Acianeia ii?a – yoi aioo?aiiee aiaeiai, iiuaathuee ainoi/iua aa?aaa
E?uia, iiaa?aaeuea Caii?iaeneie, Aeiiaoeeie, ?inoianeie iaeanoae e
/anoue caiaaeiuo a?aieoe E?aniiaea?neiai e?ay. *a?ac Ea?/aineee i?ieea
iii naycaii n *a?iui ii?ai.
Naia nia?aiaiiia iacaaiea ii?a iieo/eei, aa?iyoii, ii a. Acia. Ae?aaiea
a?aee iacuaaee Acianeia ii?a Iaeioen eeiai – “Iaioeeneia ica?i”, a
?eieyia – “Iaioeeneia aieioi” ca aai iaeeiaiaeiinoue e ieciaiiua
aieioenoua ainoi/iua aa?aaa. Iaioeeneia – ii eiaie ia?iaea iaiou,
aeeaoaai ia aai thaeiuo e ainoi/iuo aa?aaao. A n?aaeiea aaea ?onneea
iacuaaee yoi ii?a No?iaeneei (ii eiaie E?uineiai ai?iaea No?iae,
nia?aiaiiue Noaeae).
Acianeia ii?a naiia iaeaiueeia ec ii?ae Niaaoneiai Nithca. Ieiuaaeue aai
ieiei 37800 ea. ei. Iaeiaei oicyenoaaiiia cia/aiea yoiai aiaeiiai
aannaeia /?acau/aeii aaeeei. Aei Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu Acianeia ii?a
aeaaaei 18% anae ?uaiie i?iaeoeoeee iaoae no?aiu. Aieueoia cia/aiea
eiaao iaeeiaiaeiue caeea ii?y Neaao, aaea aeiauaaaony iiaa?aiiay nieue e
ae?oaea niee, oe?iei i?eiaiyaiua a oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Aaeeea ?ieue Acianeiai ii?y a o?ainii?oii-yeiiiie/aneeo naycyo thaa
aa?iiaeneie /anoe NNN?. Ii ii?th ia?aaicyony ?acee/iua a?ocu, ii iniaoth
aaaeiinoue eiaao aeinoaaea ea?/aineie aeaeaciie ?oaeu aeey aeaaioa
/a?iie iaoaeeo?aee – caaiaea “Acianoaeue” a ai?iaea AEaeaiiaa.
Noaeioiaenoai ia Acianeii ii?a neeueii au?inei iinea nii?oaeaiey
Aieai-Aeiineiai noaeioiaeiiai eaiaea eiaie A. E. Eaieia. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy niaa?oathony ?aenu noaeia ec Iineau, Ai?ueeiai, Aieaia?aaea,
Ano?aoaie a ii?ou Acianeiai ii?y. Aieai-Aeiineie noaeioiaeiue eaiae
eiaie A. E. Eaieia iicaieee nicaeaoue aaeeioth aiaeioth o?ainii?oioth
nenoaio, naycuaathuoth iyoue ii?ae- Aaeoeeneia, Aaeia, Eanieeneia,
Acianeia e *a?iia.
?aeiino?oeoeey Aeiia, Eoaaie e ae?oaeo ?ae, aiaaeathueo a Acianeia ii?a,
ieacuaaao aeeyiea ia aai i?e?iaeiua iniaaiiinoe e oicyenoaaiiia
eniieueciaaiea. Ana yoi i?eaeaeaao e iaio aieueoia aieiaiea a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy.
I aaieiae/aneii i?ioeii ii?y
Acianeia ii?a, n oi/ee c?aiey aai aaieiae/aneiai aic?anoa, – iieiaeie
aannaei. I/a?oaiey, aeeceea e nia?aiaiiui, iii i?eia?aei a *aoaa?oe/iue
ia?eiae. Iiiai ieeeeiiia eao iacaae Acianeia ii?a aoiaeeei a ninoaa
ieaaia, eioi?ue aaieiae iacuaatho Oaoen. Iaiauyoiay aeaaeue aai
i?inoe?aeanue io Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee /a?ac Aoeaioe/aneee ieaai,
thaeioth /anoue Aa?iiu, N?aaeecaiiia, *a?iia, Eanieeneia e A?aeueneia
ii?y e aeaeaa ia ainoie /a?ac Eiaeeth aei Oeoiai ieaaia.
