Ieienoa?noai aunoaai e i?ioanneiiaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey
?inneeneay Yeiiiie/aneay Aeaaeaiey ei A.A. Ieaoaiiaa
Eaoaae?a yeiiiie/aneie aaia?aoee
Eo?niaay ?aaioa
ii aeenoeeieeia «Yeiiiie/aneay aaia?aoey»
ia oaio
«Aaia?aoey ?anoaieaaiaenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee »
Auiieiee
nooaeaio 1 eo?na
Iineianeiai Aaieianeiai Einoeoooa
aeiaaiiai ioaeaeaiey a?oiiu 1NA – 15
Aa?aiia Aeaenae Aeaenaiae?iae/
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
Aaaa?eia Aaeeia TH?ueaaia
Iineaa , 1998
Ieai :
Aeaaa 1:No?oeoo?a naeueneiai oicyenoaa . Ioeaiea i?e?iaeii –
yeiiiie/aneeo
oneiaee ?acaeoey ?anoaieaaiaenoaa
Aeaaa 2: Ciiaeueiay niaoeeaeecaoeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa
Aeaaa 3:Cia?aiaiiay aaia?aoey ?anoaieaaiaenoaa , iniiaiua ?aeiiu e
oeaio?u , ioeaiea yeiiiie/aneie yooaeoeaiinoe nia?aiaiiiai ?acaeoey
iauanoaa , aeeyiea IOI ia ?acaeoea e ?aciauaiea ?anoaieaaiaenoaa ,
io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
Caeeth/aiea : I?aaeeiaeaiey ii ia?aniaeoeaiiio ?acaeoeth e ?aciauaieth
io?anee . Ia?a/eneeoue iniiaiua auaiaeu naiae eo?niaie
I?eeiaeaiey
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
Aeaaa 1
No?oeoo?a naeueneiai oicyenoaa
Naeueneia oicyenoai ninoieo ec aeaoo iniiaiuo /anoae :?anoaieaaiaenoaa
(caieaaeaeey) e aeeaioiiaiaenoaa . Ia ?anoaieaaiaenoai i?eoiaeeony a
n?aaeiai
ieiei 40% aaeiaie i?iaeoeoeee naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa .
?anoaieaaiaenoai ninoieo a naith i/a?aaeue ec neaaeothueo iiaeio?aneae :
1)IIEAAIAeNOAI- aicaeaeuaaao :
ca?iiaua eoeueoo?u
, eioi?ua aeaeyony ia oeaaiua(ioaieoea , ?iaeue ,y/iaiue , iaan ,
eoeo?oca,
a?a/eoa , i?ini , ?en , ni?ai) e ca?iiaiaiaua(ai?io , oanieue , niy)
oaoie/aneea
eoeueoo?u – i?yaeeeueiua(oeii/aoiee) , eoayiua(eai-aeieaoiaoe , eiiiiey)
, ia
nee/iuaeoeueoo?u (iiaenieia/iee) , e?aoiaeiiinu(ea?oioaeue) , naoa?iiinu
(naoa?iay naaeea) , ia?eioe/aneea?anoaiey (oaaae) , e?aneeueiua?anoaiey
(ia?aia e?aneeueiay)
ei?iiaua
– o?aau(eeaaa? , oeiioaaaea , ethoea?ia) , ca?iiaua(aeea , /a/aaeoea) ,
ei?iaieiaeu(oo?iain)
ea?oioaeue e aao/aaua eoeueoo?u
2)IAIUAAIAeNOAI (ioe?uoiai e caueuaiiiai a?oioa)
3)IEIAeIAIAeNOAI(nianoaaiii ieiaeiaiaenoai , yaiaeiaiaenoai
,ieoiiieeiaiaenoai)
4)AEIAA?AAeA?NOAI
5)EOAIAIAeNOAI(caieiaaony eniieueciaaieai e oeo/oaieai anoanoaaiiuo
eoaia
, nicaeaieai e eniieueciaaieai eneonnoaaiiuo naiieinia e ianoaeu)
6)EANIAIAeNOAI
7)OeAAOIAIAeNOAI
Ioeaiea i?e?iaeii-yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaee ?acaeoey ?anoaieaaiaenoaa
A 1993-1994 aa. a aa?a?iii naeoi?a yeiiiieee ?innee i?iaeieaeaeenue
e?oiiua einoeoooeeiiaeueiua eciaiaiey, ia/aei eioi?ui auei iieiaeaii a
1992 a. a oiaea i?iaaaeaiey ia?aiai yoaia aa?a?iie ?aoi?iu. I?iecioea
?aceay aeeooa?aioeeaoeey oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa ii o?iaith aeioiaeiinoe,
aic?inei /enei oao, eoi ioeaieaaao eoiae naiae aeayoaeueiinoe iaaaoeaii
e
ia aeaeeo ia?niaeoea aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey aac ?aaeueiie
oe?ieiianooaaiie
ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee. Aaeeea caaeneiinoue yoeo oicyenoa io
aicaeaenoaey i?e?iaeiuo oaeoi?ia, /oi oaaee/eaaao ?ene aaaeaiey
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Aua ia ?ac?aaioai iaoaieci
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey o/anoeia a iieueco yooaeoeaii oicyenoaothueo iaeeeo
i?iecaiaeeoaeae. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua oicyenoaa
ninoaaeytho
i?eia?ii 30% anao e?anoueyineeo oicyenoa, nicaeaiiuo a ?acoeueoaoa
?acaeaea
e?oiiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee.
Aiaeec ?aaeiiaeueiuo ?acee/ee oi?ie?iaaiey iiauo
i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiauo
no?oeoo? iieacuaaao, /oi iaeaieueoaa ?aciiia?acea oi?i nianoaaiiinoe
oa?aeoa?ii aeey ?aaeiiia aunieie naeueneioicyenoaaiiie inaiaiiinoe:
Naaa?i-Eaaeacneiai, Iiaieaeuey, Oeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiiai e
Oeaio?aeueiiai
?aeiiia.
Iaeaieaa aeoeaii ?ai?aaiecaoeey iauanoaaiiuo oicyenoa i?ioiaeeea a
caiaaeiuo ?aeiiao eaniie, eaninoaiiie e noaiiie cii aa?iiaeneie
oa??eoi?ee no?aiu. A oi aea a?aiy a ioaeaeueiuo ?aeiiao O?aei-Iiaieaeuey
aieueoay /anoue i?aaei?eyoee nio?aieea naie noaoon. Oae, i?ioeann ?ai?
aaiecaoeee i?aeoe/anee ia cao?iioe oicyenoaa ia oa??eoi?ee Oaoa?ee ,
aaea
eieoicu e niaoicu ninoaaeytho nae/an ieiei 90%, Aaoee?ee e Oaeio?oee –
aieaa 60, Eaeiueee – aieaa 70%. Niaoeeoe/aneea iniaaiiinoe eiaea
naeueneioicyenoaaiiay ?aoi?ia ia Naaa?iii Eaaeaca. Ia oa??eoi?ee
E?aniiaea?neiai, Noaa?iiieueneiai e?aaa e ?inoianeie iae. i?ioeann
oi?ie?iaaiey iiiaioeeaaeiie yeiiiieee i?ioiaeee iaeaieaa aeoeaii, oiaaea
eae a ?anioaeeeao Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca noaoon niaoicia e eieoicia
nio?aieee io 70 aei 90% oicyenoa. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi n?aaee
oicyenoa,
nio?aieaoeo i?aaeiee noaoon, eieoicia aaeaia aieueoa, /ai niaoicia.
Ioiineoaeueii aieueoia eiee/anoai niaoicia, nio?aieaoeo naie noaoon,
ioia/aii a noaiiuo ?aeiiao E?aniiaea?neiai e?ay, a Neae?e (Aeoaeneee
e?ae, Iiaineae?neay iae. e ae?.), o. a. oai, aaea noi?ie?iaaeenue
e?oiiua
oiaa?iua oicyenoaa. e E 1995 a. a no?aia ca?aaeno?e?iaaii 17 oun. iiauo
oi?ie?iaaiee e 10 oun. eieoicia e niaoicia.
Iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa noi?ie?iaaeinue ia Naaa?iii
Eaaeaca (aieueoa 1/4) e a Iiaieaeuea (Na?aoianeay e Aieaia?aaeneay
Iaeanoe). Aieaa 20% anao oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa nicaeaii a Neae?e,
ioiineoaeueii aieueoia eo eiee/anoai ia oa??eoi?ee Aeoaeneiai e?ay,
Iiaineae?neie e Iineie iaeanoae. I?e yoii a caiaaeiuo e oeaio?aeueiuo
i?iaeioeeyo anao i?e?iaeiuo cii /enei oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa cia/eoaeueii
i?aauoaao eo eiee/anoai a ainoi/iuo i?iaeioeeyo yoeo aea cii (a 5 ?ac e
aieaa). Neeueii ?acee/athony e ?acia?u caiaeueiuo o/anoeia oa?ia?neeo
oicyenoa. «Oae, anee a n?aaeiai ii ?innee aieueoay /anoue oicyenoa eiaea
ieiuaaeue aei 20-50 aa, oi a ainoi/iuo /anoyo iniiaiuo i?e?iaeiuo cii
auoa
aeiey oicyenoa ?acia?ii aei 200 aa e aieaa. Ii oi?iai nianoaaiiinoe
naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey ?ani?aaeaeaiu neaaeothuei ia?acii:
ainoaea?noaaiiay (oaaea?aeueiay e noauaeoia oaaea?aoeee) – 28%,
ioieoeeiaeue
iay – 3, /anoiay – 64, niaoaiiay – 5%. Oaeei ia?acii, iniiaiie oi?iie
nianoaaiiinoe a naeueneioicyenoaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa yaeyaony /anoiay
nianoaaiiinoue. A oiaea inouanoaeaiey aa?a?iie ?aoi?iu i?ienoiaeeo
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo oaiaeee iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie
eaoaai?eyie oicyenoa. Oae, ii n?aaiaieth n ia/aeii 90-o aiaeia ia 20%
nie?aoeeanue ieiuaaeue naeueoicoaiaeee a naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoeyo e
cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eeanue a oa?ia?neeo oicyenoaao ianaeaiey.
Nouanoaothuea e?anoueyineea (oa?ia?neea) oicyenoaa iiaeii
eeanneoeoee?iaaoue
neaaeothuei ia?acii:
-i?eia?ii 40% oicyenoa aicaeaaeytho i?ioanneiiaeu, eiathuea aunoaa e
n?aaeiaa niaoeeaeueiia naeueneioicyenoaaiiia ia?aciaaiea, iiuo ?aaiou a
naeueneii oicyenoaa, i?iaeeaaaoea e i?aaeaea a naeueneie ianoiinoe;
-yeeoa?iua oicyenoaa – nicaeaiiua ?aaioieeaie auaoae iiiaieeaoo?u (eee
eo ?iaenoaaiieeaie), eiaaoeie i?aeiouanoaa a neeo naiaai neoaeaaiiai
iieiaeaiey i?e iieo/aiee caiaeueiuo o/anoeia, iiaie oaoieee, e?aaeeoiuo
?ano?nia ia ia/aeueiii yoaia i?iaaaeaiey aa?a?iie ?aoi?iu;
-eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua oicyenoaa iaaieueoiai ?acia?a, i?aaieciaaiiua
?aaioieeaie nioeeaeueiie noa?u a naeueneie ianoiinoe, a iniiaiiiaeey
iaania/aiey naay i?iaeoeoaie ieoaiey;
-oicyenoaa, nicaeaiiua i?aaenoaaeoaeyie ia?aeiaeueiie a?oiiu,
ninoaaeythuae
iaiiiaei aieaa 21% iauaai /enea oa?ia?ia. A iaa aoiaeyo
iaeaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua ?aaioieee, ethaee, ia yaeythueany niaoeeaeenoaie a
iaeanoe naeueneiai oicyenoaa. A /enea ?aniaaoeony oicyenoa ioiinyueany e
yoie a?oiia caieiatho aieueoia ianoi.
I?aaiecaoeey naiaeiuo oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa .
Ianeaaeiaaiiua oa?ia?neea oicyenoaa auee nicaeaiu ia i?ioyaeaiee
1990-1993
aa. A?aiy e ianoi eo i?aaiecaoeee, a oaeaea iiceoeey ianoiuo aeanoae a
nouanoaaiiie noaiaie ii?aaeaeytho e?oa oeie/iuo i?iaeai, n eioi?uie ei
i?eoeinue noieeiooueny.
A oeaeii cia/eoaeueii eaa/a i?eoeinue oai, eoi ?aoee nicaeaoue naia
oicyenoai a 1990-1991 aa. Oiaaea aua oa?ia?u iiaee auae?aoue
ianoiiieiaeaiea e ?acia?u o/anoeia, auee aeinooiiaa eueaioiua e?aaeeou.
Iaeiaei iaiiiai iaiueoa, /ai a ianoiyuaa a?aiy, auei aiciiaeiinoae i?eia
?aoaiey ioaeiie oaoieee, iniaaiii iiaie, iiyoiio oa?ia?u e iniiaiii
iieoiaee noa?ia, eciioaiiia iai?oaeiaaiea e ainnoaiaaeeaaee aai naieie
neeaie.
Aoi?ay aieia oa?ia?neiai aeaeaeaiey (1992-1993 aa.) naycaia n
?ai?aaiecaoeeae eieoicia e niaoicia e aiciiaeiinoueth auoiaea ec ieo n
caiaeueiui, aeaiaaeiui iaai e iaaeaeaieai oaoieeie. Eiaiii n iieo/aieai
iay
a aeaea oaoieee auee naycaiu iaeaieaa neiaeiua i?iaeaiu ec-ca aieueoiai
?ac?uaa iaaeaeo aaee/eiie aeaiaaeiiai iay e ?uii/iie oeaiie oaoieee. I?e
yoii eieoicu e niaoicu i?iaeaaaee oa?ia?ai naioth ieiooth oaoieeo.
Iaeioi?ua oa?ia?u iay aiiaua ia niiaee iieo/eoue.
Eioa?aueth naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi i?aaeii/oaiey oa?ia?ia n oi/ee
c?aiey aeaeaoaeueiuo ?acia?ia caiaeueiiai iaaeaea aeey aaaeaiey
oicyenoaa
i?aoa?iaee nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey ia i?ioyaeaiee 1991-1993 aa. Ia
ia/aeueiii yoaia oa?ia?neiai aeaeaeaiey, .eiaaea iieo/eoue caieth auei
n?aaieoaeueii eaaei, iiiaeo ioaaea iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue a ioiioaiee eae
nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth, oae e aiciiaeiinoae i?eia?aoaiey oaoieee.
Aneaaenoaea yoiai oa?ia?u a iniiaiii i?eaioe?iaaeenue ia ioiineoaeueii
iaaieueoea caiaeueiua iaaeaeu, eioi?ua iiaeii auei au ia?aaaouaaoue n
ieieiaeueiui iaai?ii oaoieee e/eee ca n/ao i?eaea/aiey aeiiieieoaeueiiai
/enea ?aaioieeia. *anoue oa?ia?ia, eae i?aaeei, iaineiia?u, e ia
no?aieeenue e i?aaiecaoeee oiaa?iiai oicyenoaa, aeaaiui aeey ieo auei
iaania/aiea naay i?iaeoeoaie ieoaiey.
