IEIENOA?NOAI IA?ACIAAIEss ?ANIOAEEEE AAEA?ONUe
AAEI?ONNEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE OIEAA?NEOAO
Aaia?aoe/aneee oaeoeueoao
Eaoaae?a yeiiiie/aneie aaia?aoee ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai
Eioaa?aoeeiiiua i?ioeannu a no?aiao THaeiie Aia?eee e ia?niaeoeau eo
?acaeoey
(eo?niaay ?aaioa)
Ieine
2008
Iaeaaeaiea:
Aaaaeaiea
Aeaaa 1. Nouiinoue e iiaoaeeoaeueiua i?e/eiu nia?aiaiiuo eioaa?aoeeiiiuo
i?ioeannia a ie?a
1.1. Nouiinoue eioaa?aoeee
1.2. Oneiaey eioaa?aoeee
1.3. Oeaee eioaa?aoeee
1.4. Oeiu e yoaiu eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee
1.5. I?eioeeiu ioeaiee eioaa?aoeee
Aeaaa 2. THaeiay Aia?eea: aiaeec i?aaeiinueie e ia?aciaaieth
eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee no?ai ?aaeiia
2.1. Aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea e a?aieoeu
2.2. Yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu
2.3. Enoi?eei-yoie/aneea nayce
Aeaaa 3. E?aoeee yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneee aiaeec eaaeaeiai ec
eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee THaeiie Aia?eee
Aeaaa 4. Aiaeec yooaeoeaiinoe eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a THaeiie
Aia?eea
Caeeth/aiea
Aaaaeaiea
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia OO aaea a ?acoeueoaoa aani?aoeaaeaioiiai oneeaiey
eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee oicyenoaaiiie aeecie noi?ie?iaaeanue iniiaiay
oaiaeaioeey, ii?aaeaeythuay nia?aiaiiia ?acaeoea ie?iaie yeiiiieee –
aeiaaeecaoeey. Aeiaaeecaoeey – yoi aunoay oi?ia eioaa?aoeee, iiyoiio
eioaa?aoeeth ?acoiii ?anniao?eaaoue a ?aieao aeiaaeecaoeee.
Oneeaiea yeiiiie/aneie acaeiicaaeneiinoe no?ai aneaaenoaea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aeiaaeecaoeee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae i?eaeaao
iiuiue eiioeuen ?acaeoeth yeiiiie/aneeo nenoai ia iaoeeiiaeueiii,
?aaeiiaeueiii e ie?iaii o?iaiyo. A oi aea a?aiy i/aaeaeiui noaiiaeony e
ia?anoaiea aeenaaeainia a ?acaeoee ie?iaie yeiiiieee e aa ?aaeiiaeueiuo
naaiaioia, oneeaiea ianoaaeeueiinoe e iaonoie/eainoe ie?iaie
yeiiiie/aneee eiiuthieoo?u, iinoiyiiia eciaiaiea eiioeao?aoeee e
aeoeaiinoe yeiiiie/aneeo i?ino?ainoa, iauaaeeiaiiuo a eioaa?aoeeiiiua
ia?aciaaiey eee oi?ie?othueo oneiaey aeey eo nicaeaiey. Aeey ineaaeaiey
iaecaaaeiuo a yoie nayce i?ioeai?a/ee o?aaothony iinoiyiiue iiene e
einoeoooeeiiaeecaoeey niaiaaeathueo iaoeeiiaeueiuo, ?aaeiiaeueiuo e
iauaie?iauo eioa?ania. A yoie nayce aaaeoueany iao/iua enneaaeiaaiey a
iaeanoe iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eioaa?e?iaaiey a oneiaeyo aeiaaeecaoeee
ie?iaie yeiiiieee aino?aaiaaiu a oai?aoe/aneii e i?aeoe/aneii ieaiao,
iineieueeo aiinyo naith eaioo a ?ac?aaioeo nia?aiaiiuo iiaeoiaeia e
ioeaiea ?aaeiiaeueiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa ainoaea?noa e iiene yooaeoeaiuo
iaoaieciia aai ?aaeecaoeee.
Ca iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey, a oii /enea iiae aeeyieai aeiaaeecaoeee
ie?iaie yeiiiieee, i?aeoeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee
iaiaaoeeanue iiaui iiuoii, eco/aiea eioi?iai i?aaenoaaeyaony
aeooaeueiui, iineieueeo iicaieyao ooi/ieoue, ?anoe?eoue e oaeoaeoue
o?aaeeoeeiiiua iao/iua i?aaenoaaeaiey ia yoii i?ioeanna. A oneiaeyo
aeoeaecaoeee eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a nia?aiaiiii ie?a ia anao
eiioeiaioao i?ienoiaeeo iaiiaeaiea noa?uo e aicieeiiaaiea iiauo
eioaa?aoeeiiiuo a?oiie?iaie, aeeaa?neoeeaoeey eo i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo oi?i,
yaiethoeey a iai?aaeaiee aieaa aeoaieiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea a oi?iaoa
?aaeiiaeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo naycae. ?aciiia?acea eioaa?aoeeiiiuo
iiaeaeae iicaieyao aieueoeinoao ainoaea?noa iacaaeneii io eo iieiaeaiey
a ie?a, iioaioeeaea e o?iaiy ?acaeoey iaoiaeeoue naia ianoi a yoeo
i?ioeannao. Ie?iaua e ?aaeiiaeueiua aea?aeaau aeaeyo a eioaa?aoeee
iiuiue eino?oiaio naiaai iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneiai aeiieie?iaaiey;
?acaeaathueany no?aiu ?anniao?eaatho aa eae aiciiaeiinoue oe?aieaiey
naieo iiceoeee ia ie?iaie yeiiiie/aneie a?aia e eo/oae caueou
iaoeeiiaeueiuo eioa?ania a oneiaeyo aeiaaeecaoeee ie?iaie yeiiiieee.
Aiaeec nia?aiaiiuo oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey ?aaeiiaeecaoeee aeooaeai ia
oieueei n iao/iie oi/ee c?aiey, ii e eiaao i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea.
Oeaeueth aeaiiie eo?niaie ?aaiou yaeyaony ?ane?uoea iiaaeoeo oaiaeaioeee
a ?acaeoee ?aaeiiaeueiie yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee a eiioaenoa
aeiaaeecaoeee ie?iaie yeiiiieee. Aeey aeinoeaeaiey aeaiiie oeaee auee
iinoaaeaiu neaaeothuea caaea/e:
• nenoaiaoece?iaaoue nia?aiaiiua eiioeaiooaeueiua iiaeoiaeu e aiaeeco
nouiinoe e oi?i ?aaeiiaeueiie yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee;
• ii?aaeaeeoue ?ieue e ianoi ?aaeiiaeueiie eioaa?aoeee a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaieyo a oneiaeyo aeiaaeecaoeee
ie?iaiai oicyenoaa;
• i?iaiaeece?iaaoue niioiioaiea iiiyoee aeiaaeecaoeee e ?aaeiiaeecaoeee
ie?iaie yeiiiieee;
• ii?aaeaeeoue niaoeeoeeo nia?aiaiiiai ?aaeiiaeecia;
• eco/eoue iniaaiiinoe iiaeaeae iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eioaa?e?iaaiey ia
?acee/iuo eiioeiaioao.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iu ?aniieaaaai aanueia iiae?iaiui e oi?ioi eco/aiiui
iaoa?eaeii. Yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee oaeaeyaony aieueoia aieiaiea, oae
eae yoi i?ioeann eiaao i/aiue aieueoie iioaioeeae e a nei?ii a?aiaie
aeieaeai i?eaanoe e ie?iaie aeiaaeecaoeee. Iiyoiio eiaaony oaeia
aieueoia eiee/anoai enoi/ieeia ii aeaiiie oaia.
No?oeoo?a ?aaiou neaaeothuay: ai aaaaeaiee aeathony oeaee e caaea/e,
e?aoeia aaaaeaiea a oaio eo?niaie ?aaiou. Ia?aay aeaaa iinayuaia
nouiinoe e iiaoaeeoaeueiui i?e/eiai nia?aiaiiuo eioaa?aoeeiiiuo
i?ioeannia. Ai aoi?ie aeaaa aiaeece?othony i?aaeiinueee ?acaeoey
eioaa?aoeee a THaeiie Aia?eea. O?aouey aeaaa iinayuaia e?aoeiio
yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneiio iienaieth eaaeaeiai ec eioaa?aoeeiiiuo
iauaaeeiaiee ?anniao?eaaaiiai ?aaeiia. A iineaaeiae /aoa??oie aeaaa
aiaeece?oaony yooaeoeaiinoue eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia. E, iaeiiaoe, a
caeeth/aiee iu iiaeaiaeei eoiae e aeaeaai auaiaeu ioiineoaeueii noaiaie
?acaeoey e yooaeoeaiinoe eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a THaeiie Aia?eea.
Aeaaa 1. Nouiinoue e iiaoaeeoaeueiua i?e/eiu nia?aiaiiuo eioaa?aoeeiiiuo
i?ioeannia a ie?a
1.1. Nouiinoue eioaa?aoeee
Eioaa?aoeey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iauaeoeaiue i?ioeann ?acaeoey onoie/eauo
yeiiiie/aneeo naycae e ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea iaoeeiiaeueiuo oicyenoa,
eioi?ua aeecee ii o?iaith yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey. Ioaaouaay
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneee iaiai e noa?o i?iecaiaenoaa, iia aaaeao e oaniiio
ia?aieaoaieth iaoeeiiaeueiuo oicyenoa, e nicaeaieth ?aaeiiaeueiuo
oicyenoaaiiuo eiiieaenia.
Eiie?aoiua oi?iu yeiiiie/aneiai acaeiiaeaenoaey caaenyo io o?iaiy
oicyenoaaiiiai ?acaeoey no?ai-o/anoieoe. Iniaaiiinoe no?ai aeeytho
niioaaonoaaiii ia oa?aeoa? e aeaeaeoueany neeu eioaa?aoeee.
I?ioeann ?acaeoey yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee neiaeai e i?ioeai?a/ea. Ii
aucuaaaony ia oieueei yeiiiie/aneeie, ii e iieeoe/aneeie i?e/eiaie. Oioy
iniiaiay i?e/eia eioaa?aoeee — o?aaiaaiey auniei?acaeouo
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, oaea ia?a?inoeo ?aiee iaoeeiiaeueiuo oicyenoa.
Enoi?e/anee yoio i?ioeann neeaaeuaaaony oaeei ia?acii, /oi niioiioaiea
iieeoe/aneeo e yeiiiie/aneeo oaeoi?ia iaiyeinue ia ioaeaeueiuo
yoaiao.[3]
Aeoaieia ?ane?uoea nouiinoe IYE iu iaoiaeei a ?aaioa A.Ee?aaaa
«Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay yeiiiieea». A /anoiinoe ii ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi
iaaeaeoia?iaeioth yeiiiie/aneoth eioaa?aoeeth (IYE) iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue
e eae i?ioeann oicyenoaaiii-iieeoe/aneiai iauaaeeiaiey no?ai ia iniiaa
?acaeoey aeoaieeo onoie/eauo acaeiinaycae e ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea iaaeaeo
iaoeeiiaeueiuie oicyenoaaie, acaeiiaeaenoaey eo aini?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
no?oeoo? ia ?acee/iuo o?iaiyo e a ?acee/iuo oi?iao.
Ia iee?io?iaia yoio i?ioeann eaeao ii iooe acaeiiaeaenoaey eo
aini?iecaiaenoaaiiuo noauaeoia (i?aaei?eyoey, oe?iu), niinianoaothueo
acaeiii?iieeiiaaieth e n?aueaaieth iaoeeiiaeueiuo yeiiiiee. Ia
iae?io?iaia — ia iniiaa ?acaeoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee oiaa?aie e
oneoaaie e ?inoa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeaeaeaiey oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa
(eaieoaea, ?aai/ae neeu e oaoiieiaee), i?eieiathueo oi?io
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia ii niaeaniaaieth iaoeeiiaeueiuo
no?aoaaee yeiiiie/aneiai e iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey.
Aaoi? ieoao, /oi IYE iiae?acoiaaaao ia oieueei niciaoaeueiua niaianoiua
aeaenoaey noauaeoia eioaa?aoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna ii oneeaieth
yeiiiie/aneie acaeiicaaeneiinoe, ii e iaee/ea a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo
iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey e ?aaoee?iaaiey a oi?ia ?acee/iuo
einoeoooeeiiaeueiuo no?oeoo?.
A «Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiieea» iu iaoiaeei e i?aaeiinueee ?acaeoey IYE:
«IYE i?aaeiieaaaao niiinoaaeiinoue o?iaiae oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneiai
?acaeoey e noaiaie ?uii/iie c?aeinoe eioaa?e?othueony no?ai, iauiinoue
eiie?aoiuo yeiiiie/aneeo e eiuo eioa?ania e i?iaeai ?acaeoey. I?aeoeea
iieacuaaao, /oi i?aaeiinueee aeey eioaa?aoeeiiiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey
ioaeaeueiuo no?ai, a iaai anooiathueo, oai aeaaii?eyoiaa, /ai auoa a
oeaeii o?iaie eo oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey e oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo
naycae iaaeaeo ieie.
Iai?eia?, no?aiu aa?a?ii-nu?ueaaiai i?ioeey, i?iecaiaeyuea ia noieueei
acaeiiaeiiieiythuea, neieueei eiieo?e?othuea ae?oa n ae?oaii
i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua oiaa?u, oiieeai, nu?uea e o.i., iaei caeioa?aniaaiu
a ?acaeoee acaeiiiai iaiaia e euoo nayce n aieaa ?acaeouie ca?oaaaeiuie
ia?oia?aie. Ii oie aea i?e/eia ?uii/iay eioaa?aoeey iaei ia?niaeoeaia e
aeey no?ai, iaoiaeyueony ia ?aiieo nooiaiyo eiaeono?eaeecaoeee,
no?oeoo?a i?iecaiaenoaa eioi?uo ioee/aaony aunieie aeieae aeiauaathueo
io?aneae e ia?ae/iie ia?aaioee naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai e ieia?aeueiiai
nu?uey. A iniiaiie /anoe naiaai yenii?oa iie aunooiatho ii ioiioaieth
ae?oa e ae?oao eae niia?ieee, ai?thueany ca aiaoiea ?uiee nauoa. Iiyoiio
eo aioo?aiiea ?uiee ia ioe?uaathony iaano?a/o ae?oa ae?oao, a, iai?ioea,
/aua anaai ioai?aaeeaathony oaiiaeaiiuie aa?uea?aie».
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee i?enou ?aaeiiaeueiue
oa?aeoa?, iia iauaaeeiyao i?aeiouanoaaiii ninaaeiea, oa??eoi?eaeueii
aeecei ?aniieiaeaiiua ainoaea?noaa. Eioaa?aoeeiiiui iauaaeeiaieyi
naienoaaiiu ?aaeiiaeueiua ?acee/ey a eioaineaiinoe acaeiiiai i?eoyaeaiey
e n?aueaaiey iaoeeiiaeueiuo oicyenoa, a noaiaie ioeaaeaiiinoe
einoeoooeeiiaeueiuo iaoaieciia, a oaeaea ?acee/ey a o?iaiyo
eioaa?aoeeiiiiai ?acaeoey, o. a. a noaiaie eioaa?e?iaaiiinoe
iaoeeiiaeueiuo yeiiiiee.
IYE i?aaenoaaeyao niaie o?oaeiue, ia?aaiiia?iue, i?ioeai?a/eaue e
aeeeoaeueiue i?ioeann, iineieueeo iia i?ioaeaao a ?aieao e ia iniiaa
?acee/iuo eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneeo oeiia iauanoaa; eaaeaeay no?aia eiaao
naia enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoaany naiaia?acea, naie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua
i?iaeaiu e eioa?anu. I?e iinoaiaiiii oi?ie?iaaiee iaaeainoaea?noaaiiie
eioaa?aoeeiiiie iauiinoe ia o?iaia ?aaeiia (noa?aaeiia) aieueoia
cia/aiea eiaao niiinoaaeiinoue yoie/anei-?aeeaeiciuo e nioeeieoeueoo?iuo
iaioaeeoaoia ia?iaeia ainoaea?noa, anooiathueo a iiaeiaiia
acaeiiaeaenoaea. Iaeaieaa ?acoeueoaoeaiie ieacuaaaony aeayoaeueiinoue
oao iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee e nithcia, o/anoieee eioi?uo
ioiinyony eeai e iaeiei e oai aea, eeai e niiinoaaeiui oeiai
oeeaeeecaoeee, iineieueeo a yoii neo/aa /enoi yeiiiie/aneia naeeaeaiea
aeiiieiyaony iauiinoueth enoi?e/aneeo, eoeueoo?iuo e ?aeeaeiciuo ei?iae,
/oi aaaeao e oi?ie?iaaieth iiaiai i?ino?ainoaa ia oieueei yeiiiie/aneie,
ii e iaua/aeiaa/aneie, aoiaieoa?iie nieeaea?iinoe.
A.Ee?aaa n/eoaao, /oi a no?aiao, nicaeaaoeo eioaa?aoeeiiiua
iauaaeeiaiey, eae i?aaeei, iaaethaeathony iieiaeeoaeueiua naeaeae a
yeiiiieea:
• a ?acoeueoaoa eioaa?aoeee nie?auathony o?ainaeoeeiiiua ecaea?aeee e
onei?ythony oaiiu acaeiiie oi?aiaee;
• aic?anoathuay eiieo?aioeey iaaeaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeyie ec ?aciuo no?ai
naea?aeeaaao ?ino oeai, noeioee?oao oeo/oaiea ea/anoaa oiaa?ia e
nicaeaiea iiauo oaoiieiaee, iaoneiaeeaaao nie?auaiea ioiineoaeueii
iayooaeoeaiuo i?iecaiaenoa;
eioaa?aoeey iau/ii aaaeao e i?eoieo eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee, iineieueeo
ei?ii?aoeee ec no?ai, ia aioaaeoeo a iauaaeeiaiea, no?aiyony nio?aieoue
ca niaie ii?aaeaeaiiue naaiaio ?uiea, cae?uoiai iauei oaiiaeaiiui
aa?uea?ii, ca n/ao nicaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee aioo?e eioaa?e?othueony
no?ai.[4]
1.2. Oneiaey eioaa?aoeee
?acoeueoaoii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea, ?acaeoey aiaoiae
oi?aiaee e IYI a oeaeii yaeyaony oneeaiea acaeiinayce e
acaeiicaaeneiinoe iaoeeiiaeueiuo yeiiiiee, eiaaea ii?iaeueiia ?acaeoea
iaaiciiaeii aac aiaoiaai oaeoi?a. Yoi ia o?aaoao eaeeo-eeai
aeieacaoaeuenoa. Aeaiiia yaeaiea i?eiyoi iacuaaoue
eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeeae oicyenoaaiiie aeecie: iaoeeiiaeueiay yeiiiieea
aeinoaoi/ii onoie/eaay, ana aieueoa ?aaioaao ia aiaoiee ie? e, a naith
i/a?aaeue, caaeneo io IYI.
A naiai ?acaeoee eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeey oicyenoaaiiie aeecie i?ioea ?yae
yoaiia. Ia?aiia/aeueii iia cao?aaeaaea noa?o ia?auaiey e auea naycaia n
aicieeiiaaieai iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee, i?aa?auaieai aa a ie?iaoth.
Yoi ia?eiae eiioea XVIII — ia/aea XX a., niaiaaoee n ?acaeoeai
eaieoaeecia.
A eiioea XIX a. iaae?aao neeo iaaeaeoia?iaeiia aeaeaeaiea eaieoaeia,
auoiaeyuaa a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia ia?aia ianoi a nenoaia IYI. Iii
ieacuaaao eioaineoeoee?othuaa aicaeaenoaea ia ie?iaoth oi?aiaeth
oiaa?aie e oneoaaie — yoi aaaeiay e ?aaeueiay i?aaeiinueea ia?aiauaiey
oeaio?a oyaeanoe IYI a noa?o i?iecaiaenoaa e iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, a iineaaeiaa ciaiaioao ia?aoiae e ea/anoaaiii iiaiio
yoaio ie?ioicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, o.a. iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiie/aneie
eioaa?aoeee.