Enoi?ey aicieeiiaaiey Acianeiai ii?y oanii naycaia n aaieiae/aneei
i?ioeui E?uia, Eaaeaca, *a?iiai e Eanieeneiai ii?ae. Iiae aeeyieai
aioo?aiieo nee caiiay ei?a oi iioneaeanue, oi iiaeieiaeanue a aeaea
ai?iuo oeaiae, eioi?ua caoai, n?acaiiua ?aaioie oaeo/eo aiae e
auaao?eaaieai i?aa?auaeenue a ?aaieiu. A ?acoeueoaoa yoeo i?ioeannia
aiaeu Ie?iaiai ieaai oi caoiieyee ioaeaeueiua o/anoee nooe, oi iaiaaeaee
eo, eee, eae aiai?yo aaieiae, iaaethaeaeenue o?aina?annee (ianooiaiea) e
?aa?annee (ionooiaiea) ii?ae.
I?e yoii, anoanoaaiii, eciaiyeenue i/a?oaiey iaoa?eeia e ii?ae. A oi aea
a?aiy i?ienoiaeeee eciaiaiey eeeiaoa, ?anoeoaeueiiai e aeeaioiiai ie?a
eae ia nooa, oae e a ii?a.
Eeoue a eaeiicieneoth y?o (y?o iiaie aeecie) i/a?oaiey iaoa?eeia e
ioaeaeueiuo ii?ae, a oii /enea Acianeiai, noaiiayony oaeeie, eaeeie iu
aeaeei eo ia nia?aiaiiuo ea?oao.
Eaeiicieneay y?a ninoieo, eae ecaanoii, ec aeaoo ia?eiaeia – o?aoe/iiai
e /aoaa?oe/iiai, eee aio?iiiaaia.
A iineaaeiai iiyaeyaony oaea /aeiaae. A aio?iiiaaia caeii/eeinue
oi?ie?iaaiea Acianeiai ii?y, e neaaeiaaoaeueii, aai nia?aiaiiue iaeee
nicaeaaaeny aoeaaeueii ia aeacao aeienoi?e/aneiai /aeiaaea.
Ia i?ioyaeaiee aio?iiiaaia ii?neie aannaei, aeeth/aaoee a naay *a?iia,
Acianeia e Eanieeneia ii?y, iaiaeiie?aoii eciaiye naie i/a?oaiey,
ieiuaaeue, aeoaeio, ae?iaeeny ia /anoe e aiiaue ainnoaiaaeeaaeny.
?aciua oacu ?acaeoey yoiai aannaeia a aio?iiiaaia iieo/eee oneiaiua
iacaaiey: *aoaeeineia, Ae?aaiayaeneineia, Ocoiea?neia, Ea?aiaaoneia,
Iiaiyaeneineia ii?y.
*aoaeeineia ica?i-ii?a nouanoaiaaei a ia/aea yiioe aaeeeeo ieaaeaiaiee –
aieaa 500 000 eao iacaae. Inaaeee yoiai ii?y iaeaeaiu ia iuna *aoaea
Ea?/aineiai iieoino?iaa (ionthaea e iacaaiea ii?y), eiathony iie oaeaea
e ia iiaa?aaeuea Oaiaineiai iieoino?iaa. Oaoia (aeeaioiue ie?) neeueii
ii?aniaiiiai *aoaeeineiai ii?y auea aanueia aeecea e oaoia Aaeeineiai
ii?y, aoiaeeaoaai a oi a?aiy a ninoaa Eanieeneiai ii?neiai aannaeia. Yoi
ianoiyoaeuenoai i?eaaei o/aiuo e auaiaeo, /oi *aoaeeineee e Aaeeineee
aannaeiu niaaeeiyeenue iaaeaeo niaith ii aeieeia ?aee Iaiu/.
I?inouanoaiaaa n?aaieoaeueii iaaeieai, *aoaeeineia ii?a onooieei ianoi
Ae?aaiayaeneineiio ii?th. Yoi auei neeueii ii?aniaiiia ica?i-ii?a. Iii
ioiineony e ia?aie iieiaeia /aoaa?oe/iiai ia?eiaea. Ioeiaeaiey
Ae?aaiayaeneineiai ii?y ecaanoiu ia Ea?/aineii iieoino?iaa, a ?aeiia
Oaaai?iaa, ia Eaaeacneii iiaa?aaeuea, ia ?aea Iaiu/. Aieueoia noiaenoai
oaoiu naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi ii?a niaaeeiyeinue n
Ae?aaiaeanieeneei e Aaeeineei aannaeiaie.
A ae?aaiayaeneineia a?aiy i?ienoiaeeo niaaeeiaiea *a?iiai ii?y ni
N?aaeecaiiui /a?ac Aea?aeaiaeueneee i?ieea. Ia niaio Ae?aaiayaeneineiio
ii?th i?eoei oae iacuaaaiia Ocoiea?neia. Aeaaiaea?y i?iieeiiaaieth aiae
N?aaeecaiiiai ii?y i?ienoiaeeo iinoaiaiiia inieiiaiea Ocoiea?neiai ii?y
e iiaeiyoea aai o?iaiy. Iineaaeiaa i?eaaei e caoiieaieth iiieaeaiiuo
/anoae iiaa?aaeuey e onoueaa ?ae. E yoiio a?aiaie a iniiaiii ioiineony
ia?aciaaiea eeiaiia Aeiai?a, Aeiia e ae?oaeo ?ae Aciai-*a?iiii?neiai
aannaeia. Iaiu/neee i?ieea, niaaeeiyaoee ?aiaa Ae?aaiayaeneineia e
Ae?aaiaeanieeneia ii?y, a yoi a?aiy ia?anoaao nouanoaiaaoue.