Oa?ia?u aoi?ie aieiu, a iniiaiii auoiaeeaoea ec eieoicia e niaoicia,
i?aaeii/eoaee o/anoee cia/eoaeueii aieueoae ieiuaaee (ia iaiaa 50-60
aa),
iaeiaei e yoiio iiiaioo eiieo?aioeey ca caieth iaino?eeanue e iiiaei
oaea ia
oaeaeinue iieo/eoue caiaeueiue iaaeae aeaeaaiiai ?acia?a.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy, eiaaea oaoie/aneay iniauaiiinoue ?yaea oa?ia?neeo
oicyenoa nouanoaaiii aic?inea e aicieeea iaoi?iaeueiay eiiia?aoeey
iaaeaeo
ieie, iaeioi?ua oa?ia?u oioaee au ia?aaaouaaoue o/anoee ieiuaaeueth
150-300
aa, ii ana iie iieo/eee ioeacu io ianoiuo aeanoae, iineieueeo
aiciiaeiinoe aeey yoiai, iniaaiii a ciiao, i?eeaaathueo e e?oiiui
ai?iaeai,
i?aeoe/anee en/a?iaiu.
Anee o ?aniiiaeaioia, aeeaoueo a Oeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiii ?aeiia,
iniiaiua
i?aoaicee aucuaaao oaeaeaiiinoue auaeaeaiiuo iaaeaeia io ianoa
aeeoaeuenoaa
(40-50 ei), oi o ?aniiiaeaioia a Ia/a?iicaiuea – ea/anoai caiee.
Ia?aaeee
neo/ae, eiaaea /anoue auaeaeaiiiai caiaeueiiai iaaeaea ia iiaeao auoue
eniieueciaaia ec-ca iecei , aieio. E?iia oiai, iaaethaeathony
?anoiaeaeaiey a
eaaeano?iaie e oaeoe/aneie ioeaieao caiee. Oaeei ia?acii, a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy oa?ia?neea oicyenoaa iauaeoeaii iinoaaeaiu a ooaeoea ii n?aaiaieth
n auaoeie eieoicaie e niaoicaie yeiiiie/aneea oneiaey.
Ec-ca ieceiai ea/anoaa ia?aaeaaaaiie oa?ia?ai caiee o?aaothony ia?iiiua
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey a i?iaeou ii i?iaaaeaieth iaeei?aoeaiuo ?aaio,
nicaeaieth
o?ainii?oiie eio?ano?oeoo?u. Ainoaea?noaaiiay iiaeaea?aeea a yoie
iaeanoe
yaii iaaeinoaoi/ia ie n oi/ee c?aiey aaee/eiu auaeaeyaiuo n?aaenoa, ie
ii
n?ieai i?iaaaeaiey ?aaio.
Aieueoeinoai ianeaaeiaaiiuo oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa ia ?aniieaaaei
naiaiaeiuie
aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie aeey inouanoaeaiey eiaanoeoeee a i?aaiecoaiua
oicyenoaa. O?iaaiue eo oaoie/aneie iniauaiiinoe iieiinoueth caaenae io
iieo/aiey e?aaeeoia. ?acia?u i?eaeaeaaiuo ee/iuo naa?aaeaiee a oeaeii
ianiiinoaaeiu n iauaiaie iieo/aiiuo e?aaeeoia. Iineaaeiea auee eae
ieieioi ia ii?yaeie auoa. A iniiaiii ee/iua naa?aaeaiey auee
eniieueciaaiu
ia ia?aacae e iaono?ienoai ia iiaii ianoa.
Iniiao oa?ia?neiai aeaeaeaiey a ?innee ninoaaeytho naiaeiua oicyenoaa.
Aeaaea oai, aaea oa?ia?u aaaeoo aeaea ianeieueeeie naiueyie niaianoii,
ioaeaeueiua “naiaeiua oicyenoaa” inoathony th?eaee/anee
naiinoiyoaeueiuie e
i?e ?anoiaeaeaiee eioa?ania iiaoo a ethaie iiiaio ?anianoueny.
Iiaeaaeythuay /anoue oa?ia?ia aaniethoii ia iiaeaioiaeaiu e oiio, /oiau
aunooiaoue a ?iee i?iaeaaoea naiae i?iaeoeoeee, ia oiatho caeeth/aoue
aeiaiai?a
ia iinoaaeo, ia ciatho th?eaee/aneeo aniaeoia oaeeo naeaeie.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue
a iao/aiee oa?ia?ia ?uii/iiio iiaaaeaieth nouanoaoao.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iiaeii ioiaoeoue neaaeothuea oaiaeaioeee a ?acaeoee
naiaeiuo oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa: oaaee/aiea ianooaaia i?eiaiaiey iaaiiiai
o?oaea; i?aa?auaiea oa?ia?ia a iaiaaeaea?ia oicyenoa; aicieeiiaaiea
iaoi?iaeueiie eiiia?aoeee iaaeaeo oa?ia?neeie oicyenoaaie.
A yooaeoeaii ?acaeaathueony, oicyenoaao /anoue oa?ia?ia, eniieuecothueo
a
oe?ieeo ianooaaao iaaiiue o?oae, iinoaiaiii aa?oo ia naay oi?aaeai/aneea
ooieoeee. Iie iaeaieaa oniaoii ?aoatho i?iaeaiu niaaaeaiey, nauoa,
iienea
e?aaeeoia.
Iineieueeo naiaa?aiaiiia i?iaaaeaiea aa?ioaoie/aneeo ?aaio a naiaeiuo
oa?ia?neeo oicyenoaao cao?oaeiaii aneaaenoaea eo ieceie oaoie/aneie
iniauaiiinoe, oa?ia?u aeoeaii eiiia?e?othony ae?oa n ae?oaii. Oi?iu yoie
eiiia?aoeee ?acee/iu: niaianoiay ia?aaioea caiee e oai?ea o?iaeay,
acaeiiia eniieueciaaiea oaoieee, ieacaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneoa ca iiiiuue
a
?aaioa.
Oyaeaeia oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea aieueoeinoaa oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa
auioaeaeaao
oa?ia?ia yeiiiieoue ia nioeeaeueiuo ?anoiaeao. Eeoue iaiiiaea ec ieo
ieaoyo
iaycaoaeueiua aciinu a Ainoaea?noaaiiue iaineiiiue oiiae, oae eae ia
o/eouaatho a naaanoieiinoe i?iaeoeoeee cao?aou nianoaaiiiai o?oaea.
Neaai
?acaeoi iaaeeoeeineia no?aoiaaiea. I/aaeaeii, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy naiaeiua
oa?ia?neea oicyenoaa nioeeaeueii caueuaiu i/aiue neaai. Iineieueeo
aieueoeinoai oa?ia?ia aeoeaiiai o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa, oi iie ia
iniciatho yoo i?iaeaio, iaeiaei a aeaeueiaeoai iia iaino?eony.
Ana ii?ioaiiua oa?ia?u e?aeia ianneienoe/ii ioeaieaaee o?iaaiue naiaai
aeaaininoiyiey. Oaeay ioeaiea iauyniyaony oai, /oi i?aeoe/anee ai anao
oicyenoaao ionoonoaotho naiaiaeiua aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa. Yoi naycaii eae
n
naciiiinoueth naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai o?oaea, caaea?aeeaie a iieaoa ca
i?iaeaiiue o?iaeae, oae e n oai, /oi any iieo/aaiay i?eaueue
eniieuecoaony
ia ?acaeoea oicyenoaa.
Anee aea ioeaieaaoue o?iaaiue aeaaininoiyiey oicyenoaa n oi/ee c?aiey
aai
oiiaeiaii?oaeaiiinoe, oi ea?oeia ieaaeaony eiie. Oeaiie aeaaioneeo
oneeee,
ia?aie/aiey ee/iiai iio?aaeaiey oa?ia?neea oicyenoaa niiaee caeiaeeoue
iniiao aeey naiaai ?acaeoey a aoaeouai.
Ia ace?ay ia ana o?oaeiinoe, eeoue iaeei ec ii?ioaiiuo oa?ia?ia
niaeaeaao i
aua?aiiii iooe. Aeey inoaeueiuo iaeaieaa aaaeiuie yaeythony
aiciiaeiinoue
i?iyaeoue naay, naiinoiyoaeueiinoue a i?eiyoee ?aoaiee e
ioaaonoaaiiinoue
ca ?acoeueoao, /oi iaoneiaeeaaao aunieoth noaiaiue oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoe
naiei
o?oaeii.
Ia acaeiiioiioaiey oa?ia?ia n ianoiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe a ?acee/iuo
?aaeiiao ?innee a aieueoae noaiaie iaeeaaeuaaao ioia/aoie oaeie oaeoi?,
eae iaee/ea eee ionoonoaea a ?aaeiia naiaiaeiie caiee. A inoaeueiii
ioiioaiea aeanoae e oa?ia?ai caaeneo io noauaeoeaiuo i?e/ei –
eaeaieiae/aneeo acaeyaeia aeaau aaeieieno?aoeee ?aeiia eee io
iieeoe/aneie
eiiuthieoo?u.
E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie oaea io/aoeeai i?iyaeeanue aeeooa?aioeeaoeey a
ioiioaieyo aeanoae e oa?ia?noao. A Iiaeiineiauea a iniiaiii
i?aiaeaaeatho
iaaaoeaii-iaeo?aeueiua ioiioaiey, a oeaio?aeueiuo ?aeiiao ?innee –
iaeo?aeueii-aeaaii?eyoiua. ?acee/ea iaaeaeo Iineianeie iaeanoueth e
i?iaeioeeaeueiuie ?aeiiaie ai acaeiiioiioaieyo aeanoae e oa?ia?ia
caaeneo
io iaee/ey naiaiaeiuo ieiuaaeae. A Iineianeie iaeanoe eo ai?acaei
iaiueoa,
/ai a i?iaeioeee, a aeaeathueo iieo/eoue -cia/eoaeueii aieueoa..
I?aeoe/anee ana oa?ia?u aeaeothony ia ?ac?inoeeny ath?ie?aoe/aneee
aiia?ao
ia ianoao. Ioia/aaony, /oi i?e nicaeaiee oa?ia?neiai oicyenoaa oa?ia?ai
i?eoeinue ioi?ieyoue iiiaeanoai aeieoiaioia. Yoi caieiaao io iieooi?a
ianyoeaa aei aiaea, i?e yoii ca ana i?eoiaeeony ieaoeoue a ioeoeeaeueiii
e
iaioeoeeaeueiii ii?yaeea.
*anoue oa?ia?ia ioia/atho iaaaoeaioth ?ieue ianoiuo aaeieieno?aoeee i?e
?ani?aaeaeaiee e?aaeeoia: aeanoe ia?aaeei ioaeatho i?aaeii/oaiea auaoei
eieoicai e niaoicai. A ioaeaeueiuo ?aaeiiao oa?ia?u oeacuaatho ia
o?oaeiinoe i?e nauoa naiae i?iaeoeoeee ec-ca ioe?iaaiiiai
i?ioeaiaeaenoaey
aeanoae. Iai?eia?, ii ?anii?yaeaieth aeaau aaeieieno?aoeee Ai?iiaaeneie
iaean
oe aue cai?auai auaic i?iaeoeoeee ca aa i?aaeaeu.
Naiia aieueiia ianoi ai acaeiiioiioaieyo eieoicia (niaoicia) e
oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa – ?ani?aaeaeaiea caiee. Eieoicu (niaoicu),
i?ioeaiaeaenoaoy iieo/aieth caiee oa?ia?aie, ?ani?iaeatho aa iiae aea/e
–
iniaaiii yoi oa?aeoa?ii aeey iineianeiai ?aaeiia. A i?iaeioeee aua
eiaaony aiciiaeiinoue iieo/eoue caieth ioeoeeaeueiui iooai n iieiui
ioi?ieaieai iaiaoiaeeiuo aeieoiaioia.
A oneiaeyo ieceie oaoie/aneie iniauaiiinoe oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa a?aiaea
oaoieee o eieoicia eee niaoicia iiaea au ?aoeoue /anoue eo i?iaeai.
Iaeiaei a ianoiyuaa a?aiy a?aiaeiaaoue oaoieeo noaei o?oaeii eee i?inoi
iaaiciiaeii .
?acoeueoaou enneaaeiaaiey naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi nauo
i?iecaaaeaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee – iaeia ec iniiaiuo i?iaeai oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa . Eiie?aoiua
oi?iu aa i?iyaeaiey caaenyo a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue io oiai, yaeyaony ee
aeaiiia oa?ia?neia oicyenoai oiaa?iui eee iii ni?eaioe?iaaii a iniiaiii
ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea iio?aaiinoe a naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee
naiiai
oa?ia?a e /eaiia aai naiuee.
A eioa?anao noaaeeecaoeee e ?acaeoey ?inneeneie yeiiiieee iaiaoiaeeii
nicaeaoue i?aaeiinueee aeey aicieeiiaaiey oiaa?iuo oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa,
?inoa eo /enea. Aiciiaeiinoue aaaeaiey oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa
iaoneiaeaia
oaeoi?aie, iaei caaenyueie io o?oaeiauo oneeee oa?ia?a: ?acia?ii
oa?ia?neiai oicyenoaa, aai aa?ioaoie/aneeie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie e
oaoie/aneie iniauaiiinoueth. O?e yoeo oaeoi?a aeanoei ia?aie/eaatho
auai? ia
oieueei iioaioeeaeueii oiaa?iuo, ii e aiciiaeiuo a i?eioeeia aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe.
Caiey, ia?aoiaeyuay ai aeaaeaiea oa?ia?a, ecia/aeueii ie ii ieiuaaee, ie
ii
ea/anoao ia ioaa/aao oai iai?aaeaieyi naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ua ii oioae au ?acaeaaoue. E?iia oiai, aeaeaei ia
aeey
eaaeaeiai aeaea aeayoaeueiinoe o oa?ia?a anoue iieiue eiiieaeo oaoieee.
Aua
iaiueoa oaoieee, niaoeeaeueii i?eniiniaeaiiie aeey ?aaiou ia
ioiineoaeueii ia
euo ieiuaaeyo. Ieceay oiiaeiaii?oaeaiiinoue oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa yaeyaony
iaeiei ec aeaaiuo i?aiyonoaee aeey iiaeuaia eo yooaeoeaiinoe.
A oeaeii oneiaey oi?ie?iaaiey oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa iaaeaaii?eyoiu aeey
iiauoaiey eo oiaa?iinoe. Aeiiieieoaeueiua o?oaeiinoe nicaeathony
ia?acaeoinoueth eio?ano?oeoo?u nauoa, ionoonoaeai ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey a yoie iaeanoe.