IYE icia/aao acaeiii?eniiniaeaiea iaoeeiiaeueiuo yeiiiiee, aiaae?aiea eo
a aaeeiue aini?iecaiaenoaaiiue i?ioeann. Yoi i?aaeiieaaaao ecaanoioth
oa??eoi?eaeueioth, yeiiiie/aneoth, no?oeoo?ioth, oaoiieiae/aneoth
aeecinoue no?ai — o/anoieoe iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eioaa?aoeee e iauyniyao aa
?aaeiiaeueiue oa?aeoa?. O?iiieiae/anee eioaa?aoeeiiiue oei IYE ia/ae
neeaaeuaaoueny iinea Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu.[15]
A «Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiieea» Ee?aaaa iu iaoiaeei ooaa?aeaeaiey, /oi
aeaaainoaothuae i?e/eiie ?acaeoey IYE yaeyaony oi?aiaey. A aieaa
eiie?aoii ooaa?aeaeaaony, /oi ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu OO noieaoey aneaaenoaea
auno?iai yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey aaaeoueo eiaeono?eaeueiuo no?ai e
oniaa?oainoaiaaiey n?aaenoa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa e eiiioieeaoeee
i?iecioei ao?iia ?acaeoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee oiaa?aie e oneoaaie.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey noaea an? aieueoa aeiiieiyoueny ?acee/iuie
oi?iaie iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeaeaeaiey oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoa (eaieoaea,
?aai/ae neeu e oaoiieiaee), a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?uo ca a?aieoeo noaee
ia?aiauaoueny oaea ia oieueei aioiaue oiaa?, ii e oaeoi?u aai
i?iecaiaenoaa. I?eaueue, caeeth/athuayny a oeaia oiaa?a, noaea
nicaeaaaoueny oaea ia oieueei a ?aieao iaoeeiiaeueiuo a?aieoe, ii e ca
?oaaaeii. Caeiiiia?iui ?acoeueoaoii ?acaeoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee
oiaa?aie noaea yeiiiie/aneay eioaa?aoeey.
Eioaa?aoeeiiiua i?ioeannu i?eaiaeyo e ?acaeoeth yeiiiie/aneiai
?aaeiiaeecia, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai ioaeaeueiua a?oiiu no?ai nicaeatho
iaaeaeo niaie aieaa aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey oi?aiaee, a a ?yaea
neo/aaa e aeey iaae?aaeiiaeueiiai ia?aaeaeaeaiey oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa,
/ai aeey anao ae?oaeo no?ai. Ianiio?y ia i/aaeaeiua i?ioaeoeeiienoneea
/a?ou, yeiiiie/aneee ?aaeiiaeeci ia n/eoaaony iaaaoeaiui oaeoi?ii aeey
?acaeoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiieee, oieueei anee a?oiia
eioaa?e?othueony no?ai, eeaa?aeecoy acaeiiua yeiiiie/aneea nayce, ia
onoaiaaeeaaao iaiaa aeaaii?eyoiua, /ai aei ia/aea eioaa?aoeee, oneiaey
aeey oi?aiaee n o?aoueeie ainoaea?noaaie. Ae?oaeie neiaaie,
yeiiiie/aneee ?aaeiiaeeci, oi?iuay yeiiiie/aneea nayce iaaeaeo no?aiaie
iaeiie a?oiiu, ia aeieaeai i?eaiaeeoue e eo oneiaeiaieth ni anaie
inoaeueiuie no?aiaie. Aei oao ii? iiea ?aaeiiaeeci, ii e?aeiae ia?a, ia
oooaeoaao oneiaey aeey oi?aiaee n inoaeueiui ie?ii, ii iiaeao n/eoaoueny
iieiaeeoaeueiui oaeoi?ii ?acaeoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiieee.
A «Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiieea» iu iaoiaeei e iniiaiua i?aaeiinueee
?acaeoey IYE. I?aaeiinueee eioaa?aoeee neaaeothuea:
• Aeecinoue o?iaiae yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey e noaiaie ?uii/iie c?aeinoe
eioaa?e?othueony no?ai. Ca ?aaeeei eneeth/aieai iaaeainoaea?noaaiiay
eioaa?aoeey ?acaeaaaony eeai iaaeaeo eiaeono?eaeueiuie no?aiaie, eeai
iaaeaeo ?acaeaathueieny no?aiaie. Aeaaea a ?aieao eiaeono?eaeueiuo e a
?aieao ?acaeaathueony no?ai eioaa?aoeeiiiua i?ioeannu eaeoo iaeaieaa
aeoeaii iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie, iaoiaeyueieny ia i?eia?ii iaeeiaeiaii
o?iaia yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey. Iiiuoee, iauaaeeiaiee eioaa?aoeeiiiiai
oeia iaaeaeo eiaeono?eaeueiuie e ?acaeaathueieny ainoaea?noaaie, oioy e
eiatho ianoi, iaoiaeyony ia ?aiiai yoaia noaiiaeaiey, ia iicaieythuai
iiea naeaeaoue iaeiicia/iua auaiaeu i noaiaie eo yooaeoeaiinoe. A yoii
neo/aa ec-ca ecia/aeueiie ianiaianoeiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo iaoaieciia iie
iau/ii ia/eiathony n ?acee/iiai ?iaea ia?aoiaeiuo niaeaoaiee ia
annioeeaoeee, niaoeeaeueiii ia?oia?noaa, oi?aiauo i?aoa?aioeeyo e o.i.,
n?ie aeaenoaey eioi?uo ?anoyaeaaaony ia iiiaea aiaeu aei oao ii?, iiea a
iaiaa ?acaeoie no?aia ia aoaeoo nicaeaiu ?uii/iua iaoaieciu,
niiinoaaeiua ii noaiaie c?aeinoe n iaoaieciaie aieaa ?acaeouo no?ai.
• Aaia?aoe/aneay aeecinoue eioaa?e?othueony no?ai, iaee/ea, a
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa iauae a?aieoeu e enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeony
yeiiiie/aneeo naycae. Aieueoeinoai eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee ie?a
ia/eiaeenue n ianeieueeeo ninaaeieo no?ai, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia iaeiii
eiioeiaioa, a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aaia?aoe/aneie aeecinoe ae?oa io ae?oaa,
eiathueo o?ainii?oiua eiiioieeaoeee e ia?aaeei aiai?yueo ia iaeiii
ycuea. E ecia/aeueiie a?oiia no?ai — eioaa?aoeeiiiiio yae?o, — noaaoeo
eieoeeaoi?aie eioaa?aoeeiiiiai iauaaeeiaiey, iiaeeeth/aeenue ae?oaea
ninaaeiea ainoaea?noaa.
• Iauiinoue yeiiiie/aneeo e eiuo i?iaeai, noiyueo ia?aae no?aiaie a
iaeanoe ?acaeoey, oeiaine?iaaiey, ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee, iieeoe/aneiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa e o.ae. Yeiiiie/aneay eioaa?aoeey i?ecaaia ?aoeoue
iaai? eiie?aoiuo i?iaeai, eioi?ua ?aaeueii noiyo ia?aae
eioaa?e?othueieny no?aiaie. I/aaeaeii iiyoiio, iai?eia?, no?aiu, aeaaiay
i?iaeaia eioi?uo — nicaeaiea iniia ?uii/iie yeiiiieee, ia iiaoo
eioaa?e?iaaoueny n ainoaea?noaaie, a eioi?uo ?acaeoinoue ?uiea aeinoeaea
oaeiai o?iaiy, /oi o?aaoao aaaaeaiey iauae aaethou. Oaeaea e no?aiu, o
eioi?uo aeaaiie yaeyaony i?iaeaia iaania/aiey ianaeaiey aiaeie e ieuae,
ia iiaoo ni/aoaoueny n ainoaea?noaaie, ianoaeaeathueie i?iaeaiu naiaiaeu
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai aeaeaeaiey eaieoaea.
• Aeaiiino?aoeeiiiue yooaeo. A no?aiao, nicaeaaoeo eioaa?aoeeiiiua
iauaaeeiaiey, iau/ii i?ienoiaeyo iieiaeeoaeueiua yeiiiie/aneea naeaeae
(onei?aiea oaiiia yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa, nieaeaiea eioeyoeee, ?ino
caiyoinoe e o.ae.), /oi ieacuaaao ii?aaeaeaiiia ineoieiae/aneia
aicaeaenoaea ia ae?oaea no?aiu, eioi?ua, eiia/ii, neaaeyo ca
i?ienoiaeyueie eciaiaieyie. Aeaiiino?aoeeiiiue yooaeo i?iyaeeny,
iai?eia?, iaeaieaa y?ei a aeaeaiee iiiaeo no?ai auaoae ?oaeaaie ciiu eae
iiaeii auno?aa noaoue /eaiaie AN, aeaaea ia eiay aeey yoiai
neieueei-ieaoaeue na?ueaciuo iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo i?aaeiinueie.
• «Yooaeo aeiieii». Iinea oiai eae aieueoeinoai no?ai oiai eee eiiai
?aaeiia noaee /eaiaie eioaa?aoeeiiiiai iauaaeeiaiey, inoaeueiua no?aiu,
inoaaoeany ca aai i?aaeaeaie, iaecaaaeii eniuouaatho iaeioi?ua
o?oaeiinoe, naycaiiua n ia?ai?eaioaoeeae yeiiiie/aneeo naycae no?ai,
aoiaeyueo a a?oiie?iaeo, ae?oa ia ae?oaa. Yoi ia?aaeei i?eaiaeeo aeaaea
e nie?auaieth oi?aiaee no?ai, ieacaaoeony ca i?aaeaeaie eioaa?aoeee.
Iaeioi?ua ec ieo, aeaaea ia eiay nouanoaaiiiai ia?ae/iiai eioa?ana a
eioaa?aoeee, auneacuaatho caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a iiaeeeth/aiee e
eioaa?aoeeiiiui i?ioeannai i?inoi ec-ca iianaiey inoaoueny ca aa
i?aaeaeaie. Yoei, a /anoiinoe, iauyniyaony auno?ia caeeth/aiea iiiaeie
eaoeiiaia?eeaineeie no?aiaie niaeaoaiee i oi?aiaea n Iaeneeie iinea aa
aoiaeaeaiey a Naaa?iaia?eeaineoth ciio naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee — IAOOA.
1.3. Oeaee eioaa?aoeee
Iiiai/eneaiiua eioaa?aoeeiiiua iauaaeeiaiey, aicieeathuea e
?acaeaathueany a nia?aiaiiie iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiieea, noaayo ia?aae
niaie a i?eioeeia noiaeea caaea/e.
• Eniieueciaaiea i?aeiouanoa yeiiiieee ianooaaa. Iaania/eoue ?anoe?aiea
?acia?ia ?uiea, nie?auaiea o?ainaeoeeiiiuo ecaea?aeae e ecaea/aiey
ae?oaeo i?aeiouanoa ia iniiaa oai?ee yeiiiieee ianooaaa. Yoi, a naith
i/a?aaeue, iicaieeo i?eaea/ue i?yiua eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee, eioi?ua n
aieueoae ioioie i?eoiaeyo ia ?uiee cia/eoaeueiuo ?acia?ia, ia eioi?uo
eiaao niune nicaeaaaoue naiinoiyoaeueiua i?iecaiaenoaa,
oaeiaeaoai?ythuea eo iio?aaiinoe. Oeaee oaaee/aiey ?aaeiiaeueiuo
ianooaaia iniaaiii /aoei au?aaeaiu o eioaa?aoeeiiiuo a?oiie?iaie
Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee e Ao?eee.
• Nicaeaiea aeaaii?eyoiie aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie n?aaeu. Aaaeiaeoae oeaeueth
aieueoeinoaa eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee yaeyaony oe?aieaiea
acaeiiiiieiaiey e nio?oaeie/anoaa o/anoaothueo no?ai a iieeoe/aneie,
aiaiiie, nioeeaeueiie, eoeueoo?iie e ae?oaeo iayeiiiie/aneeo iaeanoyo.
Aeey no?ai, ?aniieiaeaiiuo aaia?aoe/anee aeecei ae?oa io ae?oaa e
eiathueo noiaeea i?iaeaiu a iaeanoe ?acaeoey, iaee/ea aeia?uo ioiioaiee
n ninaaeyie, iiaee?aieaiiuo acaeiiuie yeiiiie/aneeie iaycaoaeuenoaaie,
yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei iieeoe/aneei i?ei?eoaoii. No?aiu THai-Ainoi/iie Acee
e Aeeaeiaai Ainoiea, nicaeaaay eioaa?aoeeiiiua iauaaeeiaiey, ynii
noaaeee ia?aae niaie eiaiii yoo oeaeue.
• ?aoaiea caaea/ oi?aiaie iieeoeee. ?aaeiiaeueiay eioaa?aoeey ia?aaeei
?anniao?eaaaony, eae niinia oe?aieoue ia?aaiai?iua iiceoeee o/anoaothueo
no?ai a ?aieao iiiainoi?iiieo oi?aiauo ia?aaiai?ia a AOI. N/eoaaony, /oi
niaeaniaaiiua aunooieaiey io eeoea aeiea no?ai aieaa aaniiu e aaaeoo e
aieaa aeaeaoaeueiui iineaaenoaeyi a iaeanoe oi?aiaie iieeoeee. Aieaa
oiai, ?aaeiiaeueiua aeiee iicaieytho nicaeaoue aieaa noaaeeueioth e
i?aaeneacoaioth n?aaeo aeey acaeiiie oi?aiaee, /ai iiiainoi?iiiea
oi?aiaua ia?aaiai?u, eioa?anu o/anoieeia eioi?uo i/aiue neeueii
?aciyony. Eioaa?aoeeiiiua iauaaeeiaiey a Naaa?iie Aia?eea, Eaoeineie
Aia?eea e THai-Ainoi/iie Acee aiceaaatho iniaua iaaeaaeaeu ia
eieeaeoeaiua oneeey a ?aieao iiiainoi?iiieo oi?aiauo ia?aaiai?ia.
• Niaeaenoaea no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieea yeiiiieee. Iiaeeeth/aiea no?ai,
nicaeathueo ?uii/ioth yeiiiieeo eee inouanoaeythueo aeoaieea
yeiiiie/aneea ?aoi?iu, e ?aaeiiaeueiui oi?aiaui niaeaoaieyi no?ai n
aieaa aunieei o?iaiai ?uii/iiai ?acaeoey ?anniao?eaaaony eae aaaeiaeoee
eaiae ia?aaea/e ?uii/iiai iiuoa, aa?aioey iaeciaiiinoe eca?aiiiai eo?na
ia ?uiie. Aieaa ?acaeoua no?aiu, iiaeeeth/ay naieo ninaaeae e i?ioeannai
eioaa?aoeee, oaeaea caeioa?aniaaiu a onei?aiee eo ?uii/iuo ?aoi?i e
nicaeaiee oai iieiioeaiiuo e aieeo ?uieia. Oaeea oeaee i?aneaaeiaaee
iiiaea caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneea no?aiu, iiaeeeth/aynue a oie eee eiie oi?ia e
AN.
• Iiaeaea?aeea iieiaeuo, io?aneae iaoeeiiaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Aeaaea
anee eioaa?aoeeiiiia iauaaeeiaiea ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao
aeene?eieiaoeeiiiuo ia? i?ioea o?aoueeo no?ai, iii ia?aaeei
?anniao?eaaaony, eae niinia iiaeaea?aeaoue ianoiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae, aeey
eioi?uo aicieeaao aieaa oe?ieee ?aaeiiaeueiue ?uiie. Oaeea
i?ioaeoeeiienoneea iano?iaiey i?aaaee?iaaee a no?aiao Eaoeineie Aia?eee
e a no?aiao Ao?eee e thao io Naoa?u, iniaaiii a 60—70-a aiaeu.
Eoae, yeiiiie/aneay eioaa?aoeey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?ioeann
yeiiiie/aneiai acaeiiaeaenoaey no?ai, i?eaiaeyuee e naeeaeaieth
oicyenoaaiiuo iaoaieciia, i?eieiathuee oi?io iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo
niaeaoaiee e ?aaoee?oaiue iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie. Aa
i?aaeiinueeaie yaeythony niiinoaaeiinoue o?iaiae ?uii/iiai ?acaeoey
o/anoaothueo no?ai, eo aaia?aoe/aneay aeecinoue, iauiinoue noiyueo
ia?aae ieie i?iaeai, no?aieaiea onei?eoue ?uii/iua ?aoi?iu e ia
inoaoueny a noi?iia io eaeoueo eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia.
Eioaa?aoeeiiiua a?oiie?iaee nicaeathony a oeaeyo eniieueciaaiey
i?aeiouanoa iauaaeeiaiiiai ?uiea, nicaeaiey aeaaii?eyoiuo aiaoieo
oneiaee aeey iaoeeiiaeueiiai ?acaeoey, oe?aieaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
ia?aaiai?iuo iiceoeee o/anoaothueo no?ai ii yeiiiie/aneei aii?inai,
iaiaia iiuoii ?uii/iuo ?aoi?i e iiaeaea?aeee iaoeeiiaeueiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneiai oicyenoaa.[4]
1.4. Oeiu e yoaiu eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee
Yeiiiie/aneay eioaa?aoeey ?acaeaaaony a ?aaeiiaeueiii aniaeoa e
i?iyaeyaony a ianeieueeeo oi?iao. A i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?aiao yoi
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiay eioaa?aoeey e eioaa?aoeey ia iee?io?iaia eee
eioaa?aoeey, aaaeiiay /anoiuie ca?oaaaeiuie eiaanoeoeeyie.
Iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua eioaa?aoeeiiiua iauaaeeiaiey aicieeatho eae ciiu
naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee, eioi?ua noaayo oeaeueth eeeaeaee?iaaoue i?aiyonoaey
ai acaeiiie oi?aiaea aoiaeyueo a ieo no?ai, oaiiaeaiiua nithcu eioi?uo,
e?iia auoaiacaaiiie oeaee, i?eieiatho ia?u oaiiaeaiiie e iaeiaiaie
caueou naiaai aioo?aiiaai ?uiea io eiieo?aioeee o?aoueeo no?ai.
Eioaa?aoeeiiiue i?ioeann aeaeaa a naiai ?acaeoee i?ioiaeeo ianeieueei
noaaeee, aeeth/ay nicaeaiea aaeeiiai ?uiea n oieoeeaoeeae th?eaee/aneeo
e yeiiiieei-oaoie/aneeo oneiaee oi?aiaee, aeaeaeaiey eaieoaea e ?aai/ae
neeu, ia?aciaaiea aaethoiiai e yeiiiie/aneiai nithcia. Yeiiiie/aneee
nithc i?aaeoniao?eaaao oieoeeaoeeth ooieoeeiie?iaaiey anao noa?
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eii?aeeiaoeeth yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee
no?ai — /eaiia nithca e nicaeaiea i?aaeoaeuenoa io niioaaonoaothueo
ooieoeee. [3]
Eioaa?aoeeiiiua iauaaeeiaiey i?eiyoi ?acee/aoue ii aeoaeia i?ienoiaeyueo
a ieo i?ioeannia.
Ia ia?aii o?iaia, eiaaea no?aiu aua oieueei aeaeatho ia?aua oaae e
acaeiiiio naeeaeaieth, iaaeaeo ieie caeeth/athony i?aoa?aioeeaeueiua
oi?aiaua niaeaoaiey. Oaeea niaeaoaiey iiaoo iiaeienuaaoueny eeai ia
aeaonoi?iiiae iniiaa iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie ainoaea?noaaie, eeai iaaeaeo
oaea nouanoaothuae eioaa?aoeeiiiie a?oiie?iaeie e ioaeaeueiie no?aiie
eee a?oiiie no?ai. A niioaaonoaee n ieie no?aiu i?aaeinoaaeytho aieaa
aeaaii?eyoiue ?aaeei ae?oa ae?oao, /ai iie i?aaeinoaaeytho o?aoueei
no?aiai. A ecaanoiii niunea yoi iooiae io i?eioeeia iaeaieueoaai
aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey, eioi?ue naieoeeiie?iaai AAOO/AOI a ?aieao oae
iacuaaaiuo a?aiaiiuo niaeaoaiee, aaaeoueo e ia?aciaaieth oaiiaeaiiiai
nithca. I?aoa?aioeeaeueiua niaeaoaiey, i?aaeoniao?eaathuea nio?aiaiea
iaoeeiiaeueiuo oaiiaeaiiuo oa?eoia eaaeaeie ec iiaeienaaoeo eo no?ai,
aeieaeiu ?anniao?eaaoueny aeaaea ia eae ia/aeueiue, a eae
iiaeaioiaeoaeueiue yoai eioaa?aoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna, eioi?ue noaiiaeony
oaeiaui, oieueei eiaaea i?eia?aoaao aieaa ?acaeoua oi?iu. Ieeaeeo
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia aeey oi?aaeaiey i?aoa?aioeeaeueiuie
niaeaoaieyie ia nicaeaaony.[4]
Naiie i?inoie oi?iie yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee yaeyaony Ciia naiaiaeiie
oi?aiaee (CNO), a ?aieao eioi?ie iiaeaea?aeeaaaony naiaiaeiue io
oaiiaeaiiuo e eiee/anoaaiiuo ia?aie/aiee ?aaeei iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
oi?aiaee oiaa?aie. I?e yoii eaaeaeay no?aia-o/anoieoea CNO eiaao naie
nianoaaiiue aiaoiaoi?aiaue oa?eo a ioiioaiee no?ai, ia aoiaeyueo a
aeaiioth ciio. Niaeaoaiey i nicaeaiee CNO iau/ii iniiaaiu ia i?eioeeia
acaeiiiai ii?aoi?ey ia o?iaie oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei, /oi icia/aao
oaeoe/aneoth iaaiciiaeiinoue a iaeiinoi?iiiai ii?yaeea iiauoaoue
oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu eeai aaiaeeoue iiaua oi?aiaua aa?uea?u. A
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa oneiaey ciiu naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee ?ani?ino?aiythony
ia ana oiaa?u, e?iia i?iaeoeoia naeueneiai oicyenoaa. Ciia naiaiaeiie
oi?aiaee iiaeao eii?aeeie?iaaoueny iaaieueoei iaaeainoaea?noaaiiui
nae?aoa?eaoii, ?aniieiaeaiiui a iaeiie ec no?ai-/eaiia, ii ca/anooth
iaoiaeeony aac iaai, niaeaniauaay iniiaiua ia?aiao?u naiaai ?acaeoey ia
ia?eiaee/aneeo niaauaieyo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae niioaaonoaothueo aaaeiinoa.
