Aaaoaiaea, ?anioaeeea Aaaoaiaea, naiay naaa?iay ec
Oeaio?aeueiiaia?eeaineeo ?anioaeee, caieiaao ieiuaaeue 108 899 ea. ei.
A?aie/eo ia naaa?a e caiaaea n Iaeneeie, ia ainoiea n Aaeecii, ia thaa e
thai-ainoiea – n Naeueaaaei?ii e Aiiaeo?anii. Ia ainoiea Aaaoaiaea eiaao
oceee auoiae e Ea?eaneiio ii?th, aaea e iaoiaeeony iaeei ec aeaaiuo
ii?oia Ea?eaneiai iiaa?aaeuey a Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eea – Ioy?oi-Aa??ein;
thaeiia iiaa?aaeuea no?aiu ia i?ioyaeaiee 240 ei iiuaaaony aiaeaie
Oeoiai ieaaia.
Aaaoaiaea. Noieeoea – Aaaoaiaea. Ianaeaiea – 13,90 iei. /aeiaae (2003).
Ai?iaeneia ianaeaiea – 44%, naeueneia – 56%. Ieioiinoue ianaeaiey – 281
/aeiaae ia 1 ea. ei. Ieiuaaeue – 108 889 ea. ei. Naiay aunieay oi/ea –
aoeeai Oaooioeueei (4220 i). Iniiaiua ycuee: eniaineee (ioeoeeaeueiue),
ee/a, eae/eeaeue, iaia, eae/e. Ainiiaenoaothuay ?aeeaey – eaoieeoeeci.
Aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiia aeaeaiea – 22 aeaia?oaiaioa.
Aeaiaaeiay aaeeieoea: eaoeaeue = 100 naioaai. Iaoeeiiaeueiue i?acaeiee:
Aeaiue iacaaeneiinoe – 15 naioya?y. Ainoaea?noaaiiue aeii: «I,
n/anoeeaay Aaaoaiaea».
A Aaaoaiaea i?iaeeaaao ie. 32% anaai ianaeaiey Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee, a
noieeoea no?aiu – ai?iae Aaaoaiaea n ianaeaieai 1,2 iei. /aeiaae (ii
ioeaiea 1995), ?aniieiaeaiiue a ai?ao ia aunioa ie. 1500 i iaae o.i., –
naiue e?oiiue ai?iae ia ia?aoaeea. Noieeoea ea?aao aaaeouoth ?ieue ai
anao iaeanoyo aeecie no?aiu. Aoi?ie ii aaee/eia ai?iae – Eanaeueoaiaiai
(88 oun.).
I?e?iaeiua oneiaey
?aeueao. Ia oa??eoi?ee Aaaoaiaeu auaeaeythony o?e oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneeo
iaeanoe: ieciaiiinoue oeoiieaaineiai iiaa?aaeuey, iaai?uea thaeiie e
oeaio?aeueiie /anoe no?aiu e ?aaieia Iaoai ia naaa?a.
E aa?aao Oeoiai ieaaia i?eiueaao ieciaiiinoue, aeinoeaathuay oe?eiu ie.
50 ei o a?aieoeu n Iaeneeie e iinoaiaiii noaeathuayny e thai-ainoieo, e
a?aieoea n Naeueaaaei?ii.
Iaai?uea caieiaao aieaa iieiaeiu oa??eoi?ee no?aiu e i?iaeieaeaaony ia
naaa?i-caiaae, a i?aaeaeu Iaeneee, e ia thai-ainoie, ia oa??eoi?eth
Naeueaaaei?a e Aiiaeo?ana. Aunioa iiaa?oiinoe iaae o?iaiai ii?y aieueoae
/anoueth ninoaaeyao io 1000 aei 2400 i, n ioaeaeueiuie aoeeaie/aneeie
ieeaie aunioie aieaa 3700 i. A aaieiae/aneii ioiioaiee yoa iaeanoue
niioaaonoaoao auoiaeai ae?aaieo e?enoaeee/aneeo ii?iae, ia?acothuei
o?aaou oe?ioiiai i?inoe?aiey n ino?uie a?aaiyie e e?oouie neeiiaie; iie
?an/eaiaiu aeoaiei a?acaiiuie ?a/iuie aeieeiaie, ioe?uaathueieny ia
ainoie a noi?iio Ea?eaneiai ii?y. Ia thai-caiaaea iaai?uey, ioaeaeyy aai
io i?ea?aaeiie ieciaiiinoe, aicauoaaony o?aaao Nuea??a-Iaae?a, ia
ae?aaiaa iniiaaiea eioi?iai iaeiaeaiu iiiai/eneaiiua eiionu iieiaeuo
aoeeaiia, aeeth/ay auni/aeooth ai?o Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee – aoeeai
Oaooioeueei (4217 i). E?enoaeee/aneea ii?iaeu caeanue ia?ae?uou iiuiui
/aoeii eaa e aoeeaie/aneeo iaieia.
N?aaee aoeeaiia i?ethoeeenue aiaaeeiu iai?aaeeueiie oi?iu, a iaeiie ec
eioi?uo iaoiaeeony ic. Aoeoeai. Ni neeiia iaai?uey, ia?auaiiiai ia
thai-caiaae, noaeatho ei?ioeea ao?iua ?aee, aiaaeathuea a Oeoee ieaai,
ii aieueoay /anoue ai?iie iaeanoe ae?aie?oaony ?aeaie, i?eiaaeeaaeaueie
e aannaeio Ea?eaneiai ii?y: Na?nooi e Iioaaoa, a oaeaea i?eoieaie
?.Iiei/ee, aiaaeathuae a ic. Enaaaeue, niaaeeiaiiie oe?ieie noaeioiaeiie
i?ioieie n aoooie Aiaoeea Ea?eaneiai ii?y. A n?aaeiai e ieaeiai oa/aiee
aeieeiu yoeo ?ae eiatho oe?ieia e ieineia oi?ioi oaeaaeiaiiia aeieua,
ia?aie/aiiia aeeeiiuie e oceeie io?iaaie ai?.
Naaa? oa??eoi?ee Aaaoaiaeu caieiaao ?aaieia Iaoai (aaniethoiua auniou
150–210 i), neiaeaiia ecaanoiyeaie. Aa iiaa?oiinoue eniau?aia oeie/ii
ea?noiauie oi?iaie – ie?oaeuie ai?iieaie e i?iaaeaie. Iiiaea ?aee
oa?ythony a yoeo ai?iieao, i?iaeieaeay naie iooue e ii?th a iiaecaiiuo
iieinoyo e iaua?ao. Any ?aaieia Iaoai iie?uoa aonoui o?iie/aneei eanii.
Eeeiao e ?anoeoaeueiue ie?. Eeeiao Aaaoaiaeu o?iie/aneee, i?e/ai aai
oa?aeoa?enoeee caaenyo io auniou ianoiinoe e aa aeinooiiinoe aeey
aeaaeiuo iannaoia, aeothueo a aeoaue no?aiu n Ea?eaneiai ii?y.
I?ea?aaeiua ieciaiiinoe ioee/aao iaeaieaa aea?eee e aeaaeiue eeeiao, ni
n?aaeieie nooi/iuie oaiia?aoo?aie ie. 27? N. Naiua iaeeueiua inaaeee
auiaaeatho ia Ea?eaneii iiaa?aaeuea e ia?auaiiuo e iaio neeiiao ai?, a
oaeaea ia ?aaieia Iaoai (1500–2500 ii a aiae). Ieciaiiinoue e ieaeiea
/anoe neeiiia iie?uaaao aunieinoaieueiue aeiaeaeaaie o?iie/aneee ean, n
niieioouie e?iiaie e ii/oe aac iiaeeanea; ianoaie ii i?a?uaaaony
o/anoeaie naaaiiu, a ia eneeth/eoaeueii ii?enouo ea?aiiaoiuo ii/aao
?aaieiu ianoaie ?acaeou ena?ioeoiua ?aaeeieanuey. Ia ea?eaneii
iiaa?aaeuea a eciaeeee i?iec?anoatho iaeueiu.
