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Географическая характеристика Севостополя

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“Noieo iaae *a?iui ii?ai Naaanoiiieue, aeaaaeaeu oaai/aiiue neaaie aeaoo
naieo iai?ii, e yoa neaaa, iiaeiaii aeaieiie caacaea, naa?eaao ia aa/iii
iaaa enoi?ee iaoae no?aiu”, – ienae Eaiieae Niaieaa. Naaanoiiieue aei?ia
a?aaeaeaiai anao no?ai NIA: n yoei ai?iaeii naycaiu ciaiaiaoaeueiua
niauoey, iiaeaeae i?ineaaeaiiuo nuiia e aei/a?ae iaeiaaea aaeeiiai
ainoaea?noaa, iie ie?oaeaiu i?aieii aa?ieee, aeiaeanoe e neaau, a iaai
aeiaeaia /anoeoea na?aeoea eaaeaeiai ec ieo.

Eiy, aeaiiia ai?iaeo i?e aai iniiaaiee, a ia?aaiaea n a?a/aneiai
icia/aao “aaee/anoaaiiue, aeinoieiue iieeiiaiey, aa?ie/aneee ai?iae”. Ii
ii?aaaeae aai naiae aieaa /ai aeaooaaeiaie enoi?eae. Anoue ia Caiea
ai?iaea noa?oa, aeaaea ae?aaiaa, ii iao ?aaiiai aio ii aa?ie/aneei
iiaeaeaai, eioi?ua auee niaa?oaiu aai caueoieeaie a oa/aiea iaeiiai
eeoue noieaoey a 1854-1855 e a 1941-1944 aa. A /anoue neaaiiai ai?iaea
o/?aaeaeaiu iaaeaee “Ca caueoo Naaanoiiiey n 13 naioya?y 1854 a. ii 27
aaaonoa 1855 a.”, “Ca iai?iio Naaanoiiiey” a 1941-1942 aa.

Ai?iaeii-aa?iai Naaanoiiieue iacaae ia?iae auaoaai Niaaoneiai Nithca
oaea a ia?aua aiaeu Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu. A 1941 – 1942 aa.
auoiaeeee eieae n iacaaieai “Ai?iae-aa?ie Naaanoiiieue”. Ioeoeeaeueii
yoi ii/aoiia iaeiaiiaaiea auei cae?aieaii a ia?aiiaeneii i?eeaca ?20
1945 a. Aa?oiaiui Aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei. A nayce n yoei iao Oeaca
I?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? i i?enaiaiee Naaanoiiieth ii/aoiiai
caaiey “Ai?iae-aa?ie”, a anoue Oeac io 8 iay 1965 a. “I a?o/aiee
ai?iaeo-aa?ith Naaanoiiieth i?aeaia Eaieia e iaaeaee “Cieioay Caacaea”.
E yoie iaa?aaea ia ciaiaie ai?iaea a 1954 a. i?eniaaeeieeny i?aeai
E?aniiai Ciaiaie, a 1983 a. – i?aeai Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee;
*a?iiii?neee oeio a 1965 a. iaa?aaeaeai i?aeaiii E?aniiai Ciaiaie,
caneoae iieiaeaaee ai?iaea ioia/aiu a 1948 a. oaeaea i?aeaiii E?aniiai
Ciaiaie. I ?aoiuo e o?oaeiauo iiaeaeaao naaanoiiieueoeaa, ii?yeia
*a?iiii?neiai oeioa iaiiieiatho 2015 iaiyoieeia. Naaanoiiieue – naiia
iinauaaiia ianoi E?uia. A 1970-80-o aiaeao a ai?iaea aaeaaiaeii auaaei
ii 8 iei. /aeiaae.

Naaanoiiieue naaiaeiy – e?oiiaeoee iacaia?cathuee ii?neie oi?aiaue,
?uaiue ii?o, i?iiuoeaiiue, iao/ii-oaoie/aneee, ?ae?aaoeeiiiue e
eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneee oeaio? thaa Oe?aeiu.