Ocoiea?neia ii?a niaieeinue nieaiui Ea?aiaaoneei ii?ai, ia?aciaaiea
eioi?iai nii?iaiaeaeaeinue aieueoeie iioneaieyie a ?aeiia Acianeiai ii?y
e E?uia.
Yoe iioneaiey aucaaee o?aina?anneth nieaiuo aiae e i?iieeiiaaiea a
Ea?aiaaoneee aannaei ii?neie oaoiu, aieaa aiaaoie aeaeaie, /ai
nia?aiaiiay /a?iiii?neay.
Ai a?aiy iineaaeiaai ieaaeaiaiey Ea?aiaaoneia ii?a niaieeinue
iieoi?aniui Iiaiyaeneineei ica?ii-ii?ai. A ninaaeiae Eanieeneie iaeanoe
a yoi a?aiy i?inoe?aeinue Oaaeuineia ii?a, eioi?ia, noaey ii noiaenoao
oaoi iaieo ii?ae, niaaeeiyeinue n Iiaiyaeneineei. Iiaiyaeneineee
?aa?anneaiue yoai ?acaeoey ii?y niaieeny ae?aaia/a?iiii?neei e
iiai/a?iiii?neei yoaiaie aai ?anoe?aiey.
Iineaaeiee, iiai/a?iiii?neee, yoai ?acaeoey Acianeiai ii?y ?acaeaeyaony
o/aiuie ia ianeieueei naiinoiyoaeueiuo noaaeee, a eiaiii: noaaeeth
iaeneiaeueiiai ?acaeoey iiai/a?iiii?neie o?aina?annee, eiaaea o?iaaiue
ii?y ia 2,5-3 i aue auoa nia?aiaiiiai, iaioe/aneoth noaaeeth, eiaaooth
ianoi oaea a ia/aea enoi?e/aneiai a?aiaie, e ieioaeneoth noaaeeth. A
iaioe/aneoth noaaeeth Acianeia ii?a, ii iienaieth ae?aaieo a?aeia,
i?aaenoaaeyei i?aniiaiaeiia e caaiei/aiiia ica?i. A ieioaeneoth noaaeeth
i?iecioei oi?ie?iaaiea nia?aiaiiuo i/a?oaiee aa?aaiaie eeiee, e a
/anoiinoe ia?aciaaiea aieueoae /anoe ein Acianeiai ii?y.
Naiaia?aciay i?e?iaea *a?iiai e Acianeiai ii?ae noi?ie?iaaeanue a
neiaeiii e iiae/an ae?aiaoe/iii acaeiiaeaenoaee aaieiae/aneeo,
aeae?ieiae/aneeo e eeeiaoe/aneeo oaeoi?ia. Ia ianoa oaia?aoiaai *a?iiai
ii?y auea eiaaea-oi aeoaieay, caiieiaiiay aiaeie aiaaeeia — /anoue
ia?ae/iiai ieaaia Oaoen, ioaeaeyaoaai naaa?iue iaoa?ee — Eaa?aceth io
thaeiiai — Aiiaeaaiu. Iia oi nianai ioaeaeyeanue io ieaaia ai?aie e
ia?aiu/eaie, oi aiiaue ioe?uaaeanue aeey aeinooia ieaaineie aiaea. Yoi
iiaoi?yeinue iaiaeiie?aoii, iniaaiii aeaoaeueii ia?eiaee/aneea eciaiaiey
i/a?oaiee ii?ae e ?aaeeia eo aiae i?ineaaeaiu ca a?aiy eaaeieeiaiai
ia?eiaea. Eiaaea naycue n ieaaiii i?a?uaaeanue, ?a/iua aiaeu no?aieeenue
i?aa?aoeoue ii?a a i?aniia ica?i. A ianooieaiea oea e i?aniiaiaeiay
oaoia — ieoie, e?aniiia?ee, eaue. Eiaaea aea ieaaineay aiaea iiaeaaeyea
i?anioth, yoe aeeaioiua ooiaeeee a ?aee, onooiay ianoi oeie/ii ii?neei
iaeoaoaeyi. E anee aeey *a?iiai ii?y eieaaaiey o?iaiy aeinoeaaee ii/oe
noiiao?iaie ?acieoeu, oi iaeeiaiaeiue Acia a?aiaiaie nianai en/acae
(iiiai ee iaaei i?e iaeneioia aeoaeiu a 13 i).