I?e oiaa?iii i?iecaiaenoaa ia?aae oa?ia?ii noieo caaea/a ?aaeecaoeee
iniiaiie iannu i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee ia?aie/aiiiai anni?oeiaioa
iioiauie e iaeeiiioiauie ia?oeyie. Naaiaeiy nouanoaotho aeaa eaiaea
nauoa:
i?iaeaaea ainoaea?noao e eiiia?/aneei i?aaiecaoeeyi. Aeey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo
caeoiie oa?aeoa?iu aieaa ieceea oeaiu, aieueoee iauai caeoiie,
caiacaeuaaiea ?an/aoia a n?aaeiai ia 3 ianyoea. Eiiia?/aneea no?oeoo?u
ieaoyo aei?iaea, caeoiatho iaiueoeie ia?oeyie, auno?aa ?ann/eouaathony,
a
eiiaaea n?aco iiea/eaatho iaee/iuie. Iiea eiiia?/aneeo caeoii/iuo
no?oeoo? iaei, oa?ia?u i ieo ieioi inaaaeiieaiu. ?aaeueii eiioaeo
caaycuaaaony, eiaaea naie eiiia?naiou “auoiaeyo” ia oa?ia?a.
Anee oa?ia?neia oicyenoai iaeaaeaao i?eciaeaie iaoo?aeueiiai, oi iii
?aaeecoao a iniiaiii inoaoee o?iaeay naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo? e
i?iaeoeou aeeaioiiaiaenoaa iooai iaeeiiioiaie e ?icie/iie i?iaeaaee.
?uiie
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee aea?aaaiue e iaaieueoeo ai?iaeia,
oaeaeaiiuo
io e?oiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaio?ia, aania?niaeoeaai aeey oa?ia?ia. Ia
oaeii
?uiea neiaeii /oi-eeai i?iaeaoue, ianiio?y ia aaaeiinoue anni?oeiaioa
i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey a iaaaceiao. I?aeoe/anee ana aeeoaee yoeo iano
iaania/eaatho naay naeueoici?iaeoeoeeae ni naieo iai?iaeia: Aieaa
i?eaeaeaoaeai ?uiie e?oiiuo ai?iaeia, i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaio?ia, ii eeoue
iaaieueoay /anoue oa?ia?ia iiaeao naiinoiyoaeueii i?iaeaoue oai eceeoee
naiae
i?iaeoeoeee: iao naiaiaeiuo ?oe, nouanoaoao oa?ica ?yeaoa, iiae/an iao
o?ainii?oa e aaeeee iaeeaaeiua ?anoiaeu.
Iaeei ec ia?niaeoeaiuo iooae ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu nauoa – nicaeaiea
nianoaaiiie ia?a?aaaouaathuae aacu. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue a yoii iuouatho
aieueoeinoai oa?ia?ia iacaaeneii io iauaiia nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa .
Naaiaeiy aiciiaeiinoae aeey ?acaeoey ia?a?aaaouaathueo i?iecaiaenoa o
ioaeaeueiuo oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa iao, a iio?aaiinoue a eiiia?e?iaaiee
iniciatho iiea iaiiiaea.
Nauo i?iaeoeoeee caaeneo io iieeoeee oeaiiia?aciaaiey. Neaaeoao
auaeaeeoue
o?e aa aniaeoa: o/ao cao?ao; iacia/aiea ieii/aoaeueiie oeaiu i?iaeaaee;
niioiioaiea oeai iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie aeaeaie naeueoici?iaeoeoeee e
iaaeaeo ieie e
oeaiaie ia i?iiuoeaiiua oiaa?u.
*oi eanaaony o/aoa cao?ao, oi iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai oa?ia?ia
n/eoatho
cao?aoaie eeoue oi, ca /oi iie naie ieaoyo (ai?th/a-niaci/iua iaoa?eaeu,
cai/anoe, naiaia, oaeia?aiey e o.ae.). Ec-ca ia?aie/aiiinoe n?aaenoa
iianaianoii yeiiiiyo ia iaeeaaeiuo ?anoiaeao: oa?ia?u ia caeoiatho
oaeia?aiey, naie ?aiiioe?otho oaoieeo, ia no?aootho o?iaeae,
iieuecothony
naieie naiaiaie e ei?iaie iacaaeneii io eo ea/anoaa. Cao?aou
nianoaaiiiai o?oaea eae yeaiaio naaanoieiinoe o/eouaatho oieueei
ioaeaeueiua
oa?ia?u , oioy o?oae ia ii?ie?iaai. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, naaanoieiinoue
naeueoici?iaeoeoeee eneonnoaaiii caieaeaaony ca n/ao nie?auaiey /enea
yeaiaioia cao?ao.
Eiieo?aioeey ia ?uiea naeueoici?iaeoeoeee ii/oe iieiinoueth i?eia?aea
oeaiiaie
oa?aeoa?. A yoii niunea aeey oa?ia?ia eiieo?aiou – eieoicu e a aieueoae
ia?a eiii?oe?oaiay naeueoici?iaeoeoeey. Iaeioi?ua ec ?aniiiaeaioia
ioia/atho, /oi eieoicu i?iaeatho i?iaeoeou ii aieaa ieceei oeaiai naaa a
oauoie, iaaeaynue ia oeiainiaoth iiaeaea?aeeo ainoaea?noaa.
?ani?ino?aiaiiuie
noaee aeaeiau ia ieceea oeaiu ia eiii?oiia i?iaeiaieuenoaea, eioi?ua
iiae/an
ieaea o?iaiy naaanoieiinoe oa?ia?neie i?iaeoeoeee.
Ia?acaeoinoue eio?ano?oeoo?u nauoa, iaauaiaeiinoue oneiaee i?iaeaae
i?eaiaeyo
e oiio, /oi oa?ia?u ia ?aaeecotho iieo/aiiue o?iaeae, o?aiy aai aei
“eo/oeo a?aiai”, nie?auatho i?iecaiaenoai aei ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia,
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey nouanoaiaaiey naiae, ioeacuaathony io ?aiaa
a?aiaeiaaiiuo
o/anoeia.
I?aeoe/anee ana ?aniiiaeaiou iiae/a?eeaaee, /oi ?aaioatho a oneiaeyo
aeaoeoeeoa aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa. Ii iaoneiaeeaaaony neaaeothueie
oaeoi?aie.
Iacia/eoaeueiua ?acia?u ia?aiia/aeueiiai eaieoaea.Iieo/aaiie i?e auoiaea
ec eieoica (niaoica) oaoieee ieacaeinue iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey
naiinoiyoaeueiiai aaaeaiey oicyenoaa. A ia/aea aeayoaeueiinoe aue acyo
e?aaeeo (iau/ii eueaioiue), ii aeaiueae auee auaeaeaiu n iiicaeaieai e
ia a
iaiaoiaeeiii iauaia, n?aaenoa ia iiiaia ia oaaoeei, iioiio e
yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee, e oii /enea e i?eaueue, ieacaeenue ieaea
?an/aoiuo. Inoaoee n?aaenoa oie/oiaeeea eioeyoeey, e aieueoay /anoue
i?eauee
a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eniieuecoaony ia iie?uoea cao?ao e auieaoo i?ioeaioia
ii e?aaeeoo.
Nauoiaua o?oaeiinoe.Aeaaea i?e aeinoaoi/ii onoie/eaii aaaeaiee oicyenoaa
e
aunieeo o?iaeaeiinoe e ea/anoaa naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee
oa?ia?u
iaaeiiieo/atho aeioiae ec-ca ionoonoaey ?acaeoie nenoaiu nauoa, ieceeo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeoii/iuo oeai e aieueoeo cao?ao i?e o?aiaiee
i?iaeoeoeee
ia ainoaea?noaaiiuo eee eieoiciuo yeaaaoi?ao, neeaaeao e i?.
Iaaeaaii?eyoiua iiaiaeiua oneiaey.Iai?eia?, a 1993 a. ec-ca ieioie
iiaiaeu (aeiaeaeeeaia eaoi, ?aiiee niaaiiaae) naeueneia oicyenoai
iiianei
aieueoea iioa?e. I iioa?yo eieoicia, niaoicia eioi?iaoeey
oeaio?aeeciaaiii
niae?aeanue, oua?a ei /anoe/ii eiiiaine?iaaeny. Iioa?e oa?ia?ia ieeoi ia
o/eouaae e ia eiiiaine?iaae.
Iaeue ?acia? caiaeueiiai iaaeaea e anaai oicyenoaa.Yoio oaeoi?
i?aa?auaao
aai, ii nooe, a iaoo?aeueiia, i?eaiaeeo e ieceie ?aioaaaeueiinoe
i?iecaiaenoaa eee aeaaea e aai o?iie/aneie oauoi/iinoe. Iiieii
i?aiyonoaee
ni noi?iiu aeanoae ii auaeaeaieth aeiiieieoaeueiuo caiaeueiuo ieiuaaeae,
eiathony neo/ae ioeaca io caiee ec-ca iauae yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee, ia
aeaaii?eyoiie aeey ?acaeoey oa?ia?noaa.
*?acia?ii aeanoeea oneiaey e?aaeeoiaaiey.Oa?ia?u iau/ii aa?oo naciiiue
e?aaeeo (ia iinaaioth, ia oai?i/ioth) iiae caeia caiee eee oaoieee. N
o/aoii ?inoa ieieiaeueiie noaaee i?ioeaioa n 28 aei 213 % (a oneiaeyo
aunieie eioeyoeee) aica?aoeoue e?aaeeo noaiiaeony iaaiciiaeii.
Caaea?aeaiiua
i?ioeaiou i?eiethniauaathony e aeieao e ia ieo oaeaea ia/eneythony
i?ioeaiou.
A eoiaa noiia aeieaa i?aauoaao noieiinoue caeiaa.
I?iaeaiu n auieaoie iaeiaia.Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi oa?ia?u a ia?aua 5 eao
naiae aeayoaeueiinoe inaiaiaeaeaiu io aieueoae /anoe iaeiaiauo
io/eneaiee,
iaeia ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue ei i?eoiaeeony ieaoeoue. Yoi i?eaiaeeo
e
ecuyoeth ii/oe anae iieo/aaiie i?eauee.
Ii?in iicaieee auyaeoue neaaeothuea aa?eaiou ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey
oeiainiauo n?aaenoa e iooe eo iiiieiaiey:
-caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?a n e?oiiie i?iiuoeaiiie i?aaiecaoeeae a ai?iaea:
eiaanoeoeee a iaiai ia i?iaeoeoeeth aeey ?aai/eo. A aeieoiaioao yoi
ioi?ieyeinue eae i?aaiecaoeey caaiaeneiai iiaeniaiiai oicyenoaa.
N?aaeiee
n?ie aeiaiai?a – 5 eao;
– iiauoaiea i?eaueueiinoe oicyenoaa. Iaeaieaa auaiaeiuie ieacuaathony
aeaeu
aeayoaeueiinoe, ia o?aaothuea iiiai caiee e oa?aeoa?ecothueany n?aaeiae
o?oaeiaieinoueth: ianaee, au?aueaaiea ?annaaeu ieiaeiai-yaiaeiuo
eoeueoo?,
naiaiiaiaenoai, oneoae naeueneiio ianaeaieth;
– aani?ioeaioiue e?aaeeo ia ei?ioeia a?aiy, iieo/aiiue o ae?oaeo
oa?ia?ia;
.
– ioi?ieaiea /anoe oicyenoaa eae ee/iiai iiaeniaiiai, i?e yoii
nieaeathony
iauai io/aoiinoe e noiia iaeiaiauo io/eneaiee;
– eniieueciaaiea aunieeo oaiiia eioeyoeee iooai neoiee aieueoeo ia?oee
eiiaeei?iia, ai?th/aai e o.i. n eo iineaaeothuae ia?ai?iaeaaeae;
-eueaioiua e iau/iua e?aaeeou.
A iniiao yeiiiie/aneie ioeaiee caiaeue iieiaeaiu niioiioaiey noieiinoe
i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee e ?acia?ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo cao?ao ia
aaeeieoeo
ieiuaaee, eniieuecoaiie iiae ioaeaeueiuie naeueneioicyenoaaiiuie
oaiaeueyie e
au?aueaaaiuie eoeueoo?aie. A ea/anoaa eiia/iuo iieacaoaeae ioeaiee
i?eieiatho aeeooa?aioeeaeueiue aeioiae, eee aeeooa?aioeeaeueioth
caiaeueioth ?aioo
ia 1 aa iinaaia ioaeaeueiuo eoeueoo?, iauae ieiuaaee iaoai e iiiaieaoieo
ianaaeaeaiee, i?e?iaeiuo ei?iiauo oaiaeee. Yeiiiie/aneay ioeaiea
caiaeue,
au?aaeathuay eo n?aaieoaeueioth iioaioeeaeueioth yooaeoeaiinoue,
ninoaaeyao
iniiao caiaeueiiai eaaeano?a, iaoa?eaeu eioi?iai eniieuecotho aeey
aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, naea/e caiee a a?aiaeo, aa eoi
ee-i?iaeaaee, a oaeaea aeey niaa?oainoaiaaiey oa??eoi?eaeueiie
i?aaiecaoeee
naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
Iinea aeeeoaeueiiai ia?a?uaa a eiioea 70-o – ia/aea 80-o aiaeia aue
i?iaaaeai ia?aue niaaoneee eaaeano? caiaeue ii iaoiaeeea, ?ac?aaioaiiie
a
Ainoaea?noaaiiii einoeoooa caiaeueiuo ?ano?nia e a ?yaea ae?oaeo iao/iuo
i?aaiecaoeee. Caiaeueii-ioeaii/iua ?aaiou iicaieeee iieo/eoue
n?aaieoaeueioth
ioeaieo iaoai e iniiaiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo? i?eiaieoaeueii e
?acee/iui oeiai ii/a e aa?ieeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaee ia oa??eoi?ee
nia?aiaiiie ?innee e no?ai Niae?oaeanoaa . Cia/eoaeueiay
aeeooa?aioeeaoeey
ioeaii/iuo iieacaoaeae i?iyaeeanue ia oieueei a ioiioaiee i?e?iaeiuo cii
e
i?iaeioeee, ii e a i?aaeaeao ioaeaeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ?aeiiia. Oae,
aeeooa?aioeeaeueiue aeioiae ia 1 aa iaoie eciaiyaony a i?aaeaeao io 1:2
aei
1:10 aeey ?aciuo oeiia ii/a ii aeaiiui aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ?aeiiia A
aeaiiua
ii iaeanoyi Oeaio?aeueiiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?aeiia e E?aniiaea?neiio e?ath
aeinoeaatho niioiioaiee 1:10.
Cia/aiea yeiiiie/aneie ioeaiee caiaeue ?acei aic?anoaao a oneiaeyo
ia?aoiaea e ?uii/iui ioiioaieyi, aaaaeaiey ?acee/iuo oi?i nianoaaiiinoe,
iainiiaaiiie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee caiaeueiiai iaeiaa, ?ac?aaioee iooae
niaa?oainoaiaaiey oa??eoi?eaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee oicyenoaa e iiauoaiey
aai
yooaeoeaiinoe n ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiuo iiceoeee.
Oaeei ia?acii, oicyenoaaiiay ioeaiea i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu o?aaoao
i?eiaiaiey
eiiieaeniiai iiaeoiaea ia iniiaa niaianoiiai eniieueciaaiey
yeiiiie/aneeo
e yeieiae/aneeo e?eoa?eaa a oeaeyo iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa
e aa?iiie/aneiai ?acaeoey eaiaeoaooiie noa?u.