Aei 1948 a. aue ai?iaeii iaeanoiiai iiae/eiaiey. 29 ieoya?y 1948 a.
Oeacii I?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON? auaeaeai a naiinoiyoaeueiue
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiue oeaio? ni naiei iniaui athaeaeaoii e
ioianai e eaoaai?ee ai?iaeia ?anioaeeeaineiai iiae/eiaiey. A nayce n
ia?aaea/ae 19 oaa?aey 1954 a. E?uineie iaeanoe a
oa??eoi?eaeueii-aaeieieno?aoeaiia iiae/eiaiea ONN? Naaanoiiieue inoaeny
ai?iaeii ?anioaeeeaineiai iiae/eiaiey a ninoaaa Oe?aeiu. Ii Eiinoeoooeee
Oe?aeiu a ianoiyuaa a?aiy Naaanoiiieue – ai?iae iauaainoaea?noaaiiiai
cia/aiey oeaio?aeueiiai iiae/eiaiey, a a neeo naiaai no?aoaae/aneiai
iieiaeaiey yaeyaony aua e aacie Aiaiii-Ii?neeo nee Oe?aeiu, caeanue
aace?oaony *a?iiii?neee oeio ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Oaeie ai?iae
ioaeaeaaony a naeueneioicyenoaaiiie ciia – iinoaaueea i?iaeiaieuenoaey.
Iiyoiio ie?oaeathuea Naaanoiiieue caiee iauyaeaiu /anoueth oa??eoi?ee
ai?iaea e aianoa n nianoaaiii ai?iaeii ninoaaeytho Naaanoiiieueneee
?aaeii. Aai ieiuaaeue ieiei 107,96 oun. aa, ec ieo 21,6 oun. aa –
aeaaoi?ey aooo, 86,36 oun. aa – nooa. Nianoaaiii ai?iaeneay ieiuaaeue
caieiaao 19 oun. aa, iiae i?iiuoeaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie e aeeeuie
cano?ieeaie – 17 oun. aa, naeueoicoaiaeueyie – 35 oun. aa, eanaie e
caeaiuie ianaaeaeaieyie – 37 oun. aa. ?aaeii ii naiae ieiuaaee caieiae
III ianoi a auaoai NNN?. I?eia?ii ia oaeie aea ieiuaaee ?aciauai Ia?eae
(104 oun. aa). Ca aieineeie /anoyie cae?aieaii 6% oa??eoi?ee ?aaeiia –
6.2 oun. aa. Iauay i?ioyaeaiiinoue a?aieoe ninoaaeyao 258 ei, a oii
/enea nooiiooiuo – 152ei, ii?neeo 106ei.

Ia oa??eoi?ee Naaanoiiieueneiai ?aaeiia 4 aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ?aeiia:
Aaeaeeaaneee, Aaaa?eineee, Eaieineee, Iaoeiianeee. A i?aaeaeao ?aeiiia
o?e ai?iaea – Naaanoiiieue, Aaeaeeaaa, Eiea?iai, iaeei iinaeie
ai?iaeneiai oeia – Ea/a, 4 naeueneeo niaaoa – a I?eeiii, Oa?iiaea,
Aa?oianaaeiaii, Aiae?aaaea, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?uo 29 nae.

Iauay /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey (ia 01.01.1999) 391,7 oun. /aeiaae, a oii
/enea ai?iaeneia – 369,1 oun. /aeiaae, naeueneia – 22,6 oun. /aeiaae.
N?aaeiyy ieioiinoue ianaeaiey ii Naaanoiiieueneiio ?aaeiio ieiei 460
/aeiaae ia ea. ei, a ai?iaeneie /a?oa yoio iieacaoaeue ?aaai 1972
/aeiaae ia ea.ei.

Nia?aiaiiue yoie/aneee ninoaa ianaeaiey: ?onneea – 74,4 %, oe?aeioeu –
20,6 %, ia inoaeueiua 5 % i?eoiaeeony aieaa /ai 26 iaoeeiiaeueiinoae e
ia?iaeiinoae – aaei?onu, e?uineea oaoa?u, aa?ae, a?iyia, a?aee, iaioeu,
aieaa?u, iieaeaaaia, iieyee, ynoiioeu, eaouoe, ei?aeoeu e ae?. (ii
Ananithciie ia?aiene ianaeaiey 1989 a.). Aaniethoiia aieueoeinoai
ianaeaiey yaeyaony ?onneiycu/iui.

Naaanoiiieueneee ?aaeii caieiaao thai-caiaaeioth /anoue E?uineiai
iieoino?iaa- Ia naaa?i-ainoiea aai caiee a?aie/ao n Aao/ena?aeneei
?aeiiii, ia thai-ainoiea – n Aieueoie sseoie. N caiaaea e thaa ?aaeii
iiuaaaony aiaeaie *a?iiai ii?y. Ii ii?th naycai ni no?aiaie aeeaeiaai
ca?oaaaeuey – ?inneae e A?oceae, aeaeueiaai ca?oaaaeuey – ?oiuieae,
Oo?oeeae, Aieaa?eae. ?annoiyiea aei Eeaaa – 1060 ei, aei Iineau – 1500
ei, Neioa?iiiey – 76 ei, sseou- 85ei.

E?aeiea oi/ee ?aaeiia – iun Othaae ia naaa?a, iun Na?u/ – ia thaa (yoi e
naiay thaeiay oi/ea E?uineiai iieoino?iaa), iun Oa?niian ia caiaaea,
e?aeiyy ainoi/iay oi/ea – ai?a Oac-Aae? ia Ae-Iao?e iaeie yeea.
Aaia?aoe/aneea eii?aeeiaou Naaanoiiiey – 44 a?aaeona 37 ieioo naaa?iie
oe?iou e 33 a?aaeona 31 ieiooa ainoi/iie aeieaiou.