Aieaa niaa?oaiiie oi?iie yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee yaeyaony Oaiiaeaiiue
nithc (ON), i?aaeiieaaathuee ia?yaeo n ooieoeeiie?iaaieai ciiu
naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee onoaiiaeaiea aaeeiiai aiaoiaoi?aiaiai oa?eoa e
i?iaaaeaiea iauae aiaoiaoi?aiaie iieeoeee a ioiioaiee o?aoueeo no?ai. A
ioee/ea io CNO oaiiaeaiiue nithc eiaao aieaa iaaeaaeioth caueoo
aioo?aiieo oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae, eai aeiee?oao naie aiaoiea a?aieoeu
oaiiaeaiiui aa?uea?ii, a oi a?aiy eae ciio naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee o?aouee
no?aiu iiaoo «aoaeiaaoue n ouea» e yooaeoeaii eniieueciaaoue ?acee/ey a
o?iaiyo aiaoieo oaiiaeaiiuo oa?eoia. Iaeiaei a iaieo neo/ayo
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua ioiioaiey eanathony eeoue noa?u iaiaia e
iaania/eaatho no?aiai-o/anoieoeai iaeeiaeiaua oneiaey a ?acaeoee
acaeiiie oi?aiaee e oeiainiauo ?an/aoia. Ooieoeeiie?iaaiea ON ia
i?aaeiieaaaao aaeeiia?aiaiiie oieoeeaoeee oaiiaeaiii-oa?eoiie iieeoeee
aeey anaai niaeo?a i?iecaiaeeiuo e iio?aaeyaiuo oiaa?ia. A ?aieao ON aia
noa?u iauae oa?eoiie iieeoeee inoathony oaeea e?oiiua iai?aaeaiey, eae
io?anee iai?iiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ioaeaeueiua naeoi?a yia?aaoeee e ae?.
N o/aoii iaeioi?ie io?aneaaie ia?aie/aiiinoe ON eiiaaea iacuaatho
naeoi?aeueiui yoaiii eioaa?aoeee.
Iau/ii oaiiaeaiiue nithc o?aaoao nicaeaiey oaea aieaa ?acaeoie nenoaiu
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, eii?aeeie?othueo i?iaaaeaiea niaeaniaaiiie
aiaoiaoi?aiaie iieeoeee. *aua anaai iie i?eieiatho oi?io ia?eiaee/aneeo
niaauaiee ieieno?ia, ?oeiaiaeyueo niioaaonoaothueie aaaeiinoaaie,
eioi?ua a naiae ?aaioa iie?athony ia iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuee
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiue nae?aoa?eao.
Neaaeothuae oi?iie eioaa?aoeeiiiie no?aoaaee yaeyaony Iauee ?uiie (I?)
oiaa?ia, ooieoeeiie?othuee ia iniiaa oaiiaeaiiiai nithca, ii nouanoaaiii
aeiiieiaiiue niaeaniaaiiie io?aneaaie iieeoeeie, a oii /enea e a noa?a
iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee, o. a. eioaa?e?othuea no?aiu
aeiaiaa?eaathony i naiaiaea aeaeaeaiey ia oieueei oiaa?ia e oneoa, ii e
oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa — eaieoaea e ?aai/ae neeu. Aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey
aeayoaeueiinoe a ?aieao Iauaai ?uiea nicaeathony niaoeeaeueiua
iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiua einoeooou, i?aaeiieaaathuea ia?aaea/o ei /anoe
iaoeeiiaeueiiai noaa?aieoaoa ainoaea?noa, eee i?inoi
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua einoeooou, ?acee/iiai ?iaea oeiainiaua no?oeoo?u e
oiiaeu, i?ecaaiiua eii?aeeie?iaaoue yeiiiie/aneoth iieeoeeo
ainoaea?noa-/eaiia. Naiaiaea iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aaeaeaeaiey, iiae
caueoie aaeeiiai aiaoiaai oa?eoa, oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa o?aaoao
i?aaiecaoeeiiii cia/eoaeueii aieaa aunieiai o?iaiy iaaeainoaea?noaaiiie
eii?aeeiaoeee yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee. Oaeay eii?aeeiaoeey inouanoaeyaony
ia ia?eiaee/aneeo niaauaieyo (iau/ii iaeei-aeaa ?aca a aiae) aeaa
ainoaea?noa e i?aaeoaeuenoa o/anoaothueo no?ai, cia/eoaeueii aieaa
/anouo ano?a/ao ?oeiaiaeeoaeae ieienoa?noa oeiainia, oeaio?aeueiuo
aaieia e ae?oaeo yeiiiie/aneeo aaaeiinoa, iie?athueony ia iinoiyiii
aeaenoaothuee nae?aoa?eao.
Ea/anoaaiii aieaa aunieie nooiaiueth eioaa?aoeee yaeyaony Aaeeiue
aioo?aiiee ?uiie (AA?), iaania/eaathuee ia oieueei naiaiaeiia
ia?aaeaeaeaiea oiaa?ia, ii oaeaea naiaiaeiia aeaeaeaiea oneoa, eaieoaea
e ?aai/ae neeu. AA? i?aaeiieaaaao aieaa niaa?oaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue
iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia eiio?iey e oi?aaeaiey a iai?aaeaiee
aa?iiiecaoeee anaai niaeo?a yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee (a oii /enea e
nioeeaeueiie) n o/aoii oieoeeaoeee iaoeeiiaeueiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoa
ainoaea?noa-/eaiia. Caaa?oaiea no?ieoaeuenoaa AA? icia/aao ia?aoiae e
aunoae oi?ia eioaa?aoeee: yeiiiie/aneiio e aaethoiiio nithco.
Yeiiiie/aneee e Aaethoiue nithc (YAN) yaeythony acaeiiaeiiieiythueie e
iaiouaieaiuie /anoyie aaeeiiai i?ioeanna. No?ieoaeuenoai Yeiiiie/aneiai
e Aaethoiiai nithca i?aaenoaaeyao niaie niaieoiiinoue ia?aeeaeueiuo
ia?ii?eyoee, aeaaiie oeaeueth eioi?uo yaeyaony nicaeaiea aaeeiiai
yeiiiie/aneiai, aaethoii-oeiainiaiai, i?aaiaiai e eioi?iaoeeiiiiai
i?ino?ainoaa. N iaeiie noi?iiu, YAN i?aaeiieaaaao oanioth eii?aeeiaoeeth
yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee ainoaea?noa-/eaiia ia iniiaa ?aeiiaiaeaoeee e
eiio?iey ni noi?iiu iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia i?e no?iaii niaethaeaiee
onoaiiaeaiiuo a ?aieao iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia eiee/anoaaiiuo
iieacaoaeae ninoiyiey yeiiiieee no?ai-o/anoieoe a oeaeyo naeeaeaiey
o?iaiae eo yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey (yeiiiie/aneay
eiiaa?aaioeey). N ae?oaie noi?iiu, iiae?acoiaaaao onoaiiaeaiea oaa?aei
oeene?iaaiiiai eo?na aaetho no?ai-o/anoieoe, ia?aoiae e aaeeiie
aaethoiie iieeoeea e nicaeaiea iacaaeneiie nenoaiu oeaio?aeueiuo aaieia
ai aeaaa n aaieii, iaaeaeaiiui eneeth/eoaeueiui i?aaii yiennee
oieoeoee?iaaiiie aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu. I?aaeoaeuenoaa niaeaniaaiii
ioeacuaathony io /anoe naieo ooieoeee e oai naiui onooiatho /anoue
ainoaea?noaaiiiai noaa?aieoaoa a iieueco iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia.
Oaeea iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu n iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuie ooieoeeyie
iaaeaeaiu i?aaii i?eieiaoue ?aoaiey ii aii?inai, eanathueiny
i?aaiecaoeee, aac niaeaniaaiey n i?aaeoaeuenoaaie no?ai-/eaiia.
Caaa?oathuae nooiaiueth eioaa?aoeeiiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa yaeyaony
nicaeaiea ia iniiaa YAN Iieeoe/aneiai Nithca (IN), ?acoeueoaoii eioi?iai
noaiiaeony ia?aoiae no?ai-o/anoieoe e iauae aiaoiae iieeoeea e iauae
iieeoeea aaciianiinoe, aaaaeaiea aaeeiiai a?aaeaeainoaa e i?aa a?aaeaeai
ainoaea?noa-/eaiia ecae?aoue e auoue eca?aiiuie eae a iaoeeiiaeueiua,
oae e iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiua i?aaiu aeanoe, iacaaeneii io ianoa eo
i?aauaaiey ia oa??eoi?ee IN. ?aaeecoaony nio?oaeie/anoai a iaeanoe
i?aainoaeey e aioo?aiieo aeae, nouanoaaiii ?anoe?yaony aeayoaeueiinoue a
noa?a eoeueoo?u, ia?aciaaiey e caueou i?aa e eioa?ania anao a?aaeaeai.
Ii a iniiaa naiae iieeoe/aneee nithc i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nithc, eioi?ue
i?aaeoniao?eaae au ia?aaea/o iaoeeiiaeueiuie i?aaeoaeuenoaaie aieueoae
/anoe naieo ooieoeee a ioiioaieyo n o?aoueeie no?aiaie
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiai. Yoi oaeoe/anee icia/aei au nicaeaiea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiioaaea?aoeee e iioa?th noaa?aiiinoe ioaeaeueiuie
ainoaea?noaaie. Iaeiaei ie iaeia eioaa?aoeeiiiay a?oiie?iaea ia oieueei
ia aeinoeaea oaeiai o?iaiy ?acaeoey, ii aeaaea e ia noaaeo ia?aae niaie
iiaeiaiuo caaea/. Iniiaiua /a?ou ?acee/iuo o?iaiae eioaa?aoeeiiiiai
i?ioeanna naaaeaiu a oaaeeoea 1.
Iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue, /oi yoe iieeoeei-i?aaiaua oi?iu yaeythony
n?aaenoaaie aeinoeaeaiey eioaa?aoeee e ia oiaeaeanoaaiiu naiie
eioaa?aoeee. Iaeioi?ua ec ieo aicieeee e oe?iei eniieueciaaeenue aieaa
/ai ca noieaoea aei ia/aea yiioe ?aaeiiaeueiie eioaa?aoeee. A oi aea
a?aiy, nouanoaiaaiea cii naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee, oaiiaeaiiuo nithcia aua ia
icia/aao, /oi noaiaiue ?aaeueiiai n?aueaaiey iaoeeiiaeueiuo oicyenoa,
aoiaeyueo a aeaiiia eioaa?aoeeiiiia iauaaeeiaiea, iai?aiaiii auoa, /ai
iaaeaeo ieie e oicyenoaaie no?ai, ia aoiaeyueo a iaai. ?an/aou
iieacuaatho, /oi niaianoiia o/anoea aeaoo eee ianeieueeeo no?ai a oie
eee eiie einoeoooeeiiaeueiie oi?ia eioaa?aoeee ia anaaaea ii?aaeaeyao
aeaenoaeoaeueioth noaiaiue eioaa?aoeee eo iaoeeiiaeueiuo oicyenoa.
Einoeoooeeiiaeueii ioi?ieaiiue eioaa?aoeeiiiue nithc yaeyaony eeoue
iaeiei ec yeaiaioia iiiaiieaiiaie ?aaiou, a i?ioeanna eioi?ie
i?ienoiaeeo ia?aieaoaiea e n?aueaaiea iaoeeiiaeueiuo oicyenoaaiiuo
eiiieaenia. Oa eee eiay oi?ia iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai niaeaoaiey iiaeao
eeoue eiinoeooe?iaaoue iauaeoeaii nouanoaothuaa, ?aaeueiia no?aieaiea e
eioaa?aoeee. Anee iiae einoeoooeeiiaeueiie no?oeoo?ie noi?ie?iaaeanue
?aaeueiay ii/aa eioaineaiiai oicyenoaaiiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey ia
iee?io?iaia, eioaa?aoeey iieo/aao a oi?ia ioeoeeaeueiiai noaoona
aeiiieieoaeueiue noeioe. Anee aea yoie ii/au iao, oi, ianiio?y ia
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiia nio?oaeie/anoai, eioaa?aoeey inoaiaony ia
aoiaaa.[4,5,7]
Nieaeaiea oa?eoiuo e eiuo aa?uea?ia ai acaeiiie oi?aiaeaI. I?aoa?ai-
oeeaeueiia oi?aiaia niaeaoaieaII. Ciia naiaiaeiie oi?aiaeeIII.
Oaiiaeaiiue nithcIV. Iauee ?uiieV. Yeiii-ie/aneee nithc• Nio?aiaiea
iaoeeiiaeueiuo oa?eoia a ioiioaiee o?aoueeo no?ai
• Iaaeainoaea-?noaaiiua i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey ia nicaeathony
• Ioiaia oa?eoiuo e iaoa?eoiuo aa?uea?ia ai acaeiiie oi?aiaea
• Naiaiaea iaaeno?aii-aiai aeaeaeaiey oiaa?ia e oneoa• Aaeeiia oa?eoiia
e iaoa?eoiia ?aaoee?iaa-
iea a ioiioaiee o?aoueeo no?ai
• Iaaeaino-
aea?noaaiiue niaao ia o?iaia ieieno?ia e nae?aoa?eao• Naiaiaea
aeaeaeaiey oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa
• Ano?a/e aeaa ainoaea?noa, niaao ieieno?ia, nae?eoa?eao• Aa?iiiecaoeey
yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee
• Iaaeainoaea?-
noaaiiue i?aai n ooieoeeae iaaeiaoeeiiaeue-iiai oi?aaeaieyOaaeeoea 1.
Yoaiu eioaa?aoeee
Oi/ii ii?aaeaeeoue, ia eaeii o?iaia ?acaeoey aeaenoaeoaeueii iaoiaeeony
oi eee eiia eioaa?aoeeiiiia iauaaeeiaiea, aeiaieueii neiaeii a neeo eae
ionoonoaey aeinoaoi/ii niiinoaaeiie eioi?iaoeee, oae e ca/anooth
aicieeathueo neeueiuo ?acee/ee iaaeaeo i?iaicaeaoaiiuie oeaeyie e
?aaeueiuie aeinoeaeaieyie. Ia?aaeei a?oiie?iaea, iacuaathuay naay
yeiiiie/aneei nithcii, iiaeao iaoiaeeoueny eeoue ia ?aiieo yoaiao
acaeiiie eeeaeaeaoeee oaiiaeaiiuo oa?eoia, oi anoue aua ia aeinoeaiooue
aeaaea o?iaiy ciiu naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee, a iauaaeeiaiea, n/eoathuaa naay
oaiiaeaiiui nithcii, iiaeao aiiaua nouanoaiaaoue oieueei ia aoiaaa,
iineieueeo iauee oaiiaeaiiue oa?eo aua ia ?ac?aaioai e ia aaaaeai.
Eioaa?aoeeiiiua a?oiie?iaee a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiieea, iniaaiii
n?aaee ?acaeaathueony no?ai, nii?aaee/anee aicieeatho e en/acatho. Ii
aeaiiui AAOO/AOI, e na?aaeeia 90-o aiaeia a ie?a ian/eouaaeinue aieaa 30
eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee ?acee/iiai oeia ii n?aaiaieth n 5-6 a 80-a
aiaeu, eiaaea iiiaea a?oiie?iaee oaeoe/anee ia ?aaioaee, e 18-20 a 70-a
aiaeu, eiaaea i?ia?ann eioaa?aoeee a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia aeae oie/ie ?inoo
eiee/anoaa eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee a ae?oaeo /anoyo ie?a.
Eeanneoeeaoeey iniiaiuo aeaenoaothueo eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee ii
iauyaeaiiui eiia/iui oeaeyi iieacuaaao, /oi a nia?aiaiiie
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiieea nouanoaoao aeinoaoi/ii iiiai i?eia?ia
eioaa?aoeeiiiuo a?oiie?iaie, iaoiaeyueony ia eaaeaeie ec noaaeee
?acaeoey eioaa?aoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna. O?iaaiue aeinoeaiooiai i?ia?anna a
niioaaonoaee n iinoaaeaiiuie oeaeyie aanueia ?acee/ai. Ioaeaeueiua
a?oiie?iaee iieiinoueth auiieieee iaia/aiioth i?ia?aiio eioaa?aoeee e
niaa?oainoaotho aa ioaeaeueiua noi?iiu (Aano?aeeenei-Iiaicaeaiaeneay
CNO, Aaeoeeneay CNO. Oeaio?aeueiiaia?eeaineee iauee ?uiie e ae?.).
Aieueoeinoai, iaeiaei, aua iaoiaeyony ia ?aiieo iiaenooiao e
iinoaaeaiiui oeaeyi. Iai?eia?, oieueei Aeiieieea e Naio-Aeinaio e
A?aiaaeeiu ec /enea 7 /eaiia I?aaiecaoeee ainoi/iiea?eaneeo ainoaea?noa,
iacuaathuae naay oaiiaeaiiui nithcii, ?aaeueii eniieuecotho iauee
oaiiaeaiiue oa?eo a ioiioaiee o?aoueeo no?ai. A Ao?eeaineia
yeiiiie/aneia niiauanoai, i?iaicaeaoathuaa oeaeueth nicaeaiea
yeiiiie/aneiai nithca 51 ao?eeaineie no?aiu, aoaeao i?aaieciauaaoueny a
oa/aiea ia?aoiaeiiai ia?eiaea aeeeoaeueiinoueth a 34 aiaea ia/eiay n
1994 aiaea. Eae iieacuaaao enoi?e/aneee iiuo, iaeaieaa i?inoi
ieacuaaaony ?aaeeciaaoue ia i?aeoeea ia/aeueiua yoaiu yeiiiie/aneie
eioaa?aoeee aei o?iaiy oaiiaeaiiiai nithca. Iacaaeneii io
i?iaicaeaoaiiuo oeaeae e iacaaiee aieueoeinoai a?oiie?iaie iaoiaeyony ia
o?iaia eeai i?aoa?aioeeaeueiuo oi?aiauo niaeaoaiee, eeai ciiu naiaiaeiie
oi?aiaee, eioi?ua ia aeeth/atho eaeeo-eeai iaycaoaeuenoa ii
niaeaniaaieth eee oieoeeaoeee iae?iyeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee e iaeaieaa
i?inou aeey i?aoai?aiey a aeeciue.
1.5. I?eioeeiu ioeaiee eioaa?aoeee
A ?aieao iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiieee a oeaeii eioaa?aoeey aeieaeia
ioeaieaaoueny n oi/ee c?aiey oiai, yaeyaony ee iia oaaii ia iooe e
aieueoae naiaiaea oi?aiaee eeai, iai?ioea, ieacuaaaony ia?aie/aieai ia
iooe oi?aiauo iioieia. A niioaaonoaee n i?aaeeaie AAOO/AOI nouanoaoao
oieueei iaeii eneeth/aiea ec ?aaeeia iaeaieueoaai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey
(?IA) — noaouey XXIV AAOO, eioi?ay i?aaeoniao?eaaao aiciiaeiinoue
nicaeaiey oaiiaeaiiuo nithcia e cii naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee. A niioaaonoaee
n i?aaeeaie ia?aae nicaeaieai eioaa?aoeeiiiuo a?oiie?iaie aiciiaeii
nouanoaiaaiea ia i?ioyaeaiee aeiaieueii aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie
«ia?aoiaeiuo aeiaiai?aiiinoae», eioi?ua aeieaeiu i?eaiaeeoue e
ia?aciaaieth oaiiaeaiiiai nithca eee ciiu naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee /a?ac
«?acoiiue i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie» i?e oneiaee, /oi oi?aiaua aa?uea?u
iaaeaeo /eaiaie ono?aiaiu ia «i?aeoe/anee ana» oiaa?u e /oi aa?uea?u a
oi?aiaea n ae?oaeie no?aiaie, ii e?aeiae ia?a, ia oaaee/aiu.