Ia ieciaiiia oeoiieaaineia iiaa?aaeuea inaaeee i?eiinyo a iniiaiii
eaoiea thai-caiaaeiua ionniiu. E?aoeia?aiaiiua, ii neeueiua eeaie
auiaaeatho n iay ii ieoya?ue, ceiu caeanue nooea. Oaeie ?aaeei inaaeeia
ii?aaeaeyao i?aiaeaaeaiea ceaeiauo naaaii n eaioi/iuie eanaie aaeieue
?onae ?ae. A i?aaeai?ueyo i?iec?anoatho aonoua iieoeenoiiaaeiua eana.
Oaiia?aoo?u a ai?ao ieaea, /ai ia ieciaiiinoyo, i?e/ai naciiiua
eieaaaiey eo iacia/eoaeueiu. Iai?eia?, a a. Aaaoaiaea n?aaeiyy
etheueneay oaiia?aoo?a ninoaaeyao 19? N, a n?aaeiyy aeaeaa?ueneay – 16?
N.
Naciiiua ?acee/ey ii?aaeaeythony ia noieueei eieaaaieyie oaiia?aoo?,
neieueei ?aaeeiii inaaeeia, iniiaiay ianna eioi?uo auiaaeaao n iay ii
ieoya?ue. Iai?eia?, a noieeoea, aaea aiaeiaay noiia ninoaaeyao 1320 ii,
a eaoiaa a?aiy auiaaeaao 1240 ii. A n?aaeiai iiyna ai? i?iec?anoatho
aeoaiaua eana; auoa 2100 i iie onooiatho ianoi niniiaui, a n 3000 i,
aaea ieceea oaiia?aoo?u i?aiyonoaotho ?inoo aea?aaueaa, ia/eiathony
aeueieeneea eoaa. A eanao Aaaoaiaeu iiiai oeaiiuo ii?iae aea?aaueaa, a
oii /enea oeaae?aea, aeaeueaa?aey (?iciaia aea?aai), eeia?en, aeaaeo
(e?aniia aea?aai) e eaiiaoaaia aea?aai, aeathuaa oeaiiue e?aneoaeue. A
eciaeeee i?aaenoaaeaiu eeaiu, yieoeou, i?oeaeae e ae?oaea ?anoaiey n
y?eeie aeaei?aoeaiuie oeaaoeaie, a oii /enea aea?aauey e eonoa?ieee.
AEeaioiue ie?. Ia neaai canaeaiiuo ieciaiiinoyo ano?a/athony ieaie,
aeeeay naeiuey, eaoaiu e ciae, a oii /enea yaeiaeoua. A ai?ao
aieueoeinoai e?oiiuo aeeaioiuo eno?aaeaii ia iyni, nio?aieeenue
iaiiiai/eneaiiua aaeee e ae?oaea a?ucoiu, eeieaaeo, eenu e eieiou.
Aiaaonoaii e ?aciiia?aceai ioee/aaony i?ieoioaoia. Caeanue iienaiu ie.
2000 aeaeia ioeoe, ec ieo ie. 200 aeaeia ia?aeaoiuo, i?ienoiaeyueo ec
Naaa?iie Aia?eee. Iiiai o?iie/aneeo ioeoe n y?eei iia?aieai, a oii /enea
?acee/iua aeaeu iiioaaaa. Iniaie ethaiaueth aaaoaiaeueoeaa iieuecoaony
eaoeaeue – ?aaeeay ioeoea n y?eeie caeaiuie ia?ueyie e aeeeiiui oainoii.
Eaoeaeue noae iaoeeiiaeueiui neiaieii; ii ecia?aaeai ia ainoaea?noaaiiii
aa?aa e oeaaa no?aiu, e aai eiaiai iacaaia aeaiaaeiay aaeeieoea
Aaaoaiaeu.
Ianaeaiea e iauanoai
Aeaiia?aoey e yoie/aneee ninoaa. Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 20 a. Aaaoaiaeo
ioee/aao aunieee anoanoaaiiue i?e?ino ianaeaiey – ie. 3% a aiae. A
1990-o aiaeao oaiiu ?inoa ianaeaiey noaee ianeieueei nieaeaoueny e a
2003 aeinoeaee 2,66%.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 1990-o aiaeia ieiei o?ao iyouo ianaeaiey i?iaeeaaei a
naeueneie ianoiinoe. Noieeoea no?aiu, Aaaoaiaea, n naiiai i?iaicaeaoaiey
iacaaeneiinoe yaeyaony e?oiiaeoei ai?iaeneei oeaio?ii a Oeaio?aeueiie
Aia?eea. Aa ianaeaiea, ninoaaeyaoaa a 1995 ie. 1,2 iei. /aeiaae, auno?i
?anoao a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey e i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii aeinoeaiao e 2003
1,4 iei. /aeiaae (n i?eai?iaeaie – aieaa 2 iei.).
Ec ae?oaeo ai?iaeia caneoaeeaatho oiiieiaiey Eanaeueoaiaiai, oeaio?
i?iecaiaenoaa eioa, ?aniieiaeaiiue ia caiaaea iaai?uey; Ioy?oi-Aa??ein,
iniiaiie ii?o no?aiu ia Ea?eaneii ii?a; Yneoeioea, ia ieciaiiinoe,
auoiaeyuae e Oeoiio ieaaio, aua iaeei ai?iae a ai?ao, Ianaoaiaiai;
iaeiiaoe, noa?ay noieeoea no?aiu – Aioeaoa-Aaaoaiaea (eee Aioeaoa), aaea
aei neo ii? noeeue aeecie ai iiiaii iaiiieiaao eieiieaeueiue. Eaaeaeue
ec yoeo ai?iaeia yaeyaony noieeoeae aeaia?oaiaioa, e ana iie, e?iia
ai?iaea Ioy?oi-Aa??ein, nouanoaotho ni a?aiai eniaineiai eieiieaeueiiai
aeaaeu/anoaa. Ioy?oi-Aa??ein i?eia?ae aieueoia cia/aiea n ?inoii
yenii?oa eioa e aaiaiia; aai ?acaeoeth iniaaiii niinianoaiaaea
aeayoaeueiinoue eiiiaiee «THiaeoaae o?oo eiiiaie». Aua iaeei ii?o,
Naioi-Oiian-aea-Eanoeeuey, iino?iai a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey iaaeaeaei
io Ioy?oi-Aa??eina ia ianoa noa?iai ii?oa, eniieueciaaaoaainy aua a
eieiieaeueioth yiioo; i?aaeoaeuenoai ia?auaao aieueoia aieiaiea ia
?acaeoea yoiai ii?oa eae aeueoa?iaoeau aeaenoaothuaio ii?oo
Ioy?oi-Aa??ein. Iaeaieaa aonoi canaeaiu iaaeai?iua eioeiaeiu, iniaaiii
aie?oa ai?iaeia Aaaoaiaea, Eanaeueoaiaiai, Aioeaoa-Aaaoaiaea, a oaeaea
Ea?eaneia iiaa?aaeuea a ?aeiia Ioy?oi-Aa??ein e iaeioi?ua o/anoee
oeoiieaaineiai iiaa?aaeuey. Iaeiaiueoay ieioiinoue ianaeaiey ioia/aaony
ia naaa?a no?aiu, a aeaia?oaiaioa Iaoai.
Iauay /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey Aaaoaiaeu a 2003 ioeaieaaeanue a 13,90 iei.