Eaiaeoaoo Naaanoiiiey ii?aaeaeytho iiiai/eneaiiua aooou,
i?iaeieaeathueany aeoaieeie aaeeaie e ai?iuie aeieeiaie. A i?aaeaeao
?aaeiia ian/eouaaaony aieaa 30 aooo. Naiua e?oiiua ec ieo –
Naaanoiiieueneay, THaeiay, No?aeaoeeay, E?oaeay, Eaiuoiaay, Eaca/uey,
Aaeaeeaaneay. Naaanoiiieueneay e THaeiay aooou aeaeyo ai?iae ia
Naaa?ioth, Ei?aaaeueioth e THaeioth noi?iiu. Naaanoiiieueneay aoooa
caieiaao o?aouea ianoi a ie?a ii oaeianoao iinea Aiieiianeie e
Neaeiaeneie. Ia oa??eoi?ee Naaanoiiieueneiai ?aaeiia ia/eiathony ana o?e
a?yaeu E?uineeo ai? (Aiaoiyy, Aioo?aiiyy e Aeaaiay). *a?ac iaai
i?ioiaeeo a?aieoea aeaoo aaia?aoe/aneeo iiynia – oia?aiiiai e
noao?iie/aneiai .

Ii i?e?iaeiui ?ano?nai Naaanoiiieueneee ?aaeii yaeyaony iaeiei ec
aiaaoaeoeo a E?uio e Oe?aeia. Iniaaiii aaeeee caianu iaiaoaeee/aneeo
(ia?oaeiuo) eneiiaaiuo. Yoi i?aii?iaeaeiua, ioaieiaua, ioiioeeoiaua
ecaanoiyee, i?eiaiyaiua a no?ieoaeuenoaa e iaoaeeo?aee; ?acee/iua aeeiu,
ianee e ae?. Ia?iiai ?ae?aaoeeiiiue iioaioeeae, iiea ii/oe
iaaino?aaiaaiiue.

Eeeiao n?aaieoaeueii iyaeee, ii?neie, oia?aiii-eiioeiaioaeueiue a
i?aaeai?ueyo, oia?aiii-eiioeiaioaeueiue n /a?oaie noao?iie/aneiai
n?aaeecaiiiii?neiai oeia ia thai-ainoi/iii iiaa?aaeuea. N?aaeiaiany/iay
oaiia?aoo?a aicaeooa a oa/aiea aiaea anaaaea iieiaeeoaeueiay. Iaeaieaa
oieiaeiui yaeyaony oaa?aeue (+2,6 N), naiui oaieui etheue (22-24 N). A
aiaeo 238 aacii?iciuo aeiae. A ioaeaeueiua aiaeu etheue auaaao i/aiue
aea?eei: a 1971 a. oa?iiiao? iieacuaae +38 N, a 1999 a. – aei +45 N ia
nieioea.

Oaiia?aoo?a iiaa?oiinoiiai neiy aiaeu *a?iiai ii?y o iiaa?aaeuey
Naaanoiiiey a oa/aiea aiaea iieiaeeoaeueiay, a ethea +22 – 26 N.

Noiia?iay nieia/iay ?aaeeaoeey ia oa??eoi?ee ai?iaea i?eaeeceoaeueii
?aaia 4890 iAeAE/aiae ea.i. Ii naciiai aiaea iia ?ani?aaeaeyaony
ia?aaiiia?ii: ia ceio i?eoiaeeony 10 %, aanio – 25 %, eaoi – 50%, inaiue
– 15%.

Ioiineoaeueiay aeaaeiinoue aicaeooa a oeaeii ieceay – io 60 % aei 80 % a
ceiiea ianyoeu e io 45 aei 60 % a eaoiaa a?aiy. Aoiinoa?iua inaaeee
auiaaeatho ia?aaiiia?ii: io 300 ii/aiae aei 500 ii/aiae. Naiue nooie
ianyoe – etheue .

Aiaeiua caianu ?aaeiia i?aaenoaaeaiu iiaa?oiinoiuie aiaeaie (?aee,
ica?a) e iiaecaiiuie (auoiaeyo ia iiaa?oiinoue a aeaea ?iaeieeia). Ii/oe
ana ?aee ca?aaoee?iaaiu ono?ienoaii aiaeio?aieeeu, i?oaeia. Naiua
e?oiiua ?aee ia oa??eoi?ee ?aaeiia – Ea/a (aeeeia 69 ei), Aaeueaae (63
ei), *a?iay (41 ei). Iaeiaei oieueei ?aea *a?iay iieiinoueth
?aniieiaeaia a i?aaeaeao Naaanoiiieueneiai ?aaeiia, inoaeueiua eeoue
/anoyie – Ea/a naiei ieaeiei oa/aieai, Aaeueaae n?aaeiei e ieaeiei.
Noiia?iue n?aaeiaaiaeiaie iauai noiea ii /aou?ai iniiaiui ?aeai
Naaanoiiiey 245858 oun. eoa. i/aiae, aaea 372025 iiaa?oiinoiue noie, a
73833 – iiaecaiiue. Iaania/aiea aiaeie Naaanoiiiey – iaeia ec ino?aeoeo
i?iaeai ai?iaea, eioi?ay ia niyoa e n i?eoiaeii aiae Aeiai?a.