Aeey oiai /oiau ioeaieoue, ianeieueei nicaeaiea oie eee eiie
eioaa?aoeeiiiie a?oiie?iaee niioaaonoaoao eioa?anai iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
yeiiiieee a oeaeii, a ia?aie iieiaeia 90-o aiaeia ?yae iacaaeneiuo
enneaaeiaaoaeae e niaoeeaeenou Ie?iaiai aaiea noi?ioee?iaaee ?yae
e?eoa?eaa. A eo /enea neaaeothuea:
• ?aaeiiaeueiua oi?aiaua niaeaoaiey aeieaeiu iie?uaaoue ana io?anee
yeiiiieee aac eneeth/aiey;
• ia?aoiaeiue ia?eiae ia aeieaeai i?aauoaoue 10 eao e aeeth/aoue /aoeee
a?aoee eeaa?aeecaoeee oi?aiaee a ioaeaeueiuo io?aneyo;
• eeaa?aeecaoeey oi?aiaee ia oneiaeyo ?IA aeieaeia i?aaeoanoaiaaoue eeai
nii?iaiaeaeaoue ia?aciaaiea ethaie iiaie eioaa?aoeeiiiie a?oiie?iaee,
iniaaiii anee ecia/aeueii oa?eou yaeythony aunieeie;
• iauee oaiiaeaiiue oa?eo, aaiaeeiue a ?aieao oaiiaeaiiiai nithca, ia
aeieaeai i?aauoaoue naiue ieceee oa?eo, nouanoaiaaaoee a no?aia n naiui
ieceei oa?eoii a niioaaonoaothuae io?anee, eee aeaaea naiue ieceee oa?eo
a ?aieao ?IA;
• i?aaeea i?eaia iiauo /eaiia a eioaa?aoeeiiiua niaeaoaiey aeieaeiuauoue
aanueia eeaa?aeueiu e ia i?aiyonoaiaaoue eo ?anoe?aieth;
• i?aaeea ii?aaeaeaiey no?aiu i?ienoiaeaeaiey oiaa?a aeieaeiu auoue
i?ic?a/iuie e ia auoue i?oaeeai i?ioaeoeeiiecia aioo?e a?oiie?iaee;
• iaiaoiaeei auno?ue ia?aoiae e iaeaieaa ?acaeoui oi?iai eioaa?aoeee,
eioi?ua yaeythony i?aaeii/oeoaeueiuie ia?aae iaiaa ?acaeouie, iineieueeo
iaania/eaatho aieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea e eniieueciaaiea
oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa;
• iinea nicaeaiey eioaa?aoeeiiiie a?oiie?iaee aioeaeaiieiaiaua i?aaeea
ia aeieaeiu aieaa i?eiaiyoueny a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo aa /eaiaie, a a
ioiioaieyo n o?aoueeie no?aiaie aeieaeiu auoue onoaiiaeaiu yniua i?aaeea
eo i?eiaiaiey.
Eoae, iniiaiuie yoaiaie ?acaeoey eioaa?aoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna yaeythony
i?aoa?aioeeaeueiia oi?aiaia niaeaoaiea, ciia naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee,
oaiiaeaiiue nithc, iauee ?uiie, yeiiiie/aneee nithc e iieeoe/aneee
nithc. Eioaa?aoeey ia/eiaaony n eeaa?aeecaoeee acaeiiie oi?aiaee
oiaa?aie, aeeth/aao nicaeaiea iauaai oaiiaeaiiiai oa?eoa a ioiioaiee
o?aoueeo no?ai, aeiiieiyaony naiaiaeie iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai
ia?aaeaeaeaiey oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa e caaa?oaaony oieoeeaoeeae
iae?iyeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee e nicaeaieai iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia
oi?aaeaiey. Ianiio?y ia auno?ue ?ino /enea eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee,
aieueoeinoai ec ieo iaoiaeyony ia ?aiieo noaaeeyo noaiiaeaiey.
Aeaaa 2. THaeiay Aia?eea: aiaeec i?aaeiinueie e ia?aciaaieth
eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee no?ai ?aaeiia
2.1. Aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea e a?aieoeu
THaeiay Aia?eea – yoi iaoa?ee, ?aniieiaeaiiue a caiaaeiii iieooa?ee
iaaeaeo Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eeie (Iaiaineee ia?aoaae) ia naaa?a e
Aioa?eoeaeie ia thaa. Iiuaaaony aeaoiy ieaaiaie: n caiaaea – Oeoei, n
ainoiea – Aoeaioe/aneei. Caeanue ?aniieiaeaii 12 ainoaea?noa e 2
caaeneiua oa??eoi?ee ia iauae ieiuaaee ieiei 17 818 508 ea. ei, /oi
ninoaaeyao i?eia?ii 14% io iauae ieiuaaee nooe Caiee. A?aieoeu iaaeaeo
iaoa?eeiauie no?aiaie i?ioiaeyo a iniiaiii ii e?oiiui ?aeai e ai?iui
o?aaoai. Aieueoeinoai no?ai eiatho auoiae e ieaaiai e ii?yi. E oiio aea
aeaiiue ?aaeii iaoiaeeony a ioiineoaeueiie aeecinoe e i/aiue ?acaeoiio a
yeiiiie/aneii ioiioaiee ainoaea?noao NOA. Oaeei ia?acii,
yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea Eaoeineie Aia?eee aanueia
aeaaii?eyoii, ianiio?y ia a? iaeioi?oth eciee?iaaiiinoue io ae?oaeo
?aaeiiia. Ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio ono?ienoao eaoeiiaia?eeaineea no?aiu
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie noaa?aiiua ?anioaeeee (A?aaioeia, Aieeaey,
A?aceeey, Aaianoyea, Eieoiaey, Ia?aaaae, Ia?o, O?oaaae, *eee, Yeaaaei?),
ainoaea?noaa a ninoaaa Niae?oaeanoaa, aicaeaaeyaiiai Aaeeeia?eoaieae
(Aaeaia, No?eiai), eeai aeaaeaiey Aaeeeia?eoaiee (Oieeeaiaeneea i-aa),
O?aioeee (Aaeaia). E?oiiuo iieeoe/aneeo eee eiuo eiioeeeoia ia yoie
oa??eoi?ee ia iaaethaeaaony. Iauyniyaony yoi neaaeothuei. Ai-ia?auo,
ainoaea?noaa THaeiie Aia?eee eiatho iiiai iauaai a eoeueoo?a, enoi?ee
noiaee ii o?iaith yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey, iiyoiio ei oaeoe/anee ia/aai
aeaeeoue. Ai-aoi?uo, ?aeueao e i?e?iaeiua oneiaey a oeaeii ia
?aniieaaatho e ?acaeoeth aii?oae?iiuo eiioeeeoia: iiiai ?ae,
iaiaeii?iaeiue ?aeueao e o.i. *oi eanaaony caaeneiuo oa??eoi?ee, oi ei
ia ia /oi aeaeiaaoueny. No?aiu-aeaaeaeueoeu yaeythony aeey ieo ?uieii
nauoa i?iecaiaeeiie i?iaeoeoeee (aoaeue oi aeiauaathuay eee
ia?aaaouaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue eee naeueneia oicyenoai),
i?aaeinoaaeytho ?aai/ea ianoa ianaeaieth, aeeaaeuaatho ia?iiiua eaieoaeu
n oeaeueth aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey yeiiiieee aeey aieaa yooaeoeaiiai
eniieueciaaiey i?e?iaeiuo aiaaonoa (a oii /enea a ea/anoaa oo?enoe/aneeo
oeaio?ia).
Aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea THaeiie Aia?eee auaiaeii e aeaaii?eyonoaoao
?acaeoeth oicyenoaa aeaaiaea?y o??i aniaeoai. Ai-ia?auo, auoiae e ii?yi
e ieaaiai, ai-aoi?uo, aeeceia ?aniieiaeaiea NOA, a-o?aoueeo, ia?iiiue
i?e?iaeii-?ano?niue iioaioeeae, eioi?ue iiea ia oaeaeinue ?aaeeciaaoue
ai iiiaii aeaaiaea?y enoi?e/aneiio oaeoi?o. Aaaeue ii/oe ana caeaoiea
no?aiu a i?ioeii auee eieiieyie, a iaeioi?ua e iuia inoathony
caaeneiuie.
Ec iienaiey aaia?aoe/aneiai iieiaeaiey neaaeoao, /oi iii yaeyaony
auaiaeiui e niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a ?aaeiia.
Iaoa?ee THaeiay Aia?eea yaeyaony aeinoaoi/ii e?oiiui, ii a oiaea a?aiy
eiaao auoyiooia ia?eaeeiiaeueiia iieiaeaiea, /oi aeaeaao aioo?aiiea
?aeiiu aieaa aeinooiiuie, /ai ia ae?oaeo iaoa?eeao. Oaeaea e
iniaaiiinoyi iaoa?eea iiaeii ioianoe iaeia iaee/ea ainoaea?noa, /oi
oaeaea aeaaii?eyoii aeeyao ia ?acaeoea eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia. Ii a
i?ia?aoe/aneii ieaia THaeiay Aia?eea ia iaeii?iaeia. Auaeaeythony
?aaieiiue Ainoie e ai?enoue Caiaae, /oi i?eaaei e ia?aciaaieth aeaoo
eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee: IA?EINO? e Aiaeneay a?oiia. Iaee/ea aeaoo
eioaa?aoeeiiiuo ia?aciaaiee iaaaoeaii neacuaaaony ia naeeaeaiee
thaeiiaia?eeaineeo no?ai, oae eae aeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey auee nicaeaiu n
iiiiuueth e a eioa?anao naaa?iiai ninaaea, ii y n/eoath, /oi
ainoaea?noaa THaeiie Aia?eee niiaoo aeinoe/ue eiinainona e nicaeaoue
eioaa?aoeeiiiia iauaaeeiaiea, eioi?ia niiaeao niioaaonoaiaaoue eioa?anai
anao ainoaea?noa ?aaeiia.
2.2. Yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu
THaeiay Aia?eea aiaaoa ieia?aeueiui nu?ue?i. Ia a? aeieth i?eoiaeeony
18% caiania iaooe, 30% – /??iuo e eaae?othueo iaoaeeia, 25% – oeaaoiuo
iaoaeeia e 55% – ?aaeeeo e ?annayiiuo yeaiaioia. Ii caianai iaeioi?uo
iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo ioaeaeueiua no?aiu ?aaeiia caieiatho ia?aia ianoi
n?aaee no?ai ie?a: iai?eia?, ii aeaeaciie ?oaea, ieiaeth, aa?eeeeth e
ai?iiio o?onoaeth – A?aceeey; ii iaaee – *eee; ii no?ueia e eeoeth –
Aieeaey. Iaee/ea ia?niaeoeaiuo, ii au? ieioi ?acaaaeaiiuo aaieiae/aneeo
no?oeoo? iicaieyao ?ann/eouaaoue a aeeaeaeoea aeanyoeeaoey ia iiaua
ianoi?iaeaeaiey iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo. Eiaiii ionthaea Niaaeei?iiua Ooaou
Aia?eee iieo/atho aei 70% iaiaoiaeeiiai ei no?aoaae/aneiai nu?uey, a oii
/enea aieaa 90% ieiayiiiai eiioeaio?aoa e aieneoia, ieiei 50% iaaeiie e
aeaeaciie ?oaeu. Oaeia eo ?aciiia?acea – yoi neaaenoaea ?aciiia?acey
oaeoiie/aneeo no?oeoo?.
Ii iaania/aiiinoe aiaeiuie ?ano?naie no?aiu THaeiie Aia?eee
i?eiaaeeaaeao e naiui aiaeiiaeeueiui a ie?a.
?aee THaeiie Aia?eee ioiinyony e aannaeiai aeaoo ieaaiia –
Aoeaioe/aneiai e Oeoiai, aiaei?acaeaeii iaaeaeo eioi?uie yaeythony
Aiaeu. E ia?aiio ioiinyony a iniiaiii ?aaieiiua ?aee, aeeth/ay oaeea
e?oiiua aiaeiua a?oa?ee, eae Aiaciiea, Ea-Ieaoa, I?eiiei e ae?., ei
aoi?iio – aeaaiui ia?acii ei?ioeea ai?iua ?aee. Aannaei ?ae, aiaaeathueo
a Aoeaioe/aneee ieaai, i?aauoaao ii ieiuaaee aannaei ?ae Oeoiai ieaaia a
8 ?ac. Iaeaieaa aonooth ?a/ioth naoue eiatho ciiu iinoiyiii ecauoi/iiai
oaeaaeiaiey i?e yeaaoi?eaeueiie iaeanoe e i?ea?aaeiie iaeanoe e
i?ea?aaeiie /anoe noao?iieeia ia thai-ainoiea THaeiie Aia?eee. Aeey
noaeioiaenoaa a iniiaiii i?eaiaeiu ?aee ieciaiiinoae. Aic?anoaao
yia?aaoe/aneia cia/aiea ?ae THaeiie Aia?eee, eioi?ua iaeaaeatho ia?iiiui
aeae?iyia?aiiioaioeeaeii. Iniaaiii aaeee iioaioeeae ai?iuo ?ae, ?ae
ieineiai?ee e iinoiyiii aeaaeiuo ?aaiei.
A THaeiie Aia?eea aeiaieueii iiiai ic?? ?acee/iiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey.
Naiia e?oiiia – onuoathuaa ica?i-eaaoia Ia?aeaeai. A ionouiiuo ?aeiiao
iiiaea ic??a i?aa?aoeeenue a nieii/aee. Aieueoea oa??eoi?ee a ?aeiia
caiyou aieioaie e caaiei/aiiuie eaiaeoaooaie, aeaaiui ia?acii
i?eo?i/aiiuie e aeieeiai aieueoeo ?ae, caoiieyaiui 7-8 ianyoeaa a aiaeo.
Ia?iiiua o?iie/aneea eana – yoi iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo aiaaonoa THaeiie
Aia?eee. E niaeaeaieth, iie auno?i au?oaathony, /oi, eae e eno?aaeaiea
ethauo aeaeia ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo, a?iceo ia?ooaieai o?oieiai
i?e?iaeiiai aaeaina. Yoe eana ioee/athony eneeth/eoaeueiui aiaaonoaii e
?aciiia?aceai oei?u e oaoiu. Oieueei a aannaeia Aiaciiee ian/eouaaaony
ia iaiaa 40 ouny/ aeaeia ?anoaiee, 1,5 ouny/e aeaeia ioeoe e 2,5 ouny/e
?a/iuo ?ua. Oaeaea a ?aeao aiaeyony aeaeueoeiu, yeaeo?e/aneea oa?e e
ae?oaea oaeeaeoaeueiua nouanoaa. Ec ?anoeoaeueiinoe iiaeii iacaaoue
oaeea aeaeu, eae a?aoea?ee /eeeeneay e a?aceeueneay, aeaaioneay
a?iiaeey, eneeiea?ion (ea?aia), eaiie, oeiiia, oieieaaeiia,
iaoaaiieaaia, ai?eyieiaia, iaeenaiae?iaia aea?aauey, aineiiiniay e
eieiniaay iaeueiu, a oaeaea no?anoioeaao, ii?ooeae, «iueathuee ia/»,
oeeiaeaiae?ii. Naiua y?eea i?aaenoaaeoaee oaoiu: aeueiaee e aeeoiuee,
?iaenoaaiieee eaiu (iie oeaiyony ca iao, eae oeioeeeu), iaiaeo (iioiaeay
ia no?aona ioeoea), ieiaaeiu e otheaie (iaeoathuea ia thaa THaeiie
Aia?eee), aeaaioneay neiiiaay /a?aiaoa.
THaeiay Aia?eea ?aniieaaaao cia/eoaeueiuie oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneeie
?ano?naie: iaooueth (Aaianoyea, Ia?o, Eieoiaey e ae?.), aacii (Aieeaey,
Aaianoyea e ae?.), oaeai, o?aiii. A iineaaeiea aiaeu ia/aee oe?iei
inaaeaaoueny aeae?iyia?ai?ano?nu. A /anoiinoe, inouanoaeaii
no?ieoaeuenoai e?oiiaeoaai a ie?a aeae?iyia?aaoe/aneiai eiiieaena
“Eoaeio” ia ?aea Ia?aia ia a?aieoea iaaeaeo Ia?aaaaai e A?aceeeae.
Aaaeoony ?aaiou ii iieneo e inaiaieth iiauo enoi/ieeia yia?aee. A ?yaea
no?ai i?eiyou i?ia?aiiu ii ?acaeoeth aoiiiie yia?aaoeee. Oe?iei ecaanoai
iiuo A?aceeee a iaeanoe eniieueciaaiey yoeeiaiai nie?oa, iieo/aiiiai ec
naoa?iiai o?inoieea a ea/anoaa aeeaeeiai oiieeaa.
Eae aeaeii ec i?aaeaa?eoaeueii iienaiey i?e?iaea THaeiie Aia?eee
?aniieaaaao e ?acaeoeth, eae naeueneei oicyenoaii, oae e i?iiuoeaiiui
i?iecaiaenoaii. A ia/aea naiae eieiieaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe caeanue
aa?iiaeoeu eniieueciaaee iaoe?iua oa??eoi?ee oieueei eae ieaioaoeee
iao?i aeey neioiaiaenoaa, oi anoue caieiaeenue naeueneei oicyenoaii,
oaeaeyy i?iiuoeaiiinoe ieieiaeueiia cia/aiea. Iaeiaei caoai iia ia/aea
aeoeaii ?acaeaaoueny.
Naaiaeiy eiaeono?eaeueiue iaeee ?aaeiia ii?aaeaeytho A?aaioeia e
A?aceeey (ia ieo i?eoiaeeony 2/3 i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa THaeiie
Aia?eee e iaania/eaaao ca n/ao aioo?aiiaai i?iecaiaenoaa oaea aieaa 90%
iio?aaeyaiie a ieo i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee), a oaeaea *eee, Aaianoyea,
Eieoiaey e Ia?o. Iaeia ec iniiaiuo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe a yeiiiieea
?aaeiia — ai?iiaeiauaathuay. A no?oeoo?a noieiinoe aa i?iaeoeoeee ieiei
80% i?eoiaeeony ia oiieeai (a iniiaiii iaooue), a inoaeueiua i?eia?ii
20% — ia ai?ii?oaeiia nu?uea. Aaaeouea iiceoeee a ai?iiaeiauaathuae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe caieiatho Aaianoyea, A?aceeey e A?aaioeia, ioee/athueany
oe?ieei ia?a/iai aeiauaaaiuo ?ano?nia. Iaeaieaa aeeiaie/iie io?aneueth
oicyenoaa a aieueoeinoaa eiioeiaioaeueiuo no?ai ?aaeiia a iineaaeiea
aeanyoeeaoey noaea ia?aaaouaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. I?e/ai a aa
i?iaeoeoeee caiaoii nieceeanue aeiey o?aaeeoeeiiiuo io?aneae —
oaenoeeueiie, ieuaaie, a oaeaea eiaeaaaiii-iaoaiie e oaaeiie i?e
iaeiia?aiaiiii aic?anoaiee oaeaeueiiai aana iaeioi?uo aaciauo io?aneae,
i?iecaiaeyueo oiaa?u i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey. Iniaaiii aeeiaie/ii
?acaeaaeenue oeiey e iaooaia?a?aaioea, /a?iay iaoaeeo?aey,
iaoeiino?iaiea, i?iecaiaenoai no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia. Naaiaeiy iiaua
eiaeono?eaeueiua eaoeiiaia?eeaineea no?aiu (A?aaioeia, A?aceeey)
ecaanoiu ia oieueei ia aioo?aiiai, ii e ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?uiea naieie
yeaeo?iieeie, aaoiiiaeeyie, ecaeaeeyie oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. ?aceia
?acaeoea yoeo no?ai naycaii n iaania/aiiinoueth i?e?iaeiuie e ethaeneeie
?ano?naie e oiaeui i?eaea/aieai ca?oaaaeiiai oaoie/aneiai iiuoa. *oi aea
eanaaony Aieeaee, Ia?aaaay e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo, oi caeanue a no?oeoo?a
i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ana aua i?aiaeaaeatho io?anee o?aaeeoeeiiiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, i?aaeaea anaai ieuaaay. Enoaoe, yoa io?aneue ai iiiaeo
no?aiao THaeiie Aia?eee eiaao y?ei au?aaeaiioth yenii?oioth
iai?aaeaiiinoue, iiyoiio ii?ou neeueii ?ac?anoathony. ?aciauaiea
i?iiuoeaiiinoe no?ai THaeiie Aia?eee oa?aeoa?ecoaony i?aeiouanoaaiii
iiiioeaio?e/aneie no?oeoo?ie, i?e eioi?ie a i?iiuoeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa
no?aiu i?aiaeaaeaao iaeei oeaio? (A?aaioeia, O?oaaae, Aaianoyea, *eee).