Acaeiiioiioaiey i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu e eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee enoi?e/anee
eciaiythony a ?acoeueoaoa eae ?aaoee?iaaiey aeeyiey ?acee/iuo
eiiiiiaioia
eaiaeoaooa a i?ioeanna iaeei?aoeee caiaeue, oae e i?aia?aciaaiey aeaeia
e
ni?oia naieo ?anoaiee ia iniiaa aeinoeaeaiee aaiaoeee e naeaeoeee.
Aaaeioth
?ieue a ?acaeoee iai?aaeaiiie naeaeoeee eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee nua?aei
ioe?uoea I. E. Aaaeeiaui caeiia aiiieiae/aneeo ?yaeia a ianeaaenoaaiiie
eciai/eainoe e auyaeaiea oeaio?ia i?ienoiaeaeaiey eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee.
Nia?aiaiiua aeinoeaeaiey iieaeoey?iie aeieiaee e aaiaoeee ioe?uaatho
iiaua
aiciiaeiinoe aeey iai?aaeaiiiai eciaiaiey naienoa eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee e
nicaeaiey aieaa i?iaeoeoeaiuo ni?oia ia iniiaa aea?eaeecaoeee e aaiiie
eiaeaia?ee. Aeooaeueiie inoaaony i?iaeaia ?anoe?aiey ninoaaa eoeueoo?iuo
?anoaiee ca n/ao eio?iaeoeoeee iiauo aeaeia n oeaiiuie oicyenoaaiiuie
i?eciaeaie. ?aaioa ii eio?iaeoeoeee iiiaeo iieaciuo ieuaauo ?anoaiee,
iniaaiii ieiaeiauo, yaiaeiuo, i?aoiieiaeiauo, i?iaiaeeony ai iiiaeo
aioaie/aneeo naaeao, iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo o/?aaeaeaieyo e ia
iiuoiuo
noaioeeyo .
Iiiaea aa?iyeieiae/aneea i?eciaee eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee (o?aaiaaiey e
oneiaeyi oaieiaiai e naaoiaiai ?aaeeia , oaeaaeiaiey a ?aciua ia?eiaeu
aaaaoaoeee, oeie/aneie ?aaeoeee ii/a e ae?.) naycaiu n oeaio?aie eo
i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Oae, o?iie/aneea ?anoaiey ia/eiatho ?ino i?e aeiaieueii
aunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao (10-15°), eiatho ?anoyiooue ia?eiae aaaaoaoeee e
o?aaotho aieueoeo caiania oaiea ia anao noaaeeyo ?acaeoey. Yoi eoeueoo?u
ei?ioeiai aeiy, oa?aeoa?ecothueany iaeaieueoei iio?aaeaieai aeaae a
na?aaeeia aaaaoaoeeiiiiai ia?eiaea.
Eoeueoo?iua ?anoaiey, i?ienoiaeyuea ec oia?aiiiai iiyna eee
aaaaoe?othuea
a oieiaeiue ia?eiae a noao?iie/aneii iiyna, nouanoaaiii iaiaa
o?aaiaaoaeueiu e caianai oaiea, eiatho aieaa ei?ioeee ia?eiae
aaaaoaoeee,
ia/eiatho ?anoe i?e iaaunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao, onoie/eau e caii?iceai.
Ni/aoaiey iieacaoaeae, oa?aeoa?ecothueo ioiioaiey eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee e
oneiaeyi oaiei- e aeaaiiaania/aiiinoe a ?acee/iua oacu aaaaoaoeee,
neoaeao iniiaie aeey ?ac?aaioee aeieeeiaoe/aneeo eeanneoeeaoeee eoeueoo?
.
Oicyenoaaiiua i?eciaee eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee ii?aaeaeythony oeaeaaui
iacia/aieai i?iecaiaeeiie i?iaeoeoeee: i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiui, ei?iiaui,
aeey
oaoie/aneie ia?a?aaioee e eaea?noaaiii-ia?eioe/aneiai i?eiaiaiey. N
o/aoii niiniaia aicaeaeuaaiey ?anoaiee, iaoneiaeaiiuo eo yeieiae/aneeie
iniaaiiinoyie, oicyenoaaiiua i?eciaee ?acee/iuo eoeueoo? neoaeao iniiaie
aeey eeanneoeeaoeee io?aneae ?anoaieaaiaenoaa.
Aeaaa 2
Ciiaeueiay niaoeeaeecaoeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa
I?e?iaeiua oneiaey ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee eciaiythony ii i?e?iaeiui ciiai
.
Iiyoiio ninoaa ?acaiaeeiuo eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee oaeaea ?acee/aaony ii
ciiai . A eaaeaeie ii/aaiii-?anoeoaeueiie ciia ?acaeaathony oaeea
io?anee
caieaaeaeey , eioi?ua i?e aeaiiuo oneiaeyo aeatho auni/aeoea ?acoeueoaou
e
o?aaotho iaiueoeo cao?ao o?oaea e n?aaenoa .
Ioaieoeaeae aaaeiaeoay i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiay ca?iiaay eoeueoo?a
oa?aeoa?ecoaony aieaa aunieeie o?aaiaaieyie e oneiaeyi oaieiaiai ?aaeeia
e ieiaei?iaeeth ii/a ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie ca?iiauie eoeueoo?aie
oia?aiiiai iiyna. Iia ieioi ia?aiineo eeneoth ?aaeoeeth ii/a, /oi ia
?aie/eaaao aa ?ani?ino?aiaiea a ciia aea?iiai-iiaecieenouo ii/a. Aeey
iaa
aieaa aeaaii?eyoiu noaeeienoua ii/au, /ai noian/aiua, ooaea iaania/aiiua
ieoaoaeueiuie aauanoaaie. Yeieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe e ioiineoaeueii
aunieay canooionoie/eainoue ioaieoeu iaoneiaeeaatho aa aieueoaa
?ani?ino?aiaiea a eaninoaiiie e noaiiie ciiao.
A?aaeu ?ani?ino?aiaiey iceiie e y?iaie ioaieoeu iaoneiaeaiu oaeeie
aa?ieeeiaoe/aneeie oaeoi?aie, eae no?iainoue cei e iiuiinoue niaaiaiai
iie?iaa, io eioi?uo caaeneo nio?aiaiea ?anoaiee a ceiiee ia?eiae.
Iiyoiio iceioth ioaieoeo au?aueaatho i?aeiouanoaaiii a Aa?iiaeneie
?innee,
iniaaiii a aa caiaaeiuo e oeaio?aeueiuo ?aeiiao n aieaa iyaeeie ceiaie.
Iceiua ni?oa ioaieoeu iieiaa eniieuecotho inaaeee inaiiaai e aanaiiaai
ia?eiaeia, /oi iaoneiaeeaaao aa aieaa aunieoth o?iaeaeiinoue ii
n?aaiaieth n
y?iaie. Oae, o?iaeaeiinoue iceiie ioaieoeu a 70-80-a aiaeu ninoaaeyea
21-23
oe/aa, a y?iaie – 12-13 oe/aa ai anao eaoaai?eyo oicyenoa ?innee.
?iaeue,a ioee/ea io ioaieoeu, iaiaa o?aaiaaoaeueiay eoeueoo?a a
ioiioaiee
oaieiaiai ?aaeeia e ieiaei?iaeey ii/a. A ?innee aicaeaeuaatho
i?aeiouanoaaiii iceiua ni?oa ?aee, oa?aeoa?ecothueany ai?acaei aieueoae
ceiinoieeinoueth ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie iceiuie ca?iiauie ceaeaie.
Yeieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe ?aee iaoneiaeaiu aua e oai, /oi yoa eoeueoo?a
a
ia?auo i/aaao caieaaeaeey ano?a/aeanue eeoue a aeaea ni?iyeia a iinaaao
ioaieoeu.
Iceiay ?iaeue eiaao ei?ioeee ia?eiae aaaaoaoeee, o?aaoao iaaieueoeo
oa?ie/aneeo ?ano?nia, aeinoaoi/ii onoie/eaa e aanaiiae canooa.
Aeaaiaea?y
oi?ioi ?acaeoie ei?iaaie nenoaia oniaoii aicaeaeuaaaony ia noian/aiuo
ii/aax,oi?ioi ia?aiineo neaaieeneoth ?aaeoeeth, ii ec-ca ia?aoaeaaeiaiey
iaoioiiai ai?eciioa eaaei iiaeaa?aaaony auiieaieth e aui?aaaieth. Yoa
eoeue
oo?a aieaa onoie/eaa ei iiiaei caaieaaaieyi, /ai ioaieoea, a i?e
iiauoaiee ieiaei?iaeey ii/a aeaao nouanoaaiiue i?e?ino o?iaeay.
Iai?eoioeeainoue ?aee e oneiaeyi ianoiiaeoaiey iaania/eaaao ae ?yae
i?aeiouanoa ii n?aaiaieth n ioaieoeae a ?aeiiao n iaiueoeie oaieiauie
?ano?
naie, eiuie ii/aaie n eeneie ?aaeoeeae.
ss/iaiue,eae e ioaieoea, aue oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiai a ?aeiiao ae?aaiaai
caieaaeaeey oia?aiiiai iiyna. Yoi iaeia ec naiuo ?aiianiaeuo ca?iiauo
eoeueoo?, ia?aiinyuay caii?icee e ioee/athuayny canooionoie/eainoueth.
Aai
eniieuecotho i?aeiouanoaaiii aeey ei?iiauo oeaeae, oioy ca?ia y/iaiy
eiatho
e i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiia cia/aiea, a i?i?inoea naiaia (nieiae) i?eiaiytho a
ieaiaa?aiee. Yeieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe y/iaiy iaoneiaeeaatho aai oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea ia cia/eoaeueiie /anoe caieaaeaeue/aneie oa??eoi?ee
no?aiu
– io naaa?iuo aei thaeiuo canooeeauo ?aeiiia. A ai?ao iinaau aai
aeioiaeyo
aei n?aaeieo iiynia, aaea aua aiciiaeii caieaaeaeea. Cia/eoaeueiia
oaaee/aiea
iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae y/iaiy a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey naycaii n ?inoii
iio?aaiinoae a oo?aaeiii ca?ia, a /anoiinoe ec-ca oaaee/aiey
i?iecaiaenoaa eiiaeei?iia. ?anoe?aieth iinaaia y/iaiy niinianoaiaaei
oaeaea ieoeueoo?eaaiea ii/a a i?ioeanna eioaineoeeaoeee caieaaeaeey,
aieueoaai i?eiaiaiey ieia?aeueiuo e i?aaie/aneeo oaeia?aiee. N ia/aea
60-o
aiaeia ?ino o?iaeaeiinoe y/iaiy i?ienoiaeee aieaa aunieeie oaiiaie ii
n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie ca?iiauie eoeueoo?aie ia oa??eoi?ee eaniie ciiu
Aa?iiaeneie ?innee.
Iaan,a ioee/ea io y/iaiy, aieaa o?aaiaaoaeai e oaieiaui ?ano?nai e
oneiaeyi oaeaaeiaiey, ooaea ia?aiineo eaoithth canooo, ii iai?eoycaoaeai
a
i?ioaiee ieiaei?iaeey ii/a, eo neaaieeneie ?aaeoeee. Iinaau iana
?ani?ino?aiaiu i?aeiouanoaaiii a eaniie, io/anoe a noaiiie ciiao, ii
iie iaoiaeyo oae aeaeaei, eae y/iaiue, a naaa?iua oieiaeiua e thaeiua
canooeeaua ?aeiiu. A i?ioeii au?aueaaiea iana auei a aieueoie ia?a
naycaii n o/aieai ei?ia aeey eioaaeae. A ia?eiae eiaeono?eaeecaoeee
naeueneiai oicyenoaa iinaau iana cia/eoaeueii nie?aoeeenue. Yoa
oaiaeaioeey
nio?aieeanue iineaaiaiiue ia?eiae, ii n ia/aea 60-o aiaeia iinaau aiiaue
au?inee e [aaeenue ioiineoaeueii noaaeeueiuie. Yoi naycaii n oai, /oi
iaan
caieiaao ii?aaeaeaiiia ianoi ai iiiaeo naaiiai?ioao, a aai i?iaeoeoeey
eiaao oe?ieee ni?in a eiiaeei?iiaie e ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Eoeo?ocaeiaao aaaeiia ei?iiaia cia/aiea, eniieuecoaony a ieuaaie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Yoa eoeueoo?a o?iie/aneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey ia/eiaao
?anoe
aeiaieueii aunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao (10°), ia?eiae aa aaaaoaoeee ?anoyioo
aei
160 aeiae, iia ieioi ia?aiineo caii?icee (aei -2°), ioaeaeaaony a
aieueoeo
caianao oaiea. Aeey auc?aaaiey ca?ia ?aiianiaeuo ni?oia o?aaoaony
1-2200° aeieiae/anee aeoeaiuo oaiia?aoo?, a aeey aieaa i?iaeoeoeaiuo
n?aaeia- e iicaeianiaeuo ni?oia -2500-2900°. I?e yoii eoeo?oca
canooionoie/eaa, iniaaiii a ia?aua oacu aaaaoaoeee, ii iaaeinoaoie aeaae
ia?aae aua?anuaaieai iaoaeie caiaoii nieaeaao o?iaeaeiinoue.
Aunieay iioaioeeaeueiay i?iaeoeoeaiinoue eoeo?ocu, niiniaiinoue aa
aeoeaii
ecaeaeaoue ieoaoaeueiua aauanoaa ec ii/au e ?acei oaaee/eaaoue
o?iaeaeiinoue
i?e aianaiee oaeia?aiee, iniaaiii ia aiaeii?iieoeaaiuo e ay?e?iaaiiuo
ii/aao, i?eaeaeee e iae aieiaiea iiiaeo aaiaoeeia e naeaeoeeiia?ia. A
?acoeueoaoa auee nicaeaiu aa aunieio?iaeaeiua aea?eaeiua e ?aiianiaeua
aeaeu
e ni?oa.
Ca?iiaua aiaiaua eoeueoo?u (ai?io, /a/aaeoea, oanieue, niy e
ae?.)niaea?aeao
iiiai aaeea, oeaiiiai a ei?iiaii e i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiii ioiioaiee. A
i?ioeanna eioaineoeeaoeee ei?iii?iecaiaenoaa n 60-o aiaeia
oaaee/eaaeenue
ieiuaaee iinaaia aiaiauo eoeueoo?. Iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea n?aaee ieo
caieiaao
eoeueoo?a ai?ioa, o?aaiaaoaeueiiai e oneiaeyi oaeaaeiaiey e
ieiaei?iaeeth
ii/a; aeey aai aaaaoaoeee aeinoaoi/iu oia?aiiua caianu oaiea. Ai?io
au?aueaatho a eaniie e eaninoaiiie ciiao. *a/aaeoeo a aieueoae ia?a
aicaeaeuaatho a caiaaeiuo e oeaio?aeueiuo ?aeiiao eaninoaie. Oanieue
i?iec?anoaao a aieaa thaeiuo /anoyo no?aiu..
Ca?iiaua e?oiyiua eoeueoo?u (i?ini, a?a/eoa, ?en)caieiatho 3-4% anao
iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae ca?iiauo eoeueoo?. Iie eiatho ?aciua a?aaeu
?ani?ino?aiaiey, iaoneiaeaiiua yeieiae/aneeie iniaaiiinoyie eaaeaeie ec
iniiaiuo e?oiyiuo eoeueoo?.
