaa?ue), ae?oaeie ai?iaeaie “Cieioiai Eieueoea”.
Iooeeineea ai?u e eo ie?anoiinoe yaeythony iniiaie i?eaea/aiey oo?enoia,
eioa?anothueony eoeueoo?iui ianeaaeeai ?innee, a /anoiinoe, eeoa?aoo?iui
ianeaaeeai. Oae iacuaaaiu “eoeueoo?iue” oo?eci iiaeao ?acaeaaoueny a
ea/anoaa naiinoiyoaeueiiai iai?aaeaiey, iaeiaei, aai ia?niaeoeau
cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?ythony, anee ?acaeaaoue aai eae aeiiieieoaeueiue.
A nayce n yoei iaiaoiaeeii oaniia nio?oaeie/anoai iaaeaeo ianoiui ath?i
ii oo?ecio e ianoiui ath?i ii eoeueoo?a (iaiai eioi?iaoeeae, niaianoiue
aa?anneaiue ia?eaoeia oo?ecia e eoeueoo?u, niaianoiue auione a?ioth? i
i?ia?aiia eoeueoo?iuo ia?ii?eyoee, iiaeaioiaea aieaou ii i?ioeeth
oo?enoa (ainoy), niaea?aeauoth aii?inu ii eoeueoo?iiio oo?ecio. A
ni/aoaiee ni nii?oeaiuie ia?ii?eyoeyie ia?ii?eyoey ii eoeueoo?a
yooaeoeaii aeiiieiytho aeaeiaie oo?eci.
Ai?iae aeieaeai cayaeoue i naaa eae ia oieeaeueiii eoeueoo?iii oeaio?a.
Aeey yoiai ai?iaeo iaiaoiaeeii yeiiiie/anee iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ?aaioathueo
a iai ooaeiaeieeia, ienaoaeae, a oaeaea eiiia?/anee eniieueciaaoue
aunoaai/iua ieiuaaee, ono?aeaaoue aunoaaee-i?iaeaaee ?aaio.
I/aiue ia?niaeoeaiui e ioiineoaeueii iieiaeui aeaeii oo?ecia, aeey
eioi?iai a Ineiaa e iaeanoe anoue oneiaey, yaeyaony yeieiae/aneee
oo?eci. Yoi iooaoanoaey a ioiineoaeueii iao?iiooua i?e?iaeiua ciiu n
oeaeueth eco/aiey i?e?iaeu, ?anoaiee, a oaeaea ioaeuoa. ?acaeoea yoiai
aeaea oo?ecia naycaii n cao?aoaie ia caueoo ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
I?yiie yooaeo io yoiai aeaea oo?ecia ia noieue aaeee. Ii ?an/aoai, a
iauai iauaia n?aaenoa, eioi?ua o?aoyo “yeieiae/aneea” oo?enou, aeiey
n?aaenoa, eioi?ua ?aaeueii aeinoathony ai?iaeo, ca au/aoii n?aaenoa,
”ooaeathueo” ca iieaoo aiaoieo oiaa?ia e oneoa, ninoaaeyao eeoue 10%.
Iiyoiio aieaa aaaeiuie yaeythony einaaiiua ?acoeueoaou. Iniiaiui
yooaeoii io yeieiae/aneiai oo?ecia yaeythony ?ino i?yiie caiyoinoe
ianoiuo aeeoaeae e ?acaeoea niioonoaothueo io?aneae [4].
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIUO ENOI*IEEIA
1. Ai?iae Ineia [Yeaeo?iiiue ?ano?n] / Ineia, 2007. – URL:
http://pskovgorod.ru/
2. Ai?iaeneie i?iaeoiue einoeooo aeeeuo e iauanoaaiiuo caeaiee
[Yeaeo?iiiue ?ano?n] / Iineaa, 2009. – URL: http://gorproject.ru/
3. Eiaeeeaoi?u ?uiea iaaeaeaeeiinoe [Yeaeo?iiiue ?ano?n] / Iineaa, 2009.
– URL: http://www.irn.ru/
4. Einoeooo yeiiiieee ai?iaea [Yeaeo?iiiue ?ano?n] / Iineaa, 2009. –
URL: http://urbaneconomics.ru/
5. Enoi?e/aneea ai?iaea ?innee [Yeaeo?iiiue ?ano?n] / Iineaa, 2009. –
URL: http://hist-gorod.narod.ru/
6. Ioeoeeaeueiue naeo oaaea?aeueiiai aaaionoaa ii oo?ecio
ieinii?ooo?ecia ?innee [Yeaeo?iiiue ?ano?n] / Iineaa, 2009. – URL:
http://russiatourism.ru/
7. Ii?oae Nocaeaey [Yeaeo?iiiue ?ano?n] / Nocaeaeue, 2009. – URL:
http://suzdal.org/
8. Naiaiaeiay yioeeeeiiaaeey Aeeeiaaeey [Yeaeo?iiiue ?ano?n]. –
Yeaeo?ii. aeo?i. – Iineaa, 2009. – URL: http://www.wikipedia.ru
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