Nae/an *a?iia ii?a niaaeeiyaony i?ieeaii Ainoi? n I?aii?iui e aeaeaa ni
N?aaeecaiiui ii?ai, a Ea?/aineei i?ieeaii — n ii?ai Acianeei. A
N?aaeecaiiii ii?a aiaea eiaao iau/ioth ieaaie/aneoth nieaiinoue (37%i),
a *a?iii iia a aeaa ?aca ieaea ieaaie/aneie (18%i), a Acianeii neeueii
ii?aniaia (11%i).
Iaeneiaeueiay aeoaeia *a?iiai ii?y — 2245 i, aai ca?eaei eiaao ieiuaaeue
423 oun. ei2. Aaaeiay iniaaiiinoue *a?iiai ii?y ninoieo a oii, /oi ia
aeoaeia nauoa 150-200 i aai aiaeu ianuuaiu na?iaiaei?iaeii e i?aaieciu,
ioaeaeathueany a eenei?iaea, oai nouanoaiaaoue ia iiaoo. Enoaoe, iaeia
ec aa?nee, ii/aio ii?a iacaaii *a?iui, iooaeeeaaaony io na?iaiaei?iaea —
iaoaeee/aneea i?aaeiaou, yei?y, iai?eia?, /a?iatho ec-ca eiioaeoa n iei
ia aeoaeia. Ii ii?a iacuaaee oae e neeou, o eioi?uo ieeaeeo yei?ae ia eo
eeaeoeao ia auei. Au iiaeaoa ano?aoeoue a eieaao ?aciua aa?nee,
eceiaeaiiua eiiaaea i/aiue aaoi?eoaoii e oaa?aiii, ii aeinoiaa?ii ieeoi
yoiai ia ciaao. Aiiaua ana aaaeiua ianoa a «ieieioea» N?aaeecaiiiii?uey
auee iacaaiu caaeieai aei a?aeia, a oa, a ia?eiae naiae iaeaieueoae
aaia?aoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe aua ia eiay ienueiaiiinoe, aeey iaiyoe naycaee
ana ioaeiua iacaaiey a ?aciua eaaaiaea?iua enoi?ee. I?e/ai, iiyoue aea
aeey eo/oae iaiyoe, enoi?ee yoe ii aieueoae /anoe aanueia ieeaioiua — n
ethaiaueth, iioeuaieyie, /oaeanaie.
*oiau ia ooiieyoue aan ae?aaiinoyie, oieueei iaeei i?eia? aaia?aoe/aneie
«iiaiinoaiu»: a) enoiaeiay eioi?iaoeey: a?aieoea iaaeaeo Aa?iiie e Aceae
i?ioiaeeo ii i?ieeaai Ainii?o O?aieeeneiio (Ainoi?o) e Ainii?o
Eeiia?eeneiio (Ea?/aineiio i?ieeao); a) i?ienoiaeaeaiea iacaaiee Aa?iia
e Acey oaea Aa?iaeio a V a. aei i. y. auynieoue ia iia. Ainii? a?aee
ia?aaiaeeee eae «au/uey ia?ai?aaa» — nei?aa anaai i?inoi ii aeeceiio
cao/aieth ae?aaiaai i?eaeiaea ia iaecaanoiii ycuea; a) eaaaiaea: Caan a
ia?aca auea iioeuaao i?aeanoioth aeaii/eo ii eiaie Aa?iia, i?e/ai ia
i?inoi iioeuaao, a ieuaao n iath ia nieia. Ieeaeie eiaeee, ii n ia?aiai
?aca caiiieiaaoue: Aa?iia ca Ainii?ii!
Eoae, oioue na?iaiaei?iae e ia aeae ii?th iacaaiea *a?iiai, ii ana-oaee
iiiai a iai ii?aaeaeyao. AEeciue a ii?a ?acaeaaaony eeoue a aai aa?oiae
ciia. I?aaeaea anaai yoi ii?neea aeaeu, i?iieeoea nthaea /a?ac Ainoi?.
Iie ninoaaeytho ieiei 80% anae oaoiu *a?iiai ii?y. Inoaeueiua aeaeu —
nieiiiaaoiaiaeiua i?aaieciu, iaeie ec eioi?uo oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu a
iiaeiaiuo aiaeiaiao ii anae ieaiaoa, ae?oaea ia?aciaaeenue a ii?aniaiiii
aannaeia, iauaaeeiyaoai eiaaea-oi *a?iia, Acianeia e Eanieeneia ii?y. N
iiauoaieai nieaiinoe a *a?iii ii?a yoe aeaeu auee auoaniaiu a
ii?aniaiiua caeeau e i?eonoueaaua o/anoee, aaea e ano?a/athony iuia. Ia
yoeo aea o/anoeao iau/iu i?aniiaiaeiua aeaeu ec aiaaeathueo a *a?iia
ii?a ?ae.