/aeiaae. Aieaa iieiaeiu ninoaaeytho eiaeaeoeu, iioiiee ae?aaieo iaey,
inoaeueiua – aeaaiui ia?acii eniaiiycu/iua iaoenu – eaaeeii, iioiiee
eniaioeaa e eiaeaeoeaa. Aeiey aaeiai ianaeaiey, a iniiaiii eniaineiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey, iaaaeeea, ca eneeth/aieai ainiiaenoaothueo eeannia.
Aaeieue ea?eaneiai iiaa?aaeuey i?iaeeaatho iaa?u. Eaaeeii ea?atho
iniiaioth ?ieue a aeecie no?aiu, eae a ai?iaeao, oae e a aea?aaia. A eo
n?aaea i?aiaeaaeatho eniaineea iau/ae, oioy ianeieueei eciaiaiiua iiae
aeeyieai eiaeaeoeaa. Ca i?aaeaeaie ai?iaeia iniiaiay /anoue eaaeeii
nin?aaeioi/aia ia ainoiea no?aiu e ia oeoiieaaineii iiaa?aaeuea.
Aieueoeinoai eiaeaeoeaa aeeaao ia thai-caiaaea no?aiu e a oeaio?aeueiie
ai?iie iaeanoe. Iie aei neo ii? nio?aiytho iiiaea iau/ae iaey, oioy
iinoaiaiii eo ia?ac aeecie iaiyaony. Aei?iae naycuaatho n aiaoiei ie?ii
eo iinaeaiey, eiaaea-oi niaa?oaiii eciee?iaaiiua; iieiaeua ethaee
i?ecuaathony a a?ieth, e iiiaea naiuee eiaeaeoeaa auioaeaeaiu iieeaeaoue
?iaeiua ianoa a iieneao ?aaiou. Oioy ana aieueoaa /enei eiaeaeoeaa
aiai?eo ii-eniainee, a no?aia aei neo ii? eniieuecothony 24 ?acee/iuo
eiaeaeneeo ycuea iaey, aeaaiui ia?acii ee/a, eae/e e iaia.
Ai?iua eiaeaeoeu iau/ii aaaeoo iieoiaoo?aeueiia oicyenoai ia oa?iao,
iaoiaeyueony a /anoiie eee iaueiiie nianoaaiiinoe. Aieueoeinoai iaaeaeia
ianoieueei iaeu, /oi ia iiaoo i?iei?ieoue naiueth, e iaeioi?ua eiaeaeoeu
aeiiieieoaeueii a?aiaeotho caieth eee ?aaioatho a e?oiiuo oicyenoaao a
ea/anoaa ecaeieueueeia. Aua /aua iie iaieiathony ia ieaioaoeee
oeoiieaaineiai iiaa?aaeuey. Aieaa iieoieeeeiia eiaeaeoeaa eaaeaeue aiae
nioneaaony n ai? ia iiaa?aaeuea, aaea iie ?aaioatho ia ieaioaoeeyo,
niae?ay eioa, oeiiie eee naoa?iue o?inoiee.
?aeeaey. Iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai aaaoaiaeueoeaa eniiaaaeotho
eaoiee/aneoth ?aeeaeth, ii e?aeiae ia?a iiieiaeueii, iaeiaei a aiaeu
iinea Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu caiaoii au?inei aeeyiea i?ioanoaioneeo
ienneiia?ia. A no?aia i?i/ii iainiiaaeenue aaioenoneay, aieneiiaeueiay,
ethoa?aineay, i?anaeoa?eaineay oea?eae, a oaeaea ii?iiiu, iaeiaei
iaeaieueoei aeeyieai iieuecothony aaaiaaee/aneea a?oiiu i?ioanoaioneeo
ooiaeaiaioaeenoia, ?oeiaiaeeoaee eioi?uo aieueoae /anoueth i?eiaaeeaaeao
e eiaeaeoeai eee eaaeeii. Iauay /eneaiiinoue i?ioanoaioia ninoaaeyao ie.
30% ianaeaiey no?aiu. Aieueoeinoai eo ioiineony e aaaeiaeoei neiyi,
iaeiaei iinoaiaiii i?ioanoaiou iiyaeythony e a n?aaeieo e aunoeo
eeannao; i?ioanoaioaie auee aeaa i?aceaeaioa – Yo?aei ?ein Iiioo e Oi?oa
Na??aii. Aaaiaaeenou aieueoae /anoueth noa?athony aea?aeaoueny a noi?iia
io iieeoeee eee iiaeaea?aeeaatho eiina?aaoeaiua iieeoe/aneea a?oiiu.
Eaoiee/aneea ienneiia?u oaeaea aanueia aeoeaiu; iiiaea ec ieo
i?eaea?aeeaathony i?ia?anneaiuo acaeyaeia, ?acaeaeyy i?eioeeiu oae
iacuaaaiie «oaieiaee inaiaiaeaeaiey». A eiaeaeneeo iaueiao aei neo ii?
neeueiu ae?aaiea ?aeeaeiciua aa?iaaiey, /anoi ni/aoathueany n
o?enoeainoaii.
?aai/aa aeaeaeaiea. Ia?aia o?oaeiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai a no?aia auei
i?eiyoi a ia?eiae 1944–1954, ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie aeaiie?aoe/aneeie
i?aia?aciaaieyie. Yoe caeiiu onoaiaaeeaaee ieieiaeueioth ca?aaioioth
ieaoo, 8-/aniaie ?aai/ee aeaiue e i?aaeoniao?eaaee ia?u ii nioeeaeueiiio
iaania/aieth. Iinea aiaiiiai ia?aai?ioa 1954 yoe ?aoi?iu auee ioiaiaiu,
a aeayoaeueiinoue i?ionithcia auea iiaeaaeaia. Iiaua caeiiu, ecaeaiiua a
1961, cai?auaee oi?ie?iaaiea e?anoueyineeo nithcia e iauyaeyee aia
caeiia caaanoiaee. Iinea 1985 i?ionithcu aiiaue ia/aee ioe?uoi
o/anoaiaaoue a aeecie no?aiu. Aieueoay /anoue i?ionithciuo i?aaiecaoeee
no?aiu iauaaeeiaia a Iaoeeiiaeueiue i?ionithciue o?iio. Iaoeeiiaeueiay
eiioaaea?aoeey i?ionithcia ian/eouaaao 24 oun. /eaiia. Aieueooth
aeoeaiinoue i?iyaeyao eiaeeoeey i?ionithcia e e?anoueyineeo i?aaiecaoeee
– Nithc ia?iaeiiai aeaenoaey.
Ainoaea?noaaiiue no?ie
Iuia aeaenoaothuay eiinoeoooeey Aaaoaiaeu auea iiaeaioiaeaia auai?iie
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie annaiaeaae a 1985 e anooieea a neeo a yiaa?a 1986,
iaeiia?aiaiii n eiaoao?aoeeae a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa Aeienei
Na?ani, eca?aiiiai io O?enoeainei-aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee. Eiinoeoooeey
1986 i?aaeoniao?eaaao ?acee/iua aa?aioee niaethaeaiey i?aa /aeiaaea e
a?aaeaeaineeo naiaiae e iauyaeyao i?ioeaicaeiiiui aiaoaoaeuenoai aiaiiuo
a iieeoeeo. A iae niaea?aeeony i?ino?aiiia eceiaeaiea i?anooieaiee
aiaiiuo aeeeoaoi?neeo ?aaeeiia, niaiyaoeo ae?oa ae?oaa ia i?ioyaeaiee
i?aaeuaeoueo 30 eao. A 1994 a Eiinoeoooeeth aianaiu nouanoaaiiua
iii?aaee.
