NIAeA?AEAIEA
Aaaaeaiea
Aeaaa I. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea *aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia.
Aeaaa II . Oeceei – aaia?aoe/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea.
2.1. ?aeueao, aaieiae/aneia no?iaiea e iieaciua eneiiaaiua.
2.2. Eeeiao.
2.3. Aioo?aiiea aiaeu. Ii/au.
2.4. ?anoeoaeueiue e aeeaioiue ie?.
Aeaaa III. Yeieiae/aneea i?iaeaiu *aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia.
Caeeth/aiea.
Eeoa?aoo?a.
AAAAeAIEA
E?aaaaae/aneee iaoa?eae nicaeaao aeaaiaeaoioth iniiao aeey ainieoaiey
ethaae e ?iaeiie i?e?iaea, caiea, naiaio e?ath. N iiciaiey ?iaeiuo iano
ia/eiaaony ethaiaue e ?iaeeia, oae eae iia naycuaaaony n /oanoaii
ethaae e oiio ieeiio oaieeo caiee, aaea ou ?iaeeeny, naeaeae ia?aua
oaae, iiciay acaoeo aeecie, eoaea au ie caa?ineea noaeueaa /aeiaaea, yoi
/oanoai ia iieeaeaao aai.
A naiae iniiaa e?aaaaae/aneee iaoa?eae aeieaeai io?aaeaoue oeie/iua,
oa?aeoa?iua noi?iiu i?e?iaeu, ianaeaiey, oicyenoaa e?ay, neoaeeo iniiaie
aeey oi?ie?iaaiey aaia?aoe/aneiai iuoeaiey.
Ia?aay oeaeue aeaiiie ?aaiou – yoi eco/aiea aaieiae/aneiai no?iaiey,
iniaaiiinoae eeeiaoa, ii/au, ?aeueaoa, ?anoeoaeueiiai e aeeaioiiai ie?a
*aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia.
Aoi?ay oeaeue aeaiiie ?aaiou – auyaeoue a?aaeiia aicaeaenoaea
aio?iiiaaiiuo oaeoi?ia ia i?e?iaeo ?aeiia.
O?aouey oeaeue aeaiiie ?aaiou – eniieueciaaoue iaoiaee/anee i?aaeeueii
iaoa?eaeu ?aaiou a iaaeaaiae/aneie i?aeoeea.
*oiau ethaee oeaieee e ethaeee i?e?iaeo iaiaoiaeeii o/eoue eo yoiio n
naiiai aeaonoaa e a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ia o?ieao aaia?aoee e
e?aaaaaeaiey.
Aeaaa I. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea *aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia.
A e?ath ?acaeieueiuo noaiae, eania, naaa?i-caiaaeiie /anoe ?anioaeeee
Aaoei?oinoai ?aniieiaeai *aeiaaooaaneee ?aeii. I?e?iaea iaaeaeeea aa
naiaia?aciie e?anioie: i?eaieueiua noaie /a?aaeothony eaniuie /auaie,
oieiaie, ai?iuie ianneaaie. Iniaoth i?aeanoue e i/a?iaaiea iaecaaeo
i?eaeatho ?aee Aacu, Eoaao, *a?ianai.
E a yoii i?ae?aniii oaieea caiee ia aeieaea aaea ia?ac?uaiuie ocaie
ia?aieaeenue noaeueau aeeaoueo a aieueoie aaeeiie naiuea aaoee?,
oaoa?, ?onneeo, /oaaoae, ia?e e i?aaenoaaeoaeae ae?oaeo
iaoeeiiaeueiinoae. *aeiaaooaaneee ?aeii ia?aciaai 20 aaaonoa 1930
aiaea.
Oa??eoi?ey ?aeiia -1692 eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?a, naeueoicoaiaeey
ninoaaeytho 138984 aaeoa?ia caiee. Naaiaeiy *aeiaaooaaneee ?aeii – iaeei
ec yeiiiie/anee noaaeeueiuo ?aeiiia a ?anioaeeea Aaoei?oinoai.
A ?aeiia au?aueaathony ii/oe ana naeueneioicyenoaaiiua eoeueoo?u,
aicaeaeuaaaiua a ?anioaeeea. Iniiaiua oicyenoaaiiua iai?aaeaiey:
i?iecaiaenoai ca?iiauo e oaoie/aneeo eoeueoo?, aeeaioiiaiaenoai.
A ?aeiia 78 ianaeaiiuo ioieoia, 16 ioieoeeiaeueiuo ia?aciaaiee.
I?iaeeaaao 33 ouny/e /aeiaae. N?aaeiyy ieioiinoue ianaeaiey 19 /aeiaae
ia eaaae?aoiue eeeiiao?.
?aeiiiue oeaio? – naei *aeiaaoo. Iuia – e?oiiue iinaeae, ni/aoathuee a
naaa naeueneoth e ai?iaeneoth eio?ano?oeoo?o.
Aeaaa II. Oeceei – aaia?aoe/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea.
*aeiaaooaaneee ?aeii iaoiaeeony ia naaa?i-caiaaea Aaoei?oinoaia.