Ianiio?y ia iaiaoeaoaany nieaeaiea aeiee naeueneiai oicyenoaa a
yeiiiieea THaeiie Aia?eee, aai ?ieue ii-i?aaeiaio aaeeea. A ?yaea no?ai
iii inoaaony iniiaiie noa?ie iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, a eioi?ie
caiyoa i?aiaeaaeathuay /anoue o?oaeiniiniaiiai ianaeaiey. Eniieuecoy
iaoiaeu «cae?iie ?aaiethoeee», e?oiiui eaieoaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaai a
yoeo no?aiao oaeaeinue iaania/eoue nouanoaaiiue i?e?ino i?iaeoeoeee
caieaaeaeey e aeeaioiiaiaenoaa. ?acoeueoaou, aeinoeaiooua a yoeo
no?aiao, caiaoii auaeaeythony ia oiia canoieiiai iieiaeaiey aa?a?iiai
naeoi?a a Aieeaee, Ia?o, Yeaaaei?a e ae?. I?e yoii ionoaaaiea naeueneiai
oicyenoaa, ioyaiuaiiiai iieooaiaeaeueiuie ia?aaeeoeaie a aieueoeinoaa
no?ai, iniaaiii iuooeii a nayce n i?iaeieaeathueiny auno?ui ?inoii
ianaeaiey. Aaaeouay io?aneue naeueneiai oicyenoaa THaeiie Aia?eee —
?anoaieaaiaenoai. A iinaaiuo ieiuaaeyo i?aiaeaaeatho ca?iiaua, aeaaiui
ia?acii ioaieoea e eoeo?oca. I?ienoiaeeo onei?aiiia ia?aueaaiea iinaaia
ni?ai, /oi naycaii n aunieei ni?inii ia iaai ni noi?iiu
aeeaioiiaiaenoaa, a oaeaea nie — ieuaaie e ei?iiaie eoeueoo?u. Ia
aeeaioiiaiaenoai aea i?eoiaeeony 1/3 naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa ?aaeiia.
THaeiay Aia?eea – ?aaeii n aeinoaoi/ii oi?ioae iaania/aiiinoueth
i?e?iaeiuie e ethaeneeie ?ano?naie. Iaeiaei ec-ca iniaaiiinoae a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey iia ia aeinoeaea aeieaeiiai o?iaiy
yeiiiieei-nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey. Ii eiathony ana i?aaeiinueee e
?acaeoeth yeiiiieee no?ai ?aaeiia iin?aaenoaii eioaa?aoeee. Iiae?iaii ia
yeiiiie/aneeo auaiaeao eioaa?aoeee a aeaaa 4.
2.3. Enoi?eei-yoie/aneea nayce
Ianaeaiea THaeiie Aia?eee ninoaaeyao i?eia?ii 355 iei. /aeiaae. Yoi
aaeeinoaaiiue ?aaeii, aaea ca iaeei XX aae /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey
au?inea aieaa /ai a 8 ?ac. Yoi iaoneiaeaii ianeieueeeie oaeoi?aie.
Ai-ia?auo, yoi anoanoaaiiue i?e?ino, iaeiaei ii ia ianoieueei aaeee (2%
a aiae). Ai-aoi?uo, iea?aoeee, eioi?ua ieacaee cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea.
Nthaea aeieaia a?aiy caaiceee ?aaia, a iniiaiii iaa?ia, eioi?ua
ninoaaeytho 0,1 ianaeaiey Eaoeineie Aia?eee, e, iaeiiaoe, inoaeueiua
ia?anaeaioeu i?eacaeaee nthaea a iieneao ca?aaioea. Aieueoie i?e?ino
ianaeaiey iaoneaaeeaaao «iieiaeinoue» aeeoaeae aieueoeinoaa
eaoeiiaia?eeaineeo ainoaea?noa e a oi aea a?aiy nicaea?o
aeiiieieoaeueioth iaa?oceo ia o?oaeiniiniaiia ianaeaiea, /oi iiaeao
iaiin?aaenoaaiii neacaoueny ia o?iaia aeecie.
Oa??eoi?ey THaeiie Aia?eee ia?aiia/aeueii auea canaeaia auoiaeoeaie ec
Naaa?i-ainoi/iie Acee, eioi?ua iicaeiaa niaoaeenue n iea?aoeeiiiuie
iioieaie e ia?aciaaee iiiai/eneaiiua eiaeaeneea ieaiaia e ia?iaeiinoe.
Ae?aaiaeoea noiyiee ia?aiauoiuo ethaeae ioiinyony e 20-10-io
ouny/aeaoeth aei i. y. Ei a?aiaie aoi?aeaiey aa?iiaeneeo caaiaaaoaeae a
eiioea 15—16 aa. aieueoeinoai eiaeaeneeo ieai?i iaoiaeeeinue ia
?acee/iuo noaaeeyo ia?aiauoiiiaueiiiai no?iy, caieiaeinue
niae?aoaeuenoaii, ioioie e ?uaieianoaii. Aeia?a, aoeoaee, iaey, eiee e
ae?. nicaeaee ?aiiaeeanniaua ainoaea?noaa. Iinea iooaoanoaee O. Eieoiaa,
ioe?uaoaai ino?iaa Aioeeueneiai a?oeiaeaaa, iiaa?aaeuea Oeaio?aeueiie
Aia?eee e Aaianoyeu (1492—1504), auee iniiaaiu ia?aua eniaineea
iinaeaiey ia ino?iaao Yniaiueiea (Aaeoe) e Eoaa, eioi?ua noaee iii?iuie
ioieoaie aeaeueiaeoaai i?iieeiiaaiey a aeoaue Aia?eeaineiai iaoa?eea.
Yeniaaeeoeee eiieenoaaei?ia i?eaaee e ooaa?aeaeaieth eniaineiai
ainiiaenoaa ia oa??eoi?ee Iaeneee, Eaeeoi?iee, Oei?eaeu, Oeaio?aeueiie
Aia?eee e ia an?i THaeiiaia?eeaineii eiioeiaioa, ca eneeth/aieai
oa??eoi?ee A?aceeee, eioi?oth caaiaaaea Ii?ooaaeey, e Aaeaiu,
caoaa/aiiie Aiaeeae, Aieeaiaeeae e O?aioeeae. Iaaeaeioniaiay ai?ueaa
eiaeaeneeo aiaeaeae, anooiaaoeo a nithcu n /oaeacaiiuie caoaao/eeaie,
iaeaa/eea caaiaaaiea THaeiie Aia?eee eieiiecaoi?aie. Caaiaaaiea Aia?eee
eniaioeaie e ii?ooaaeueoeaie, a iniiaiii caaa?oeeinue a 16—17 aa.
Ianiio?y ia io/ayiiia nii?ioeaeaiea ei?aiiuo aeeoaeae (ia /oi
eieiiecaoi?u ai iiiaeo neo/ayo ioaa/aee iiaieiaiui eo eno?aaeaieai),
Eniaiey e Ii?ooaaeey ianaaeeee caeanue naie ycuee, naith ?aeeaeth
(eaoieeoeeci) e ieacaee aieueoia aeeyiea ia oi?ie?iaaiea eoeueoo?u
eaoeiiaia?eeaioeaa. Aiaeeeneay, o?aioeocneay e ieaea?eaiaeneay
eieiiecaoeey oaeaea ieacaea aeeyiea ia enoi?eth THaeiie Aia?eee, ii
cia/eoaeueii iaiueoaa, /ai eniaineay e ii?ooaaeueneay.
?acaeoea eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee, e?anoueyineea e ai?iaeneea
ainnoaiey 18 a. (e?anoueyineay aieia a Ia?o 1780-83, ainnoaiea a Iiaie
A?aiaaea 1781 e ae?.) ?anoaoaee eieiieaeueioth nenoaio e niinianoaiaaee
i?iaoaeaeaieth iaoeeiiaeueiiai naiiniciaiey ianoiiai ianaeaiey. Aieia ca
iacaaeneiinoue aiaeeeneeo eieiiee a Naaa?iie Aia?eea 1775-83 e Aaeeeay
o?aioeocneay ?aaiethoeey onei?eee yoio i?ioeann. Aieia ca iacaaeneiinoue
eniaineeo eieiiee a Aia?eea 1810-26 caaa?oeeanue oie/oiaeaieai
eieiieaeueiiai ?aaeeia. Ii/oe ana eniaineea eieiiee caaiaaaee
iieeoe/aneoth iacaaeneiinoue.
Ia?aciaaiea ainoaea?noa yaeeinue aaaeiaeoae i?aaeiinueeie aeey onei?aiey
?acaeoey eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee. Nio?aiaiea e?oiiiai iiiaue/ueaai
caieaaeaaeaiey e i?eaeeaaee oea?eae oi?iiceei yoio i?ioeann. A na?aaeeia
19 a. ia/aeny iiaue iiaeu?i ?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaeaeaiey, au?aceaoeeny a
a?aaeaeaineeo aieiao a A?aaioeia, Eieoiaee, Aaianoyea, O?oaaaa,
Aaaoaiaea e canoaaeaoee i?iaanoe aaaeiua nioeeaeueiua ?aoi?iu a Ia?o,
Aiiaeo?ana, A?aceeee. Auee ioiaiaiu iiaeooiay iiaeaoue n eiaeaeoeaa e
?aanoai iaa?ia (aac iaaeaeaiey caie?e), oie/oiaeaiu aeai?yineea oeooeu.
A 1889 auea eeeaeaee?iaaia iiia?oey e i?iaicaeaoaia ?anioaeeea a
A?aceeee. Iinea i?eoiaea nthaea nioeeaeecia e aai e?ooaiey (e?iia Eoau)
iio?e aeoeaiue i?ioeann ?acaeoey eaieoaeecia.
Yoie/aneee ninoaa THaeiie Aia?eee aanueia i?no?, aai oneiaii iiaeii
?acaeaeeoue ia 3 a?oiiu. Ia?aoth a?oiio ninoaaeytho eiaeaeneea ieaiaia,
eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ei?aiiuo aeeoaeae (a ianoiyuaa a?aiy – 15%
ianaeaiey). Aieueoa anaai eiaeaeoeaa nin?aaeioi/aii a Aieeaee (63%).
Aoi?ay a?oiia – yoi aa?iiaeneea ia?anaeaioeu, i?aaeaea anaai eniaioeu e
ii?ooaaeueoeu (e?aieu), aaaeue eiaiii yoe 2 ii?neea aea?aeaau ?aiueoa
inoaeueiuo noaee niae?aoue yeniaaeeoeee aeey enneaaeiaaiey e inaiaiey
aane?aeieo ii?neeo i?inoi?ia. A /enea o/anoieeia eniaineeo e
ii?ooaaeueneeo yeniaaeeoeee auee Aanei aea Aaia, O?enoioi? Eieoia,
Aia?eai Aanio//e e ae?oaea ecaanoiua ii?aieaaaoaee. O?aoueth a?oiio
noi?ie?iaaee iaa?u, eioi?uo nthaea i?eaiceee a ea/anoaa ?aaia aeey
?aaiou ia ieaioaoeeyo.
I?aaenoaaeoaeae ethaie ec yoeo a?oii inoaeinue i/aiue iaei. Aieueoa
iieiaeiu aeeoaeae THaeiie Aia?eee – iaoenu (iioiiee io a?aeia aaeuo e
eiaeaeoeaa) e ioeaou (iioiiee io a?aeia aaeuo e iaa?ia). Naiuie
iaeii?iaeiuie a yoie/aneii ioiioaiee yaeythony oaeea ia?anaeai/aneea
no?aiu, eae O?oaaae, *eee, A?aaioeia (yoi no?aiu iicaeiae eieiiecaoeee,
eo ianniaia canaeaiea ia/aeinue ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIX aaea, a ieo
aieueoa anaai aa?iiaeneeo eiiea?aioia). Io auaoeo eniaineeo e
ii?ooaaeueneeo eieiiee ioee/athony No?eiai e Aaeaia, aaea iiiai
auoiaeoeaa ec Acee (a iniiaiii eiaeeeoeu).
THaeiay Aia?eea – yoi oaeaea ianoi niaoaiey eoeueoo? iiiaeanoaa ?an,
ia?iaeia, yoiinia e ia?aieaoaiey o?aaeeoeee e iau/aaa ?aciuo
oeeaeeecaoeee. A nayce n yoei ouaieyeenue i?aaa iaeioi?uo ia?iaeia, a
/anoiinoe, eiaeaeoeaa, ethaeae niaoaiiuo e?iaae, e ae?., ni noi?iiu
aa?iiaeoeaa. Yoi auei na?ue?ciie i?iaeaiie aei 15 oaa?aey 1819 a. Eiaiii
oiaaea ninoiyeny Aiainoo?neee eiia?ann ii eieoeeaoeaa Aieeaa?a, ia
eioi?ii aue i?eiyo aeieoiaio, i?iaicaeaoaaoee ?aaainoai anao aeeoaeae
auaoeo eieiiee. N oao ii? a THaeiie Aia?eea oea?eo oa?ieiinoue ei anai
ia?iaeai e ?aeeaeyi.
Ianiio?y ia i?no?ue iaoeeiiaeueii-yoie/aneee ninoaa, ?aeeaeiciue ninoaa
THaeiie Aia?eee aaeeiiia?acai. Caeanue aeieaia a?aiy ianaaeaeaeny
eaoieeoeeci e n/eoaeny aaeeinoaaiiie ioeoeeaeueiie ?aeeaeae, ae?oaea
?aeeaee e aa?ieniiaaaeaiey i?aneaaeiaaeenue eieaeceoeeae, iiyoiio
aieueoeinoai eaoeiiaia?eeaioeaa e a iaoa a?aiy eniiaaaeotho eaoieeoeeci.
Eae aeaeii ec iienaiey enoi?ee e yoie/aneeo naycae iaoa?ee yaeyaony
aeinoaoi/ii iaeii?iaeiui. Ainoaea?noaa THaeiie Aia?eee yaeyeenue ca
iaeui eneeth/aieai eieiieyie Eniaiee e Ii?ooaaeee, e eae neaaenoaea,
iniiaiua ainoaea?noaaiiua ycuee ii?ooaaeueneee e eniaineee, a
aeiieie?othuay ?aeeaey – eaoieeoeeci. A yoie/aneii ieaia ia an? oae
iaeiicia/ii, ii caeanue eiathony naie iniaaiiinoe. Aieueoie i?ioeaio
ianaeaiey ninoaaeytho iaoenu, ioeaou e naiai, o. a. i?aaenoaaeoaee
niaoaiiuo a?aeia.
Ana yoe i?aaeiinueee iieiaeeoaeueii aeeytho ia ?acaeoea eioaa?aoeee n
o/anoeai anao no?ai ?aaeiia.
Aeaaa 3. E?aoeee yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneee aiaeec eaaeaeiai ec
eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee THaeiie Aia?eee
THaeiay Aia?eea ?aiueoa ae?oaeo ?aaeiiia ie?a anooieea ia iooue
eioaa?aoeee. N 1960 a. caeanue noaee aeaenoaiaaoue oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneea
a?oiie?iaee – Eaoeiiaia?eeaineay annioeeaoeey naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee – EANO
(i?aia?aciaaia a 1980 a. a Eaoeiiaia?eeaineoth annioeeaoeeth eioaa?aoeee
– EAAE), n 1968 a. – Ea?eaneay annioeeaoeey naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee,
i?aia?aciaaiiay iicaea a Ea?eaneia niiauanoai e Ea?eaneee iauee ?uiie –
EA?EEII. A 1969 a. aicieeee au? aeaa ?aaeiiaeueiuo oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo
iauaaeeiaiee – Aiaeneay a?oiia (Aieeaey, Aaianoyea, Eieoiaey, Ia?o,
*eee, Yeaaaei?), i?aia?aciaaiiay a 1996 a. a Aiaeneia niiauanoai iaoeee,
e Ea-Ieaoneay a?oiia (A?aaioeia, A?aceeey, Ia?aaaae, O?oaaae),
ainoaea?noaa, eioi?ie a 1991 a. ia?aciaaee Iauee ?uiie no?ai THaeiiai
eiiona – IA?EINO?.
Iniaoth ?ieue a eioaa?aoeee THaeiie Aia?eee e Caiaaeiiai iieooa?ey eiaao
IA?EINO? (?en. 1). Eiaiii yoi iauaaeeiaiea ca iieoi?a aeanyoeeaoey
aeiaeeinue aiooeoaeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo oniaoia, oioy aai no?aiu-/eaiu a
aeaayiinoua e a ia/aea iuiaoiaai noieaoey eniuoaee yeiiiie/aneea niaaeu
e e?ecenu. A 1995 a. a i?i auee aaaaeaiu aaeeiua aiaoiaoi?aiaua iioeeiu,
o.a. aiciee oi?aiaue nithc. Iiceoeee IA?EINO? cia/eoaeueii ie?aiee iinea
iiaeienaiey a 1996 a. niaeaoaiey i nicaeaiee ciiu naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee n
Aieeaeae e *eee. [2]
IA?EINO? — e?oiiaeoaa iauaaeeiaiea a THaeiie Aia?eea. IA?EINO?
iauaaeeiyao 250 iei. /aeiaae e aieaa 75% niaieoiiiai AAI eiioeiaioa.
A iaai aoiaeyo A?aaioeia, A?aceeey, Ia?aaaae, O?oaaae e Aaianoyea (n
ethey 2006) a a ea/anoaa annioeee?iaaiiuo /eaiia — *eee, Aieeaey,
Eieoiaey, Yeaaaei? e Ia?o.
Iacaaiea i?aaiecaoeee i?ienoiaeeo io eniaineiai Mercado Comun del Sur,
/oi icia/aao «THaeiiaia?eeaineee iauee ?uiie». Ia?aui oaaii e nicaeaieth
iauaaeei?iiiai ?uiea iineoaeeei niaeaoaiea i naiaiaeiie oi?aiaea,
iiaeienaiiia A?aaioeiie e A?aceeeae a 1986 a. A 1990 a. e yoiio
niaeaoaieth i?eniaaeeieeenue Ia?aaaae e O?oaaae.
Aeiaiai?ii i nicaeaiee IA?EINO? i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue:
• ioiaia anao iioeei e oa?eoiuo ia?aie/aiee ai acaeiiie oi?aiaea iaaeaeo
/aou?ueiy no?aiaie, o.a. nicaeaiea CNO a noa?aaeiia e 31 aeaeaa?y 1994
a.;
• naiaiaeiia aeaeaeaiea eaieoaea e ?aai/ae neeu;
• aaaaeaiea aaeeiiai aiaoiaai oa?eoa e ia?aciaaiea oaiiaeaiiiai nithca;
• eii?aeeiaoeey iieeoeee a iaeanoe i?iiuoeaiiinoe, naeueneiai oicyenoaa,
o?ainii?oa e nayce, a aaethoii-oeiainiaie noa?a;
• oieoeoee?iaaiiua i?aaeea ooieoeeiie?iaaiey naiaiaeiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo
cii;
• aaeeiue ii?yaeie ii?aaeaeaiey i?ienoiaeaeaiey oiaa?ia.
Iniiaiuie aaeieieno?aoeaiuie i?aaiaie iauaaeeiaiey yaeythony Niaao
iauaai ?uiea, A?oiia iauaai ?uiea, Eiienney ii oi?aiaea, Niaianoiay
ia?eaiaioneay eiienney, Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneee eiinoeueoaoeaiue oi?oi
e Aaeieieno?aoeaiue nae?aoa?eao. A-ia?auo /aou?ao ?aaioa aaaeaony ia
iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiii o?iaia. Iniiaiie i?eioeei aeayoaeueiinoe aunoeo
i?aaiia IA?EINO? — eiinainon. Eaeay nicaeaiey eaeie-eeai
iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiie no?oeoo?u ii i?eia?o Aa?iiaeneiai Nithca ia iieo/eea
iiaeaea?aeee.