Ec oeie/ii ii?neeo aeaeia — iaeoaoaeae N?aaeecaiiiai ii?y — a *a?iii
niiaee iinaeeoueny aeaeaei ia ana. Ai-ia?auo, i?eaeeeenue oieueei
ia?aiinyuea aeeaiacii nieaiinoe aiaeu, ai-aoi?uo, oioy *a?iia ii?a e
oaieia, aei N?aaeecaiiiai aio aeaeaei. Oaoia /a?iiii?neay eiaao iaeee
oia?aiii oieiaeiuo ii?ae Aoeaioeee. Iaeiiaoe, aeeaoo o ian oieueei oa
aeaeu, eioi?ui ie a eaeie ia?eiae ?acaeoey ia ioaeiu aieueoea aeoaeiu.
Ana yoe ia?aie/aiey aiieia iauyniytho, ii/aio a *a?iii ii?a ionoonoaotho
iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii oaeea a?oiiu aeeaioiuo «ii?iaeueiuo» ii?ae, eae
?aaeeiey?ee, ei?aeeu, ii?neea aaee, caacaeu e eeeee, aieiaiiiaea
iieethnee.
Ia ana /a?iiii?neea iaeoaoaee ?aaiii?aaiu: iaeie «ianoiua», ae?oaea — a
ainoyo. Neaaeai, noa?eyaeue — i?aniiaiaeiay ?uaa, ii ano?a/aaony a
ii?aniaiiuo i?eonoueaauo o/anoeao ii?y, oioy auaaoue ae ooo i?inoi ia
iaycaoaeueii, a i?ioiaeiua ?uau (iaeioi?ua inao?iaua, oai?ue) — yoi oaea
iinoiyiiua aeeoaee *a?iiai ii?y, oioy ?aciiiaeathony iie ia caeanue.
Iiieii yoeo ?ua, a *a?iii ii?a e i?ioiaeiui ioiinyony naeueaee
(/a?iiii?neay naeueaeue e aeoiaeneee iocaiie). Iieiaic?aeua naeueaee
ooiaeyo aeey ia?anoa a ?aee. Naeueaee, iaeoathuea o aa?aaia Eaaeaca,
ianoii ia?anoa eca?aee Aeii, oi anoue eaeoo /a?ac Ea?/aineee i?ieea a
Acianeia ii?a e iiaeieiathony aua ia 100 – 150 ei aaa?o ii ?aea. Iinea
ia?anoa naeueaeue inoaaony a Acianeii ii?a, a inaiueth eaeao a *a?iia
ii?a ia ceiiaeo. «Auea oaeay ?uaa, eioi?oth aeaaea naiue aacaea?iue
canieueuee ia iia ia?anieeoue. Ec-ca aee?a ea?/aineay naeaaeea ia
aieouaaao eeoiae niee…» — oae, iaaa?iia, aoaeao ia/eiaoueny iaeia ec
aeaa a «Neaceao i aeoniie e caei?iaie ieua», eioi?oth iu inoaaei naiei
aioeai aianoi auoaiieiaiiaaiiie naeaaeee.
Acianeay oaina ceioao a *a?iii ii?a, a ia?anoeony a Acianeii. Yoi oceay
aieueoa?ioay na?aa?enoay ?uaea aeeeiie aei 20 naioeiao?ia iinea eaoiaai
oneeaiiiai ieoaiey aieueoeie noayie eaeao ia ceiiaeo /a?ac Ea?/aineee
i?ieea. Caeanue aa e ano?a/atho ?uaaee.
*a?iiii?neay oaina, a ioee/ea io acianeie, aeeaao iinoiyiii a iaeiii
ii?a. Ieoaaony oaina ciiieaieoiiii a aa?oiai neia aiaeu. Ia?anoeony a
naiua oaieua ianyoeu ii ii/ai. Ianeieueei oaeeeiaiiua ee?eiee oainu
ieiei aeaoo nooie ia?yo aaeece iiaa?oiinoe, a caoai ec ieo
aueeaauaathony i?ic?a/iua ee/eiee. Iineieueeo yoe aa?oiea neie nae/an ia
i/aiue aeaaiiieo/iu ec-ca iaooyiie ieaiee e eeneioiuo aeiaeaeae,
aueethiooueny oaeaaony, aeaeii, ia anai. Ia neaaeothuaa eaoi iieiaeue
noaiiaeony iieiaic?aeie, a anaai oaina aeeaao 3-4 aiaea, aa?iaa aeieaeia
au aeeoue, anee au y/aeee a ?uaaoeeeo naoyo ia oaea?aeeaaee
iyoenaioeiao?iauo iaeiieaoie (a au oaeeo oaeaeeoa a i?iaeaaea aieueoa
/ai aeinoaoi/ii).