?aeiiiue oeaio? – naei *aeiaaoo, iaoiaeeony a 111 eeeiiao?ao io ai?iaea
Oou, 74 eeeiiao?ao io aeeaeaeoae aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie noaioeee Aocaeye.
?aeii a?aie/eo n thai-ainoiea Aeaaiaa?neei, n thaa Aocaeyeneei, n
thai-caiaaea Oa?aineei, n caiaaea Aaeaeeineei, n naaa?a e naaa?i-caiaaea
Eeeoaaneei, n naaa?i e naaa?i-ainoiea Aeth?otheeineei, n ainoiea
Eooia?aieianeei ?aeiiaie.
?aeueao, aaieiae/aneia no?iaiea e iieaciua eneiiaaiua.
?aeii ?aniieiaeai a i?aaeaeao I?eaaeueneie oaaeenoi-aieienoie ?aaieiu.
?aeueao n?aaeiaau?aaeaiiue e n oia?aiiui ?acaeoeai y?iceiiiuo
i?ioeannia. N?aaeiyy aaniethoiay aunioa 183 iao?a.
Ia oa??eoi?ee ?aeiia Aaoei?oinoaia auaeaeyaony o?e oaeoiie/aneea ciiu:
caiaaeiay (ieaooi?iaiiay), oeaio?aeueiay (i?iiaaeooi/iay), aeeceay ii
oaeoiie/aneiio no?iaieth e ieaooi?iaiiie, e ainoi/iay
(aaineieeeiaeueiay). *aeiaaooaaneee ?aeii iaoiaeeony ia ieaooi?iaiiie
ciia.
Ieaooi?iaiiay ciia ioaaouaaao aanue caiaaeiue Aaoei?oinoai. Iia neiaeaia
aaaeeineeie, aeaaiineeie, eaiaiiioaieueiuie e ia?ineeie ioeiaeaieyie
iiuiinoueth aei 5500 i, iaeaaathueie ia ae?aaiae e?enoaeee/aneee
ooiaeaiaio, eioi?ue a ?yaea iano ane?uo neaaaeeiaie. Naiay aa?oiyy
/anoue ooiaeaiaioa i?aaenoaaeaia aeaaiui ia?acii aiaenaie e
aioeaieeoaie.
A iauai ieaia oaeoiieee ainoi/iie /anoe ?onneie ieaooi?iu a a?aieoeao
Aaoei?oinoaia auaeaeaiu ianeieueei iieiaeeoaeueiuo no?oeoo? ia?aiai
ii?yaeea n iiauoaiiui caeaaaieai e?enoaeee/aneiai ooiaeaiaioa. Yoi
Oaoa?neee, Aaoee?neee, I?aiao?aneee naiaeu e ?acaeaeythuay eo Ae?neay
naaeeiaeia. Ae?neay naaeeiaeia e naaa?o ca i?aaeaeaie Aaoei?oinoaia
neeaaaony n iaoe?iie Aa?oia – Eaineie aiaaeeiie. A i?aaeaeao Ae?neie
naaeeiaeiu onoaiiaeaiu n caiaaea ia ainoie no?oeoo?iua oi?iu –
Aaceineee, *aeiaaooaaneee, Aiae?aaaneee, Eaaiianeee, Ea?aaaaaneee aaeu,
iaaeaeo eioi?uie ?aniieiaeaiu aieaa iaeeea aeai?annee. Aaeu oyioony n
naaa?i-caiaaea ia thai-ainoie.
Any oa??eoi?ey, ioiinyuayny e ieaooi?iaiiie (caiaaeiie) /anoe a
i?aaeaeao Aaoei?oinoaia, neiaeaia inaaei/iuie ii?iaeaie ia?ineiai
aic?anoa.
Aa?oia – ia?ineea ioeiaeaiey (ooeineiai, eacaineiai e oaoa?neiai y?onia)
oi?ie?iaaeenue a iniiaiii a eiioeiaioaeueiuo oneiaeyo. Ooeineee y?on
neiaeai ai?eciioaeueiuie e?aniioeaaoiuie ian/aieeai, ia?aaeyie,
aeaa?ieeoaie, aeeiaie, a oae aea na?uie, naaoei-na?uie ecaanoiyeaie e
aeieiieoaie. Oaoa?neee y?on neiaeai iano?ioeaaoiuie ian/aieeaie,
aeaa?ieeoaie, ia?aaeyie. Eacaineee y?on ia?aciaai ian/aieeaie,
ecaanoiyeaie, aeieiieoaie. Iauay iiuiinoue ia?ineeo ia?aciaaiee
eieaaeaony io 500 ia caiaaea aei 1000 iao?ia ia ainoiea.
Ii oa?aeoa?o ?aeueaoa e oneiaeyi caeaaaiey ea?noothueo ii?iae a
*aeiaaooaaneii ?aeiia ?aaieiiue ea?no, a ai?eciioaeueii e iieiai –
caeaaathueo ?aaieiao neaai aeeneioee?iaaiiuo ii?iaeao I?aaeo?aeuey.