A niioaaonoaee n eiinoeoooeeae, aeaaie i?aaeoaeuenoaa Aaaoaiaeu yaeyaony
i?aceaeaio, eioi?ue ecae?aaony, aianoa n aeoea-i?aceaeaioii, i?yiui
anaiauei aieiniaaieai ia 5-eaoiee n?ie e ia iiaeao auoue ia?aeca?ai ia
aoi?ie n?ie. Anee ie iaeei eaiaeeaeao ia iieo/aao aaniethoiiai
aieueoeinoaa aieinia, i?iaiaeeony aua iaeei oo? aieiniaaiey n o/anoeai
oieueei aeaoo eaiaeeaeaoia, iaa?aaoeo a i?aaeuaeouai oo?a iaeaieueoaa
eiee/anoai aieinia. I?aceaeaio yaeyaony oaeaea aeaaie aii?oaeaiiuo nee,
ii iacia/aao Niaao ieieno?ia, eioi?ue iaiin?aaenoaaiii oi?aaeyao
no?aiie, e iaeaaeaao i?aaii aaoi a ioiioaiee caeiiia, i?eiyouo
ia?eaiaioii.
Caeiiiaeaoaeueiay aeanoue i?eiaaeeaaeeo Iaoeeiiaeueiiio eiia?anno, /eaiu
eioi?iai ecae?athony i?yiui aieiniaaieai ia 5 eao; ii i?eieiaao caeiiu,
ooaa?aeaeaao ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao e iiaeao i?aiaeieaoue
i?aceaeaioneia aaoi, aeey /aai iaiaoiaeeii aieueoeinoai a aeaa o?aoe.
Eaaeiao ieieno?ia iiaeio/aoai Iaoeeiiaeueiiio eiia?anno e ii o?aaiaaieth
iineaaeiaai aeieaeai aunooiaoue ia?aae iei n iauyniaieyie naieo
aeaenoaee; eiia?ann eiaao i?aai nieiaoue ieieno?ia n eo iinoia.
Iaoeeiiaeueiue eiia?ann eiaao i?aai nianoeoue i?aceaeaioa e
aeoea-i?aceaeaioa, anee ni/oao eo oece/anee eee ineoe/anee ianiiniaiuie
auiieiyoue naie iaycaiiinoe. ?aoaiea ia yoii i?eieiaaony
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiui aieueoeinoaii aieinia ia iniiaaiee caeeth/aiey
niaoeeaeueiie iaaeeoeeineie eiiennee ec iyoe eiiiaoaioiuo a?a/ae,
iacia/aaiuo ?oeiaiaeyuei eiieoaoii eiia?anna.
Aunoee i?aai noaeaaiie aeanoe – Aa?oiaiue noae a ninoaaa 13 /eaiia,
ecae?aaiuo ia iyoeeaoiee n?ie Iaoeeiiaeueiui eiia?annii. Noaeuee eiatho
i?aai nicaeaaaoue oaeia eiee/anoai noaeaaiuo iaeao, eioi?ia iie ni/ooo
iaiaoiaeeiui. Oaeei aea ia?acii ecae?athony noaeuee Aiaeeyoeeiiiiai
noaea e iyoue /eaiia Eiinoeoooeeiiiiai noaea. a 1990 auaoei eeaea?ii
aiaiiiai ?aaeeia a 1982–1983 ionoaaiui aaia?aeii Yo?aeiii ?einii
Iiiooii. ?ein Iiioo yaeyaony oa?eciaoe/aneei eeaea?ii, iiioey?iui n?aaee
naiuo ?acee/iuo neiaa ianaeaiey. Ecae?aoaeueiua caeiiu cai?auaee auaoaio
aaia?aeo aaeeioe?iaaoueny ia iino i?aceaeaioa ec-ca i?e/anoiinoe e
aiaiiiio ia?aai?ioo 1982, ii yoi ia iiiaoaei aeoeaiinoe aai ia?oee. A
1994 O?A auea?ae ia?eaiaioneea auai?u e noae e?oiiaeoae iieeoe/aneie
neeie no?aiu. Eaiaeeaeaoo o?iioa Aeueoiini Ii?oeeuei a yiaa?a 1996 ia
oaaoeei aeey iiaaaeu ia i?aceaeaioneeo auai?ao anaai 2% aieinia. A 1999
i?aaenaaeaoaeue ia?oee ?ein Iiioo aicaeaaee iiaoth i?aceaeaioneoth
eaiiaieth A.Ii?oeeuei. O?A aunooiee n iiceoeee niaaeeiaiey eeanne/aneiai
eiina?aaoecia n yeaiaioaie iiioeecia e iaoeeiiae-?aoi?iecia, iaauay
aaaoaiaeueoeai eaieoaeeci n nioeeaeueiui, /aeiaa/aneei eeoeii,
aaciianiinoue e ni?aaaaeeeainoue, iono?aiaiea a?iee io aiaoaoaeuenoaa a
iieeoeeo, ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu aaaeiinoe e aeinoeaeaiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai
niaeaney. Eicoia «Caeii e ii?yaeie» i?eaeae neiiaoee ianaeaiey,
iaaeiaieueiiai ei??oioeeae e i?anooiiinoueth. A eoiaa O?A auea?ae eae
i?aceaeaioneea, oae e ia?eaiaioneea auai?u. A.Ii?oeeuei iieo/ee 47,8%
aieinia a ia?aii oo?a e 68,3% ai aoi?ii, i?enooiea a 2000 e eniieiaieth
iaycaiiinoae i?aceaeaioa e noi?ie?iaaa i?aaeoaeuenoai ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae
naiae ia?oee, a oaeaea ?yaea oeaio?enoneeo e eaauo aeayoaeae. A
Iaoeeiiaeueiii eiia?anna O?A caaiaaae 63 ec 113 iano; eeaea? o?iioa ?ein
Iiioo aue eca?ai i?aaenaaeaoaeai ia?eaiaioa.
Ioieoeeiaeueiua ie?oaa iaeaaeatho ii?aaeaeaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth;
ai aeaaa eaaeaeiai ec ieo noieo iy? e ioieoeeiaeueiue niaao, eioi?uo
ecae?aao ianaeaiea.
Iieeoe/aneea ia?oee. O?aaeeoeeiiiua iieeoe/aneea ia?oee Aaaoaiaeu –
eiina?aaoeaiay e eeaa?aeueiay – io?aaeaee eioa?anu iniiaiuo a?oii yeeou
e niaiyee ae?oa ae?oaa o aeanoe ia/eiay n 1839 aei na?aaeeiu 20 a. Iinea
Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu ia iieeoe/aneie a?aia iiyaeeenue iiaua ia?oee.
Iinea ia?aai?ioa 1954, iieiaeeaoaai eiiaoe oae iacuaaaiie Aaaoaiaeueneie
?aaiethoeee (1945–1954), oi?iaeueii a Aaaoaiaea nio?aiyeanue
iiiaiia?oeeiay nenoaia, iaeiaei ia i?aeoeea eaaaeueii aeaenoaiaaee
i?aeiouanoaaiii ia?oee i?aaiai iai?aaeaiey, a ana eaaua ia?oee e iiiaea
ia?oee «oeaio?a» auee cai?auaiu. Iauyaeaiiay aia caeiia a 1954
Aaaoaiaeueneay ia?oey o?oaea, ii nooe naiae eiiioienoe/aneay,
i?iaeieaeaea naith aeayoaeueiinoue, iaoiaeynue a iiaeiieuea. Aeieaia
a?aiy iiae cai?aoii iaoiaeeeanue oeaio?enoneay
O?enoeainei-aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oey iiae oai i?aaeeiaii, /oi aa
«eiio?iee?otho» iaaeaeoia?iaeiua i?aaiecaoeee (iau/ii oaeay oa?ieiieiaey
eniieueciaaeanue ii ioiioaieth e ia?enenoneei ia?oeyi). Iinea 1954 nioie
iieeoe/aneeo eeaea?ia auee oece/anee oie/oiaeaiu aiaiece?iaaiiuie
«yneaae?iiaie nia?oe». Oioy iinea anooieaiey a aeieaeiinoue i?aceaeaioa
Aeienei Na?ani a 1986 i?aaeoaeuenoai i?ae?aoeei iiaeaea?aeeaaoue i?aauo
oa??i?enoia, ia?ooaiey i?aa /aeiaaea i?iaeieaeaeenue, a oi aea a?aiy
?yae aieaa i?ia?anneaiuo iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee iieo/ee ?ac?aoaiea
aiciaiiaeoue naith aeayoaeueiinoue. Eaaua ia?oee inoaaaeenue iiae
cai?aoii aei eiioea ia?oecaineie aieiu (1996).