Ii/au Naaanoiiieueneiai ?aaeiia ioee/athony ?aciiia?aceai, ano?a/athony
/a?iicaiu i?aaeai?iua, ao?ua ai?iua eaniua, aea?iiai-ea?aiiaoiua,
ai?ii-eoaiaua /a?iicaiiaeaeiua, ei?e/iaaua ii/au, aieueoeinoai ec
eioi?uo i?eaiaeiu aeey au?aueaaiey ?acee/iuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
eoeueoo?, naaeia e aeiia?aaeieeia, oaaaea, yoe?iianee/iuo eoeueoo? e
o.ae.

30 % oa??eoi?ee Naaanoiiieueneiai ?aaeiia caiiaaaeaii; caeanue iaeei
ainoaea?noaaiiue caiiaaaeiee (/anoue), 3 ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeacieea
?anioaeeeaineiai e ianoiiai cia/aiey, 4 iaiyoieea i?e?iaeu ianoiiai
cia/aiey, 1 ainoaea?noaaiiue ia?e-iaiyoiee naaeiai-ia?eiaiai eneonnoaa
ianoiiai cia/aiey, 1 caiiaaaeiia o?i/eua e 5 i?ea?aaeiuo aeaaeiiieaenia.
Iun Oeieaio n 1969 a. iauyaeai iaiyoieeii i?e?iaeu ianoiiai cia/aiey. N
1982 a. iun Aey yaeyaony ainoaea?noaaiiui caeacieeii ?anioaeeeaineiai
cia/aiey .

Ia oa??eoi?ee ?aaeiia i?aaenoaaeaiu ?anoaiey n?aaeecaiiiii?neie e
aa?iiaeneie a?oii. Oae eae a aai ?aeueaoa i?aiaeaaeatho ai?u, oi a
oa?aeoa?a ?aciauaiey ?anoeoaeueiiai iie?iaa iaaethaeaaony aunioiay
iiyniinoue. Aioaieee ian/eouaatho a E?uio nauoa 2600 aeaeia
aeeei?anooueo e ieiei 1000 eoeueoeae?oaiuo ?anoaiee, aieueoeinoai ec ieo
i?iec?anoaao e ia oa??eoi?ee Naaanoiiieueneiai ?aaeiia. Iaeaieaa
oa?aeoa?iua e ?ani?ino?aiaiiua aea?aauey – aeoa, a?aa, aoe, ninia
iaueiiaaiiay, ninia e?uineay, iiaeaeaaaeueiee, eeia?en e ae?. ?aaeii
aiaao eaea?noaaiiuie ?anoaieyie – eaiaeuo, aaea?eaia, ai?eoeaao,
e?aieaa, ouny/aeenoiee, aaeeaaeiiia, nioi?a, aiy?uoiee e ae?.;
aeeei?anooueie ieiaeiai-yaiaeiuie – eecee, /a?aoiy, a?ooa, caieyieea;
iaaeiiiniuie – eeia, aeaoeey, aeiiiee; yoe?iianee/iuie – oaeoae,
eaaaiaea, /aa?aoe, ?ica e ae?.; aeaei?aoeaiuie – otheueiaiu, e?ieonu,
i?eioea, oeeeeaiai, e?uineee iiaeniaaeiee, eaiaeuo, ieiiu, aeeoeeiey e
ae?.

AEeaioiue ie? E?uia i?eaeiaeai, ii iaaaeiai. Iicaiii/iuo ian/eouaaaony
ieiei 550 aeaeia, a oii /enea 190 aeaeia ?ua (150 ii?neeo, 37
i?aniiaiaeiuo), a aioeaee, 14 ?aioeeee, 290 aeaeia ioeoe, 55 aeaeia
caa?ae (ieaeiieoathueo). Aieueoeinoai ec ieo iaeoaao ia oa??eoi?ee
Naaanoiiieueneiai ?aaeiia. Yoi e?uineee ieaiue, einoey, eaaai,
aa?iiaeneee iooeii, aaeea, na?ay e /a?iay e?unu, 3 aeaea caiea?iae, 16
aeaeia eaoo/eo iuoae. Ec oeuiuo nio?aieeenue iniaua iiaeaeaeu aa?noea,
eaiaiiie eoieoeu e eeneoeu, a oaeaea eanea. Ioeoe a naaanoiiieueneeo
eanao iaei. *aua anaai ano?a/athony aeyoeu, neieoeu, /a?iiaieiaua nieee,
/a?iua ae?icaeu, iaii/ee, cyaeeee, eaniua aieoae, ai?iiu, ec oeuiuo
iiaeii ano?aoeoue yno?aaa, eaithea, ii/iiai oeuieea – niao e i/aiue
?aaeei i?ea-iiaeeueieea, /a?iiai a?eoa. Ec yua?eoe caeanue iaeoatho
e?uineee aaeeii e aieueoie ciaaaeaeiue aeaeoiiocee, ec ciae –
eaiia?aeiaue iieic. A i?ea?aaeiuo aiaeao ano?a/athony aeaa aeaea
/a?iiii?neeo aeaeueoeiia: aoaeeia e aaeiai/ea, /a?iiii?neay aeoea
eao?ai; a aoooao e ca eo i?aaeaeaie iaeoatho aeanyoee aeaeia ?ua:
eaoaeue, noeoaiea, noaa?eaea, ii?neie a?o (nei?iaia), ii?neie ieoiue,
caeaiooea, iyoue aeaeia au/eia, eaiaaea e ae?