Eieaeueiua i?iyaeaiey eeanoiea?noa.
*aeiaaooaaneee ?aeii aoiaeeo a ?yae ?aeiiia, aaea ea?noothuea ii?iaeu
ionoonoaotho eee iaeiiiuiu; aieueoae /anoueth ne?uou iiae iiuiie (aieaa
80iao?ia) oieuae iaea?noothueo ii?iae, i?aiyonoaothuae i?iyaeaieth
ea?noa ia iiaa?oiinoe eee iaiaaeaiu ia iaaieueoeo o/anoeao,
iaoneiaeeaathueo eieaeueiia aai i?iyaeaiea ia iiaa?oiinoe.
Iieaciua eneiiaaiua ?aeiia i?aaenoaaeaiu ianoi?iaeaeaieyie iaooe
(*aeiaaooaaneia, Ooceoeooaaneia, Iai/a?ianeia, Io?neia).
A eiioea 50-o aiaeia ia/ae oi?ie?iaaoueny Naaa?i-caiaaeiue ?aeii
ianoi?iaeaeaiee iaooe, eioi?ue anooiee a noaaeeth aunieiai aieaa eee
iaiaa noaaeeueiiai o?iaiy aeiau/e iaooe a 80-o aiaeao. Iaooaiiniua
eaiaiiioaieueiua ioeiaeaiey iieuecothony oe?ieei ?ani?ino?aiaieai ai
an?i naaa?i – caiaaeiii ?aeiia Aaoei?oinoaia, a i?aaeaeao Ae?neie
naaeeiaeiu e Aa?oia – Eaineie aiaaeeiu. Ianoi?iaeaeaiey aeatho
aunieiayceoth e aunieina?ienooth oyae?eoth iaooue n iiauoaiiui auoiaeii
iacooa. Oaeoth iaooue auoaniyoue ec ieanoa, ia?aaeaaaoue ii
o?oaii?iaiaeai e ia?a?aaaouaaoue iaiiiai neiaeiaa, /ai aeaaiineoth
iaooue, ii a yoii ?aeiia ?aniieiaeaia cia/eoaeueiay a?oiia
ianoi?iaeaeaiee iaooe, e ii noae aaaeouei iaooai?iiuneiaui ?aeiiii
Aaoei?oinoaia (A?eaiiaooue, E?aniioieineiaooue, *aeiaaooiaooue). A
ieciaueyo Aaeie, aannaeia ?. Aacu iaoiaeeony *aeiaaooaaneia
ianoi?iaeaeaiea. Ianoi?iaeaeaiey yoiai oeia – n?aaeiea e iaaieueoea ii
caianai. Iaooaiiniuie yaeythony eaiaiiioaieueiua e aeaaiineea
ioeiaeaiey.
A naeaiee Aa?oiee Aoao ?aniieiaeaii oi?aaeaiea ii aeiau/a iaooe IAI AIE
“Aaoiaooue”. Iii caieiaaony aeiau/ae e ia?aea/eie iaooe a 13 ?aeiiia
?anioaeeee.
A naea Noa?ue Eaeiao ?aniieiaeai IIN “*aeiaaoo”, IINI – ioieo i?eaia e
neeaa iaooe.
Oae aea a ?aeiia anoue ianoi?iaeaeaiey no?ieoaeueiiai eaiiy
(Aaeeeineia), ee?ie/iie aeeiu (?acyiianeia, *aeiaaooaaneia, Aaeaaaneia,
Iiai-Eooianeia, THiaoaaneia), ianea (?acyiianeia, *aeiaaooaaneia),
ecaanoiyea ia iaaeea (Eonaeaaai), aa?iiiie/aneeo ?oae aeey ecaanoeiaaiey
ii/a (Aeeiaoianeia, Aaneeueaaneia, Eaai/eineia, Eaiaaaneia,
Ea?aaooaaneia, ?acyiianeia, Oaiueyiianeia, Oeeeiiianeia).
EEEIAO.
Ii oa?aeoa?o eeeiaoa oa??eoi?eth Aaoei?oinoaia iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia 5
?aeiiia:
I – aieaa oaieue ?aeii;
II – oaieue ?aeii;
III – iaiaa oaieue ?aeii;
IV – i?ioeaaeiue ?aeii;
V – oieiaeiie ?aeii.
*aeiaaooaaneee ?aeii aoiaeeo ai II oaieue ?aeii (eaninoaiiie). Eeeiao
oaieue, iacia/eoaeueii canooeeaue. A oaieue ia?eiae aiaea
i?aiaeaaeathuaa iai?aaeaiea aao?a n naaa?a-caiaaea, a oieiaeiue ia?eiae
– n thai-caiaaea. I?aiaeaaeathuaa iai?aaeaiea aao?a ca aiae – n
thai-caiaaea. Eaoi a ?aeiia eaaeaeue aiae i?ioiaeeo n ?aciuie
cia/aieyie iaeneiaeueiuo oaiia?aoo?. Ca iineaaeiea aiaeu yoi cia/aiea
ninoaaeyei +25…+300N (350n). Ceiiea oaiia?aoo?u a iniiaiii ia ieaea
– 45 0N. A yoii aiaeo (2006a.) ceia auaeaeanue no?iaie. A yiaa?a
oaiia?aoo?a aieaa aeaoo iaaeaeue aea?aeaeanue a i?aaeaeao io –320N aei
-40-43 0N. Inaaeeia auiaaeaao iaei, ieiei 400 ii ca aiae. N?aaeiaa
eiee/anoai inaaeeia ca oaieue ia?eiae ieiei 300 ii, a ca oieiaeiue
ia?eiae io 100 aei 150 ii.