A 1980–1990-o a Aaaoaiaea neiaeeeanue iiaay ia?oeeiay nenoaia. Aaaaiiiey
ia?aoea e aiiaue nicaeaiiui iieeoe/aneei i?aaiecaoeeyi.
E?oiiaeoay ia?oey nia?aiaiiie Aaaoaiaeu – Aaaoaiaeueneee ?anioaeeeaineee
o?iio (O?A), i?aai-eiina?aaoeaiia iauaaeeiaiea, iniiaaiiia a 1990 auaoei
eeaea?ii aiaiiiai ?aaeeia a 1982–1983 ionoaaiui aaia?aeii Yo?aeiii
?einii Iiiooii. ?ein Iiioo oa?eciaoe/aneee eeaea?, iiioey?iue n?aaee
naiuo ?acee/iuo neiaa ianaeaiey. Ecae?aoaeueiua caeiiu cai?auaee auaoaio
aaia?aeo aaeeioe?iaaoueny ia iino i?aceaeaioa ec-ca i?e/anoiinoe e
aiaiiiio ia?aai?ioo 1982, ii yoi ia iiiaoaei aeoeaiinoe aai ia?oee. A
1994 O?A auea?ae ia?eaiaioneea auai?u e noae e?oiiaeoae iieeoe/aneie
neeie no?aiu. Eaiaeeaeaoo o?iioa Aeueoiini Ii?oeeuei a yiaa?a 1996 ia
oaaoeei aeey iiaaaeu ia i?aceaeaioneeo auai?ao 2% aieinia. A 1999
i?aaenaaeaoaeue ia?oee ?ein Iiioo aicaeaaee iiaoth i?aceaeaioneoth
eaiiaieth A.Ii?oeeuei. O?A aunooiee n iiceoeee niaaeeiaiey eeanne/aneiai
eiina?aaoecia n yeaiaioaie iiioeecia e iaoeeiiae-?aoi?iecia, iaauay
aaaoaiaeueoeai eaieoaeeci n nioeeaeueiui, /aeiaa/aneei eeoeii,
aaciianiinoue e ni?aaaaeeeainoue, iono?aiaiea a?iee io aiaoaoaeuenoaa a
iieeoeeo, ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu aaaeiinoe e aeinoeaeaiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai
niaeaney. Eicoia «Caeii e ii?yaeie» i?eaeae neiiaoee ianaeaiey,
iaaeiaieueiiai ei??oioeeae e i?anooiiinoueth. A eoiaa O?A auea?ae eae
i?aceaeaioneea, oae e ia?eaiaioneea auai?u. A.Ii?oeeuei iieo/ee 47,8%
aieinia a ia?aii oo?a e 68,3% ai aoi?ii, i?enooiea a 2000 e eniieiaieth
iaycaiiinoae i?aceaeaioa e noi?ie?iaaa i?aaeoaeuenoai ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae
naiae ia?oee, a oaeaea ?yaea oeaio?enoneeo e eaauo aeayoaeae. A
Iaoeeiiaeueiii eiia?anna O?A caaiaaae 63 ec 113 iano, a eeaea? o?iioa
?ein Iiioo aue eca?ai i?aaenaaeaoaeai ia?eaiaioa.
Ia?oey iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaaiaa?aea (IIA) – aoi?ay ii aeeyieth
iieeoe/aneay i?aaiecaoeey Aaaoaiaeu. Aa iniiaae a 1985 Aeueaa?i A?no
E?eaiaei, eioi?ue a 1986–1990 caieiae iino iy?a noieeoeu no?aiu. A
iieeoe/aneii ioiioaiee IIA i?aaenoaaeyao i?aaua e i?aaioeaio?enoneea
eiina?aaoeaiua e?oae. Aa i?ia?aiia i?aaeoniao?eaaao i?iaeieaeaiea
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai i?ioeanna e nioeeaeueiuo ?uii/iuo ?aoi?i n oeaeueth
iino?iaiey iauanoaa «ia?iaeiiai eaieoaeecia», a oaeaea eeeaeaeaoeeth
aeene?eieiaoeee e aaaeiinoe iooai aeinoeaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiiai niaeaney
(aeeth/ay niaeanea n auaoeie eaauie iianoaioeaie). A 1990–1991 IIA
o/anoaiaaea a i?aaeoaeuenoaa i?aceaeaioa Oi?oa Na??aii, ii A.A?no iiaeae
a ionoaaeo n iinoa ieieno?a eiino?aiiuo aeae, ioeacaaoenue i?eciaoue
iacaaeneiinoue Aaeeca, eioi?ue Aaaoaiaea o?aaeeoeeiiii n/eoaea
iooi?aiooie oa??eoi?eae. Ia ia?eaiaioneeo auai?ao 1994 ia?oey noaea
aoi?ie iieeoe/aneie neeie no?aiu, a a 1996 aa eaiaeeaeao A.A?no auea?ae
i?aceaeaioneea auai?u e noae aeaaie ainoaea?noaa (1996–2000). Aeaaiui
aai aeinoeaeaieai neaaeoao n/eoaoue caeeth/aiea Ie?iiai niaeaoaiey n
eaauie iianoaioeaie 29 aeaeaa?y 1996. A na?aaeeia 1999 ioeoeeaeueiay
/eneaiiinoue IAI aeinoeaaea ii/oe 30 ouny/ /aeiaae. Iaeiaei ia
i?aceaeaioneeo auai?ao 1999 IAI ieacaeanue aoi?ie. Aa eaiaeeaeao a
i?aceaeaiou Inea? Aa?aa? iaa?ae eeoue 30,3% a ia?aii e 31,7% ai aoi?ii
oo?a. A Eiia?anna ia?oey ?aniieaaaao 37 ec 113 iaiaeaoia e iaoiaeeony a
iiiiceoeee e i?aaeoaeuenoao i?aceaeaioa A.Ii?oeeuei.
Eaaaeeciaaaoenue iinea ie?iiai niaeaoaiey 1996, eaaua neeu au?aaeenue ia
o?aouea ianoi a iieeoe/aneie nenoaia nia?aiaiiie Aaaoaiaeu. Aaaeouae
a?oiie?iaeie eaauo yaeyaony Aaaoaiaeueneia iaoeeiiaeueiia
?aaiethoeeiiiia aaeeinoai (O?IA). Iii aicieeei a 1982 eae aeie /aou?ao
aiaiii-iieeoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee – Iianoai/aneeo aii?oaeaiiuo nee,
Ia?oecaineie a?iee aaaeiyeia, ?aaiethoeeiiiie i?aaiecaoeee aii?oaeaiiiai
ia?iaea e O?aioeee Aaaoaiaeueneie ia?oee o?oaea. A 1982 a O?IA aoiaeeei
6 ouny/ /aeiaae, /eneaiiinoue aai aii?oaeaiiuo io?yaeia a na?aaeeia
1990-o aeioiaeeea aei 3 ouny/ aieoeia. Iinea aeaiiaeeecaoeee
aii?oaeaiiuo oi?ie?iaaiee O?IA a iaa 1997 Aaeeinoai a ieoya?a 1998 auei
ioeoeeaeueii ca?aaeno?e?iaaii eae iieeoe/aneay ia?oey. Aoiaeeaoea a iaa
a?oiie?iaee ?ai?aaieciaaeenue e ia?aeiaiiaaeenue. O?IA, i?aa?aoeaoenue a
eaaaeueioth ia?oeth ioeacaeinue io o?aaeeoeeiiiie eaaie eaeaieiaee e
aunooiaao oaia?ue n iiceoeee, aeeceeo e nioeeae-?aoi?iecio e
nioeeae-aeaiie?aoee.