Naaanoiiieue — e?oiiaeoee, ?aiaa aiaiiue, oaia?ue ii?neie oi?aiaue,
?uaiue ii?o, i?iiuoeaiiue, iao/ii-oaoie/aneee, ?ae?aaoeeiiiue e
eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneee oeaio? E?uia e THaa Oe?aeiu, ai?iae-aa?ie.
Ai?iae ?aniieiaeai a thai-caiaaeiie /anoe E?uineiai iieoino?iaa ia
Aa?aeeaeneii iieoino?iaa. A Naaanoiiiea ?aniieiaeaiu aacu ?inneeneiai e
oe?aeineiai aiaiii-ii?neeo oeioia. A aioe/iinoe ia oa??eoi?ee
nia?aiaiiiai Naaanoiiiey, ?aniieaaaeanue a?a/aneay eieiiey Oa?niian,
iniiaaiiay auoiaeoeaie ec Aa?aeeae Iiioeeneie a V aaea aei i.y. Ai?iae
ia?aaeee ainnoaiea i?ioea THnoeieaia II 705a. e aai iiaeaaeaiea.

Iicaea, a 711a. a Oa?niiana i?iecioei ainnoaiea Aa?aeaia Oeeeiieea
i?ioea THnoeieaia II e i?iaicaeaoaiea Aa?aeaia eiia?aoi?ii Aecaioee. A
987a. aue inouanoaeai iioiae eiycy Aeaaeeie?a Nayoineaaiae/a ia
Oa?niian, eioi?ue iae a 988a. Ai?iae Naaanoiiieue aue caeiaeai a 1784
aiaeo iinea caaiaaaiey E?uia ?inneeneie Eiia?eae eae e?aiinoue e,
aiineaaenoaee, ii?o. Iacaaiea ai?iaea ninoieo ec aeaoo a?a/aneeo neia
Naaanoin— yeaeaaeaio eaoeineiai oeooea “Aaaono” e iieen— “ai?iae” e
aoeaaeueii ia?aaiaeeony eae “ai?iae eiia?aoi?a”. A 1797 aiaeo Eiia?aoi?
Iaaae ia?aeiaiiaae aai a Aooea?, ii eiaie auaoae ia ianoa ai?iaea
e?uineioaoa?neie aea?aaie Ae-ss?. A 1826 aiaeo naiaoneei oeacii ai?iaeo
auei aica?auaii i?aaeiaa eiy— Naaanoiiieue.

N 1802a. ai?iae aoiaeeo a ninoaa Oaa?e/aneie aoaa?iee. A 1804a. iauyaeai
aeaaiui aiaiiui ii?oii *??iiai ii?y ?inneeneie Eiia?ee. Aeaaiaea?y
naiaio no?aoaae/aneiio iieiaeaieth, ai?iae anaaaea aue eaeiiie aeiau/ae
e ai a?aiy aiaiiuo aeaenoaee iau/ii no?aaeae aieueoa ae?oaeo ianaeaiiuo
ioieoia. Oe?ieiianooaaiua aiaiiua aeaenoaey caeanue ?acai?a/eaaeenue ai
a?aiy E?uineie, A?aaeaeaineie, Aoi?ie ie?iaie aiei. Ca aa?ieci,
i?iyaeaiiue aeeoaeyie ai?iaea, aio auei i?enaiaii caaiea ai?iaea-aa?iy.
N 1921a. Naaanoiiieue aoiaeeo a ninoaa E?uineie ANN?.

Iinea eeeaeaeaoeee E?uineie ANN? (a 1945a.) — a ninoaa E?uineie iaeanoe
?NON? a ea/anoaa ai?iaea iaeanoiiai iiae/eiaiey. A 1948a. oeacii
I?aceaeeoia AN ?NON? auaeaeai a ioaeaeueiue
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiue oeaio? (ai?iae ?anioaeeeaineiai
iiae/eiaiey). I?e yoii Naaanoiiieue ia noae ioaeaeueiui noauaeoii ?NON?,
e th?eaee/anee i?iaeieaeae inoaaaoueny a ninoaaa E?uineie iaeanoe,
eioi?ay niaeanii aeaenoaothuae ia oio iiiaio Eiinoeoooeee ?NON?
yaeyeanue iaeiei ec noauaeoia ?NON?.