Anoue ?uau, niaa?oathuea iea?aoeee a *a?iia ii?a ec N?aaeecaiiiai, — yoi
neoia?ey, iaeaieaea, ooiaoe. Eaoii iie eniieuecotho *a?iia ii?a eae
aiaaoia ianoaeua, a ia ceio aica?auathony a oaieua aiaeu.
E?oiiua iiaeaeaeiua i?aaieciu iooaoanoaotho ec N?aaeecaiiiai ii?y e iai
ii naiae aiea, ii aieueoia /enei aeaeia iinoiyiii caiineony iacaaeneii
io eo aeaeaiey. A i?ieeaa Ainoi? i?ioiaeyo aeaa i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo
oa/aiey, iaeii iaae ae?oaei. Aa?oiaa ianao ii?aniaiioth aiaeo *a?iiai
ii?y a I?aii?iia e aeaeaa a N?aaeecaiiia ii?a. A Ainoi?a oa/aiea ianao
aieaa nieaioth e oaieoth n?aaeecaiiiii?neoth aiaeo ia naaa?. A Ainoi?a
aeiaieueii oanii: ieieiaeueiay aai oe?eia 730 i, a iaeiaiueoay aeoaeia
36 i, iiyoiio ia eioaineaiinoue iaieo oa/aiee aieueoia aeeyiea
ieacuaatho aiaee/iua e naciiiua eieaaaiey ?a/iiai noiea e ?aaeei aao?ia.
N?aaeecaiiiii?neay aiaea eaeao ii aeio *a?iiai ii?y iioieii oieueiie a 2
i e iinoaiaiii niaoeaaaony n /a?iiii?neie.
Neieueei aea anaai aeaeia iaeoaao a *a?iii ii?a? Ieiei aeaoo n iieiaeiie
ouny/, ec eioi?uo 500 aeaeia iaeiieeaoi/iua, ieiei 160 iicaiii/iuo (?uau
e ieaeiieoathuea, inoaeueiua aaniicaiii/iua ?aciuo a?oii, n?aaee ieo
iaeaieaa aiaaoi i?aaenoaaeaiu ?aeiia?aciua (aieaa 500 aeaeia), iieethnee
(200 aeaeia). Aeey n?aaiaiey iiaeii neacaoue, /oi N?aaeecaiiia ii?a
aiaa/a aeaeaie a 3,5 ?aca, a Acianeia aaaeiaa a 4 ?aca. A aio ii
?uaii?iaeoeoeaiinoe (niiniaiinoe aeaaaoue ?uao n aaeeieoeu iiaa?oiinoe)
Acianeia ii?a n/eoaeinue a 60-a – 70-a aa. eo/oei a ie?a. Aiciiaeiinoe
*a?iiai ii?y oaeaea ioeaieaathony i/aiue auniei, ii, eae aa?ii iiaeiaoee
Aaaaeue, «aiciiaeiinoue ia anoue aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue», iiyoiio oaio i
?uaiuo aiaaonoaao inoaaei enoi?eeai.
Oei?a *a?iiai ii?y aeeth/aao a naay 270 aeaeia caeaiuo, ao?uo, e?aniuo
aeiiiuo aiaei?ineae e 350 aeaeia iee?ineiie/aneeo ieaieoiiiuo. E yoiio
ioaeii aeiaaaeoue ianno ?acee/iuo aaeoa?ee.
Aieueoeinoai ieaieoiiiuo aiaei?ineae n iiiiuueth nieia/iie yia?aee
no?ieo naay ec i?inouo niaaeeiaiee. Ii iaeioi?ua iiaoo ieoaoueny e
aioiauie i?aaie/aneeie aauanoaaie.
Aiaei?ineue iieoeethea (ii/anaaoea), iai?eia?, noaea oeuieoeae. O iaa
iao oei?ioeeea, e iioiaea iia ia ieieaoth?iia i?ic?a/iia yaeiei n
oainoii-aeaooeeii. Aeey ieaieoiiiie aiaei?inee aa ?acia?u aeiaieueii
aaeeee — aeeaiao? ieiei 1 ii. Au, aiciiaeii, aeaeaee naa/aiea ii?y,
aucuaaaiia yoie aiaei?ineueth. Naia iacaaiea iia iieo/eea eiaiii ca yoo
niiniaiinoue naaoeoueny. A oa ia?eiaeu, eiaaea ii/anaaoea a ianniaii
eiee/anoaa iiyaeyaony o iiaa?oiinoe ii?y, ei?aaee, eiaeee, ?uau e
eoiathueany ethaee inoaaeytho ca niaie /aoei aeaeeiue ene?yueeny naao.