Ia anaiaueo auai?ao 1999 O?IA aicaeaaeei eaaoth eiaeeoeeth «Aeueyin
Iiaay iaoeey», a eioi?oth aioei oaeaea aeaeaeaiea «Iiaeeeiiia
eioaa?aeueiia ?acaeoea». Eaiaeeaeao aeueyina Aeueaa?i Eieii Eaaaeuea?in
nia?ae 12,3% aieinia. A Eiia?anna aeie iaeaaeaao 9 ianoaie. Eeaea?u O?IA
– Iaaei Iiinaioi, ?aia Ii?ai, Aania? Eeii e Ea?ein Aiinaean.
Aaaoaiaeueneay O?enoeaineay aeaiie?aoey (eee
O?enoeainei-aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oey, OAeI) auea nicaeaia a 1955 eae
eaaaeueiay iiiiceoeey aiaiiui ?aaeeiai. A ia/aea 1960-o OAeI onoaiiaeea
nayce n iaiiaeai/aneei e?ueii eaoiee/aneie oea?eae, i?ionithciuie,
nooaeai/aneeie e e?anoueyineeie i?aaiecaoeeyie no?aiu. Iinea iiaiai
aiaiiiai ia?aai?ioa 1963 ia?oey ieacaeanue iiae cai?aoii e niiaea aiiaue
aeaenoaiaaoue eaaaeueii eeoue a 1970. Oai ia iaiaa, iia i?iaeieaeaea
iiaeaa?aaoueny ?ai?anneyi: a 1980–1985 oeueo?ai?aauie «yneaae?iiaie
nia?oe» auei oaeoi 300 /eaiia OAeI e niaa?oaii iieooaiea ia aa eeaea?a
Aeienei Na?ani.
A 1985 A.Na?ani auea?ae i?aceaeaioneea auai?u. I?aaeoaeuenoai OAeI
(1986–1991) ia/aei i?ioeann aeaiie?aoecaoeee e «iaoeeiiaeueiiai
i?eie?aiey». Iii i?enooieei e ia?aaiai?ai n eaauie iianoaioeaie,
i?iaicaeaneei eo?n ia yeiiiie/aneoth noaaeeecaoeeth e iiaeaea?aeeo
n?aaeieo e iaeiiaania/aiiuo neiaa ianaeaiey. Iaeiaei ino?ioa
i?ioeai?a/ee a no?aia ia niinianoaiaaea oniaoiinoe oeaio?enoneie
iieeoeee o?enoeaineeo aeaiie?aoia. I?aceaeaioneea auai?u 1990–1991
ia?oey i?iea?aea, ii aua inoaeanue aoi?ie neeie a Eiia?anna. A 1990-o
OAeI ia?aaeeea ?yae ?aneieia, aa aeeyiea iinoaiaiii iaaeaei. Ia auai?ao
1995–1996 o?enoeaineea aeaiie?aou ia?aciaaee aianoa n
nioeeae-aeaiie?aoaie e Nithcii iaoeeiiaeueiiai oeaio?a eiaeeoeeth
«Iaoeeiiaeueiue aeueyin», eioi?ie oaeaeinue noaoue o?aoueae ii neea
iieeoe/aneie a?oiie?iaeie. A 1999 O?enoeaineay aeaiie?aoey niiaea
caaiaaaoue eeoue 2 ianoa a Eiia?anna. Ia?oey aoiaeeo a
O?enoeainei-aeaiie?aoe/aneee Eioa?iaoeeiiae. Eeaea? – Aeueoiini Eaa?a?a.
Aeaiie?aoe/aneee o?iio Iiaay Aaaoaiaea (AeOIA) – eaaioeaio?enoneee aeie,
neiaeeaoeeny a 1995. Aai o/anoea a auai?ao 1995–1996 noaei ia?aie
aiciiaeiinoueth aeey eaaaeueiiai aunooieaiey eaauo nee ca 40 eao.
Auaeaeioa eaiaeeaeaoii a i?aceaeaiou aaiee?a Oi?oa Aiinaeana aeaeue
Aaeuea, oanii naycaiiiai n Iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aaethoiui oiiaeii, o?iio
nia?ae 7,6% aieinia. AeOIA aeaenoaiaae eae iieeoe/aneee nithciee O?IA,
ii ia auai?ao 1999 aunooiae naiinoiyoaeueii. Aai i?aaenoaaeoaeue Aia
Eaoaeeia Niaa?aien ?aean iieo/eea 1,3% aieinia.
Nithc iaoeeiiaeueiiai oeaio?a (NIOe) – oia?aiiay i?aaioeaio?enoneay
ia?oey, ionoaeaathuay o?aaeeoeeiiiua oeaiiinoe, i?aaa /aeiaaea e
i?eioeeiu iaoeeiiaeueiiai niaeaney. Aa iniiaae a 1982 aacaoiue
ecaeaoaeue Oi?oa Ea?iei Ieeieuea. Ia auai?ao 1985 NIOe auoae ia aoi?ia
ianoi iinea o?enoeaineeo aeaiie?aoia, a O.Ea?iei eca?ai
aeoea-i?aceaeaioii no?aiu. A 1991 ii i?iea?ae i?aceaeaioneea auai?u
O.Na??aii, oioy NIOe i?aa?aoeeny iaiaaeieai a e?oiiaeooth ia?oeth
no?aiu. Iinea iono?aiaiey io aeanoe Na??aii i?aaenoaaeoaeue oeaio?enoia,
ecaanoiue i?aaicaueoiee ?aiii aea Eaii Ea?iei caieiae a 1993–1996 iino
a?aiaiiiai i?aceaeaioa no?aiu. Aai aaeieieno?aoeee oaeaeinue oe?aieoue
aeaiie?aoecaoeeth iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu, i?iaanoe ?yae eiinoeoooeeiiiuo
?aoi?i e oaeoaeoue ia?aaiai?u n eaauie iianoaioeaie. Oai ia iaiaa,
aeeyiea NIOe eae ia?oee a 1990-o (iinea ia?eaiaioneeo auai?ia 1994)
eaoano?ioe/anee oiaei. A 1999 eaiaeeaeao NIOe Aeaieei Ooeeai ?iea
Aa?eeueyn iaa?ae eeoue 1% aieinia.