*aeiaaooaaneee ?aeii iaoiaeeony a oia?aiiii eeeiaoe/aneii iiyna.
A niioaaonoaee n ynii au?aaeaiiie eiioeiaioaeueiinoueth eeeiaoa a
*aeiaaooaaneii ?aeiia ?acei auaeaeythony oieiaeiue e oaieue ia?eiaeu
aiaea. Inaiue e aania – ia?aoiaeiua naciiu i?ioiaeyo auno?i e ia?aaeei
oa?aeoa?ecothony eioaineaiui ?acaeoeai naciiiuo yaeaiee. Iniaaiii yoi
eanaaony aaniu, eioi?ay aeeeeanue anaai 40-50 aeiae, eiaaea
i?e?iaea ii nouanoao ii/oe n?aco ia?aoiaeeo io ceiieo e eaoiei oneiaeyi
iiaiaeu.
E iniaaiiinoyi eeeiaoa neaaeoao ioianoe aieueooth eciai/eainoue iiaiaeu
a iniiaiii a o?ieia a?aiy aiaea. Iniaaiii iaonoie/eaa auaaao aaniie, n
?aceeie eieaaaieyie oaiia?aoo? io aniuoee oaiea aei aica?aoa oieiaeia, a
oae aea aeeeoaeueiue ia?eiae io?eoeaoaeueiuo oaiia?aoo?, no?iainoue
ceiu, aieueoea aiieeooaeu eieaaaiey oaiia?aoo?u a aiaeiaii e nooi/iii
eioa?aaea, ia?aaiiia?iinoue ?ani?aaeaeaiey inaaeeia ii oa??eoi?ee e
naciiai aiaea, cia/eoaeueiua ioeeiiaiey io n?aaeieo ii?i aiaeiaiai
eiee/anoaa inaaeeia, auno?ay niaia iiaiaeu e a? iinoiyinoai ii aiaeai.
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue caeaaaiey niaaeiiai iie?iaa ninoaaeyao a n?aaeiai
150-165 aeiae.
Ceia a *aeiaaooaaneii ?aeiia iau/ii onoaiaaeeaaaony n na?aaeeiu iiya?y.
A yoi a?aiy eiaeeony niaa, neo/athony oaea e ii?icu, ii ia?aaeei nthaea
aoi?aaaony aicaeoo n Aoeaioeee, e oiaaea ianooiatho iooaiaee, auiaaeaao
iie?ue niaa e aeaaea aeiaeaeue. Naiue oieiaeiue ianyoe – yiaa?ue.
N?aaeiaiany/iay oaiia?aoo?a aai ninoaaeyao ieiei -15 0N.
Aania ianooiaao n o?aoueae aeaeaaeu ia?oa. A ia?aie iieiaeia ai?aey
noaeaaao niaa, ane?uaathony ?aee, a iaa aea?aauey iie?uaathony eenoaie,
ii au? ia?aaeee aoi?aeaiey oieiaeiuo aicaeooiuo iann A?eoeee. Iie
i?eiinyo caii?icee, aoaeoaeueiua aeey naaeia e iinaaia.
Naiue aea?eee eaoiee ianyoe – etheue. N?aaeiaiany/iay oaiia?aoo?a
aicaeooa ieiei 190N. Iiaiaea eaoii ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeyaony aicaeaenoaeai
aicaeooiuo iann. Iaaeieai iiaeao onoaiaaeeaaoueny nooay e aea?eay
iiaiaea, eiaaea yoo iaeanoue caoaaouaatho thaeiua o?iie/aneea iannu
aicaeooa. A oaeea aiaeu neo/athony e canooe. I?e iiieaeaiee aoiinoa?iiai
aeaaeaiey ec Aoeaioeee nthaea aoi?aathony oeeeeiiu. Iie niya/atho aea?o
e i?eiinyo aeieaiaeaeaiiua aeiaeaee.
AEAe?IEIAEss E AEAe?IA?AOEss.
Oa??eoi?ey *aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia ae?aie?oaony nenoaiie ?ae Aacu,
Eoaao, *a?ianai e eo i?eoieaie. Yoe ?aee a naith i/a?aaeue yaeythony
i?eoieaie ?aee Aaeie, i?ioaeathuae ca i?aaeaeaie *aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia.
?aee Aacu e Eoaao aa?oo ia/aei a ?aeiia, i?e/ai ?aea Aacu o thaeiie
a?aieoeu ?aeiia, i?ioaeay ia naaa? ?acaeaeyao ?aeii ia aeaa ?acee/iua
ii no?iaieth iiaa?oiinoe, /anoe.