Iieoeethea — ia aaeeinoaaiiue i?aaenoaaeoaeue aeiethieianoeaioia a
*a?iii ii?a, naaoyony e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea iaeeea aiaei?inee e aaeoa?ee.
Ii e?oiiuo aeeaioiuo, iaeaaeathueo i?aaiaie naa/aiey, iao.
Iiiaea iaeiieeaoi/iua aiaei?inee oi?yoaee naia oaei a eaaeoth, ii
i?i/ioth iaiei/eo. A iaeieo a?oiiao ?aeiaeia e?aiiaaay, a ae?oaeo
-i?aaie/aneay, o iaeioi?uo oaei iie?uoi ecaanoeiauie «eaoaie».
Iaeiieeaoi/iua aeeaioiua — eiooci?ee e ei?iaiiaeee oiaea /anoi i?y/oo
oaei a ?aeiaeio — ecaanoeiaoth eee oeoeiiaoth, a iaeioi?ua aeaaea
iaeeaeaatho ia naie aeiiee iaeue/aeoea ian/eiee.
Oyaeaeua aeiniaoe oa?aeoa?iu aeey iiiaeo aeiiiuo aaniicaiii/iuo.
Ianneaiua ?aeiaeiu eiatho iieethnee, aaiyionu (ii?neea aeaeoaee),
e?aieea iaioee?e — e?aau. ?aee-iooaeueieee ?aoeee ia o?aoeoue neeu ia
iino?iaiea iaioee?y e i?eniiniaeeenue i?yoaoue iyaeia a?thoei a /oaeeo
e?aiinoyo — ionouo ?aeiaeiao a?thoiiiaeo iieethneia.
A i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue yoei «a?iiaiinoeai» iaaeocu ia eiatho ie/aai
eeoiaai, oyaeaeiai, ia 98% ninoiyo ec aiaeu. Oai ia iaiaa iie neiaeii
ono?iaiu e aii?oaeaiu no?aeaoaeueiuie eeaoeaie, neoaeaueie aeey iai?iiu
e caoaaoa aeiau/e. A *a?iii ii?a iiiai aeaeia iaaeoc, ii aieueoeinoai ec
ieo iaeeea — aei 1 ni a aeeaiao?a. Caoi naiay e?oiiay iaaeoca ?ecinoiia
(ei?ia?io) eiaao ciioee aei 60 ni a aeeaiao?a. Iiae iieonoa?e/aneei
iiei/ii-aaeui ciioeeii ?ecinoiiu naenatho ianneaiua ia?aciaaiey neiaeiie
oi?iu, eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeytho niaie n?inoeany ?ioiaua iieinoe, iie?uoua
neeaaeeaie e caeai/eaathueany ainaiueth ei?iaauie au?inoaie. Ciioee
eiaao neeueioth eieueoeaaoth ioneoeaoo?o.
Ao?aeey, eee ooanoay iaaeoca, iaeaaeaao oieiuaiiui ciioeeii aeeaiao?ii
aei 40 ni n ?iciaie eee oeieaoiaie iiaenaaoeie, a oeaio?a eoiiea aeaeiu
neaicue iie?iau /aou?a oaiiuo oeieaoiauo aeaeacu. Nieco ciioeea
iaoiaeeony ?io, ie?oaeaiiue /aou?ueiy aeeeiiuie eiianoyie.
Ec ii?neeo ieaeiieoathueo a *a?iii ii?a ano?a/aaony, oioy e ?aaeei e ca
i?aaeaeaie iaoaai aa?aaa, aaeia?thoee otheaiue (iiiao). O/aiua
i?aaeeaaatho aeey aai ?aaeeeeiaoecaoeee, oi anoue aica?auaiey, a E?uio
nicaeaoue Oa?oaieooneee caiiaaaeiee.
Iiiai/eneaiiu aeaeueoeiu: aaeiai/ea, aciaea, aoaeeia. Aaeiai/ea iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaia, a aeeeio eiaao aei 2-o i, aieueoeie einyeaie oiaeeo a
ioe?uoii ii?a, ieoaaony oainie e oi?ioii. Ia aaeiai/eo iioiaea aoaeeia,
ii iia e?oiiaa (aei 3-o i aeeeiu). Aoaeeia ioee/ii iu?yao, iiyoiio
iiaeao oaaoaoue o aeia ia?eaiaa, aa?aaoith, neaoia. Aciaea ia eiaao
?uea, aeeeia aa aei 1,5 i, eaoi i?iaiaeeo a Acianeii ii?a, a ceio — a
*a?iii. Aea?aeeony o aa?aaia, ieoaaony i?ea?aaeiuie aeiiiuie ?uaaie.
I?iiunae aeaeueoeiia a *a?iii ii?a cai?auai.