I?inicaieiaao ioiineoaeueii aieueoea ieiuaaee a ninoaaa e?oiyiuo
eoeueoo?.
Ia/aei ?inoa i?ienoiaeeo i?e aeiaieueii aunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao (10- 12°),
eoeueoo?a /oanoaeoaeueia e caii?iceai e a oi aea a?aiy ioee/aaony
aunieie
canooionoie/eainoueth, eiaao ieceee eiyooeoeeaio o?ainie?aoeee (E =
250-300), oi?ioi ia?aiineo neaaia canieaiea ii/a, ii iaaeaaii?eyoii
?aaae?oao ia eeneoth ?aaeoeeth ii/aaiiie n?aaeu.
Naiaia?aciua yeieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe iicaieytho aicaeaeuaaoue i?ini a
?aciuo oeiao eaiaeoaooia eaniie, eaninoaiiie, noaiiie e nooinoaiiie cii.
I?ini aeaao oi?ioea o?iaeae ia aiiaue inaiaiiuo oeaeeiiuo e caeaaeiuo
caieyo, iniaaiii ia ii/aao eaaeiai iaoaie/aneiai ninoaaa. Ioiineoaeueii
aieueoea ieiuaaee iinaaia iaoiaeyony a noaiiie e nooinoaiiie ciiao.
A?a/eoaieioi ia?aiineo canooo, aunieea e ieceea oaiia?aoo?u, iniaaiii a
ia?eiae oeaaoaiey, o?aaiaaoaeueia e oneiaeyi oaeaaeiaiey, e
ieiaei?iaeeth
Ii/a: aeey iaa aieaa i?eaiaeiu ?uoeua, oi?ioi i?ia?aaaaiua ii/au,
aiaaoua
ieoaoaeueiuie aauanoaaie, aeeth/ay oi?oyieee n iaeo?aeueiie e
neaaieeneie
?aaeoeeae.
Ioia/aiiua yeieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe iaoneiaeeaatho aicaeaeuaaiea
a?a/eoe
i?aeiouanoaaiii a caiaaeiuo e oeaio?aeueiuo ?aeiiao eaniie e eaninoaiiie
cii n iyaeei eeeiaoii. O?iaeaeiinoue eoeueoo?u caiaoii iiauoaaony,
eiaaea a
?aeiiao aa aicaeaeuaaiey ?acaiaeyo i/ae, iiueythueo oeaaoee a?a/eoe,
yaeythueany oeaiiuie iaaeiiinaie.
?en,eae eoeueoo?a o?iie/aneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey, ia/eiaao naie ?ino i?e
oaiia?aoo?a 12-15°, eiaao ?anoyiooue ia?eiae aaaaoaoeee, ia ia?aiineo
caii?iceia, o?aaoao aieueoeo caiania oaiea – io 2200 aei 3300°,
niioaaonoaaiii aeey ?aiieo e aieaa i?iaeoeoeaiuo iicaeianiaeuo ni?oia. A
ioee/ea io ae?oaeo eoeueoo? ?en iio?aaeyao aieueoia eiee/anoai aeaae (E
=
1000), iiyoiio cia/eoaeueioth /anoue aaaaoaoeeiiiiai ia?eiaea eoeueoo?o
aicaeaeuaatho ia iai?iaeaiiuo caieyiuie aaeaie iieyo (/aeao), caeeouo
aiaeie. Aeey ?ena aeaaii?eyoiu aeethaeaeueiua ii/au, ec eioi?uo
ia?eiaee/anee auiuaathony niee.
Oaoie/aneea eoeueoo?u
A eo ninoaa aoiaeyo ?aciiia?aciua eoeueoo?iua ?anoaiey, ioiinyueany e
aieieienoui, ianee/iui, naoa?iiiniui eoeueoo?ai, eioi?ua eniieuecothony
a
ea/anoaa nu?uey aeey ?yaea io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe: ianeiaieiie,
naoa?iie,
oaenoeeueiie e ae?., iiyoiio oa?aeoa? oa??eoi?eaeueiie eiioeaio?aoeee
iniiaiuo oaoie/aneeo eoeueoo? oanii naycai n iniaaiiinoyie oi?ie?iaaiey
nu?ueaauo cii ia?a?aaaouaathueo i?aaei?eyoee, aoiaeyueo a ninoaa
?acee/iuo
oeiia AIE
Iauay ieiuaaeue iinaaia anao oaoie/aneeo eoeueoo? ianeieueei aic?anoaea
a
oa/aiea 60-o aiaeia n iineaaeothuei oiaiueoaieai ia 14% ca 1970-1991 aa.
Iinaau naoa?iie naaeeu oaaee/eaaeenue a 60-70-a aiaeu, caoai
i?ienoiaeeei
eo oiaiueoaiea n 1,6 aei 1,4 iei aa ca 1980-1991 aa.
A ninoaaa ianee/iuo eoeueoo? nauoa 2/3 ieiuaaee caieiatho iinaau
iiaenieia/ieea. Iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiia nie?auaiea iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae ca
iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey auei oa?aeoa?ii aeey aieieienouo eoeueoo?. Oae,
ieiuaaee eueia-aeieaoioea n 60-o aei ia/aea 90-o aiaeia nie?aoeeenue
ao?ia, a
aeey eiiiiee oaeia aea nie?auaiea i?iecioei ca 1980-1991 aa. ?aceia
oiaiueoaiea iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae aieieienouo eoeueoo? io/anoe iauyniyaony
?inoii i?iecaiaenoaa neioaoe/aneeo aieieii. Iaeiaei a oneiaeyo ?aceiai
nie?auaiey a 90-a aiaeu ioa/anoaaiiiai nu?uey aeey oeii/aoiaoiaaeiie
io?anee eaaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe oiaiueoaiea i?iecaiaenoaa eueiiaieieia ia
iiaeao auoue ii?aaaeaiiui.
Eai-aeieaoiaoe aaaeao naia i?ienoiaeaeaiea- ec i/aaia ae?aaiaai
caieaaeaeey
noao?iie/aneiai e oia?aiiiai iiynia, aaea aai aicaeaeuaaee
i?aeiouanoaaiii aeey iieo/aiey ianea. I?iaeaeaeaiea eueia a aieaa
naaa?iua
?aeiiu n iyaeei e aeaaeiui eeeiaoii niinianoaiaaei eo/oaio ?acaeoeth
noaaeae, /oi i?eaaei e oi?ie?iaaieth iiauo aeaeia eueia-aeieaoioea,
aeathuaai
oeaiiia aieieii, a a ea/anoaa iiaeai/iie i?iaeoeoeee – oaeaea e ianei ec
aai
naiyi.
Eoeueoo?a eueia ia/eiaao naie ?ino i?e iaaunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao (3-5°), a
iioeiaeueiay oaiia?aoo?a iniiaiuo oac ?acaeoey ninoaaeyao 15-18°, i?e/ai
iaaieueoea caii?icee a ia/aeueiii ia?eiaea aaaaoaoeee ia aeeytho ia
aeaeueiaeoaa aai ?acaeoea. Eai o?aaoao ?aaiiia?iiai oaeaaeiaiey,
iniaaiii
a ia/aea ?inoa, iaeiaei ieioi ia?aiineo ecauoie aeaae. Ec-ca neaaie
ei?iaaie nenoaiu ?anoaiea ioaeaeaaony a aieueoii eiee/anoaa
eaaeionaiyaiuo
ieoaoaeueiuo aauanoa, iiyoiio aeey iaai aieaa i?eaiaeiu noaeeienoua
ii/au
n aieueoie aeaaiaieinoueth, /ai ian/aiua. Eai ia?aiineo neaaieeneoth
?aaeoeeth, oioy iioeiaeueiie aeey iaai yaeyaony iaeo?aeueiay ?aaeoeey
ii/aaiiie n?aaeu, i?e eioi?ie iieiaa eniieuecothony oaeia?aiey, i?aaeaea
anaai acioiua. Eoeueoo?o iau/ii aicaeaeuaatho a ca?iio?aayiuo
naaiiai?ioao, aaea iiiaieaoiea o?aau, iniaaiii eeaaa?, neoaeao oi?ioei
i?aaeoanoaaiieeii.
Yeieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe eueia-aeieaoioea iaoneiaeeaatho aai oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea a caiaaeiuo e oeaio?aeueiuo ?aeiiao eaniie ciiu n
aeaaeiui
e iyaeei eeeiaoii ,iniaaiii a eaiaeoaooao n aieaa ieiaei?iaeiuie
noaeeienouie aea?iiai-iiaecieenouie ii/aaie, oi?ie?othueieny ia aiaaouo
ieoaoaeueiuie aauanoaaie iiaenoeeathueo ii?iaeao (ia iie?iaiuo
noaeeieao,
ea?aiiaoiie ii?aia e ae?.). A yoeo ianoiinoyo enoi?e/anee neiaeeeanue e
aieaa aunieay ieioiinoue naeueneiai ianaeaiey, /oi eiaao aaaeiia
yeiiiie/aneia cia/aiea aeey oaeie o?oaeiaieie eoeueoo?u, eae eai.
Nie?auaiea /eneaiiinoe naeueneiai ianaeaiey a aiaiiue e iineaaiaiiue
ia?eiaeu, a iicaeiaa e a nayce n eeeaeaeaoeeae «iaia?niaeoeaiuo» iaeeeo
aea?aaaiue, niinianoaiaaei iinoiyiiiio oiaiueoaieth iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae
eueia-aeieaoioea. Iaeaieueoea cao?aou o?oaea a i?ioeanna aicaeaeuaaiey
eueia
i?eoiaeyony ia ia?eiae oai?ee e iineaoai?i/iie ia?aaioee noaaeae
(nieiiee), aeeth/ay eo ?annoeeaiea, auia/eaaiea e i?aa?auaiea a o?anoo
iiae aicaeaenoaeai iee?iaeieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia. Iinea i?inooeaaiey
o?anoo ia?aaicyo ia eueiicaaiaeu aeey aeaeueiaeoae ia?aaioee. A
?acoeueoaoa
iaoaiecaoeee iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?ioeannia au?aueaaiey, oai?ee e
iineaoai?i/iie ia?aaioee eueia n iiiiuueth eueiieiiaaeiia e ae?oaeo
iaoei
cao?aou aeeaiai o?oaea a yoie io?anee nie?aoeeenue aieaa /ai aaeaia.
Aiaae?aiea iiaie oaoiieiaee iineaoai?i/iie ia?aaioee eueia ia
i?iiuoeaiiie iniiaa, aeeth/ay auia/eaaiea nieiiee e aunooeaaiea o?anou
ia eueiicaaiaeao, iiauoaao yooaeoeaiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa e ea/anoai
aieieia
i?e no?iaii niaethaeaiee anaai oaoiieiae/aneiai oeeeea au?aueaaiey e
oai?
ee yoie eioaineaiie e yeiiiie/anee aunieiyooaeoeaiie eoeueoo?u. Aaaeiia
cia/aiea eiaao oaeaea oeo/oaiea ?aciauaiey eueiicaaiaeia ii ioiioaieth e
ia?niaeoeaiui ?aeiiai au?aueaaiey eueia-aeieaoioea. Eueiiaiaenoai eae
iniiaiay io?aneue ?innee, iaania/eaathuay i?iecaiaenoai aunieioeaiiiai
nu?uey aeey oaenoeeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ioaeaeaaony a nicaeaiee aieaa
aeaai
i?eyoiuo oneiaee aeey naiaai aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey.
Eiiiieyecaeaaia aicaeaeuaaaony aeey iieo/aiey i?i/iiai oiieiai e a?oaiai
aieieia, eaeouaai aeey ecaioiaeaiey oeaiae, eaiaoia, ?uaieiaiuo naoae e
ae?oaeo ecaeaeee, a a ea/anoaa iiai/iie i?iaeoeoeee ec aa naiyi
iieo/atho
oaeaea aee?iua ianea, eiathuea i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiia e oaoie/aneia
iacia/aiea.
Ecaeaeey, ?aiaa ecaioiaeyaoeany ec aieieia eiiiiee, oaia?ue nouanoaaiii
i?eaioe?iaaiu ia eniieueciaaiea neioaoe/aneeo aieieii, /oi a aieueoie
ia?a aeeyao ia cia/eoaeueiia nie?auaiea iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae yoie
eoeueoo?u.
Ianee/iua eoeueoo?ua ia/aea 90-o aiaeia caieiaee ieiei 2/3 ieiuaaee anao
oaoie/aneeo eoeueoo?, aicaeaeuaaaiuo a ?innee. Iaeaieueoaa
?ani?ino?aiaiea
eiatho iinaau iiaenieia/ieea, i?e iaiueoai cia/aiee eueia-eoae?yoa,
?uaeeea,
ai?/eoeu. Yoe eoeueoo?u iaania/eaatho i?iecaiaenoai iniiaiie /anoe
?anoeoaeueiiai ianea, a iiai/iua i?iaeoeou ianeiaieiiai i?iecaiaenoaa –
aeiuo e o?io – eniieuecothony eae oeaiiue ei?i n aieueoei niaea?aeaieai
aaeea
e aee?a, a oaeaea neoaeao nu?ueai aeey i?iecaiaenoaa i?iiuoeaiiuo
eiiaeei?iia.
Iiaenieia/ieeia/eiaao aaaaoaoeeth i?e oaiia?aoo?a ieiei 8°, i?aaeuyaeyy
oia?aiiua o?aaiaaiey e iauei caianai oaiea (aei 2300° aeey iicaeianiaeuo
ni?oia). Aeaaiaea?y oi?ioi ?acaeoie ei?iaaie nenoaia yoi ?anoaiea
niiniaii ecaeaeaoue aeaao ec aeoaieeo neiaa ii/aaiiiai ai?eciioa, /oi
iaoneiaeeaaao aai aicaeaeuaaiea a oneiaeyo canooeeaiai eeeiaoa, oioy i?e
iiauoaiee oaeaaeiaiey o?iaeaeiinoue nouanoaaiii aic?anoaao. Eoeueoo?a
o?aaiaaoaeueia e ieiaei?iaeeth ii/a, iineieueeo n o?iaeaai auiineony
aieueoia
eiee/anoai iniiaiuo yeaiaioia ieoaiey.
Naoa?iay naaeea -iniiaiia naoa?iiiniia ?anoaiea oia?aiiiai iiyna,
eniieuecoaiia aeey i?iecaiaenoaa naoa?a n XIX a., ioaeaeaaony a
cia/eoaeueiuo
caianao oaiea (2000-2800°), eiaao ?anoyiooue ia?eiae aaaaoaoeee (120-160
aeiae), o?aaiaaoaeueia e oneiaeyi oaeaaeiaiey. Aieaa aunieay
naoa?enoinoue
ei?iaieiaeia nia?aiaiiuo ni?oia iiaeao auoue aeinoeaiooa a ?aeiiao n
aieueoei /eneii nieia/iuo aeiae. Aeey yoie eoeueoo?u aeaaii?eyoiu
noaeeienoua, oi?ioi i?ia?aaaaiua e aiaaoua ieoaoaeueiuie aauanoaaie
ii/au, oa?aeoa?ecothueany aunieie aeaaiaieinoueth e iaeo?aeueiie
?aaeoeeae.