N 1 yiaa?y 1995 a niioaaonoaee n Niaeaoaieai Io?i I?aoi, iiaeienaiiui a
1994, IA?EINO? ia?ao?e ia aieaa aunieee eioaa?aoeeiiiue o?iaaiue: io
ciiu naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee e oaiiaeaiiiio nithco. Ai aioo?eciiaeueiie
oi?aiaea aeey anao o/anoieeia aaiaeeony aaeeiue aiaoiee oaiiaeaiiue
oa?eo (AAOO) ia i?iaeoeoeeth, aaiceioth ec o?aoueeo no?ai (noaaea
eiii?oiuo iioeei aeey ?aciuo oiaa?ia eieaaeaony io 0 aei 20%).[16]
Ae?oaei aaaeiaeoei ?aaeiiaeueiui oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneei aeieii a THaeiie
Aia?eea yaeyaony Aiaeneia niiauanoai (a?oiia, iaeo; «Andean Group» eee
«Andean Common Market») nicaeaii 26 iay 1965 aiaea ia iniiaa
Ea?oaoaineiai niaeaoaiey a ninoaaa Aieeaee, Eieoiaee, Ia?o, *eee (auoea
ec a?oiiu a 1976 aiaeo) e Yeaaaei?a (?en. 1). N 1973 aiaea /eaiii yoie
i?aaiecaoeee noaea Aaianoyea. Aiaeneay a?oiia ioaaouaaao oa??eoi?eth a
4,8 iei. ea. ei n ianaeaieai 111 iei. /aeiaae; a? niaieoiiue aaeiaie
i?iaeoeo ninoaaeyao 268 ie?ae. aeieea?ia. Aunoee i?aai — eiienney
Ea?oaoaineiai niaeaoaiey, ninoiyuay ec iineia ia?a/eneaiiuo no?ai n
aiaee/iui n?ieii iieiiii/ee, ii enoa/aiee eioi?iai eiienney ia?aiauaaony
a i/a?aaeiia ii aeoaaeoo ainoaea?noai, aoiaeyuaa a iaeo. I?aaenoaaeoaeue
yoie no?aiu yaeyaony a? i?aceaeaioii. Eiienney iau/ii i?iaiaeeo ia iaiaa
o??o nannee a aiae, ia eioi?uo iia ii?aaeaeyao iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey
nio?oaeie/anoaa, ooaa?aeaeaao i?ia?aiiu ii eii?aeeiaoeee oaiiaeaiiie
iieeoeee e yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey.
Niaao ieieno?ia eiino?aiiuo aeae – i?aai iieeoe/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa –
eii?aeeie?oao aunooieaiea Aiaeneie a?oiiu ia ie?iaie a?aia.
Eiinoeueoaoeaiui i?aaiii neoaeeo Aiaeneee ia?eaiaio, ninoiyuee ec
aeaiooaoia caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo nia?aiee no?ai-/eaiia. Nii?iua aii?inu
?ac?aoaao Aiaeneee noae. Aeey au?aaioee ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii eiie?aoiui
aii?inai nicaeaiu niaaou: ieaiiaue, aaethoiue, oeiainiaue, iaeiaiaue e
ae?oaea.
Ea?oaoaineia niaeaoaiea i?aaeoniao?eaaao nicaeaiea iauaai ?uiea,
niaeaniaaiea yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee a ioiioaiee eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea,
iin?aaenoaii niaianoiiai i?ia?aiie?iaaiey ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
io?aneae e eio?ano?oeoo?u, iiaeeecaoeeth aioo?aiieo e aiaoieo oeiainiauo
?ano?nia, i?aaeinoaaeaiea niaoeeaeueiuo eueaio iaiaa ?acaeoui /eaiai
nithca — Aieeaee e Yeaaaei?o.
Oeaee Aiaeneiai niiauanoaa — niaeaenoaea ?acaeoeth no?ai-o/anoieoe
iin?aaenoaii eo eioaa?aoeee e nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa; onei?aieth yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa e iaania/aieth
caiyoinoe; nicaeaieth eaoeiiaia?eeaineiai iauaai ?uiea. Iniiaiua
iai?aaeaiey Aiaeneie a?oiiu naiaeyony e:
au?aaioea aaeeiie yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee, eii?aeeiaoeee inouanoaeyaiuo
i?iaeoia;
aa?iiiecaoeee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa: inouanoaeaieth eiio?iey ca i?eiaiaieai
i?eiyouo a ?aieao Aiaeneie a?oiiu i?aaiauo ii?i e ca eo aaeeiie
eioa?i?aoaoeeae;
onoaiiaeaieth oaniuo acaeiiuo naycae iaaeaeo ?aaeiiaie e i?aaiaie
Aiaeneie a?oiiu /a?ac aniiiiaaoaeueiua i?aaiu — Nithc /anoiuo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e Aiaeneee einoeooo o?oaea.
A ?aieao Aiaeneie a?oiiu nicaeaiu:
Aiaeneay ei?ii?aoeey ?acaeoey (AE?), ia?aciaaiiay a 1968 aiaeo,
aunooiaao eae aaie ?acaeoey, eae eiaanoeoeeiiiue aaie e eae aaaionoai
yeiiiie/aneiai e oeiainiaiai niaeaenoaey;
Aiaeneee ?aca?aiue oiiae (A?O) — ?anii?yaeaaony /anoueth aaethoiuo
?aca?aia no?ai-/eaiia aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey ieao?aeiuo aaeainia e
niaeaniaaiey oeiainiaie e aaethoiie iieeoeee;
Annioeeaoeey oaeaeiiioieeaoeeiiiuo eiiennee — eniieuecoaony a oeaeyo
oaeoaeaiey nio?oaeie/anoaa, niaeaenoaey ?acaeoeth oaeaeiiioieeaoeeiiiuo
neoaea a ?aaeiia.
A 1990 aiaeo auea i?eiyoa «Aiaeneay no?aoaaey», a eioi?ie auee
noi?ioee?iaaiu o?e iniiaiua oeaee: ?acaeoea aiaeneiai yeiiiie/aneiai
i?ino?ainoaa; oaeoaeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo naycae no?ai Aiaeneie a?oiiu;
aeeaae a aaeeinoai Eaoeineie Aia?eee. «Aeo ie?a», i?eiyoue a oii aea
aiaeo, auaeaeioe a ea/anoaa aaaeiaeoeo caaea/: oaeoaeaiea i?ioeanna
eioaa?aoeee aiaeneeo no?ai; ?aaeecaoeeth a? ioaeaeueiuo yoaiia (ciia
naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee, oaiiaeaiiue nithc), a oaeaea ae?oaeo ia?,
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey nicaeaiey Aiaeneiai iauaai ?uiea.
Oaiiaeaiiue nithc a ?aieao Aiaeneie a?oiiu iieiinoueth noi?ie?iaai e
1999 a., a aei yoiai a?aiaie oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu ninoaaeyee ia aieaa
5—10%. A iaa 1994 a. ainoaea?noaa Aiaeneie a?oiiu niaeaneeenue nicaeaoue
ciio naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee e 1 yiaa?y 1995 aiaea.
Aiaeneee iaeo nieneae iniaoth ecaanoiinoue a enoi?ee eioaa?aoeee
?acaeaathueony no?ai — iiiuoeie n?aco a ianooaaao oeaeie a?oiie?iaee
ia?aie/eoue aeeyiea eiino?aiiuo iiiiiieee. Aeaiiay aeoeey ia/aea
i?iaiaeeoueny a ia?aua aiaeu nouanoaiaaiey nithca, eiaaea oii a i?i
caaeaaaee *eee (ia?eiae i?aaeoaeuenoaa Ia?iaeiiai aaeeinoaa), Aieeaey e
Ia?o. Aeaaiie ia?ie a yoii iai?aaeaiee iineoaeeei aaaaeaiea «Iauaai
?aaeeia ii ioiioaieth e eiino?aiiiio eaieoaeo, oi?aiaui ia?eai,
iaoaioai, eeoeaiceyi», i?ecaaiiiai onoaiiaeoue eiio?ieue ca
aeayoaeueiinoueth OIE. Yoe ia?u noeioee?iaaee i?aa?auaiea eiino?aiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, nicaeaaaaiuo iinea 1974 aiaea a iaoeeiiaeueiua eee
niaoaiiua. I?e o/?aaeaeaiee oaeiai i?aaei?eyoey ia iaiaa 15% aeoeee
iiaeeaaeeo ia?aaea/a ainoaea?noao, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?iai iii
iaoiaeeony. Aaaeiui iieiaeaieai iauaai ?aaeeia auei aaaaeaiea
ia?aie/aiee ia auaiceiua eiino?aiiuie eiiiaieyie i?eauee. Aaeaaiaeii
?ac?aoaeinue ia?aaiceoue ca a?aieoeo ia aieaa 14% ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiie
noiiu i?yiuo eiaanoeoeee. Iaeiia?aiaiii ia?aie/eaaeenue noa?u
i?eeiaeaiey eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea: ii ia aeiioneaeny a no?aoiaaiea,
aioo?aiithth oi?aiaeth, o?ainii?o, a n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee. N
1976 aiaea ai iiiaeo no?aiao a?oiie?iaee iieaaaeinue niya/aiea iaeioi?uo
iieiaeaiee iauaai ?aaeeia a ?aieao Eeineiai i?ioieiea.
No?aiu ea?eaneiai ?aaeiia ii i?eia?o oeaio?aeueiiaia?eeaineeo ninaaeae
oaeaea ia/aee inouanoaeyoue i?ioeann eioaa?aoeee, enoiaey ec naiaai
iaeicia/eoaeueiiai yeiiiie/aneiai iioaioeeaea, e nicaeaee Ea?eaneia
niiauanoai (aiae. Caribbean Community (CARICOM)) — oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneee
nithc no?ai THaeiie Aia?eee (?en. 1).
Ea?eaneia niiauanoai aeeth/aao a naay 13 aiaeiycu/iuo no?ai yoie ciiu n
iauei iauaiii aiaoiae oi?aiaee 11 ie?ae. aeieea?ia. Yoi – iaeua
ino?iaiua ainoaea?noaa (Aioeaoa e Aa?aoaea, Aa?aaaein, Aaaaineea
Ino?iaa, A?aiaaea, Aeiieieea, Naio-Aeinaio e A?aiaaeeiu, NaioEthney,
O?eieaeaae e Oiaaai, ssiaeea, Iiiona??ao (eieiiey Aaeeeia?eoaiee),
Naio-Eeon, Iaaen e Aiaeeuey), a oaeaea iaoa?eeiaua Aaeec, Aaeaia e
No?eiai (i?eiyo a 1995 a.). Annioeee?iaaiiua /eaiu EA?EEII – Ae?aeineea
Ino?iaa, ino?iaa Oa?ea e Eaeein. Ec anao yoeo no?ai oieueei No?eiai e
Aaeaia iaoiaeyony a THaeiie Aia?eea. Aeiaiai?, aeaenoaothuee e iiiuia,
i?iaicaeaoae ia?aciaaiea Ea?eaneiai niiauanoaa, a a aai ?aieao –
Ea?eaneiai iauaai ?uiea. Ianaeaiea no?ai EA?EEII ninoaaeyao anaai 6 iei.
/aeiaae. A ?aaioa EA?EEII a ea/anoaa iaaethaeaoaeae o/anoaotho 12
eaoeiiaia?eeaineeo no?ai, n?aaee eioi?uo iaeaieueooth aeoeaiinoue
i?iyaeytho Iaeneea, Aaianoyea e Eieoiaey. Aunoee i?aai iauaaeeiaiey –
eiioa?aioeey aeaa ainoaea?noa, eniieieoaeueiua i?aaiu – Niaao ieieno?ia
e Aaia?aeueiue nae?aoa?eao, a oaeaea iinoiyiiua eiieoaou e
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua ?aai/ea a?oiiu. Ooaa-eaa?oe?a iaoiaeeony a a.
Aeaei?aeaeoaoi (Aaeaia). A ethea-aaaonoa 1990 a. ia ano?a/a aeaa
ainoaea?noa e i?aaeoaeuenoa EA?EEII auee i?eiyou ?aoaiey ia onei?aiee
eioaa?aoeee. No?aiu aeiaiai?eeenue i aaaaeaiee iaueo oa?eoia ia eiii?o
oiaa?ia ec o?aoueeo no?ai, o.a. nicaeaiee oaiiaeaiiiai nithca, ioiaia
anao iaoa?eoiuo aa?uea?ia a oi?aiaea oiaa?aie, i?iecaiaeeiuie aioo?e
noa?aaeiia, nicaeaiee iauaai ?uiea ni naiaiaeiui aeaeaeaieai eaieoaeia,
n iauae aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeae, niaeaniaaiiie iieeoeeie a iaeanoe
oeiainia, a ioiioaiee eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee. N yiaa?y 1991 a. aaeeiue
aiaoiee oa?eo (AAO) caiaiee nenoaio eiee/anoaaiiuo ia?aie/aiee eiii?oa
eae iniiaiiai eino?oiaioa caueou aioo?aiiaai ?uiea EA?EEII. A ieoya?a
1992 a. ia niaoeeaeueiie ano?a/a aeaa i?aaeoaeuenoa aue ooaa?aeaeai
a?aoee iiyoaiiiai nieaeaiey AAO, ia/eiay n yiaa?y 1993 a.
I?aaeiieaaaeinue, /oi e 1998 a. iaeneiaeueiay noaaea eiii?oiuo iioeei ia
naeueneioicyenoaaiiua oiaa?u, iaeaaeaeo, aioiaua i?iiuoeaiiua ecaeaeey,
iio?aaiinoue a eioi?uo iiaeao auoue oaeiaeaoai?aia ca n/ao aioo?aiiaai
i?iecaiaenoaa, ninoaaeo 20% ii n?aaiaieth n 45% a 1992 a. (e aeaeaa?th
1995 a. aa?oiyy a?aieoea AAO auea nieaeaia aei 30%). Ieieiaeueiay noaaea
AAO – 5% (0-5% aeey iaeiaiaa ?acaeouo no?ai).
A?aceeey yaeyaony eeaea?ii e inueth eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a
?aaeiia, iia a 1993 a. auaeaeioea eaeath nicaeaiey THaeiiaia?eeaineie
ciiu naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee (NAOOA). A?aceeey no?aieoueny ia
i?eioeeieaeueii ioee/iie iniiaa io NOA nicaeaoue Ciio naiaiaeiie
oi?aiaee Aia?eee. A ea/anoaa oaaa ia yoii iooe a 2004 a. auei nicaeaii
THaeiiaia?eeaineia niiauanoai iaoeee (THANI), a eioi?oth aioee /eaiu
IA?EINO?, Aiaeneiai niiauanoaa iaoeee, iaeioi?ua /eaiu Ea?eaneiai
niiauanoaa (Aaeaia e No?eiai), a oaeaea *eee, eae annioeee?iaaiiue /eai
IA?EINO?.
9 aeaeaa?y 2004 aiaea auei nicaeaii THaeiiaia?eeaineia niiauanoai
(ae?oaia iacaaiea – Aeaeea?aoeey Eonei) (?en. 1). Iiaeienaiea
aeaeea?aoeee i nicaeaiee iiaie i?aaiecaoeee ninoiyeinue ia naiieoa 12
ainoaea?noa a Eonei (Ia?o). A ia? aioee ainoaea?noaa-/eaiu
THaeiiaia?eeaineiai iauaai ?uiea IA?EINO? (A?aaioeia, A?aceeey, Ia?aaaae
e O?oaaae), Aiaeneiai niiauanoaa (Aieeaey, Aaianoyea, Eieoiaey, Ia?o e
Yeaaaei?), a oaeaea *eee, Aaeaia e No?eiai. Aaeaia e No?eiai iiaeienaee
aeaeea?aoeeth, ii ioeiaeeee nai? anooieaiea a THaeiiaia?eeaineia
niiauanoai iaoeee (THANI) ia iaii?aaeae?iiue n?ie.
Iaeaieueooth aeoeaiinoue i?e nicaeaiee niiauanoaa i?iyaeee i?aceaeaio
Ia?o Aeaoaiae?i Oieaaei e i?aceaeaio A?aceeee Eoen Eianeo Eoea aea
Neeaa.
Iaeeaeaaony, /oi eiaiii A?aceeey aoaeao ea?aoue a iiaii nithca
eeaee?othuoth ?ieue.
A aeaeea?aoeee oeacaii, /oi iia io?aaeaao no?aieaiea ia?iaeia Eaoeineie
Aia?eee e eioaa?aoeee, aaeeinoao e no?ieoaeuenoao iauaai aoaeouaai.
Iniiaiay caaea/a iiaiai nithca – a oa/aiea 15 eao aeiaeoueny eioaa?aoeee
yeiiiiee e nicaeaiey ciiu naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee.
Ieaie?oaony, /oi ia?aia a?aiy THaeiiaia?eeaineia niiauanoai aoaeao
?acaeaaoueny iooai iieeoe/aneie eii?aeeiaoeee aeaenoaee no?ai-o/anoieoe,
a a aoaeouai aeieaeiu auoue nicaeaiu iauaaia?eeaineea einoeooou – niaao
ieieno?ia, thaeiiaia?eeaineee ia?eaiaio e noae i?aainoaeey.
Ianoi iiaeienaiey enoi?e/aneie aeaeea?aoeee – ai?iae Eonei a ia?oaineeo
Aiaeao – ii eaaaiaea, aue iniiaai ieoe/aneei i?aaeoaeai eieia Iaiei
Eaiaeii e aiineaaenoaee noae noieeoeae iaoe?iiai ainoaea?noaa eieia –
Oaoaioeinoeth, naiiai e?oiiiai ainoaea?noaa a aeieieoiaiaie Aia?eea.
Iiaeienaiea aeaeea?aoeee auei i?eo?i/aii e 180-e aiaeiaueia ?aca?iia (9
aeaeaa?y 1824 aiaea) eniaineeo eiieenoaaei?ia eaoeiiaia?eeaineie a?ieae
iiae i?aaeaiaeeoaeuenoaii Neiiia Aieeaa?a a aeoaa i?e Ayeo/i (Ia?o).[2]
*oi aea eanaaony Eaoeiiaia?eeaineay annioeeaoeey naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee
(EANO), oi, noaey ii anaio, yoa i?aaiecaoeey en/a?iaea naie iioaioeeae.
A ninoaa yoie i?aaiecaoeee ii-i?aaeiaio aoiaeyo A?aaioeia, Aieeaey,
A?aceeey, Aaianoyea, Eieoiaey, Iaeneea, Ia?o, O?oaaae, *eee e Yeaaaei?.
A naiii ia/aea naiaai nouanoaiaaiey i?aaiecaoeey noaaeea a ea/anoaa
iniiaiie caaea/e nicaeaiea e 1973 a. Ciiu naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee. Iaeiaei
oaea e eiioeo 60-o aa. auyaeeenue ianiaa?oainoaa a iaoaiecia EANO. A
1980 a. acaiai EANO auea nicaeaia Eaoeiiaia?eeaineay eioaa?aoeeiiiay
annioeeaoeey (EAEA), oeaeueth eioi?ie yaeyaony niaeaenoaea ?acaeoeth
aioo?e?aaeiiaeueiie oi?aiaee e ?aaeiiaeueiiai yeiiiie/aneiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa.[7]
NOA iuoathony iiae/eieoue no?aiu Caiaaeiiai iieooa?ey naiaio aeeyieth
/a?ac IAOOA, nicaeaoue iiae naiae yaeaeie OOAA. A ea/anoaa oaaa ia yoii
iooe NOA a 2005 a. iiaeienaee niaeaoaiea i naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee n
Eieoiaeae, Iaiaiie e *eee e n oaeie a?oiiie eae OeAI?. Iaeiaei
iiaeienaiea aeiaiai? i nicaeaiee OOAA, ieaie?othueany ia eiiaoe 2005 a.
ia ninoiyeinue e auei ioeiaeaii ia iaii?aaeae?iiue n?ie (i?ioea
aunooieee a iniiaiii no?aiu IA?EINO?). Oaeei ia?acii, a ?aaeiia
iaaethaeaaony aeaooiiethniay eioaa?aoeeiiiay oaiaeaioeey.[2]
A aaiiieeoe/aneii ieaia THaeiay Aia?eea inoa?ony ciiie aaconeiaiiai
aeeyiey NOA, iaeiaei aicieeatho e iaeioi?ua iiaua yaeaiey. Au? a 1948 a.
aieueoeinoai no?ai THaeiie Aia?eee aioei a I?aaiecaoeeth aia?eeaineeo
ainoaea?noa (IAA), nicaeaiioth ii eieoeeaoeaa e a eioa?anao NOA. Iaeiaei
a ainueieaeanyouo ?yae aeoeee NOA eciaiee «iaeiicia/ioth» ianoaiiaeo
aioo?e IAA. Ai a?aiy oieeeaineiai e?ecena (Aaeeeia?eoaiey – A?aaioeia,
1982 a.) NOA ioe?uoi iiaeaea?aeeaaee naiaai nithcieea ii IAOI, a ia
/eaia IAA, caoai iineaaeiaaea aa?anney a A?aiaaea (1983 a.) e Iaiaia
(1989 a.). ?ano?o aeaeaiea no?ai IAA aac NOA, ii n Eoaie
(aieeioe?othuaeny yoie i?aaiecaoeeae aeieaea aiaeu) iaeoe iiaua oi?iu
yeiiiie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa. A 1995 a. A?aceeey, Iaeneea, Aieeaey
aunooieee ca aaconeiaiia aica?auaiea Eoau a ninoaa IAA, aeaenoaaiiua
ia?u i?ioea ia?eiaeciana, oa??i?ecia e ieuaou a Eaoeineie Aia?eee. A
1998 a. ia Aaia?aeueiie annaiaeaa IAA aiiaue ianoaeaeaeny aii?in i
aica?auaiee Eoau a yoo i?aaiecaoeeth.[6]
Aeaaa 4. Aiaeec yooaeoeaiinoe eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a THaeiie
Aia?eea
Noaiiaeaiea oai?ee yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee e, a /anoiinoe, oaiiaeaiiuo
nithcia iau/ii naycuaatho n eiaiai eaiaaeneiai o/aiiai Aeaeyeiaa
Aaeia?a. A iniiaa aiaeeca eaaeeo n?aaiaiea oi?aiaee iaaeaeo no?aiaie a
oneiaeyo nouanoaiaaiey o eaaeaeie ec ieo nianoaaiiiai oaiiaeaiiiai
oa?eoa e a oneiaeyo caeeth/aiey iaaeaeo ieie niaeaoaiey i oaiiaeaiiii
nithca, ono?aiythuaai oa?eou ai acaeiiie oi?aiaea. A niioaaonoaee n
oai?eae oaiiaeaiiiai nithca Aaeia?a a ?acoeueoaoa aai nicaeaiey a
yeiiiieea aicieeatho aeaa oeia yooaeoia:
• noaoe/aneea yooaeou — yeiiiie/aneea iineaaenoaey, i?iyaeythueany
iaiaaeeaiii iinea nicaeaiey oaiiaeaiiiai nithca eae aai
iaiin?aaenoaaiiue ?acoeueoao;
• aeeiaie/aneea yooaeou — yeiiiie/aneea iineaaenoaey, i?iyaeythueany ia
aieaa iicaeieo noaaeeyo ooieoeeiie?iaaiey oaiiaeaiiiai nithca.