Oia?aiii-i?aaay ia?oey Aeaeaeaiea nieeaea?iiai aeaenoaey (IAN) aicieeea
a 1987. Iia iie?aeanue ia iiaeaea?aeeo a?iaeneeo e?oaia e ?yaea
i?ioanoaioneeo i?aaiecaoeee, a?aaeaeothueo n eaoiee/aneie oea?eiaueth
no?aiu. Eeaea? IAN Oi?oa Na??a?ii Yeean caieiae iino i?aaenaaeaoaey
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa i?e aeeeoaoo?a aaia?aea ?eina Iiiooa
(1982–1983). Ia auai?ao 1990 IAN noaei o?aoueae ii neea ia?oeae a
ia?eaiaioa, a O.Na??aii noiae auea?aoue aoi?ie oo? i?aceaeaioneeo
auai?ia a 1991 e noaoue i?aceaeaioii Aaaoaiaeu. Ii noi?ie?iaae
i?aaeoaeuenoai «iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaeeinoaa» e i?iaiaeee iaieeaa?aeueioth
yeiiiie/aneoth iieeoeeo. Iiae i?aaeeiaii ai?ueau n ei??oioeeae e
ia?eiaecianii O.Na??aii iio?aaiaae /?acau/aeiuo iieiiii/ee, 25 iay 1993
?anionoee ia?eaiaio, Aa?oiaiue e Eiinoeoooeeiiiue noaeu, ii oaea 1 ethiy
aue iono?aiai io aeanoe. Iinea iaaeaiey aaeieieno?aoeee Na??aii IAN
ia?aaeeaaao aeoaieee e?ecen.
Iiieii iniiaiuo ia?oee, iaeiaeeaoeo ioia/aoie ia iieeoe/aneia ?acaeoea
Aaaoaiaeu a 1990-o, a no?aia aeaenoaotho e ae?oaea, iaaieueoea a?oiiu e
i?aaiecaoeee – I?ia?anneaiay inaiaiaeeoaeueiay ia?oey (eeaea? –
A.Aaeueyaea?an Iieeia; 3,1% aieinia ia auai?ao 1999 e 1 ianoi a
Eiia?anna), Caeaiay i?aaiecaoeey – Aeaiie?aoe/aneee nithc (eeaea? –
O.Y.Anoo?ean; 1,1% aieinia ia auai?ao 1999 e 1 ianoi a ia?eaiaioa) e
ae?oaea.
Aiaoiyy iieeoeea. Aaaoaiaea yaeyaony /eaiii III, /eaiii I?aaiecaoeee
aia?eeaineeo ainoaea?noa, I?aaiecaoeee oeaio?aeueiiaia?eeaineeo
ainoaea?noa (IOeAA), Oeaio?aeueiiaia?eeaineiai ia?eaiaioa, a oaeaea
Oeaio?aeueiiaia?eeaineiai iauaai ?uiea (OeAI?). Aua a 16 a. Aaaoaiaea,
i?eiaaeeaaeaaoay oiaaea Eniaiee, i?aaeuyaeyea i?aaa ia ninaaeithth
oa??eoi?eth A?eoaineiai Aiiaeo?ana, iinyuaai nae/an iacaaiea Aaeec e
iieo/eaoaai iacaaeneiinoue a 1981. O?aiey iaaeaeo Aaaoaiaeie e
Aaeeeia?eoaieae ii yoiio aii?ino i?eaaee e ?ac?uao aeeieiiaoe/aneeo
ioiioaiee a 1981. Iaeiaei a eiioea 1980-o aiaeia a?aaeaeaineia
i?aaeoaeuenoai A.Na?ani noiaei o?aaoee?iaaoue yoio aii?in
aeeieiiaoe/aneei iooai. A 1991 Aaaoaiaea i?eciaea iacaaeneiinoue Aaeeca.
Aaeec, ni naiae noi?iiu, ?ac?aoee Aaaoaiaea iieueciaaoueny naieie
ii?oaie ia Ea?eaneii iiaa?aaeuea e ii?neei iooai, aaaeouei e
Ioy?oi-Aa??ein /a?ac oa??eoi?eaeueiua aiaeu Aaeeca. A 1993 Eiia?ann
Aaaoaiaeu ia?aniio?ae e aiioee?iaae yoi niaeaoaiea. N oao ii? Aaaoaiaea
caiyoa iieneaie oaeiai ?aoaiey, eioi?ia iicaieeei au inouanoaeoue
ia?aaea/o /anoe oa??eoi?ee ia thaa Aaeeca; ioiioaiey iaaeaeo yoeie
aeaoiy ainoaea?noaaie inoathony iaoyioouie, /aio niinianoaotho
iiiai/eneaiiua iia?aie/iua eioeeaeaiou. A?eoaineia i?aaeoaeuenoai
i?aaeeiaeeei auieaoeoue Aaaoaiaea 24 iei. aeiee. ca ioeac io
oa??eoi?eaeueiuo i?aoaicee, iaeiaei a 1998 eiioeeeo aua ia aue
o?aaoee?iaai.
Aii?oaeaiiua neeu. A oa/aiea iiiaeo aeanyoeeaoee aiaiiua inoaaaeenue
naiie iiaouanoaaiiie iieeoe/aneie neeie a no?aia e a aeacao iiiaeo aei
neo ii? yaeythony aeaaiui i?aiyonoaeai ia iooe aeaiie?aoe/aneiai
?acaeoey. A no?aia nouanoaoao aeaooeaoiyy aieineay iiaeiiinoue (oioy e
ia anaiauay) aeey ioae/ei a aic?anoa io 18 aei 50 eao. *eneaiiinoue
aii?oaeaiiuo nee oaaee/eaaeanue a ia?eiae i?aaeaiey aiaiiuo (1954–1985),
aeinoeaioa iaeneioia – ia iaiaa 70 oun. /aeiaae – a 1980-o aiaeao, e
iinoaiaiii nie?auaeanue a oa/aiea 1990-o aiaeia; yoio i?ioeann onei?eeny
iinea iiaeienaiey niaeaoaiey a 1996. A aeiiieiaiea e nianoaaiii a?iee a
1980-o aiaeao auee nicaeaiu a?aaeaeaineea aiaiece?iaaiiua oi?ie?iaaiey –
oae iacuaaaiua iao?oee a?aaeaeaineie iai?iiu. O/anoea a ieo ioeoeeaeueii
yaeyeinue aeia?iaieueiui, ii oaeoe/anee iaycaoaeueiui; eo /eneaiiinoue
aeinoeaaea ianeieueeeo nioai ouny/ /aeiaae, aieueoeinoai ec eioi?uo
ninoaaeyee eiaeaeoeu iaey. Ii oneiaeyi ie?iiai niaeaoaiey 1996, yoe
iao?oee auee ?aniouaiu. Iinea onoaiiaeaiey ie?a a 1996 /eneaiiinoue
aii?oaeaiiuo nee nie?aoeeanue aei 31 oun. /aeiaae a nooiiooiuo aieneao;
ee/iue ninoaa AAN ian/eouaaao 1000 /aeiaae, noieueei aea neoaeeo a AIO.
Yeiiiieea
Ii iauaio i?iecaiaenoaa Aaaoaiaea i?aainoiaeeo ethaoth ec no?ai
Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee. A 1997 aa aaeiaie aioo?aiiee i?iaeoeo (AAI)
ninoaaeye 17,8 ie?ae. aeiee., /oi ninoaaeei ie. 2900 aeiee. ia aeooo
ianaeaiey. I?aaeoaeuenoai Aaaoaiaeu iiiu?yei eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee,
i?aaeinoaaeyy eiaanoi?ai cia/eoaeueiua iaeiaiaua eueaiou e
inaiaiaeaeaiea io oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei. Eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey NOA a yeiiiieeo
Aaaoaiaeu i?aauoatho ii iauaio eo aeiaeaiey a ae?oaeo no?aiao ?aaeiia. N
na?aaeeiu 1960-o aei eiioea 1970-o aiaeia iaaethaeaeny aia/aoeythuee
?ino AAI, /oi iauyniyeinue i?aeiouanoaaiii aeeyieai
Oeaio?aeueiiaia?eeaineiai iauaai ?uiea, noeioee?iaaaoaai i?iiuoeaiiia
?acaeoea. N?aaeiaaiaeiaie i?e?ino a ia?eiae n 1965 ii 1978 ninoaaeye
ii/oe 6%. Iinea 1979 iiiaea yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu iaino?eeenue, e oaiiu
?inoa AAI a ia/aea e na?aaeeia 1980-o aiaeia caiaaeeeeenue ii n?aaiaieth
n i?aaeuaeouei ia?eiaeii, a a 1981 ioia/aii iaaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaa.