?aea AACU yaeyaony aeaaiie aiaeiie a?oa?eae. Iia ia?anaeaao caiaaeioth
/anoue ?aeiia naiei aa?oiei oa/aieai. Aeeeia ?aee 123 ei. Ieiuaaeue
aiaeinai?a 1590 eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?a. Aeieeia ?aee oi?ioi ?ac?aaioaia,
i/aiue oe?ieay aei 2 ei. Aa?aaa aneiiao?e/iu, i?aaue aa?aa aieaa e?ooie,
eaaue iieiae e ninoieo ec aeethaeaeueiuo oa??an. Iieia ?aee caaiei/aia,
aeii ?onea eeenoia, ayceia. Aa?aaa iiaeaa?aeaiu iinoiyiiiio ?aciuao e
?ac?ooathony ai a?aiy aanaiiaai iaaiaeea. Oa/aiea aa niieieiia, oe?eia a
n?aaeiai 10-15 i. Aiaea neaai ieia?aeeciaaia. Aeoaeia ?aee io 1 aei 2,5
i.
?aea *A?IANAI – i?ioaeaao ii ainoi/iie /anoe – a?aieoea ?aeiia. Aeieeia
?aee oe?ieay, aeinoeaaao ianoaie oe?eiu 3,5 ei. Iia au?aaeaia iieiaiiuie
e iaaeiieiaiiuie oa??anaie. ?onei ecaeeenoia, aeoaeaeathuaa ii iieia,
iooiaeyuaa a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa aeaeaei io noaieoeu. Oe?eia ?onea
?aee io 50ni aei 2i. Oa/aiea niieieiia. Yoa ?aea aieueoiai cia/aiey ia
eiaao aeey ?aeiia, o.e. i?ioaeaao aaeieue ainoi/iie a?aieoeu ?aeiia ia
iaaieueoii i?ioyaeaiee. ?aee *a?ianai e Aacu a aic?anoiii ioiioaiee
noa?ua, n oi?ioi ?acaeouie aeieeiaie , n aneiiao?e/iuie aa?aaaie.
?aea EAEIAOEA – enoiee iaoiaeyony o aea?aaie Eaeiaoaaoaai. Iia oa/ao a
iai?aaeaiee n thai-caiaaea ia naaa?i-ainoie. Aeeeia aa ia i?aauoaao 42
ei. A aa?oiai oa/aiee ?aea Eaeiaoea i?eieiaao a naay aeaa i?eoiea – ?aeo
Noa?i Aeeeeii e ?aeo ?aiao. Aeieeia aa?oiaai oa/aiey ?aee oe?ieay.
?onei aa i/aiue oceia e aeoaieia, aa?aaa e?ooua. A ieaeiae /anoe oa/aiey
?aee Eaeiaoea aeieeia aieaa oe?ieay, /ai a aa?oiae /anoe. ?onei oae aea
aeoaieia e ecaeeenoia. Oe?eia ?onea 2-8 i, aeoaeia io 50 ni aei 1,5i.
?aea NAAAAeU – ia?anaeaao thai-ainoi/ioth /anoue ?aeiia. Eiaao ii/oe
ia?eaeeaiaeueiia iai?aaeaiea. No?iaiea neeiiia ieaeiaai oa/aiey oaeia
aea, eae e ?aee Eaeiaoea, eaaue aa?aa e?ooie, i?aaue i/aiue iieiaee.
Aeeeia ?aee 35 ei, n aeiaieueii aeoaieei ?oneii, oe?eia eioi?iai aei 10
i, aeoaeia io 30-50i aei 1-1,5i.
Ane?uoea ?ae i?ienoiaeeo a n?aaeiai 20 ai?aey. Naiay ?aiiyy aeaoa 29
ia?oa, naiay iicaeiyy 2 iay. Caia?caiea ?aee a n?aaeiai 18-25 iiya?y,
naiay ?aiiyy 24 ieoya?y, naiay iicaeiyy 27 iiya?y. Ane?uoea e caia?caiea
?ae a *aeiaaooaaneii ?aeiia i?ienoiaeeo ia 2-3 aeiy ?aiueoa, /ai ?aea
Aaeay, Eaia.
A?oioiaua aiaeu caeaaatho ia ?acee/iie aeoaeia a caaeneiinoe io
yeaiaioia ?aeueaoa. Ia aiaei?acaeaeao aeoaeia aeinoeaaao 10-12 i, a a
iiieaeaiee 1-2 i. A aeoaieeo aaeeao e ia?aaao iaaethaeathony auoiaeu
a?oioiauo aiae ia aeiaaioth iiaa?oiinoue. A ieaeieo /anoyo neeiiia, aaea
a?oioiaua aiaeu iiaeoiaeyo aeecei e aeiaaiie iiaa?oiinoe, iie
iaeeaaeuaatho ioia/aoie ia oi?ie?iaaiea ii/a e niinianoaotho
ia?aciaaieth aeaaeii – eoaiauo ii/a. A oai, aaea a?oioiaua aiaeu
aueeeieaathony ia aeiaaioth iiaa?oiinoue, oai i?ienoiaeeo oi?ie?iaaiea
ii/a aieioiiai ?yaea. A ieoueaauo oeaeyo ianaeaiea eniieuecoao
?iaeieeiaoth e eieiaeacioth aiaeo, a oae aea ec oaooiuo eieiaeoeaa.