N?aaee noaoe/aneeo yooaeoia iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea eiatho yooaeou
nicaeaiey oi?aiaee e ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee.
Yooaeo nicaeaiey oi?aiaee
A ?acoeueoaoa nicaeaiey oaiiaeaiiiai nithca iiaeao aicieeiooue
neooaoeey, eiaaea oiaa?u, eioi?ua o?aaeeoeeiiii caeoiaeenue ia
aioo?aiiai ?uiea, ieaaeoony aei?iaea, /ai oaeea aea oiaa?u,
i?iecaaaeaiiua ca ?oaaaeii. Anee aei nicaeaiey oaiiaeaiiiai nithca
ianoiua i?iecaiaeeoaee iaoiaeeeenue iiae caueoie eiii?oiuo iioeei, /oi
aeaeaei iaauaiaeiui caeoiaoue oiaa? ca ?oaaaeii, oi iinea eo ioiaiu a
?aieao oaiiaeaiiiai nithca ca?oaaaeiue oiaa? ieacaeny aeaoaaea ianoiiai,
e iio?aaeoaee noaee iieoiaoue aai ec-ca ?oaaaea. A ?acoeueoaoa aiciee
eiii?oiue oiaa?iue iioie, eioi?iai ?aiueoa ia auei, e ?ano?nu noaee
eniieueciaaoueny aieaa yooaeoeaii.
Nicaeaiea oi?aiaee — ia?ai?eaioaoeey ianoiuo iio?aaeoaeae n iaiaa
yooaeoeaiiai aioo?aiiaai enoi/ieea iinoaaee oiaa?a ia aieaa yooaeoeaiue
aiaoiee enoi/iee (eiii?o), noaaoay aiciiaeiie a ?acoeueoaoa ono?aiaiey
eiii?oiuo iioeei a ?aieao oaiiaeaiiiai nithca.
Yooaeo ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee
Nicaeaiea oaiiaeaiiiai nithca icia/aao i?aaeinoaaeaiea acaeiiuo oi?aiauo
i?aoa?aioeee aai /eaiaie ae?oa ae?oao, ii ia ae?oaei no?aiai. A
?acoeueoaoa acaeiiiai ono?aiaiey oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei iiaeao aicieeiooue
eae yooaeo nicaeaiey oi?aiaee, oae e yooaeo ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee, ii nooe
i?ioeaiiieiaeiue yooaeoo nicaeaiey oi?aiaee, iineieueeo enoi/iee
iinoaaee oiaa?ia ec no?ai, o/anoaothueo a eioaa?aoeee, aeaeaei ia
anaaaea yaeyaony naiui yooaeoeaiui enoi/ieeii. Ca/anooth no?aiu, ia
o/anoaothuea a eioaa?aoeee, ii ioai?iaeaiiua io ia? iauei oaiiaeaiiui
aa?uea?ii eioaa?e?othueony no?ai, iiaee au iaania/eoue iinoaaee oiai aea
oiaa?a ii cia/eoaeueii iecoei oeaiai.
Ioeeiiaiea oi?aiaee – ia?ai?eaioaoeey ianoiuo iio?aaeoaeae n caeoiee
oiaa?a o aieaa yooaeoeaiiai aiaeioaa?aoeeiiiiai enoi/ieea iinoaaee ia
iaiaa yooaeoeaiue aioo?eeioaa?aoeeiiiue enoi/iee, i?iecioaaeoay a
?acoeueoaoa ono?aiaiey eiii?oiuo iioeei a ?aieao oaiiaeaiiiai nithca.
Anee a ?acoeueoaoa ia?aciaaiey oaiiaeaiiiai nithca aicieeaao yooaeo
ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee, oi aeaaininoiyiea ia o/anoaothueo a iai no?ai
iaeiicia/ii oooaeoeony, iineieueeo ia?aie/aiiua ?ano?nu eniieuecothony
iaiaa yooaeoeaii, /ai yoi iiaei au auoue a oneiaeyo naiaiaeu oi?aiaee. N
ae?oaie noi?iiu, aeaaininoiyiea no?ai-o/anoieoe iiaeao eeai
oooaeoeoueny, anee yooaeo ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee ii naiei noieiinoiui
?acia?ai i?aacieaeao yooaeo nicaeaiey oi?aiaee, eeai oeo/oeony, anee
yooaeo ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee ii naiei noieiinoiui ?acia?ai aoaeao iaiueoa
yooaeoa nicaeaiey oi?aiaee. Nouanoaothuea ?an/aou iieacuaatho, /oi a
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa yooaeo ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee i?enoonoaoao, ii
ia?ae?uaaaony yooaeoii nicaeaiey oi?aiaee, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai
eioaa?aoeey a oeaeii aaaeao e ?inoo aeaaininoiyiey.
Oai?ey «aoi?iai eo/oaai»
Aei aicieeiiaaiey oai?ee oaiiaeaiiiai nithca n/eoaeinue, /oi naiaiaea
oi?aiaee eae iiaeaeue oi?aiaie iieeoeee iaeiicia/ii iaania/eaaao
iiauoaiea niaieoiiiai aeaaininoiyiey anao no?ai ie?a. Oai?ey
oaiiaeaiiiai nithca iieacaea, /oi oaeea nithcu iiaee?aieytho
iieiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo iieeoeee naiaiaeu oi?aiaee, oieueei anee a
?acoeueoaoa aaaaeaiey oaiiaeaiiiai nithca oa?eo a ioiioaiee o?aoueeo
no?ai ia iiauoaaony. Ono?aiaiea oa?eoia aioo?e oaiiaeaiiiai nithca
?anniao?eaaaony eae ?aaeiiaeueiue oaa ii iooe naiaiaeu oi?aiaee.
Iaeiaei, eae auei iieacaii Aaeia?ii, a ?acoeueoaoa nicaeaiey
oaiiaeaiiiai nithca iiieii iieiaeeoaeueiiai yooaeoa nicaeaiey oi?aiaee
iiaeao aicieeiooue iaaaoeaiue yooaeo ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee, eioi?ue iiaeao
ia?aaaneoue iieiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo. Oaeay neooaoeey naeaeaoaeuenoaoao,
/oi oaiiaeaiiue nithc eae iiaeaeue oi?aiaie iieeoeee ia iiaeao
?anniao?eaaoueny eae iaeiicia/ii iiceoeaiia yaeaiea a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
yeiiiieea. Iinea iieeoeee naiaiaeu oi?aiaee iao aoi?ie aeueoa?iaoeaiie
oi?aiaie iieeoeee, aicaeaenoaea eioi?ie ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiia
aeaaininoiyiea auei au iaeiicia/ii iiceoeaiui. Ia yoii iino?iaia eaeay
«aoi?iai eo/oaai», auneacaiiay aiaeeeneei yeiiiienoii Aeae. Ieaeii a
1955 aiaeo.
Oai?ey «aoi?iai eo/oaai» — iiieii naiaiaeu oi?aiaee, aaconeiaii aaaeouae
e ?inoo niaieoiiiai aeaaininoiyiey, aua iaeiiai aa?eaioa oi?aiaie
iieeoeee, eioi?ay oaeaea aaconeiaii iaania/eaaea au ?ino niaieoiiiai
aeaaininoiyiey, ia nouanoaoao.
Oioy eioaa?aoeey e ia yaeyaony iaeeo/oei aa?eaioii oi?aiaie iieeoeee,
iiiai/eneaiiua enneaaeiaaiey eioaa?aoeee iieacuaatho, /oi a aieueoeinoaa
neo/aaa iiceoeaiua yooaeou, eioi?ua aicieeatho a ?acoeueoaoa aa
?acaeoey, ia?aaaoeaatho yooaeou iaaaoeaiua. Iauea caeiiiia?iinoe yoiai
neaaeothuea:
• *ai auoa o?iaaiue oaiiaeaiiuo oa?eoia, nouanoaiaaaoeo aei eioaa?aoeee,
oai auoa aa?iyoiinoue, /oi eo ioiaia i?eaaaeao e oiio, /oi yooaeo
nicaeaiey oi?aiaee aoaeao i?aaaee?iaaoue iaae yooaeoii aa ioeeiiaiey.
*ai ieaea o?iaaiue oaiiaeaiiuo oa?eoia, nouanoaiaaaoeo aei eioaa?aoeee,
oai auoa aa?iyoiinoue, /oi eo ioiaia i?eaaaeao e oiio, /oi yooaeo
ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee aoaeao i?aaaee?iaaoue iaae yooaeoii aa nicaeaiey.
• *ai ieaea o?iaaiue iauaai oaiiaeaiiiai oa?eoa a ioiioaiee o?aoueeo
no?ai, onoaiiaeaiiiai eioaa?e?othueieny no?aiaie, oai iaiueoa
aa?iyoiinoue i?aiaeaaeaiey yooaeoa ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee.
• *ai aieueoa no?ai eioaa?e?othony ae?oa n ae?oaii e /ai aieueoa eo
?acia?, oai auoa aa?iyoiinoue i?aiaeaaeaiey yooaeoa nicaeaiey oi?aiaee.
• *ai aeeaea o?iaaiue yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?ai e /ai neeueiaa
eiieo?aioeey iaaeaeo ieie, oai aieueoa aa?iyoiinoue i?aiaeaaeaiey
yooaeoa nicaeaiey oi?aiaee. A yoii neo/aa eaaeaeay ec no?ai noaiao
niaoeeaeece?iaaoueny ia oao oiaa?ao, eioi?ua iia iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoue n
ioiineoaeueii iaiueoeie ecaea?aeeaie, e eo yenii?oe?iaaoue.
• *ai aieueoa aue iauai oi?aiaee iaaeaeo eioaa?e?othueieny no?aiaie aei
nicaeaiey eioaa?aoeeiiiiai iauaaeeiaiey, oai auoa aa?iyoiinoue
i?aiaeaaeaiey yooaeoa nicaeaiey oi?aiaee.
Iiieii ?anniio?aiiuo auoa yooaeoia nicaeaiey oi?aiaee e aa ioeeiiaiey,
eioi?ua i?iyaeythony iaiaaeeaiii iinea nicaeaiey eioaa?aoeeiiiiai
nithca, e /eneo noaoe/aneeo yooaeoia eioaa?aoeee iiaeii ioianoe
nie?auaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ?anoiaeia ia niaea?aeaiea oaiiaeaiiuo e
iia?aie/iuo i?aaiia. A ?acoeueoaoa nie?auaiey niaieoiiiai ni?ina ia
eiii?o ec no?ai: ia aoiaeyueo a eioaa?aoeeth, iiaeao i?iecieoe oeo/oaiea
oneiaee oi?aiaee a?oiiu no?ai, a iae o/anoaothueo.
A /enea aeeiaie/aneeo yooaeoia eioaa?aoeee, eioi?ua i?iyaeythony, eiaaea
eioaa?aoeey iaae?aao neeo, iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue aic?anoathuoth
eiieo?aioeeth iaaeaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeyie ec ?aciuo no?ai, eioi?ay
naea?aeeaaao ?ino oeai, i?eaiaeeo e oeo/oaieth ea/anoaa oiaa?ia,
noeioee?oao nicaeaiea iiauo oaoiieiaee e i?. A ?acoeueoaoa eioaa?aoeee
no?aiu-o/anoieoeu ia/eiatho eniieueciaaoue i?aeiouanoaa yeiiiieee
ianooaaa, /oi iicaieyao oaaee/eaaoue iauaiu i?iecaiaenoaa e nie?auaoue
ecaea?aeee. Eioaa?aoeey iau/ii aaaeao e i?eoieo eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee,
iineieueeo ei?ii?aoeee ec no?ai, ia aioaaeoeo a iauaaeeiaiea, no?aiyony
nio?aieoue ca niaie ii?aaeaeaiiue naaiaio cae?uoiai iauei oaiiaeaiiui
aa?uea?ii ?uiea ca n/ao nicaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee aioo?e eioaa?e?othueony
no?ai.
Eoae, anee a ?acoeueoaoa ia?aciaaiey oaiiaeaiiiai nithca aicieeaao
oieueei yooaeo nicaeaiey oi?aiaee, oi ianooaau oi?aiaee,
inouanoaeythuaeny ia naiaiaeiie io oaiiaeaiiuo ia?aie/aiee iniiaa,
aic?anoatho e aeaaininoiyiea anao no?ai — eae o/anoaothueo, oae e ia
o/anoaothueo a eioaa?aoeee — iiauoaaony. Anee a ?acoeueoaoa ia?aciaaiey
oaiiaeaiiiai nithca aicieeaao yooaeo ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee, oi
aeaaininoiyiea iao/anoaothueo no?ai iaeiicia/ii oooaeoeony, a no?ai —
o/anoieoe eioaa?aoeee eeai oooaeoeony, anee yooaeo ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee
ii naiei noieiinoiui ?acia?ai i?aacieaeao yooaeo nicaeaiey oi?aiaee,
eeai oeo/oeony, anee yooaeo ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee ii naiei noieiinoiui
?acia?ai aoaeao iaiueoa yooaeoa nicaeaiey oi?aiaee. A niioaaonoaee n
oai?eae «aoi?iai eo/oaai», iiieii iieeoeee naiaiaeu oi?aiaee, iao aoi?ie
aeueoa?iaoeaiie oi?aiaie iieeoeee, aicaeaenoaea eioi?ie ia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiia aeaaininoiyiea auei au iaeiicia/ii iiceoeaiui oi?aiaee,
eeai oeo/oeony, anee yooaeo ioeeiiaiey oi?aiaee ii naiei noieiinoiui
?acia?ai aoaeao iaiueoa yooaeoa nicaeaiey oi?aiaee. A niioaaonoaee n
oai?eae «aoi?iai eo/oaai», iiieii iieeoeee naiaiaeu oi?aiaee, iao aoi?ie
aeueoa?iaoeaiie oi?aiaie iieeoeee, aicaeaenoaea eioi?ie ia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiia aeaaininoiyiea auei au iaeiicia/ii iiceoeaiui.
Ii ia?aoeiny e /anoiinoyi, a eo/oa anaai e aieaa ?acaeoie
eioaa?aoeeiiiie i?aaiecaoeee – e IA?EINO?.
Oaaeeoea 2.
IA?EINO?: aiaoiyy oi?aiaey (iei. aeiee.)
Oiaa?iiai?ioaiae199119981999200020012002Ciiaeueiue1020141261311733560030
38620000Aiaciiaeueiue68038136379123723134500146214155500Iauee78239177640
154896170100176600175500CiiaeueiueIauee,%13,023,220,120,917,211,4
Eae aeaeii ec oaaeeoeu 2, ca ioia/aiiue ia?eiae iauai ciiaeueiiai
oiaa?iiai?ioa oaaee/eeny aieaa /ai a /aou?a ?aca. Caoai ianooieei
ii?aaeaeaiiia nie?auaiea n ioaeaeueiui yoaiii i?iiaaeooi/iiai iiaeuaia a
2000 a., a a 2002 a. ciiaeueiue oiaa?iiai?io nie?aoeeny aieaa /ai aeaa
?aca ii n?aaiaieth n o?iaiai 1998 a. I?e yoii oaiaeaioeey ?acaeoey
aiaciiaeueiiai oiaa?iiai?ioa, ca eneeth/aieai 1999 a., auea a oeaeii
iiceoeaiie e aic?anoathuae, oioy e n iacia/eoaeueiui caiaaeeaieai aai
oaiiia a eiioea enneaaeoaiiai ia?eiaea. Ana yoi aiai?eo i yaiii iaee/ee
e?eceniuo oaiaeaioeee a ?acaeoee eioaa?aoeeiiiiai aeiea a nia?aiaiiuo
oneiaeyo, aaaeiaeoae i?e/eiie eioi?uo yaeyaony e?aeia neiaeiia ninoiyiea
yeiiiiee iniiaiuo aai o/anoieeia e a ii?aaeaeaiiie ia?a e?ao
iaieeaa?aeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee. N iaeaieueoae
io/aoeeainoueth e iieiioie yoi au?aceeinue a eieeaina a?aaioeineie
yeiiiieea a aeaeaa?a 2001 a., eioi?ue iineaaeiaae iinea ni?ieaiany/iie
aeai?annee. Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi a oeaeii aeeiaieea ?acaeoey
IA?EINO? a iniiaiii iiaoi?yao enoi?e/aneee iooue A?aaioeiu, eioi?ay
yaeyaony iaeiei ec iniiaiuo o/anoieeia aeaiiiai niaeaoaiey. Anee a
ia?aie iieiaeia 90-o aiaeia a no?aia iaaethaeaeny ao?iue iiaeuai,
iacaaiiue ioaeaeueiuie enneaaeiaaoaeyie eae «yeiiiie/aneia /oaei», oi,
ia/eiay ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu iineaaeiaai aeanyoeeaoey i?ioeiai aaea,
iaicia/eeinue aai iinoaiaiiia caiaaeeaiea, ia?a?inoaa iicaeiaa a
neeueiue yeiiiie/aneee e nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneee e?ecen. I?eia?ii ii
oaeie aea noaia i?ioiaeeei e ?acaeoea anaai IA?EINO?.
Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi auoiae ec e?ecena e aiciaiiaeaiea
eioaa?aoeeiiiiai aeeiaiecia naycuaathony ia oieueei n ?aaeceae
iaieeaa?aeueiuo ?aoi?i, ii e n i?aia?aciaaieai anae eioaa?aoeeiiiie
iiaeaee IA?EINO?, a eioi?ie aeiaieueii ocea noa?a yeiiiie/aneiai
acaeiiaeaenoaey, i?aeoe/anee ia inouanoaeyaony oaycea iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo
i?eaioe?ia, iacia/eoaeueiu iaoaieciu niaeaniaaiiiai i?ioeaiaeaenoaey
oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneiio eieeaino, eioi?ue ca/anooth iai?a/eaaaony
ia?aiinii i?iaeai n aieaa neeueiuo o/anoieeia eioaa?aoeee ia aieaa
neaauo.
E ana aea a 2003 a. iaiaoeeenue ia?aua iiceoeaiua oaiaeaioeee,
naeaeaoaeuenoaothuea i i?aiaeieaiee iecoae oi/ee eioaa?aoeeiiiiai
e?ecena. N iiauoaieai yeiiiie/aneie eiiuthieoo?u, ai iiiaii aeaaiaea?y
aeaaaeueaaoeee a?aaioeineiai iani e ioiaiu nenoaiu «currency board»,
iaaethaeaaony yaiia iaeeaeaiea ciiaeueiiai oiaa?iiai?ioa. Iaeiaei,
aeoeaecaoeey eioaa?aoeeiiiuo oneeee ii?aaeaeyaony aieueoa i?aaenoiyuei
caaa?oaieai ia?aaiai?ia ii AEEA e naycaia n ?anoe?aieai aeiea aoe?ue:
Ia?o e Aaianoyea i?eiyou a IA?EINO? a ea/anoaa annioeee?iaaiiuo /eaiia,
Iaeneea noaea iaaethaeaoaeai, a n ANI iiaeienaii niaeaoaiea i THACNO.