A 1954a. oeacii I?aceaeeoia AN NNN?, E?uineay iaeanoue ii eieoeeaoeaa
Ieeeou O?ou?aa auea ia?aaeaia ec ?NON? a ONN?. Naaanoiiieue, eae
ninoaaiay /anoue E?uineie iaeanoe ia oio iiiaio, aue oaeaea ia?aaeai ec
ninoaaa ?NON? a ONN?, inoaaaynue ai?iaeii ?anioaeeeaineiai iiae/eiaiey.
A Eiinoeoooeee ONN? 1978 aiaea aue iiaeoaa?aeae?i noaoon Naaanoiiiey eae
ai?iaea ?anioaeeeaineiai iiae/eiaiey. A Eiinoeoooeee ?NON?, i?eiyoie a
oii aea aiaeo, oiiieiaiea i Naaanoiiiea ionoonoaiaaei.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy Naaanoiiieue (eae e noieeoea Oe?aeiu— Eeaa) yaeyaony
ai?iaeii oeaio?aeueiiai iiae/eiaiey. Iinea i?eiyoey caeiia i noieeoea
Naaanoiiieue inoaeny aaeeinoaaiiui ai?iaeii ia Oe?aeia, iy? eioi?iai
(aeaaa Naaanoiiieueneie ai?iaeneie ainoaea?noaaiiie aaeieieno?aoeee) ia
ecae?aaony, a iacia/aaony i?aceaeaioii Oe?aeiu. Iaeiaei, ai?iaeneie
niaao Naaanoiiiey eiaao i?aai iaeiaeeoue aaoi ia ethaia ?aoaiea iy?a,
aeaau ainaaeieienoa?oeee Naaanoiiiey.

Iniaaiiinoe ?aniieiaeaiey Naaanoiiiey, iaeeea oi?ioi caueuaiiuo, ia
i?iia?cathueo ii?neeo aooo aeaeaee ai?iae aaaeiaeoei aiaiii-ii?neei
no?aoaae/aneei iauaeoii. Iiyoiio a niaaoneia a?aiy ai?iae aue cae?uo e
iinauaeny eeoue i?e iaee/ee niaoeeaeueiiai ?ac?aoaiey. Naaiaeiy ai?iae
ioe?uo e ?acaeaaaony eae e?oiiue oo?enoe/aneee oeaio?, oioy
no?aoaae/aneiai cia/aiey ia oo?aoee

Naaanoiiieue – iacaia?cathuee ii?neie oi?aiaue, ?uaiue ii?o,
i?iiuoeaiiue, iao/ii-oaoie/aneee, ?ae?aaoeeiiiue e
eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneee oeaio? thaa Oe?aeiu, ?aniieiaeaiiue a
thai-caiaaeiie /anoe E?uineiai iieoino?iaa ia naie oieiao Aa?aeeaeneiai
iieoino?iaa,ai?iae iaoiaeeony ia iaeiie ia?aeeaee n eoaeueyineei
ai?iaeii Ieeaiii e o?aioeocneei ai?iaeii Eeiiii.

Naaanoiiieue ?aneeioeny a thai-caiaaeiie /anoe E?uia. Aai eaiaeoaoo
ii?aaeaeytho iiiai/eneaiiua aooou, i?iaeieaeathueany aeoaieeie aaeeaie,
e ?aeueao ia/eiathuaeny caeanue Aeaaiie a?yaeu E?uineeo ai?.

Naaanoiiieue ia?yaeo n Eeaaii yaeyaony naiinoiyoaeueiie
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiie aaeeieoeae Oe?aeiu.

Naaanoiiieueneee ai?niaao i?ioyaeaaaony n caiaaea ia ainoie ia 43 ei, n
naaa?a ia tha – ia 50 ei e caieiaao ieiuaaeue 863,5 ea. ei, aeeth/ay a
naay 4 ai?iaeneeo ?aeiia (Aaeaeeaaneee, Aaaa?eineee, Eaieineee,
Iaoeiianeee), 2 ai?iaea – Naaanoiiieue (350,6 oun. /ae.) e Eiea?iai
(12,7 oun. /ae.), iinaeie ai?iaeneiai oeia Ea/a e 4 naeueneeo niaaoa.

A oeaeii ia oa??eoi?ee ai?niaaoa i?iaeeaatho 391,7 oun. /aeiaae, /oi
ninoaaeyao iaiaa 1% anaai ianaeaiey Oe?aeiu e aieaa 15% ianaeaiey
E?uineiai iieoino?iaa. Ii ieioiinoe (441,4 /ae. ia ea. ei) e aeiea
ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey (94,2%) a iauae /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey ai?iae
caieiaao eeaee?othuea ianoa a no?aia, onooiay ii yoei iieacaoaeyi eeoue
noieeoea Oe?aeiu.

Eeeiao Naaanoiiiey eiaao /a?ou n?aaeecaiiiii?neiai n iyaeie oaieie ceiie
e aea?eei canooeeaui eaoii.

Iaaeaeaei io Naaanoiiiey, a Eiea?iaia, i?iecaiaeeony ?ac?aaioea
aunieiea/anoaaiiiai ecaanoeiaiai eaiiy, eioi?ue eaeao ia iino?ieeo
caeaiee.