Ia?yaeo n i?e?iaeiuie oneiaeyie ia ?aciauaiea naoa?iie naaeeu aeeytho
oaeaea yeiiiie/aneea oaeoi?u: iaania/aiiinoue o?oaeiauie ?ano?naie,
iniaai
iinoe YAI naeueneeo ianoiinoae, o/eouaay aieueooth o?oaeiaieinoue yoie
eoeueoo?u e iaeoth o?ainii?oaaaeueiinoue aa i?iaeoeoeee.
Iniiaiie a?aae aicaeaeuaaiey naoa?iie naaeeu aeeth/aao caiaaeiua e
oeaio?aeueiua ?aeiiu eaninoaiiie e io/anoe noaiiie cii, aaea
iaiaoiaeeiua
oneiaey oaiei- e aeaaiiaania/aiiinoe ni/aoathony n ieiaei?iaeiuie
/a?iicaiiuie ii/aaie, a a naeueneie ianoiinoe e n enoi?e/anee
neiaeeaoaeny nenoaiie naoa?iuo caaiaeia . Yoe ?aeiiu eiatho aunieoth
ieioiinoue naeueneiai ianaeaiey, ?acaaoaeaiioth naoue aaoi- e
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo iaaeno?aeae. Nu?ueaaua ciiu ?aniieaaathony iau/ii a
?aaeeona aei 30 ei io naoa?iuo caaiaeia.
Ea?oioaeueeiaao aaaeiia i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiia e ei?iiaia cia/aiea, a
oaeaea
neoaeeo nu?ueai aeey i?iecaiaenoaa e?aoiaea e nie?oa. Ia/aei ?inoa
ea?oioaey i?ienoiaeeo i?e ioiineoaeueii aunieie oaiia?aoo?a – ieiei 10°,
ii ieioi ia?aiineo caii?icee, ii eiaao n?aaieoaeueii ei?ioeee ia?eiae
aaaaoaoeee (io 60 aei 120 aeiae niioaaonoaaiii o ?aiia- e iicaeianiaeuo
ni?
oia), o?aaoao oia?aiiiai oaeaaeiaiey. I?e yoii ia?aoaeaaeiaiea ii/a e
aunieea eaoiea oaiia?aoo?u ieacuaatho iaaeaaii?eyoiia aeeyiea ia
?acaeoea yoie eoeueoo?u, aaaeouae naia i?ienoiaeaeaiea ec ai?iuo ?aeiiia
Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee. A aea?eoth iiaiaeo i?e iiauoaiee n?aaeianooi/iie
oaiia?aoo?u aei 29° i?ae?auaaony ?acaeoea eeoaiae. Aeey ea?oioaey
iioeiaeueiu ioiineoaeueii eaaeea ii/au, oi?ioi ieoeueoo?aiiua, aiaaoua
niaea?aeaieai iniiaiuo yeaiaioia ieoaiey(N,E, ?), a aieueoii eiee/anoaa
iio?aaeyaiuo a i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey eeoaiae.
Iinaau ea?oioaey ?ani?ino?aiaiu ia i?aiaeaaeathuae /anoe
caieaaeaeue/anee
inaiaiiie oa??eoi?ee iaoae no?aiu. Iaeiaei iaeaieaa aunieay
oa??eoi?eaeueiay eiioeaio?aoeey aai iinaaia oa?aeoa?ia aeey thaeiuo
?aeiiia
eaniie e naaa?iuo /anoae eaninoaiiie cii, a oaeaea ieiuaaeae,
i?eiueathueo
e e?oiiui ai?iaeai, aaea eiathony aeaaii?eyoiua i?e?iaeiua e
yeiiiie/aneea
oneiaey aeey ?acaeoey yoie io?anee . N?aaeiea iiiaieaoiea iieacaoaee
i?iecaiaenoaa ea?oioaey ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 70-o aiaeia ninoaaeyee 41, a
a
ia?aie iieiaeia 80-o – 38 iei o. Ca 1986- 1994 aa. iie ianeieueei
iiieceeenue (aei 36 iei o). I?e yoii n ia/aea 90-o aiaeia i?ienoiaeeee
nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey a ninoaaa iniiaiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae ea?oioaey.
Oae, anee a 80-a aiaeu ia aeieth eieoicia, niaoicia e ae?oaeo
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee i?eoiaeeeinue 40% aaeiaiai nai?a
eeoaiae, oi a 1990 a. – 34%, a 1991 a.-28, a a 1994 a.-11%. A oi aea
a?aiy a 1994 a. a oicyenoaao ianaeaiey auei i?iecaaaeaii ieiei 30 iei o,
eee 88%, a a e?anoueyineeo (oa?ia?neeo) oicyenoaao – ieiei 1 iei o, eee
0,1% aaeiaiai nai?a ea?oioaey ai anao eaoaai?eyo oicyenoa ?innee.
Oaaae -oaieiethaeaay eoeueoo?a, ieioi ia?aiinyuay caii?icee,
o?aaiaaoaeueiay e oneiaeyi oaeaaeiaiey e niaea?aeaieth ieoaoaeueiuo
aauanoa a
ii/aao, ioee/athuayny aieueoie o?oaeiaieinoueth.
Eoeueoo?a /aeiiai eonoaoa?aeoa?ecoaony aunieeie o?aaiaaieyie e oneiaeyi
oaeaaeiaiey e oaieiaiai ?aaeeia, e niaea?aeaieth ieoaoaeueiuo aauanoa a
ii/aao, eioi?ua aeieaeiu eiaoue oi?iooth aeaai- e
aicaeooii?iieoeaaiinoue i?e
neaaieeneie ?aaeoeee n?aaeu.
Iaiuaaiaenoai
Yoa io?aneue aeeth/aao aieueoie iaai? eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee, ioiinyueony
e
?aciui aioaie/aneei aeaeai. Ana iie o?aaiaaoaeueiu e oneiaeyi
oaeaaeiaiey,
niaea?aeaieth ieoaoaeueiuo aauanoa a ii/aa. Yoe eoeueoo?u aicaeaeuaatho
n
i?eiaiaieai aunieeo aeic i?aaie/aneeo e ieia?aeueiuo oaeia?aiee a
ninoaaa
niaoeeaeueiuo iaiuiuo naaiiai?ioia, iiae eioi?ua ioaiaeyo /aua anaai
iiieaeaiiua, aiaaoua i?aaie/aneeie aauanoaaie ianneau caiaeue ii
aeieeiai
?ae, oa??anai ica?, ia iaeei?e?iaaiiuo oi?oyienouo ii/aao, aaea anoue
enoi/ieee aiaeu aeey i?ioaiey. Iaiuiua eoeueoo?u aicaeaeuaatho eae a
ioe?uoii, oae e a caueuaiiii a?oioa, a ia?ieeao e oaieeoeao. Iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiiua eoeueoo?u ioe?uoiai a?oioa a ?innee – eaionoa, oiiao,
naaeea, ii?eiaue, eoe, iao?aoe. Iaeioi?ua ec yoeo eoeueoo? iniai
i?iaeoeoeaiuo ni?oia au?aueaatho oaeaea e a caueuaiiii a?oioa, ia?yaeo n
oeaaoiie eaionoie, naeaoii, ?aaeenii e ae?.
Iaiue eniieuecotho aeey ieoaiey eae a naaaeai, oae e a eiina?ae?iaaiiii
aeaea iinea eo ia?aaioee ia ia?a?aaaouaathueo i?aaei?eyoeyo. Ii ia?a
?inoa
ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey iaiuaaiaenoai eiioeaio?e?iaaeinue a
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo, ?aniieiaeaiiuo eae aaeece e?oiiuo
ai?iaeia e ai?iaeneeo aaeiia?aoeee, oae e a ianoiinoyo n aeaaii?eyoiuie
i?e?iaeiuie e nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeie oneiaeyie aeey i?iecaiaenoaa e
ia?a?aaioee i?iaeoeoeee iaiuiuo eoeueoo?. Iinaaiua ieiuaaee iaiuiuo
eoeueoo?
a 60-80-a aiaeu ninoaaeyee ieiei 7 iei aa, a a ia?aie iieiaeia 90-o
aiaeia iie ianeieueei oiaiueoeeenue. Aaeiaua nai?u iaiuiuo eoeueoo? a
n?aaeiai ca aiae ai anao eaoaai?eyo oicyenoa ca 70-80-a aiaeu ninoaaeyee
10-12 iei o, a a 1991- 1994 aa. – ieiei 10 iei o. I?e yoii a 90-a aiaeu
nouanoaaiii eciaieeinue niioiioaiea i?iaeoeoeee, i?iecaaaeaiiie
?acee/iuie
eaoaai?eyie oicyenoa. Oae, anee a 70-80-a aiaeu i?aiaeaaeathuay /anoue
iaiuae (ieiei 70%) i?iecaiaeeeanue a eieoicao, niaoicao e ae?oaeo
naeueneioi
cyenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo, oi a ia/aea 90-o aiaeia aeiey eo nieceeanue
aei
1/2, a a 1994 a. – aei 1/3 a iauai aaeiaii nai?a iaiuae ai anao
eaoaai?eyo oicyenoa ?innee. Niioaaonoaaiii a 90-a aiaeu i?iecaiaenoai
iaiuae a oicyenoaao ianaeaiey aic?inei n 1/2 aei 2/3, a a e?anoueyineeo
(oa?ia?neeo) oicyenoaao iii ia i?aauoaei 1%.
Aao/aaiaenoai
Aao/aaua eoeueoo?u (a?aoc, aeuiy, oueaa) ioiinyony e oaiei- e
naaoiethaeaui eoeueoo?iui ?anoaieyi, i?ienoiaeyuei ec ?acee/iuo ?aeiiia
o?iie/aneiai e noao?iie/aneiai iiyna Acee, Ao?eee, Aia?eee. Iie eiatho
?anoyiooue ia?eiae aaaaoaoeee, ieioi ia?aiinyo caii?icee. Eo
aicaeaeuaatho
ia eaaeeo, oi?ioi i?ia?aaaaiuo e ay?e?iaaiiuo ii/aao ni cia/eoaeueiui
niaea?aeaieai ieoaoaeueiuo aauanoa, iniaaiii oinoi?a e eaeey.
Iioeiaeueiay
oaiia?aoo?a eo ?inoa e ?acaeoey ninoaaeyao 25-30°, a i?e iiieaeaiee
oaiia?aoo?u aei 12-15° i?ioeann aaaaoaoeee nouanoaaiii caiaaeeyaony.
Aeaaiaea?y neeueii ?acaeoie ei?iaaie nenoaia, i?iieeathuae a aeoaue
ii/aaiiiai i?ioeey ia aeoaeio io 0,5-1 aei 3-5 i, aao/aaua eoeueoo?u
oi?ioi i?eniiniaeaiu e i?iec?anoaieth a neeueii canooeeauo ianoiinoyo
nooeo e ionouiiuo noaiae, oioy eneonnoaaiiia i?ioaiea niinianoaoao
cia/eoaeueiiio oaaee/aieth eo o?iaeaeiinoe, iniaaiii ia aiiaue
inaaeaaaiuo
oeaeeiiuo e caeaaeiuo caieyo.
Ieiaeiaiaenoai
Yoa io?aneue aeeth/aao a?oiio i?aeiouanoaaiii ae?aaaniuo e eonoa?ieeiauo
eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee, au?aueaaaiuo aeey iieo/aiey o?oeoia, yaiae e
i?aoia.
A ninoaaa ieiaeiauo eoeueoo? auaeaeytho a?oiio naia/eiauo (yaeiiy,
a?ooa,
aeaa e ae?.), einoi/eiauo (aeoiy, /a?aoiy, neeaa, aa?eein e ae?.),
yaiaeiuo (/a?iay e e?aniay nii?iaeeia, e?uaeiaiee, iaeeia, caieyieea e
ae?.), i?aoiieiaeiauo (a?aoeeee i?ao, ooiaeoe e ae?.). I?e?iaeiua
i?aaeiinueee
?acaeoey ieiaeiaiaenoaa naycaiu ia oieueei n aa?ieeeiaoe/aneeie
oneiaeyie
oaieiai ia?eiaea, ii e n oneiaeyie ia?aceiiaee ieiaeiauo eoeueoo?.
Iiyoiio
iniiaiua ?aeiiu aicaeaeuaaiey ieiaeiauo eoeueoo? iaoiaeyony a
Aa?iiaeneie
?innee.
Aeiia?aaea?noaii?aaenoaaeaii ?acee/iuie aeaeaie noieiauo e oaoie/aneeo
ni?oia aeiia?aaeiie eicu, eioi?ua eniieuecothony aeey ieoaiey eae a
naaaeai
e nooaiii aeaea, oae e a ea/anoaa nu?uey aeey i?eaioiaeaiey nieia, aei,
eiiiioia, aa?aiuey e ae?oaeo i?iaeoeoia. Eoeueoo?a aeiia?aaea oi?ioi
i?eniiniaeaia e oneiaeyi oia?aiii oaieiai e noao?iie/aneiai eeeiaoa, on
iaoii aicaeaeuaaaony ia eaaeeo, o?yuaaaouo, uaaienouo, oi?ioi
i?ia?aaaaiuo e ay?e?iaaiiuo ii/aao ii neeiiai oieiia e ai?. Aeaaiaea?y
oi?ioi ?acaeoie, aeoaiei i?iieeathuae ia neaeaoiuo ii/aao ei?iaaie
nenoaia aeiia?aaeiay eica niiniaia ecaeaeaoue aiaeo n aieueoie aeoaeiu
(aei
7 i io iiaa?oiinoe). Iiae aeiia?aaeieee iau/ii eniieuecotho caiee,
iaeii?eaiaeiua aeey aicaeaeuaaiey iieaauo e ae?oaeo ieiaeiauo
eoeueoo?iuo
?anoaiee.
Ei?iiaua eoeueoo?u
Ei?iiaua eoeueoo?u ia/aee aicaeaeuaaoue iicaeiaa ae?oaeo eoeueoo?iuo
?anoaiee. A eo ninoaaa iaeaieueoea ieiuaaee caieiatho iiiaieaoiea e
iaeiieaoiea o?aau, eniieuecoaiua a ea/anoaa caeaiiai ei?ia, aeey
i?eaioiaeaiey naia, naiaaea, a oaeaea neeiniua eoeueoo?u (eoeo?oca,
iiaenieia/iee e ae?.), ei?iiaua ei?iaieiaeu e aao/aaua. Ca iineaaeiea
o?e
aeanyoeeaoey i?ienoiaeeei iiauoaiea iauae ieiuaaee iinaaia ei?iiauo
eoeueoo? n 37 aei 44 iei aa ca 1960-1991 aa., a eo aeiey a ninoaaa anao
iinaaia au?inea ca yoio aea ia?eiae n 30 aei 38%.
Iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiue ?ino iinaaia oa?aeoa?ai aeey iiiaieaoieo o?aa,
ieiuaaee eioi?uo ii/oe oaeaieeenue n 1960 ii 1991 a. Yoi iaoneiaeei e
nouanoaaiiia eciaiaiea no?oeoo?u iinaaia ei?iiauo eoeueoo?