Aeeyiea ?aaeiiaeueiie eioaa?aoeee ia ie?iaia oicyenoai. Aeaeaiea
ie?iaiai oicyenoaa ia eioaa?aoeeiiiua a?oiie?iaee ieacuaaao
i?ioeai?a/eaia aicaeaenoaea ia i?ioeann eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa. Ia?aciaaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo iauaaeeiaiee e
nithcia niaeaenoaoao ?acaeoeth i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
no?aiaie, aoiaeyueie a ieo. Iaeiia?aiaiii yoi nicaeaao i?aiyonoaey
yeiiiie/aneei ioiioaieyi iaaeaeo no?aiaie, i?eiaaeeaaeaueie e ?acee/iui
a?oiie?iaeai, i?eaiaeeo e eiioeaio?aoeee oiaa?iuo iioieia aioo?e
yeiiiie/aneeo iauaaeeiaiee, i /ai naeaeaoaeuenoaotho aeaiiua oaae. 3.
Oaaeeoea 3.
Aeiey aioo?e?aaeiiaeueiie oi?aiaee
1970198019901993AN
IAOOA
IA?EINO?
ANAAI59,3
36,0
9,4
21,161,0
33,6
11,6
16,966,0
41,4
8,9
18,767,2
45,4
17,5
20,0
Eciaiaiea yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey ?yaea no?ai a ie?iaii oicyenoaa,
aic?inoay eioaineoeeaoeey eo yeiiiie/aneeo naycae iiae?uaatho eo
ia?aiia/aeueioth caeioa?aniaaiiinoue iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ioiioaiey aeaaiui
ia?acii ia aeieiaie iniiaa. Ionthaea eo no?aieaiea ?anoe?eoue ?aiee
ioiioaiee, aueoe ia eiioaeou n ae?oaeie iauaaeeiaieyie naiinoiyoaeueii
eee a ninoaaa anae a?oiie?iaee. A ?acoeueoaoa aeaiiuo i?ioeannia
aicieeatho iiaua iaoaieciu ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie a?oiie?iaeaie.
Oaeoaeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea, niaoeeaeecaoeee e
eiiia?aoeee, ?ino acaeiinayce e acaeiicaaeneiinoe iaoeeiiaeueiiai e
ie?iaiai oicyenoaa ii?iaeaeaao eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeeth nia/aea
i?iecaiaenoaa, a caoai anae yeiiiie/aneie aeecie, o. a.
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
Eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeey i?iyaeyaony eae a noa?a i?iecaiaenoaa
iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa, oae e a noa?a ?ani?aaeaeaiey, iaiaia e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iio?aaeaiey, aeaaiui ia?acii naycaiiiai n iiaaeoeie
oaoiieiaeyie.
A iineaaeiaa aeanyoeeaoea eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeey a ie?iaii oicyenoaa
i?ioaeaao cia/eoaeueii aieaa aunieeie oaiiaie iiae aicaeaenoaeai
iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee (IO?), eioi?ay i?eaea?o anaio i?ioeanno
ea/anoaaiii iiaua /a?ou. Eieinnaeueiue anni?oeiaio auioneaaiuo ecaeaeee,
aeoai/aeoay niaoeeaeece?iaaiiinoue ioaeaeueiuo i?iecaiaenoa aeaeaao
ia?aioaaaeueiui, a iiae/an e iaaiciiaeiui iaania/aiea iio?aaiinoae
ethaie no?aiu – ionoue aeaaea naiie e?oiiie e yeiiiie/anee ?acaeoie –
anaie aeaeaie i?iaeoeoeee eeoue naieie neeaie. Ii ia?a onei?aiey IOI
iaiyaony ia oieueei niaea?aeaiea, ii e oa?aeoa? I?O. An? aieueoa
oaeoaeyaony aaeeie/iue ?acaeae o?oaea, eioi?ue au?aaeaaony a ?acaeoee
niaoeeaeecaoeee ia ii eiia/iie i?iaeoeoeee, a ii oceai, aeaoaeyi,
iieooaa?eeaoai, eiiieaeoothuei ecaeaeeyi. Yoi oaeaea oneeeaaao
eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeeth.
I?e/eiie oaeoaeaiey eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee a ie?a iineoaeeea eiioeaioeey
«ioe?uoie yeiiiieee», i?aaeeiaeaiiay a NOA a iineaaiaiiua aiaeu. Iiiaea
no?aiu noaee aeoeaii ia?ano?aeaaoue naith yeiiiieeo io aa?eaioa
caieioouo iaoeeiiaeueiuo oicyenoa e yeiiiieea ioe?uoie aiaoiaio ?uieo
oiaa?ia, oneoa e oaoiieiaee.
Aeey ii?iaeueiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ie?iaie yeiiiieee (aaeeie/iiai
?uii/iiai i?ino?ainoaa), n/eoaao A.O. Aaaeieooei (1999a.), iaiaoiaeeii,
a eiia/iii n/?oa, aeinoe/ue iieiie naiaiaeu oi?aiaee iaaeaeo no?aiaie –
oaeie aea, eaeay iuia oa?aeoa?ia aeey oi?aiauo ioiioaiee aioo?e
eaaeaeiai ainoaea?noaa n ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie.
E?iia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iaiaia oiaa?aie e oneoaaie iin?aaenoaii oi?aiaee
eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeey yeiiiieee inouanoaeyaony e ii ae?oaei eaiaeai:
• /a?ac iaiai n?aaenoaaie i?iecaiaenoaa e oaoiieiae/aneeie ciaieyie a
i?ioeanna iaaeaeoia?iaeiie niaoeeaeecaoeee e eiiia?aoeee, naycuaaiea eo
i?iecaiaenoa e iao/iua oeaio?u a oeaeinoioth
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-iio?aaeoaeueneoth nenoaio;
• ioo?i i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, iaaeaeoia?iaeiie iea?aoeee
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ?ano?nia;
• /a?ac oi?ie?iaaiea aeiaaeueiie eioi?iaoeeiiiie e oi?aaeai/aneie
eio?ano?oeoo?u, iaania/aiea ia?aiauaiea niaoeeaeenoia e eo
nio?oaeie/anoai.
Yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu iauanoaa a noa?a ie?iaiai oicyenoaa ?aaeecothony
iin?aaenoaii iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee.
Oa?aeoa? e iau?i aiaoiae oi?aiaee, aai no?oeoo?iua e aeeiaie/aneea
iieacaoaee io?aaeatho noaiaiue o/anoey no?aiu a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii
?acaeaeaiee o?oaea, a? iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
niaoeeaeecaoeee. I?e yoii aieueooth ?ieue ea?atho oaeoi?u ?acee/iiai
oa?aeoa?a, aeaaiua ec ieo neaaeothuea:
• o?iaaiue iaania/aiiinoe no?aiu nianoaaiiuie i?e?iaeiuie e
yeiiiie/aneeie ?ano?naie;
• iaee/ea ?ano?nia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ni?ina;
• o?iaaiue ioe?uoinoe oicyenoaa e noaiaiue aai aeeaa?neoeoee?iaaiiinoe;
• oa?aeoa? yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee, i?iaiaeeiie ainoaea?noaii;
• «yeiiiie/aneay ianna» no?aiu, iiae eioi?ie iiieiaaony oa??eoi?ey,
eeeiaoe/aneea iniaaiiinoe, ianaeaiea e aai i?iecaiaenoaaiiue iioaioeeae,
ninoiyiea i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneiai oicyenoaa, iaee/ea i?e?iaeiuo
?ano?nia e o.i.
Eioaa?aoeeiiiua ia?aciaaiey ea?atho ?ieue ?aaeiiaeueiuo ?uieia e oiaa?ia
oneoa. E?iia ieo iiyaeeenue naiaiaeiua yeiiiie/aneea ciiu (NYC),
yaeythueany i?iaiaeieeaie onei?aiiiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa ia iniiaa
aeoeaiie iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee. NYC auiieiytho ooieoeee naiaiaeiuo
oi?aiauo ?uieia, iaania/eaatho eo aunieea i?eauee e auno?ue iai?io
oi?aiaiai eaieoaea.
Iniiaiie oaiaeaioeeae a nia?aiaiiii ?acaeoee ie?iaie oi?aiaee yaeyaony
a? eeaa?aeecaoeey: nieaeaiea oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei, ioiaia ia?aie/eoaeueiuo
eaio, ?ino eiieo?aioeee ia ie?iaii ?uiea. Eeaa?aeecaoeey iau/ii
inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa aeiaiai?aiiinoae no?ai-ia?oi??ia.[8]
Caeeth/aiea
Eoae, yeiiiie/aneay eioaa?aoeey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?ioeann
yeiiiie/aneiai acaeiiaeaenoaey no?ai, i?eaiaeyuee e naeeaeaieth
oicyenoaaiiuo iaoaieciia, i?eieiathuee oi?io iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo
niaeaoaiee e ?aaoee?oaiue iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie. Aa
i?aaeiinueeaie yaeythony niiinoaaeiinoue o?iaiae ?uii/iiai ?acaeoey
o/anoaothueo no?ai, eo aaia?aoe/aneay aeecinoue, iauiinoue noiyueo
ia?aae ieie i?iaeai, no?aieaiea onei?eoue ?uii/iua ?aoi?iu e ia
inoaoueny a noi?iia io eaeoueo eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia.
Eioaa?aoeeiiiua a?oiie?iaee nicaeathony a oeaeyo eniieueciaaiey
i?aeiouanoa iauaaeeiaiiiai ?uiea, nicaeaiey aeaaii?eyoiuo aiaoieo
oneiaee aeey iaoeeiiaeueiiai ?acaeoey, oe?aieaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
ia?aaiai?iuo iiceoeee o/anoaothueo no?ai ii yeiiiie/aneei aii?inai,
iaiaia iiuoii ?uii/iuo ?aoi?i e iiaeaea?aeee iaoeeiiaeueiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
Iniiaiuie yoaiaie ?acaeoey eioaa?aoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna yaeythony
i?aoa?aioeeaeueiia oi?aiaia niaeaoaiea, ciia naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee,
oaiiaeaiiue nithc, iauee ?uiie, yeiiiie/aneee nithc. Eioaa?aoeey
ia/eiaaony n eeaa?aeecaoeee acaeiiie oi?aiaee oiaa?aie, aeeth/ay
nicaeaiea iauaai oaiiaeaiiiai oa?eoa a ioiioaiee o?aouee no?ai,
aeiiieiyaony naiaiaeie iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aaeaeaeaiey oaeoi?ia
i?iecaiaenoaa e caaa?oaaony oieoeeaoeeae iae?iyeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee e
nicaeaiea iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey.[4]
THaeiay Aia?eea ?aniieaaaao oaea/iui aaia?aoe/aneei iieiaeaieai,
oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneeie e i?ia?aoe/aneeie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie. Iaoa?ee
?aniieiaeai ia aaaeiaeoeo o?aineiioeiaioaeueiuo iooyo niiauaiee, a
oaeaea eiaao aanueia aeaaii?eyoiua aeey ?acaeoey yeiiiieee oi?io e
i/a?oaiey a?aieoe, eae ii?neeo, oae e iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo. Oaeaea
aeaaii?eyoii aeey aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey iauaaeei?iiie THaeiie Aia?eee e
iaee/ea iaiaeuo caiania iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, oae eae aoaeouaa ao?iia
?acaeoea yeiiiieee ?aaeiia aoaeao ioaeaeaoueny a ia?iiiuo ?ano?nao, e
thaeiiaia?eeaineea no?aiu niiaoo oi?aiaaoue aioo?e naiaai iauaaeeiaiey,
a ia i?iaeaaaoue a o?aouee no?aiu. Oaeaea y n/eoath, /oi yeiiiie/aneea
eioa?anu no?ai aoaeoo onei?youe eioaa?aoeeiiiua i?ioeannu a ?aaeiia, e
ia iineaaeithth ?ieue caeanue nua?atho i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu. Oaeaea
iaiaeia cia/aiea eiatho yoie/aneea e enoi?e/aneea i?aaeiinueee.
Eaoeineay Aia?eea anaaaea auea aeinoaoi/ii niaoeeoe/aneei ?aeiiii a neeo
naieo enoi?e/aneeo e yoie/aneeo naycae, e a OOI noieaoee yoe
i?aaeiinueee iiaoo noaoue aeiieie?othueie.
Naiie aeeiaie/ii eioaa?e?othuaeny a?oiie?iaeie a ?aaeiia yaeyaony «Iauee
?uiie THaa» – IA?EINO?, /eaiaie eioi?iai yaeythony A?aceeey, A?aaioeia,
O?oaaae e Ia?aaaae, a oaeaea n 2006 a. – Aaianoyea. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy
IA?EINO? yaeyaony o?aoueei a ie?a eioaa?aoeeiiiui iauaaeeiaieai iinea
IAOOA e AN ii aaee/eia niaieoiiiai aaeiaiai i?iaeoeoa. E eiioeo 1990-o
aa. ciia naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee a ?aieao IA?EINO? i?eaeeceeanue e
oaiiaeaiiiio nithco (aaeeiue aiaoiee oa?eo aue onoaiiaeai aeey 85%
oiaa?ia). *oi eanaaony aeaeueiaeoaai oaeoaeaiey eioaa?aoeeiiiuo
i?ioeannia a aeaiiii iauaaeeiaiee, oi iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi aieaa
10 eao ianoaeaeaaony aii?in i nicaeaiee eieeaeoeaiie aaethou a ?aieao
IA?EINO?, iaeiaei iiea eiie?aoiuo n?ieia ia?aoiaea ia iaa ia onoaiiaeaii
e i?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi a aeeaeaeoai aoaeouai yoio aii?in aoaeao iineoue
nei?aa aeeneonneiiiue, iaaeaee i?aeoe/aneee oa?aeoa?.
E?iia IA?EINO?, a Eaoeineie Aia?eea aeaenoaotho aua 2 iaiieiuo
oaiiaeaiiuo nithca – Aiaeneia niiauanoai e Ea?eaneia niiauanoai
(EA?EEII), oaeaea no?aiyueany nicaeaoue iauee ?uiie. Iaeiaei, anee
IA?EINO? e Aiaeneia niiauanoai ?acaeaathony aeinoaoi/ii aeeiaie/ii, oi
EA?EEII aeoeaece?iaae eioaa?aoeeiiiua oneeey oieueei a iineaaeiea
ianeieueei eao.
Iniiaiie iniaaiiinoueth Aiaeneiai niiauanoaa yaeyaony nicaeaiea
einoeoooeeiiaeueiie no?oeoo?u n iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuie ooieoeeyie ii
iiaeaee AN, oiaaea eae IA?EINO? ioee/aaony aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiie
i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?ie, a iniiao eioi?ie iieiaeai i?eioeei
eiinainona.
Aanueia nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia ?acaeoea eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a
THaeiie Aia?eea eiatho NOA, a ia/aea 1990-o aiaeia i?aaeeiaeeaoea eaeath
nicaeaiey ia anae oa??eoi?ee Naaa?iie, Oeaio?aeueiie e THaeiie Aia?eee
iauaeiioeiaioaeueiiai aaeeiiai oi?aiaiai i?ino?ainoaa – Ciiu naiaiaeiie
oi?aiaee Aia?ee. Iiea eiioo?u iaiaia?eeaineie CNO /aoei ia
i?iniao?eaathony, iaeiaei aa oi?ie?iaaiea yaeyaony iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo
no?aoaae/aneeo oeaeae NOA, caeioa?aniaaiiuo a cae?aieaiee naiaai noaoona
aaiyeiiiie/aneiai e iieeoe/aneiai eeaea?a a ?aaeiia.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee i?enou ?aaeiiaeueiue
oa?aeoa?, iia iauaaeeiyao i?aeiouanoaaiii ninaaeiea, oa??eoi?eaeueii
aeecei ?aniieiaeaiiua ainoaea?noaa. Eioaa?aoeeiiiui iauaaeeiaieyi
naienoaaiiu ?aaeiiaeueiua ?acee/ey a eioaineaiinoe acaeiiiai i?eoyaeaiey
e n?aueaaiey iaoeeiiaeueiuo oicyenoa, a noaiaie ioeaaeaiiinoe
einoeoooeeiiaeueiuo iaoaieciia, a oaeaea ?acee/ey a o?iaiyo
eioaa?aoeeiiiiai ?acaeoey, o. a. a noaiaie eioaa?e?iaaiiinoe
iaoeeiiaeueiuo yeiiiiee.
IYE i?aaenoaaeyao niaie o?oaeiue, ia?aaiiia?iue, i?ioeai?a/eaue e
aeeeoaeueiue i?ioeann, iineieueeo iia i?ioaeaao a ?aieao e ia iniiaa
?acee/iuo eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneeo oeiia iauanoaa. I?e iinoaiaiiii
oi?ie?iaaiee iaaeainoaea?noaaiiie eioaa?aoeeiiiie iauiinoe ia o?iaia
?aaeiia (noa?aaeiia) aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao niiinoaaeiinoue
yoie/anei-?aeeaeiciuo e nioeeieoeueoo?iuo iaioaeeoaoia ia?iaeia
ainoaea?noa, anooiathueo a iiaeiaiia acaeiiaeaenoaea. Iaeaieaa
?acoeueoaoeaiie ieacuaaaony aeayoaeueiinoue oao iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo
iauaaeeiaiee e nithcia, o/anoieee eioi?uo ioiinyony eeai e iaeiei e oai
aea, eeai e niiinoaaeiui oeiai oeeaeeecaoeee, iineieueeo a yoii neo/aa
/enoi yeiiiie/aneia naeeaeaiea aeiiieiyaony iauiinoueth enoi?e/aneeo,
eoeueoo?iuo e ?aeeaeiciuo ei?iae, /oi aaaeao e oi?ie?iaaieth iiaiai
i?ino?ainoaa ia oieueei yeiiiie/aneie, ii e iaua/aeiaa/aneie,
aoiaieoa?iie nieeaea?iinoe.
Iia eaaeaony, /oi iinoaaeaiiua a aeaiiie eo?niaie ?aaioa oeaee auee
aeinoeaioou, a eiie?aoiaa – ?ane?uou iiaaeoea oaiaeaioeee a ?acaeoee
?aaeiiaeueiie yeiiiie/aneie eioaa?aoeee a eiioaenoa aeiaaeecaoeee
ie?iaie yeiiiieee ia i?eia?a THaeiie Aia?eee.
Eeoa?aoo?a:
1. Iiai?eaoeeee A.E. Yeiiiieea ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai, 2-a ecaeaiea.
NIa.,2001a.
2. Ie?iaay yeiiiieea, 2-a ecaeaiea. I., 2007 a. Iiae ?aaeaeoeeae
Aoeaoiaa A.N.
3. Eiiaeei A.E. Ie?iaay yeiiiieea. I., 1998 a.
4. Ee?aaa A.I. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay yeiiiieea. I., 2003 a.
5. Ee?aaa A.I. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay yeiiiieea. I., 2002 a.
6. Yeiiiie/aneay, nioeeaeueiay e iieeoe/aneay aaia?aoey ie?a. ?aaeiiu e
no?aiu. I., 2003 a. Iiae ?aaeaeoeeae Eaa?iaa N.A., Eaeaaeeia I.A.
7. Ie?iaay yeiiiieea. Yeiiiieea ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai. I., 2000 a. Iiae
?aaeaeoeeae Eie?niaa A.I., Inueiiaie I.I.
8. Oiiaoaae/ A.A. Aaia?aoey ie?iaiai oicyenoaa: eo?n eaeoeee. Ii., 2002
a.
9. Oiiaoaae/ A.A. Aaia?aoey ie?iaiai oicyenoaa: eo?n eaeoeee. Ii., 2001
a.
10. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneay aaia?aoey ca?oaaaeiiai ie?a. I., 2001 a.
Iiae ?aaeaeoeeae Aieueneiai A.A.
11. Ae?ocee ss.N. Ie?iaay yeiiiieea: no?aiu, ?aaeiiu, eiioeiaiou. Ii.,
2002 a.
12. Iaenaeianeee A.I. Aaia?aoe/aneay ea?oeia ie?a. Eieaa II. I., 2004a.
13. ?iaeeiiiaa E.A., Aoiaeiaa O.I. Yeiiiie/aneay aaia?aoey. I., 2003a.
14. E?aoeee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneee neiaa?ue-ni?aai/iee. I., 1996 a.
15. CEPAL. Panorama de la incercion internacional de America Latina y el
Caribe 2001-2002. Santiago de Chile, 2002 a.; DEL TLC al Mercosur.
Mexico, 2002 a.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