Naaanoiiieue a ia?aaiaea n a?a/aneiai – ai?iae aaee/anoaaiiue,
ii/eoaaiue, aeinoieiue iieeiiaiey. Oa??eoi?ey Naaanoiiiey e aai
aeeaeaeoeo ie?anoiinoae auea canaeaia oaea a ia/aea I ouny/aeaoey aei
i.y. Ia ianoa nia?aiaiiie Aaeaeeaau iaoiaeeeenue nia/aea oaa?neea, a
caoai a?a/aneea iinaeaiey. Ia iieoino?iaa iaaeaeo Ea?aioeiiie e Iani/iie
aoooaie nio?aieeenue ?oeiu ae?aaiaa?a/aneiai ai?iaea – eieiiee Oa?niiana
Oaa?e/aneiai.

Aiaiiue iaoene ni noi?iiu Ainii?neiai oea?noaa e neeoia a eiioea II a.
aei i.y. i?eaaee e onoaiiaeaieth caaeneiinoe Oa?niiana io Iiioeeneiai
oea?noaa, a caoai io ?eia. A V – VI aa. Oa?niian noaiiaeony oeaio?ii
Aecaioeeneie eiia?ee ia aa?aao *a?iiai ii?y. Oa??eoi?ey aie?oa ai?iaea n
ia/aea IX a. aoiaeeea a Oa?niianneoth oaio, eee aiaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiue
ie?oa Aecaioee. A XII – XIII aa. iia aoiaeeea a ninoaa ai?iuo oe?aieaiee
aecaioeeneie /anoe Oaa?eee.

Ni anooieaieai a E?ui ?onneeo aiene a eiioea XVIII a. Aaeaeeaaneay aoooa
noaea aacie /anoe ei?aaeae Acianeie aiaiiie oeioeeee. Naaanoiiieai iiaue
ii?o e iinaeaiea auee iacaaiu a i?aaeienaiee Aeaoa?eiu II eiycth
Iioaieeio io 10 oaa?aey 1784 a. A 1804 a. ?onneia i?aaeoaeuenoai
ioeoeeaeueii iauyaeei Naaanoiiieue aeaaiui aiaiiui ii?oii *a?iiii?neiai
oeioa (aianoi Oa?niia), a a 1809 a. – aiaiiie e?aiinoueth. A ia/aea
aoi?ie /aoaa?oe XIX aaea Naaanoiiieue aue naiui aieueoei ai?iaeii a
E?uio.

A enoi?eth ?innee iaaa/ii aioee aa?ie/aneea 349-aeiaaiay iai?iia
Naaanoiiiey ai a?aiy E?uineie aieiu (1854-1855 aa.) e 250-aeiaaiay
iai?iia ai?iaea a aiaeu Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu. A 1945 a.
Naaanoiiieth i?enaieee ii/aoiia caaiea “Ai?iae-aa?ie”. A 1954 a.
E?uineay iaeanoue auea ia?aaeaia a ninoaa Oe?aeineie NN?.

N ?aniaaeii NNN? iieiaeaiea Naaanoiiiey ?acei oooaeoeeinue. Ianiio?y ia
iiaeienaiea anaaiciiaeiuo aeieoiaioia, noaoon ai?iaea aeieaia a?aiy ia
aue ii?aaeaeai.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia oa??eoi?ee Naaanoiiiey aeaenoaotho caeiiu Oe?aeiu.
Ai?iae eiaao naie iniaue noaoon ai?iaea oeaio?aeueiiai iiae/eiaiey.

31 iay 1997 a. Oe?aeia e ?inney iiaeienaee niaeaoaiea i noaoona e
oneiaeyo aace?iaaiey *a?iiii?neiai oeioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia
oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu.

Nae/an Naaanoiiieue ii ?acia?ai – iyoiaaeoeaoue ai?iae Oe?aeiu.
Ieioiinoue ianaeaiey a i?aaeaeao ai?niaaoa ca n/ao aunieiai o?iaiy
o?aaiece?iaaiiinoe oa??eoi?ee aeinoaoi/ii auniea. Iiieii nianoaaiii
ai?iaeneie ianoiinoe, iaeaieaa ieioii canaeaiu i?eeaaathuea e
Naaanoiiieth e Aaeaeeaaa naeueneea oa??eoi?ee, a oaeaea ioaeaeueiua
o/anoee iiaa?aaeuey e i?aaeai?iua a?aaeu.

Ia/eiay n 1993 a., /enei aeeoaeae Naaanoiiiey e iiae/eiaiiuo ai?iaeneie
aaeieieno?aoeee ianaeaiiuo ioieoia iinoiyiii nie?auaaony. I?ioeann
nie?auaiey /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ii?aaeaeyaony eae
anoanoaaiiie oaueueth, oae e iea?aoeeiiiui iooieii ianaeaiey, i?e yoii
oaeaeueiue aan iineaaeiaai oaeoi?a ianeieueei auoa. Aeey
Naaanoiiieueneiai ai?niaaoa oa?aeoa?ia aeinoaoi/ii aeaaii?eyoiay
aic?anoiay no?oeoo?a ianaeaiey. Aeiey eeoe o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa
iaiiiai i?aauoaao n?aaeiaoe?aeineea iieacaoaee.