*aeiaaooaaneee ?aeii aoiaeeo a Ooeineee aa?oiaia?ineee aiaeiiiniue
eiiieaen. Ieia?aeecaoeey e oeie/aneee ninoaa iiaecaiiuo aiae a ciia
ae?aie?iaaiey aiaeiiiniuo ii?iae aeae?ia?aoe/aneie naoueth: aei 1,0a/e.
Aeae?iea?aiiaoiue, noeueoaoii-aeae?iea?aiiaoiue e aeae?iea?aiiaoi
-noeueoaoiue eaeueoeeaaue, iaaieaai-iao?eaaue e iaaieaai -eaeueoeeaaue.
Aua ia oa??eoi?ee ?aeiia anoue ?aee *aeiaaoo, Eaoae; ?a/ee Oaoeo?aa,
Ia?auo; ?iaeieee Oaooeoia, Ooaaiae – oeoia, Ea?aoeoia; ic. THeaeeeoeue,
Iaiyce.
II*AA.
Ec ii/a ?ani?ino?aiaiu oeie/iua, auuaei/aiiua /a?iic?iu, o?iii-na?ua e
na?ua eaniua ii/au. Niaea?aeaiea aoiona a yoeo ii/aao ninoaaeyao 6-11%,
eeneioiinoue aei 6. Iiuiinoue aoioniaiai ai?eciioa 50-60 ni. Ii/aa
ieiaei?iaeiay. Ai?eciiou /a?iic?iia caeaaatho aeoaiei e ii naiae iiue
aiieia iiaoo oyaaoueny n /a?iic?iaie Eoaaie. *aeiaaooaaneee ?aeii
?aniieiaeai a eaninoaiiie ciia, thaeiie ia?aoiaeiie iiaeciia,
caoaaouaay /anoe/ii ciio noaie. Iiauoaiiua oi/ee aiaei?acaeaeia,
iie?uoua ae?aaaneiie, ?anoeoaeueiinoueth, caiyou eaniuie ii/aaie,
eioi?ua aeiaieueii auno?i niaiythony auuaei/aiiuie /a?iic?iaie, a caoai
e oeie/iuie ea?aiiaoiuie a caaeneiinoe io yeniiceoeee. Aieaa iiieaeaiiua
aiaei?acaeaeu caiyou ii naiei aa?oeiai oeie/iuie /a?iic?iaie.
A ainoi/iie /anoe iaaethaeaaony oaeay aea caeiiiia?iinoue. Caeanue
aa?oeiu aiaei?acaeaeia caiyou oeie/iuie ea?aiiaoaie, /a?iic?iaie,
?acaeaoeieny ia yethaeaeueiie ii?iaea, neeiiu caiyou oeie/iuie
/a?iic?iaie e ieaeiyy /anoue auuaei/aiiuie.
THaeiua e caiaaeiua aieaa iieaoua neeiiu caiyou oeie/iuie ea?aiiaoaie.
Aua aieaa iieaoua caiyou oeie/iuie ea?aiiaoaie n iiaa?oiinoiui
aneeiaieai, aieaa e?ooua neeiiu caiyou iaaei?acaeouie e niuouie ii/aaie.
A caieioouo iiieaeaieyo, aaeeao e ia?aaao a caaeneiinoe io noaiaie
oaeaaeiaiey ?aniieiaeaiu aeaaeii-eoaiaua e aieioiua ii/au.
Iieiu e?oiiuo ?ae (Aacu, *a?ianai, Eoaao) caiyou noa?iaic?anoiuie
aeethaeaeueiuie noi?ie?iaaaoeieny ii/aaie. Ia?yaeo n yoe ano?a/athony e
aieaa iieiaeua aeethaeaeueiua iaiinu. A iieiao yoeo ?a/ae ano?a/athony
e aieaa iieiaeua aeethaeaeueiua iaiinu. E aeiaieueii aieueoea ieiuaaee
oi?oyienouo ii/a.
?aciiaeaeiinoe ii/a, ?ani?aaeaeaiiua ii oa??eoi?ee ?aeiia:
1.*a?iicaiu oeie/iua – aeiieie?othuee oei, ninoaaeyao 40% io iauae
ieiuaaee. Iie ?ani?ino?aiaiu a thai-ainoi/iie /anoe oa??eoi?ee ?aeiia e
ioaeaeueiuie eiioo?aie a thai-caiaaeiie e naaa?i-caiaaeiuo /anoyo ?aeiia
2.*a?iic?iu auuaei/aiiua – ninoaaeytho 31% io iauae ieiuaaee.