Aeaaa 3
Nia?aiaiiay aaia?aoey ?anoaieaaiaenoaa
Oa??eoi?eaeueiay eiioeaio?aoeey iinaaia y?iaie ioaieoeu aic?anoaao a
ainoi/iuo /anoyo eaninoaiiuo e noaiiuo ?aeiiia Aa?iiaeneie ?innee, a
ia/eiay n Caaieaeuey e aeaeaa a I?eo?aeuea e Neae?e iie ainiiaenoaotho a
ninoaaa iinaaia ca?iiauo eoeueoo? .A ?aeiiao aieaa nooiai eeeiaoa
au?aueaatho oeaiiua ni?oa oaa?aeuo ioaieoe, aeathueo «noaeeiaeaeiia»
ca?ii, iae
aaeathuaa aunieeie oeaaiiaea?iuie ea/anoaaie e oe?iei eniieuecoaiia aeey
i?iecaiaenoaa iaea?iiiuo ecaeaeee. Yoe i?aeiouanoaa oaa?aeuo ioaieoe a
ecaanoiie ia?a eiiiaine?otho iiieaeaiea o?iaeaeiinoe a oneiaeyo nooiai
eeeiaoa.
I?iyaeaoayny a 60-80-a aiaeu iauay oaiaeaioeey iiauoaiey aeiee iinaaia
iceiie ioaieoeu ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee iiaeao auoue ioeaiaia
iieiaeeoaeueii,
oae eae iia niinianoaiaaea oaaee/aieth i?iecaiaenoaa
i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiiai
ca?ia. E?iia oiai, au?aueaaiea iceiie ioaieoeu niinianoaoao aieaa
?aaiiia?iiio ?ani?aaeaeaieth o?oaeiauo cao?ao a inaiiee e aanaiiee
ia?eiaeu
aaaaoaoeee, /oi eiaao aaaeiia oicyenoaaiiia cia/aiea, iniaaiii a
oneiaeyo
aeaoeoeeoa o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia.
Aaeiaua nai?u iceiie e y?iaie ioaieoeu, ninoaaeyaoea a 70-80-a aiaeu
50-55 iei o ca?ia a n?aaeiai ca aiae, a iniiaiii iaania/eaatho
iio?aaiinoe
ianaeaiey a oeaaiaoei/iuo ioaie/iuo ecaeaeeyo. A ?an/aoa ia aeooo
ianaeaiey yoi ninoaaeyao 350-420 ea, /oi i?aauoaao o?iaaiue aeooaaiai
i?iecaiaenoaa ioaieoeu a NOA.
Iniiaiua a?aaeu aicaeaeuaaiey iceiie ?aee i?eo?i/aiu e ciia
aea?iiai-iiaecieenouo ii/a Aa?iiaeneie ?innee, iniaaiii a aa
oeaio?aeueiuo
e noi/iuo ?aeiiao. ?aeaiie oeaa a yoeo ?aeiiao yaeyaony o?aaeeoeeiiii
eiui
i?iaeoeoii ieoaiey naeueneeo e ai?iaeneeo aeeoaeae, ian/eouaathueo
aieueoa60
iei /aeiaae. Iiyoiio caiaoiia nie?auaiea iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae ?aee a?yae
ee
iiaeii n/eoaoue ii?aaaeaiiui.
Naiaia?aciua yeieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe eoeo?ocu e i?aaeaea anaai aunieea
o?aaiaaiey e oa?ie/aneei ?ano?nai iaoneiaeeaatho ia?aie/aiiua a?aaeu
au?aueaaiey aa ia ca?ii a ?aeiiao I?aaeeaaeacuey, Ieaeiaai I?eaeiiuey e
Iiaieaeuey. A noaiiuo, eaninoaiiuo, io/anoe a thaeiuo eaniuo ?aeiiao
?innee
n iaiueoeie oaieiauie ?ano?naie eoeo?oco au?aueaatho aei noaaeee ii
ei/ii-aineiaie niaeinoe, eioi?ay ianooiaao i?e noiiao oaiia?aoo? io
1800 aei 2200° niioaaonoaaiii aeey ?aiianiaeuo e n?aaeiaiicaeieo ni?oia.
Niy, eae aeaaiethaeaia e oaieiethaeaia ?anoaiea, eiaao ia?aie/aiiua
a?aaeu ?ani?ino?aiaiey e caieiaao cia/eoaeueiua ieiuaaee ia thaa
Aeaeueiaai
Ainoiea, aaea ainiiaenoaoao aeaaeiue ionniiiue eeeiao
Iinaaiua ieiuaaee ?ena ia/aee caiaoii aic?anoaoue a ?innee iinea
?anoe?aiey ianneaia i?ioaaiuo caiaeue n na?aaeeiu 60-o aiaeia. A?aaeu
au?aueaaiey ?ena i?eo?i/aiu e ieciaueyi e?oiiuo ?ae Aa?iiaeneie ?innee e
o?aaeeoeeiiiui ?eniaiae/aneei ?aeiiai Aeaeueiaai Ainoiea.
Eoeueoo?a eiiiiee ioee/aaony aunieeie o?aaiaaieyie e niaea?aeaieth
ieoaoaeueiuo aauanoa a ii/aao, ioaeaeaaony a aieueoii eiee/anoaa aeaae e
oaiea a ia?eiae eioaineaiiai ?inoa. Ana yoi enoi?e/anee iaoneiaeei
i?eo?i/aiiinoue «i/aaia» eiiiieaaiaenoaa e ianoiinoyi n oi?ioi
ieoeueoo?aiiuie aiaaouie ii/aaie ii aeieeiai ?ae a eaninoaiiie e noaiiie
ciiao Aa?iiaeneie ?innee. Aieaa oaieiethaeaua ni?oa thaeiie eiiiiee
au?aueaatho a ?yaea ?aeiiia Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca.
Iniiaiua ?aeiiu aicaeaeuaaiey iiaenieia/ieea i?eo?i/aiu e noaiiie ciia e
ainoi/iie /anoe eaninoaie Aa?iiaeneie ?innee. Ioiineoaeueii iaaieueoea
ieiuaaee iinaaia iaoiaeyony a THaeiii I?eo?aeuea e a nooinoaiiuo ?aeiiao
Aeoaeneiai e?ay n ioiineoaeueii aunieie iaania/aiiinoueth oaieiauie
?ano?naie .N?aaeiyy iiiaieaoiyy o?iaeaeiinoue naiyi iiaenieia/ieea ii
?innee a oeaeii ninoaaeyao 10-12 oe/aa, a aaeiaua nai?u ca aiae a
n?aaeiai
ii iyoeeaoeyi eciaiythony io 2,3 aei 3,1 iei o. A 1990-1991 aa. a ?innee
auei i?iecaaaeaii ieiei 1,16 iei o, eee ieiei 8 ea ia aeooo ianaeaiey,
iiaenieia/iiai ianea, /oi ia iaania/eaaao iio?aaiinoe ianaeaiey,
o/eouaay iaaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaa a 1992-1994 aa. Ae?oaea ianee/iua
eoeueoo?u
eiatho ia?aie/aiiua a?aaeu ?ani?ino?aiaiey. Eai-eoae?yo (ianee/iue)
eoeueoeae?otho a oeaio?aeueiuo e ainoi/iuo ?aeiiao eaninoaiiie ciiu,
?uaeee,
ioee/athueeny aieaa ei?ioeei ia?eiaeii aaaaoaoeee, – a eaninoaie
Caiaaeiie
Neae?e, a canooionoie/eaoth ai?/eoeo – a Ieaeiai Iiaieaeuea e
Noaa?iiieueneii
e?aa.
Ioaeaeueiua i/aae naaeeiaiaenoaa ?aniieiaeaiu a eaninoaiiuo ?aeiiao
N?aaeiaai Iiaieaeuey, I?eo?aeuey (Aaoee?ey), ia naaa?i-caiaaea
I?aaeeaaeacuey
(E?aniiaea?neee e?ae), a oaeaea a i?aaeai?ueyo Aeoay n ioiineoaeueii
aieaa
aeaaii?eyoiuie aa?ieeeiaoe/aneeie oneiaeyie. A ?yaea yoeo ?aeiiia
naaeeiaiaenoaii ia/aee caieiaoueny a aiaeu Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu e a
iineaai
aiiue ia?eiae, eiaaea iniiaiua naaeeiaiae/aneea ?aeiiu auee
ieeoie?iaaiu.
N?aaeiaaiaeiaia i?iecaiaenoai naoa?iie naaeeu n 1976-1980 aei 1986-
1990it.
au?inei n 25,4 aei 33,2 iei o i?aeiouanoaaiii ca n/ao ?inoa o?iaeaeiinoe
(ni 158 aei 225 oe/aa). A 1990 a. auei i?iecaaaeaii 3,6 iei o
naoa?a-ianea, eee 24 ea ia aeooo ianaeaiey, /oi eeoue /anoe/ii
iaania/eaaao iio?aaiinoe aeeoaeae ?innee a yoii aeaea i?iaeoeoeee.
Iaaeinoaoie nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ainiieiyeny ca n/ao eiii?oa
naoa?a, ninoaaeaoaai a 1994 a. nauoa 2,2 iei o.
Iniiaiua ieiuaaee iinaaia oaaaea iaoiaeyony a i?aaeai?ii-ai?iuo ?aeiiao
Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca, aaea i?aiaeaaeatho auuaei/aiiua ii/au. Iaiaa oeaiiua
ni?oa oaaaea (iaoi?eo) aicaeaeuaatho oaeaea a iaeioi?uo eaninoaiiuo
?aeiiao Oeaio?aeueiie ?innee.
Ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee /ae eiaao ia?aie/aiiue a?aae ?ani?ino?aiaiey a
i?ea?aaeiuo noao?iie/aneeo ?aeiiao *a?iiii?neiai iiaa?aaeuey
E?aniiaea?neiai e?ay. Yoi iaeei ec naiuo naaa?iuo ?aeiiia /aaaiaenoaa a
ie?a, aaea auaaaeaiu i?eniiniaeaiiua e ianoiui oneiaeyi ni?oa /ay.
A i?aaeaeao eaniie ciiu e?oiiua i/aae iaiuaaiaenoaa enoi?e/anee
neiaeeeenue
a eioeiaeia ica?a Ia?i ieiei ?inoiaa Aaeeeiai, a aeieeiao ?ae Iee e
Iineau, ia iieiaiiuo e ieceiiuo caieyo aaeece Iineau, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa
e ae?oaeo e?oiiuo ai?iaeia. A thaeiuo ?aeiiao n aieueoeie oaieiauie
oa?ie/aneeie ?ano?naie ia ianneaao i?ioaaiuo caiaeue au?aueaatho aieaa
oaieiethaeaua iaiuiua eoeueoo?u. E?oiiua a?aaeu iaiuaaiaenoaa n ?acaeoie
iaiuaeiina?aiie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth iaoiaeyony ia Naaa?iii Eaaeaca, a
ieciaueyo Aeiia e Aieae. Aieai-Aoooaeineay aeieeia e aeaeueoa Aieae –
e?oiiaeoea ?aeiiu iaiuaaiaenoaa a ?innee, aaea au?aueaatho i?iaeoeoeaiua
ni?oa oiiaoia e ae?oaeo oaieiethaeauo eoeueoo?.
Yeieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe iniiaiuo aao/aauo eoeueoo? iaoneiaeeaatho eo
oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a canooeeauo ?aeiiao Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca e
Ieaeiaai Iiaieaeuey.
A i?aaeaeao eaniie ciiu, iniaaiii a aa caiaaeiuo e oeaio?aeueiuo
?aeiiao,
iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea eiatho yaeiiaaua naaeu n ?aciiia?aciuie aeaeaie e
ni?oaie, ioee/athueieny ioiineoaeueii aunieie ceiinoieeinoueth. Ii ia?a
ia?aoiaea a eaninoaiioth e noaiioth ciiu ninoaa ieiaeiauo eoeueoo?
?anoe?yaony ca n/ao au?aueaaiey aieaa oaieiethaeauo ?anoaiee.
Iaeaieueoaa
?aciiia?acea ieiaeiauo aea?aaueaa e i?aoiieiaeiauo ianaaeaeaiee
oa?aeoa?ii
aeey i?aaeai?iuo ?aeiiia Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca, aaea eiathony e
iiiai/eneaiiua
ieiaeieiina?aiua, e ae?oaea ia?a?aaaouaathuea i?aaei?eyoey.
Ia aceaoneie oa??eoi?ee ?innee iaaieueoea i/aae ieiaeiauo eoeueoo?,
i?aeiouanoaaiii eonoa?ieeiauo, ano?a/athony a ianoiinoyo n aieaa
aeaaii?eyoiuie iee?ieeeiaoe/aneeie oneiaeyie (a I?eo?aeuea, a
i?aaeai?ueyo
Aeoay, a I?eii?neii e?aa). A ia/aea 70-o aiaeia a Aeoaeneii e?aa nicaeai
aaeeinoaaiiue a Neae?e IEE naaeiaiaenoaa, a eioi?ii aaaeaony ?aaioa ii
auaaaeaieth iiauo ii?icionoie/eauo aeaeia ieiaeiauo eoeueoo?.
Iniiaiua ieiuaaee ianaaeaeaiee aeiia?aaea ?innee nin?aaeioi/aiu ia
Naaa?iii
Eaaeaca: a i?e/a?iiii?neeo ?aeiiao E?aniiaea?neiai e?ay, a i?aaeai?iuo
?aeiiao *a/aineie ?anioaeeee, Aeaaanoaia, a I?eoa?a/iie iieina.
Iaaieueoea ianneau aeiia?aaeieeia ?aniieiaeaiu ia ian/aiuo ianneaao a
ieciaueyo Aeiia e a aeaeueoa Aieae, aaea aua a XVIII a. auee caeiaeaiu
ia?aua
ia ?one aeiia?aaeieee.
Yeieiae/aneea i?iaeaiu naeueneiai oicyenoaa
I?yiieeiaeiay i?aaiecaoeey iieae a caieaiieueciaaiee n iaia?oai
cae?aieaiiie nenoaiie iieacaueoiuo iiein , iaaeio/ao ianoiuo oi?i
?aeueaoa nicaeaee aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey iianaianoiiai ?acaeoey
aao?iaie e aiaeiie y?icee
Nicaeaiea iiei/ii-iyniuo aeaaioia iaa?ioeinue oneeaiiui auoaiouaaieai
ianoaeu e i
ioieaie ia/enoio , noaeathueo a aeeaeaeoea aiaeiaiu .
Ia?aoeeiiaeueiay aiaeiay iaeei?aoeey i?eaaea e oiio ,/oi aeanyoee
ieeeeiiia
aaeoa?ia i?
iaeoeoeaiuo caiaeue auiaee ec naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai iieueciaaiey
Iaoiaeay oeiecaoeey – aeaaiay aaaea naeueneiai oicyenoaa . I?eiaiaiea
aa?aeoeeaeia e iano
eoeeaeia ia oieueei niinianoaoao ai?ueaa n a?aaeiuie ni?iyeaie e
aeeaioiuie ,
ii e ii?aaeaao iieaciua iee?ii?aaieciu , oei?o e oaoio ieiaei?iaeey ,
io
ianniaiai i?eiaiaiey oeieeaoia caa?yciythony enoi/ieee ieoueaaie aiaeu ,
aeaioo eana – caueoieee iaoie .