I?aaenoaaeaiea i nia?aiaiiii iaoeeiiaeueiii ninoaaa ianaeaiey
Naaanoiiieueneiai ai?niaaoa iieo/eoue /?acau/aeii o?oaeii. A 1989 a.
aieaa o?ao /aoaa?oae anaai ianaeaiey a aaeieieno?aoeaiuo a?aieoeao
ai?iaeneiai niaaoa auei i?aaenoaaeaii ?onneeie, ii/oe 21% i?eoiaeeeny ia
aeieth oe?aeioeaa.

A i?aaeaeao aaeieieno?aoeaiuo a?aieoe Naaanoiiieueneiai ai?niaaoa
neiaeeeanue naiinoiyoaeueiay nenoaia ?annaeaiey, eioaa?e?iaaiiay a
aaeeioth nenoaio ?annaeaiey E?uia. Ia oa??eoi?ee Naaanoiiieueneiai
ai?niaaoa neiioeaio?e?iaaii ieiei 15% ianaeaiey E?uineiai iieoino?iaa.
No?oeoo?iue ea?ean Naaanoiiieueneie nenoaiu ?annaeaiey ia?acotho o?e
ai?iaea (nianoaaiii Naaanoiiieue, Aaeaeeaaa e Eiea?iai) e iinaeie
ai?iaeneiai oeia Ea/a. Naeueneia ?annaeaiea i?aaenoaaeaii n?aaeieie
iinaeaieyie – oeaio?aie naeueneeo niaaoia, eniieiythueie ?ieue
eieaeueiuo noaoeaio?ia, e iaaieueoeie naeueneeie ianaeaiiuie ioieoaie. A
iauae neiaeiinoe ia oa??eoi?ee ai?niaaoa ?aniieaaaaony 29 naeueneeo
ianaeaiiuo ioieoia.

Ia naaiaeiy Naaanoiiieue – naiay “iaeiiiuiay” oicyenoaaiiay aaeeieoea
n?aaee ?aaeiiia Oe?aeiu. Oai ia iaiaa o ai?iaea anoue /aoei au?aaeaiiay
oicyenoaaiiay niaoeeaeecaoeey. Yeiiiie/aneia “eeoei” Naaanoiiieueneiai
ai?niaaoa ii?aaeaeyao aai iiuiia ii?oiaia oicyenoai, i?aaei?eyoey
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena, eiiieaen i?aaei?eyoee ?uaiie io?anee,
aeiiaeaeue/aneea oicyenoaa e o.ae.

Iniiao i?iiuoeaiiinoe ai?iaea ninoaaeytho iaoeiino?iaiea e
iaoaeeiia?aaioea, eaaeay e ieuaaay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Naaanoiiieue –
e?oiiaeoee a Oe?aeia oeaio? ?uaii?iiuneiaiai,
o?ainii?oii-?ao?eaea?aoi?iiai e iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneiai oeioa.

Aaaeouaa ianoi a no?oeoo?a i?iiuoeaiiinoe Naaanoiiiey caieiaao ieuaaay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, i?aaenoaaeaiiay a iniiaiii aeiiaeaeue/aneeie
i?iecaiaenoaaie e i?aaei?eyoeyie ?uaiaeiauaathuae e
?uaiia?a?aaaouaathuae io?aneae.

Iniiao niaoeeaeecaoeee iaoeiino?iaiey ninoaaeytho noaeino?iaiea e
noaei?aiiio, a oaeaea i?eai?ino?iaiea (a iniiaiii ii?neiai i?ioeey).

A Naaanoiiiea aace?oaony i?aeoe/anee aanue ii?neie
o?ainii?oii-?ao?eaea?aoi?iue oeio Oe?aeiu, eioi?ue ninoaaeyao ieiei 4%
ie?iaiai ?ao?eaea?aoi?iiai oeioa.

A a. Naaanoiiiea e a i?eeaaathueo ianaeaiiuo ioieoao ?acaeou oaeaea
oaeea io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eae: aea?aaiia?aaaouaathuay,
i?iiuoeaiiinoue no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia (i?iecaiaenoai no?ieoaeueiuo
iaoa?eaeia ec eiea?iaineiai eaiiy, eioi?ue yenii?oe?oaony ai iiiaea
no?aiu ie?a), noaeieueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, iieea?aoe/aneay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue.

Naeueneia oicyenoai oa??eoi?ee, iiae/eiaiiuo Naaanoiiieueneiio
ai?niaaoo, inoaaaynue oeie/iui aeey thaeiie /anoe E?uineiai iieoino?iaa,
eiaao naie niaoeeoe/aneea /a?ou, naycaiiua eo i?eai?iaeiui iieiaeaieai.

Iniiaiua aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoe: iaoeeiiaeueiue caiiaaaeiee “Oa?niian
Oaa?e/aneee”.

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