Any ianna ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo canaeyao aa?oiee neie *a?iiai ii?y aei
na?iaiaei?iaeiie ciiu. I?e/ai aieueoeinoai aeaeia iaeoaao a i?ea?aaeiie
iaeanoe. Yoi iauyniyaony, n iaeiie noi?iiu, aieaa aiaaouie ieuaauie
?ano?naie i?ea?aaeiuo aiae, n ae?oaie — aieueoei ?aciiia?aceai oneiaee
aeecie.
Eaaeaeue aeae eiaao naia yeieiae/aneia «eeoei», i?eniiniaeai e aeecie a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo. AEeaioiua, oae eee eia/a naycaiiua n aeiii, a
*a?iii ii?a ia iiaoo oeoe aeaeaei io aa?aaa. A nayce n aiaaeaieai ?ae e
ec?acaiiinoueth aa?aaiaie eeiee ?aciua o/anoee i?ea?aaeiie ciiu ii?y
ioee/athony ii nieaiinoe, oaiia?aoo?a e o. ae. E oioineioaco ieaieoiiiuo
aiaei?ineae caeanue i?eaaaeyaony oioineioac aeiiiuo aiaei?ineae,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, ia?acoaony aieueoa i?aaie/aneie «ia?aiieue». Aiaaou
i?aaie/aneei aauanoaii iiiaaeathuea a ii?a ?a/iua aiaeu. Ana yoi aeaeaei
i?ea?aaeioth ciio aanueia iiaeoiaeyuae aeey aeecie aieueoiai /enea
aeaeia aei oao ii?, iiea niaea?aeaiea niaaeeiaiee acioa, oinoi?a e
ae?oaie i?aaieee ia noaei /?acia?iui ec-ca aacaeoiiie e iianiie
aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea.
Ii?neea i?aaieciu iaoiaeyony a neiaeiuo acaeiiioiioaieyo, ia?acoy
aaeeiia niiauanoai.
A ?acoeueoaoa aeeeoaeueiiai e iiiainoi?iiiaai i?eniiniaeaiey aeeaoueo
aianoa i?aaieciia ae?oa e ae?oao niiauanoai ieacuaaaony oi?ioi
naaeaine?iaaiiui. Aicieeaao yeieiae/aneia ?aaiiaanea, niiniaiinoue
niiauanoaa nio?aiyoue naia «eeoei» i?e ?aciiai ?iaea aiaoieo
aicaeaenoaeyo. Onoie/eainoue i?e?iaeiuo niiauanoa aaeeea, ii ia
aaca?aie/ia. *aeiaae aea iaiaaeoiaiiuie aeaenoaeyie niiniaai a ei?ioeea
n?iee ?ac?ooeoue yeieiae/aneia ?aaiiaanea, i?eaanoe e iaia?aoeiui
eciaiaieyi. Ii iu ia aeieaeiu noaaeoue iiae oaea? aeeaoth i?e?iaeo e oai
naiui — naay.
Ia *a?iii ii?a aaaeoony enneaaeiaaiey, eioi?ua iiiiaatho ii?aaeaeeoue
aeiionoeiua a?aieoeu aueiaa ?uau e aeiau/e aeiiiuo aiaei?ineae, ia
iiae?uaay eo caianu. Aaaeoony ?aaiou ii i?aaeioa?auaieth caa?yciaiey.
Eco/athony aiciiaeiinoe eneonnoaaiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa oeaiiuo aeaeia
?ua e aaniicaiii/iuo aeeaioiuo.
Oaia?ue i i?aaeeao ?uaieianoaa a E?uio. I?aaeaea anaai iaaei o/eouaaoue,
/oi aaeieue iaoeo aa?aaia iiiaea o/anoee yaeythony iaiyoieeaie i?e?iaeu,
caiiaaaeiuie o?i/euaie eee caeacieeaie, aaea io?aiythony iaoi/iua
iiaieiauey oeaiiuo ii?iae: inao?iauo, eaoaee, au/ea. A eiia/iii eoiaa,
yoi e a aaoeo eioa?anao. Oaeea o/anoee iau/ii ?aniieaaathony aeaeaei io
ieyaeae, i?e/aeia e ianaeaiiuo ioieoia, iai?eia? ia iunao Eoeoee,
Oeieaio, Ae-Oiaei?, Ieaea, Eacaioei. Caiiaaaeiu ciia iaaeaeo Iiaui
Naaoii e Noaeaeii e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea. Nouanoaotho a?aiaiiua ia?aie/aiey
ia eia ioaeaeueiuo ii?iae. Cai?auaaony aeiau/a /a?iiii?neeo e?aaaoie
(o?eina, eee /eeeia) n 1 ethiy ii 31 aaaonoa, a aeiau/a ieaeee n 1 ethiy
ii 30
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