?ani?ino?aiaiu a naaa?i-ainoi/iie /anoe ?aeiia e ioaeaeueiuie eiioo?aie
n?aaee oeie/iuo /a?iicaiia a thai-ainoi/iie e caiaaeiuo /anoyo
oa??eoi?ee ?aeiia.
3.Na?ua eaniua ii/au – eiatho iaaieueoia ?ani?ino?aiaiea aaeieue
caiaaeiie a?aieoeu oa??eoi?ee ?aeiia, aaea aieueoa eania. Eo ieiuaaeue
ninoaaeyao 10% io iauae ieiuaaee. Inoaeueiua ii/aaiiua ?aciinoe
ciiaeueiie i?eo?i/aiiinoe ia eiatho e ?ani?ino?aiythony ii anae
oa??eoi?ee ioaeaeueiuie eiioo?aie, a caaeneiinoe io ?aeueaoa.
Yoe iieacaoaee i/aiue aaaeiu aeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa. Aeey
yooaeoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey caiaeueiuo ?ano?nia – aeoeaii aiaae?ythony
i?ia?anneaiua, ?ano?ninaa?aaathuea e yeieiae/anee aaciianiua oaoiieiaee.
I?iaaaeaia eiaaioa?ecaoeey e caaa?oaia eaaeano?iaay ioeaiea anao
eaoaai?ee caiaeue.
Y?iaee?iaaiiinoue ii/a iacia/eoaeueii (0-5%). Aeey caueou io y?icee
?acaiaeyo eaniiieinu aie?oa iieae. Ii/aiia?acothuea ii?iaeu: yethaei –
aeaethaeaeueiua ea?aiiaoiua ioeiaeaiey. Iaoaie/aneee ninoaa ii/a: eaaeea
e n?aaeiea noaeeiee.
?ANOEOAEUeIINOUe E AEEAIOIUE IE?.
Ii oa?aeoa?o ?anoeoaeueiiai iie?iaa *aeiaaooaaneee ?aeii ioiineony e
thaeiie eaninoaie n iaeioi?ui ioeeiiaieai a thai-ainoi/iie /anoe
?aeiia a noi?iio noaiiie ciiu. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy noaiue ?aniaoaia e
noaiiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue nio?aieeanue ii iaoioiui neeiiai, oae aea
aaeece eania ia i?eaiaeiuo iiae iaoith. Iaeee eaniie ?anoeoaeueiinoe
neeueii eciaiai. Eaniay ?anoeoaeueiinoue i?aaenoaaeaia eenoaaiiuie
eanaie. Ia aiaei?acaeaeao, a ianoao n aieueoei eiee/anoaii auiaaeaiey
aoiinoa?iuo inaaeeia, eo/oa nio?aieeenue eana a naiai ia?ae/iii
ninoiyiee. A yoeo ianoao ?anooo neaaeothuea aeaeu aea?aaueaa e
eonoa?ieeia: aeoa, eeia, aa?aca, eeai, aycue, ineia, i?aoiee, eaeeia,
?yaeia, eaa.
Eana, ?aniieiaeaiiua aaeieue i?aaiai aa?aaa ia eiatho a naiai ninoaaa
eeueiiauo, ineia e eeia yaeyaony i?eianueth. A oeaio?aeueiie thaeiie
e thai-ainoi/iie /anoe *aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia ?aniieiaeaiu aeoaiaua e
?aaea aa?aciaua eiiee, a eioi?uo iiaeeanie eee ionoonoaotho eee aea
ano?a/aaony a iacia/eoaeueiii eiee/anoaa. Eana ec aeoaa, aa?acu, eeiu
caieiatho 19% ieiuaaee.
Ec o?aayienoie ?anoeoaeueiinoe ano?a/athony eeaaa? eoaiaie, einoa?,
eiauee, caieyieea, aeooeoea, caa?iaie, ouny/aeenoiee, e?aieaa,
ionou?iee, eaa-/ae, iaoue -e- ia/aoa, ?iiaoea.
Ec aeeaioiuo a *aeiaaooaaneii ?aeiia ano?a/athony eena, einue, aa?noe,
cayoe -?onae, noneee, eaaai, ia caiaaea ano?a/athony aiee, iiaeao?a,
aia?.
Ec ioeoe : neai?oea, ai?iio, ai?iauey, aeeeeo ooie, niao, neieoeo,
niaae?y, nieiauey, eaaaaeae, eoeooeo, aeyoea, oeaieth, aeaai?iiea,
a?a/a, ni?ieo e iiiaeo ae?oaeo.
Aeaaa III. Yeieiae/aneay i?iaeaia *aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia.
Cia/eoaeueiui enoi/ieeii caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ?aeiia
yaeyaony naeueneioicyenoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai. Iiiai a?aaea io
oeie/aneeo aauanoa eniieuecoaiuo aeey ai?ueau n ni?iyeaie,
a?aaeeoaeyie e aieaciyie naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?, eioi?ua iiaoo
iiianoue n i?iaeoeoaie ieoaiey, n aiaeie, n aicaeooii a i?aaieci
aeeaioiuo e ethaeae. ssaeioeieeaou aoaeoaeueii aeaenoaotho ia ii/aaiioth
oaoio.