Ino?u yeieiae/aneea i?iaeaiu a iaoae no?aia :aanoicyenoaaiiinoue,
oeuie/aneia ioiioaiea e i?e?iaeiui aiaaonoaai , auiieiaiea ieaiia ethaie
oeaiie , oicyenoaaiiay aeaaioiiaiey , iaaeinoaoie oeiainiauo ,
iaoa?eaeueiuo ?ano?nia , ionoonoaea a oa/aiee aeieaeo eao i?ia?aiiu
caueou e icaei?iaeaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu i?eaaee e o?aae/aneei
iineaaenoaeyi .
Iainiiaaiea iooae ?aoaiey i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiie i?iaeaiu ?innee
iaiaoiaeeii
i?iaiaeeoue a oaniie nayce n ?ac?aaioeie ia? ii iiaeaea?aeaieth
aeeiaie/aneiai
?aaiiaaney i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu, ii caueoa eaiaeoaooiie noa?u io
caa?yciaiey
e ?ac?ooaiey.
A eaninoaiiie e noaiiie ciiao, aaea iaoie caieiatho ieiei 3/4 anae
ieiuaaee, ia?ooaiea yeieiae/aneiai ?aaiiaaney naycaii n oe?ieei
?ani?ino?aiaieai aiaeiie e aao?iaie y?icee, iniaaiii a eaiaeoaooao
N?aaeia?onneie e I?eaieaeneie aicauoaiiinoae. Iiuo nicaeaiey eoeueoo?iuo
eaiaeoaooia, iaeaaeathueo yeieiae/aneie onoie/eainoueth, aue caeiaeai A.
A.Aeieo/aaaui a eiioea XIX a. a o?i/eua Eaiaiiay noaiue ia oa??eoi?ee
Ai?iiaaeneie iae., aaea iuia ?aniieiaeai IEE naeueneiai oicyenoaa. Yoio
iiuo iaiaoiaeeii eniieueciaaoue i?e niaa?oainoaiaaiee oi?i i?aaiecaoeee
oa??eoi?ee a ?aeiiao Oeaio?aeueiie ?innee.
A caieaaeaeue/anee inaiaiiuo ?aeiiao eanioaaaeiie e eenoaaiii-eaniie cii
ia?ooaiea yeieiae/aneiai ?aaiiaaney ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ia?aaeei naycaii
n
/?acia?iie au?oaeie eania, inooaieai aieio, yaeythueony enoi/ieeaie
ieoaiey iiiaeo ?ae. I?e yoii aea?iiai-iiaecieenoua e na?ua eaniua ii/au
oa?aeoa?ecothony aieaa aunieie iioaioeeaeueiie y?iceiiiie iianiinoueth
ii
n?aaiaieth n /a?iicaiaie eaninoaiiie e noaiiie cii.
Iooe ?aoaiey yeieiae/aneeo i?iaeai
No?aoaaey nia?aiaiiiai ?acaeoey – yoi naaeaine?iaaiiia yeieiae/aneia
?acaeoea e ?aaeiiaeueiia i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiea .
Ia nouea yeiiiieee e yeieiaee ?iaeeeanue iiaay iaoea – yeiiiieea
i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiey (yeiiiie/aneay yeieiaey eee yeieiae/aneay
yeiiiieea)
. Aaaeiaeoae caaea/ae iiaie iaoee yaeyaony ia i?inoi ioeaiea
nia?aiaiiiai
ninoiyiey yeiiiieee e i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu , eo acaeiiaeaenoaey , ii e
i?iaiice?iaaiea ?acaeoey yeiiiie/aneie e yeieiae/aneie nenoai , iiiuoea
i?aaeaeaeaoue aoaeouaa e oi?aaeyoue ei oaea naaiaeiy .
?ac?aaioea e ?aaeecaoeey iaoeeiiaeueiie yeieiae/aneie i?ia?aiiu ?innee
aeieaeiu aeeth/aoue iniaua oneiaey yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey , aieioue aei
aeanoeiai ia?aie/aiey ?aciauaiey i?iecaiaenoaa . Iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai
?aaeecaoeee yeieiae/aneie i?ia?aiiu yaeyaony nioeeaeueii i?eaioe?iaaiiay
yeiiiieea , o/eouaathuay ia oieueei eioa?anu aeeoaeae , ii e oneiaey
aeecie
ianaeaiey . A naeueneii oicyenoaa eioaineoeeaoeey i?iecaiaenoaa aeieaeia
auoue inouanoaeaia ca n/ao niaa?oaiiuo aeioaoiieiaee , no?oeoo?u
eciaiaiee a caieaiieueciaaiee , ?aoeeiiaeueiie iaeei?aoeee .
Iaeii ec iai?aaeaiee yeieiaecaoeee caieaiieueciaaiey – aica?auaiea aa a
eiii i?e?iaeu , nio?aiaiea aeieiae/aneeo i?aaieciia , ii/au , nicaeaiea
aeieiae/aneeo oaeia?aiee , iaiaauathueo aoioniaue ai?eciio a?eaaie ,
aaeoa?eyie e aiaei?ineyie a oaeaea aeieaoaeecaoi?aie . Iiyaeaiea oaeie
iaoee , eae aeioaoiieiaey aoiona , yoi naeueneia oicyenoai caao?aoiaai
aeiy .
Naaiaeiy a E?aniiaea?neii e?aa i?eiaiythony aacaa?aeoeeaeiua oaoiieiaee
i?iecaiaenoaa eoeo?ocu e ?ena . A Iineie iaeanoe ?yae oicyenoa ,
ioeacaaoenue io i?eiaiaiey aa?aeoeeaeia e ianoeoeeaeia iieo/eee n?aaeiee
o?iaeae ninoaaee 22-32,7 oe/aa , /oi auoa n?aaeiaiaeanoiuo iieacaoaeae .
Iiaue niinia eaiaeueiiai i?ioaiey iicaieyao iiaeaanoe aiaeo ii
eaiaeey?iui
o?oai/eai iaiin?aaenoaaiii e eaaeaeiio ?anoaieth aianoa n ?anoai?aiiuie
a
iae ieia?aeueiuie oaeia?aieyie . Aacioaaeueiay aniaoea ia oieueei
eneeth/aao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue ai?icaeeoue caieth , eniieuecoy oyaeaeoth oaoieeo , ii e
naa?aaaao ii/ao io aao?iaie y?icee .
Iaiaoiaeeii aa?iooueny e io iiiieoeueoa e naaiiai?ioo , aica?aoea ii/aa
aa
anoanoaaiiue aeieiae/aneee iai?io .
Aeey iia?aoeaiiai i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ia yeieiae/aneie iianiinoe a ?innee
iaiaoiaeeii iaeaaeeoue ananoi?iiiee e eiiieaeniue IIIEOI?EIA (nenoaia
iaaethaeaiey ca ninoiyieai i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu a ?acoeueoaoa aa ?acaeoey
eee
aeeyiey ia iaa oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea .
Aeenoaioeeiiiue iiieoi?eia o?aaoao :
aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey e niaa?oainoaiaaiey ?inneeneie einie/aneie i?
ia?aiiu
eiiieaeniiai yeieiai-aaia?aoe/aneiai ianeaaeiaaiey oa??eoi?ee
?acoeueoaou eiiieaeniuo enneaaeiaaiee io?aaeathony ia niaoeeaeueiuo
ea?oao ,
ia iniiaa eioi?uo iiaeii ?ac?aaioaoue noaiu ?aoeeiiaeueiiai inaiaiey
oa??eoi?ee . Ana yoi o?aaoao nicaeaiey niaoeeaeueiiai iiae?acaeaeaiey
ea?oia?aoee i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiey .
?aoaiea yeieiae/aneeo i?iaeai aoaeao ai iiiaii caaenaoue io i?eiyoey
niioaaonoaothueo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia , /oiau naa?aaeaiea ?iaeiie
i?e?iaeu
noaei i?ei?eoaoiie caaea/ae ainoaea?noaa .Anoaao aii?in i ?ai?aaiecaoeee
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu oaeei ia?acii , /oiau noeioee?iaaoue nio?aiaiea eeai
ainnoaiiaeaiea i?e?iaeiie noa?u .
Caeeth/aiea
Eoae , ?anoaieaaiaenoai , eae iaiouaieaiay ninoaaeythuay /anoue
aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena ianiiiaiii ea?aao aaaeioth ?ieue a no?oeoo?a
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa . Io ninoiyiey ?anoaieaaiaenoaa iai?yioth caaeneo
o?iaaiue AII . Ii , ea?ay noieue aaaeioth ?ieue a aeecie no?aiu , yoa
io?aneue
a aeaiiue io?acie a?aiaie i?aauaaao a iea/aaiii ninoiyiee . Eieoicu e
niaoicu ec-ca ?yaea i?e/ei , oaeeo eae iiieaeaiea /anoiuo eiaanoeoeee e
ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeioaoeee , ionoonoaea iiaeaea?aeee ainoaea?noaa ,
ec-ca
oeuaiee eiouanoaa e eciina naeueneioicyenoaaiiie oaoieee iii?inoo
i?inoaeaatho , i?eiiny aieueoa oauoeia , /ai i?eauee . O oa?ia?ia aeaea
ia
noiyo ia eo/oa :aeooauea iaeiae , ath?ie?aoey ia ianoao , ?yeao – ana
yoi
ianiiiaiii iaoaao ii?iaeueiiio ?acaeoeth e ooieoeeiie?iaaieth
?anoaieaaiaenoaa .
ss aeaeo ianeieueei iooae auoiaea ec aeaiiie neooaoeee . Ai-ia?auo
iaiaoiaeeii
ioaeaoue io?aneue ?anoaieaaiaenoai oeaeeeii a ?oee /anoiiai naeoi?a
(eiathony
a aeaeo oa?ia?neea oicyenoaa). Caoai ainoaea?noai ia aeaa – o?e aiaea
aeieaeii iinoaaeoue oa?ia?ia a i?eaaeaae?iaaiioth eaoaai?eth
th?eaee/aneeo
eeoe (yoi iaiaoiaeeii aeey oiai , /oiau oa?ia? iia “anoaoue ia iiae”,
i?a
aeinoaaeoue ei eueaioiua e?aaeeou . Nae/an ioaeii iicaaioeoueny i
i?eauee a
aeieain?i/iii ia?eiaea .Eiaaea-oi aaaeue ?inney auea aaeeeie
yeiiiie/aneie
aea?aeaaie , e iu niiaeai eni?aaeoue oaeouaa iieiaeaiea aauae ,
ainnoaiaaeeaay ?ac?ooaiiua e oo?a/aiiua ca ianeieueei eao nioou io?anee
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa . ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu – /anoiay nianoaaiiinoue .
Iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeinoaaeoue ?aaeueiua n?aaenoaa e ?aaeueioth caieth a
?oee
oa?ia?ia . Anee ia iaoaoue ei ?acaeaaoueny , aiciiaeii iieo/eoue
iaieioea
?acoeueoaou a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa .
I?eeiaeaiey
Oaaeeoea 1
Ciiaeueiay niaoeeaeecaoeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa
I?e?iaeiua ciiuEeeiaoe/aneea oneiaeyNoaiaiue oaeaaeiaieyOei ii/au
?anoaieaaiaenoai
Ooiae?a , eaniooiae?aOieiaeiue iiyn
S 400-1000
aeaaeiay ciia
K>1.0
ooiae?iai-aeaaaua , iaeiieiaei?iaeiua , aeeienouai/aaiaue oa?aeoa? , a
cae?uoii a?oioa
Oaaaeiay , eaniayoieiaeii-oia?aiiue iiyn
S1000-2000
K>1.0iiaecieenouaeai-aeieaoiaoe , ?iaeue, y?iaay ioaieoea , iaan,
y/iaiue ,
nayiua o?aau , ea?oioaeue, iaiue
Eaninoaiiayoia?aiiue iiyn
S2200-3400
neaai-canooeeaay ciia
0,55
K 3600K>1.0e?aniicaiuieiaeiaiaenoai , aeiia?aaenoai ,
/aaaiaenoai
Iaeanoe aunioiie iiyniinoe K>1.0ai?ii-
-eoaiaua
-eaniua
-noaiiua
Ionniiiua eana I?eii?neiai e?ayS 1600-2200K>1.0ao?ua eaniua?en , niy
Oaaeeoea 2
Nia?aiaiiay aaia?aoey ?anoaieaaiaenoaa
Eoeueoo?aIniiaiua ?aeiiu i?iecaiaenoaa
Ca?iiaua eoeueoo?u
ioaieoea iceiayNaaa?iue Eaaeac , Oeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiue ?aeii ,
Iiaieaeuea
ioaieoeay?iaayIiaieaeuea , THaeiue O?ae , Neae?ue , Ia/a?iicaiuea
?iaeueiceiayIa/a?iicaiuea , Iiaieaeuea ,O?ae , Neae?ue
?iaeue y?iaay?anioaeeea Naoa , Ao?yoey
y/iaiueO?ae , Neae?ue , Naaa?iue Eaaeac , Oeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiue ?aeii
,
Iiaieaeuea
iaanAieai-Ayoneee y.?. , O?ae , Caiaaeiay e Ainoi/iay Neae?ue
eoeo?ocaNaaa?iue Eaaeac , Oeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiue ?aeii , Ieaeiaa
Iiaieaeuea
i?iniOeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiue ?aeii , Iiaieaeuea , Naaa?iue Eaaeac ,O?ae
a?a/eoaOeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiue ?aeii , Iiaieaeuea
?enNaaa?iue Eaaeac , ieciauey Aieae , I?eii?neee e?ae
Oaoie/aneea eoeueoo?u
eai-aeieaoiaoeAieai-Ayoneee , Oeaio?aeueiue , Naaa?iue ,
Naaa?i-Caiaaeiue
iiaenieia/ieeNaaa?iue Eaaeac , Oeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiue ?aeii ,
Iiaieaeuea
eiiiieyNaaa?iue Eaaeac , Ia/a?iicaiuea
Ea?oioaeueAieai-Ayoneee , Oeaio?aeueiue , Oeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiue ?aeii
IaiueNaaa?iue Eaaeac , Oeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiue ?aeii , Iiaieaeuea
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u :
1. E.A. ?iaeeiiiaa«Yeiiiie/aneay aaia?aoey ?innee»
2. TH.E. Ao?aiia«I?e?iaea iiae no?aiu», Iineaa , «Iuneue», 1989
Aoean
«No?aiu e ia?iaeu»
N.E. Naeiaiia
«Aa?ii?iiuoeaiiue eiiieaen ?NON? . Nouiinoue , oeaee , caaea/e», Iineaa
, «
Niaaoneay ?inney», 1989
Iaci?
«Ia?iaeiia oicyenoai ?O», Iineaa , «Iuneue», 1987
AEo?iae
«Aii?inu yeiiiieee»? 1 , 1995
AEo?iae
«Aii?inu yeiiiieee»? 7 , 1996
AEo?iae
«Yenia?o»io 01.11.1997
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