A?aaeiia aicaeaenoaea ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo ieacuaatho iaeeea aaa?ee
ia iaooai?iaiaeao ?aeiia. A ?acoeueoaoa oaeeo aaa?ee iiaeaaao
?anoeoaeueiinoue, neeueii caa?yciyaony ii/aa.
Ethaee, aua?anuaay iooiaeu e ioni? ii aa?aaai ?ae, iaiinyo iaiii?aaeiue
oua?a oei?a e oaoia.
A iaeioi?uo aea?aaiyo anoue neiieaiey aaeece aeeaioiiaiae/aneeo oa?i
aieueoeo iann iaaica, eioi?ue yaeyaony iianiui yieaeaieieiae/aneei
oaeoi?ii caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu i?aaeaea anaai iioiio /oi iie
niaea?aeao aieueoia eiee/anoai a?aaeiuo iee?ii?aaieciia, n?aaee eioi?uo
iiaoo auoue aicaoaeeoaee oaeeo iianiuo caaieaaaiee, eae noieaiye,
a?ooeaee?c, ooaa?eoe?c.
Noi/iua aiaeu oa?i, aeeaioiiaiae/aneeo eiiieaenia *aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia
ia?aaeei caa?yciytho iiaa?oiinoiua e iiaecaiiua a?oioiaua aiaeu
a?aaeiie aeey /aeiaaea aaeoa?eaeueiie iee?ioei?ie, yaeiaeouie
i?iaeoeoaie ?aceiaeaiey, ia?acothueie aieueoia eiee/anoai yaeiaeouo
aacia (na?iaiaei?iae, iaoai, aiieae e ae?oaea). Auaeaeaiea eo a
aoiinoa?o i?eaiaeeo e aa caa?yciaieth.
A ?aeiia aaaeaony oeaeaiai?aaeaiiay ?aaioa ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu e oeo/oaieth yeieiae/aneie ianoaiiaee. Oniaoii ?aaeecoaony
i?ia?aiia “Yeieiae/aneay aaciianiinoue *aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia” ia
ia?eiae aei 2007 aiaea.
Aaaaeaia a yenieoaoaoeeth noaioeey i/enoee ieoueaaie aiaeu aeey
niaaaeaiey ianaeaiey, aeaoneeo aeioeieueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee
aeia?iea/anoaaiiie aiaeie.
Neeaie *aeiaaooaaneiai AOI “Aaoiaeeiaiaeoic” aaaeaony no?ieoaeuenoai
ia?aie i/a?aaee iieeaiia oaa?aeuo auoiauo iooiaeia.
CAEETH*AIEA
Aeaiiay ?aaioa ninoieo ec 3 aeaa, aaaaeaiey, nienea eeoa?aoo?u:
I aeaaa – Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea *aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia.
II aeaaa – Oeceei – aaia?aoe/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea.
III aeaaa – Yeieiae/aneea i?iaeaiu ?aeiia.
A aeaiiie ?aaioa eceiaeaiu aii?inu, ioiinyueany e ?aniieiaeaieth ?aeiia,
?aeueaoo, aaieiae/aneiio no?iaieth, iieaciui eneiiaaiui.
A aeaiiie ?aaioa ioa?aeoa?eciaaiu eeeiao, ninoaa ii/au, aeae?ieiaey e
aeae?ia?aoey, ?anoeoaeueiinoue e aeeaioiue ie?.
Cao?iiooa oaia naycaiiay n yeieiae/aneie i?iaeaiie *aeiaaooaaneiai
?aeiia.
EEOA?AOO?A
1. “Aoean ?anioaeeee Aaoei?oinoai” – Ooa, 2005
2. “Aaoei?oinoai” e?aoeay yioeeeeiiaaeey – Ooa, 1996
3. Ae.A. Eacuoaiia “E?ae iie ?iaeiie, *aeiaaoo”
4. I.A.Eooeoaaeeyiia “ Oo?eoe e ii?o?aoo *aeiaaooaaneiai ?aeiia” Ooa,
2005
5. O.A. Eo/a? “Yeieiae/aneia ia?aciaaiea o/aueony a iao/aiee
aaia?aoee”. Iiniaea aeey o/eoaeae. I., 1990.
6. ?.A.Oaoeoeeei “I?e?iaeiua oneiaey Aaoei?oinoaia” – Ooa, 1994
7. ?.A. Oaoeoeeei “I?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu ?anioaeeee Aaoei?oinoai e
?aoeeiiaeueiia eo eniieueciaaiea. ” – Ooa “Eeoai”, 1996
8. O.A. Oenaiaoaeeiiaa, ?.C. Oaeo?ia, C.A. ne?acaoaeeiia, TH.O.
THeaeaoaaaa “?onnei – aaoee?neee neiaa?ue aiaeiuo iauaeoia ?anioaeeee
Aaoei?oinoai.”
9. I.O. Oeniaoia, A.I. Nooia “Aaia?aoey Aaoei?oinoaia” – Ooa, 2000
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