Ainnoaiiaeaiea a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaeaiey ieacaei iieiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo
ia yeiiiieeo. A 1987 yeiiiie/aneee ?ino ninoaaee 3,5%, a a 1990-o aiaeao
aai oaiiu onoie/eai ?inee, aeinoeaioa 4,3% a 1997. Iaeeaeaaony, /oi
n?aaeiee i?e?ino a ia?eiae 1998–2002 ninoaaeo 5,3% a aiae.
Ia eciaieaoothny neooaoeeth io?aaae?iaaei naeueneia oicyenoai (a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue, i?iecaiaenoai eioa), iniaaiii neeueii no?aaeaaoaa a 1980-o
aiaeao io iauaai yeiiiie/aneiai nithca e /anouo aii?oaeaiiuo
noieeiiaaiee. A 1987 ia/aeinue ainnoaiiaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiiai naeoi?a, e e
1994 ia aai aeieth i?eoiaeeeinue 19% AAI e 17% o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia.
Iaeaieaa aeeiaie/iue ?ino ioia/ai a no?ieoaeuenoaa e io?aneyo, naycaiiuo
n oo?eciii. Ii ioeaieai 1994, oo?eci, aoi?ie ii cia/aieth enoi/iee
aaethoiuo iinooieaiee, aeaaae i?eia?ii 2,4% aaeiaiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai
i?iaeoeoa.
Yeiiiie/aneay aeai?anney 1980-o eiaea oyaeaeua nioeeaeueiua
iineaaenoaey. A 1987 87% a?aaeaeai Aaaoaiaeu ioeoeeaeueii n/eoaeenue
aeeaoueie ca /a?oie aaaeiinoe (i?ioea 79% a 1980); a 1990 iaaeiaaeaei
72% aaaoaiaeueoeaa. A ia/aea 1990-o aiaeia iniauo oeo/oaiee ia
ioia/aeinue. E 1995, a nayce n ?aceei aeeeeuiui e?ecenii, o/anoeeenue
neo/ae naiiaieueiiai caoaaoa ionoothueo caeaiee eee caiaeue, aaea
nii?oaeaeenue oeaeeiu; a naiii ai?iaea Aaaoaiaea e aie?oa iaai aicieeei
ie. 200 iinaeaiee oaeiai oeia. A naeueneeo ?aeiiao y?ei au?aaeaii
ia?aaainoai a ?ani?aaeaeaiee caiee – aieaa ?aceia, /ai aaea-eeai a
Eaoeineie Aia?eea. Oioy ie?iia niaeaoaiea 1996 aeeth/aei ?yae
iieiaeaiee, ?aaoee?othueo caieaaeaaeaiea, a Aaaoaiaea aei neo ii? ia
i?eiyo caeii i ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiee caiee. 67% anae ieiuaaee eniieuecoaiuo
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo caiaeue i?eoiaeeony ia iaeaieaa e?oiiua
caieaaeaaeaiey, ninoaaeythuea 2% iauaai eiee/anoaa; 80% oa?i caieiatho
10% ieiuaaee anao caiaeue.
Naeueneia oicyenoai. A eiioea 1990-o aiaeia naeueneia oicyenoai ana aua
inoaaaeinue iniiaie yeiiiieee Aaaoaiaeu. A 1997 iii aeaaaei ie. 70%
iauaia yenii?oa, 25% AAI, e a iai auei caiyoa iieiaeia o?oaeiniiniaiiai
ianaeaiey.
Nouanoaoao ?aceia ?acee/ea iaaeaeo e?oiiuie nia?aiaiiuie oicyenoaaie –
eaoeooiaeeyie, eioi?ua i?iecaiaeyo aieueooth /anoue iniiaiuo yenii?oiuo
eoeueoo?, e iaeeeie e?anoueyineeie oicyenoaaie – «ieieooiaeeyie», aaea
aaaeaony iieoiaoo?aeueiia oicyenoai e au?aueaaaony aieueoay /anoue
ieuaauo eoeueoo? aeey aioo?aiiaai iio?aaeaiey. Naeoi? naeueneiai
oicyenoaa, ?aaioathuee ia i?iecaiaenoai yenii?oiuo ieaioaoeeiiiuo
eoeueoo?, ioee/aaony iaeaieueoei aeeiaieciii; aio a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
ieacuaaao iiaeaea?aeeo i?aaeoaeuenoai, /anoi a oua?a iaeeei oa?ia?neei
oicyenoaai. Iai?eia?, a ia?eiae n 1970 ii 1980 ieiuaaee, caiyoua iiae
yenii?oiuie eoeueoo?aie, au?inee ia 45%, oiaaea eae iaeeea
caieaaeaaeaeueoeu eeoeeenue 26% naieo caiaeue. N 1985 ii 1998 ieiuaaeue
eioaeiuo ieaioaoeee au?inea n 228,2 oun. aa aei 250,6 oun. aa, i?e yoii
i?iecaiaenoai eioa au?inei n 179 aei 236 oun. o. Ieiuaaeue ieaioaoeee
ea?aeaiiia oaaee/eeanue n 32,6 aei 48,6 oun. aa, a eo i?iaeoeoeey – n
7,3 aei 16,7 oun. o. Ca oi aea a?aiy ieiuaaeue, caiyoay iiae iinaau
eoeo?ocu, nie?aoeeanue n 16 aei 14 iei. aa, i?e yoii o?iaeae eoeo?ocu
au?in n 1070 aei 1120 oun. o. Ieiuaaeue iiae /a?iuie aiaaie
oiaiueoeeanue n 16,9 aei 12,2 oun. aa, a nai? aiaia oiaiueoeeny n 113
aei 82 oun. o. Oiaiueoeeanue oaeaea ieiuaaeue iinaaia ?ena – n 14,6 aei
11,8 oun. aa, i?e yoii o?iaeae ?ena nie?aoeeny n 37,9 aei 32,1 oun. o.
Aei Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu Aaaoaiaea yenii?oe?iaaea ii i?aeiouanoao aaiaiu
e eioa. Iinea 1950 cia/eoaeueii au?inei i?iecaiaenoai ia yenii?o oeiiea
(eioi?ue iioaniee aaiaiu ni aoi?iai ianoa a yenii?oa), iynii?iaeoeoia, a
oaeaea naoa?a; iniiaiua ieaioaoeee naoa?iiai o?inoieea ?aniieiaeaiu ia
oeoiieaaineii iiaa?aaeuea, n aai ieiaei?iaeiuie ii/aaie ia aoeeaie/aneeo
ioeiaeaieyo. Aaaeouae eoeueoo?ie a yenii?oa inoaaony eioa, iaeiaei a
1997 ia aai aeieth i?eoiaeeeinue eeoue 24% aeioiaeia io yenii?oa.
Cia/eoaeueii au?inei cia/aiea iao?aaeeoeeiiiuo aeaeia
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai yenii?oa, aeeth/ay ea?aeaiii, n?acaiiua oeaaou,
o?oeou e iaiue. 1500 e?oiiaeoeo eioaeiuo ieaioaoeeiiiuo oicyenoa
i?iecaiaeyo ie. 4/5 anaai o?iaeay; ai a?aiy nai?a eioaeiuo aiaia ia ieo
?aaioaao aieaa 400 oun. /ae.
I?iecaiaenoai aaiaiia ia/aeinue ia ea?eaneii iiaa?aaeuea a eiioea 19 a.,
e aei 1970 aeaaainoaothuoth ?ieue a iai ea?aea aia?eeaineay eiiiaiey
«THiaeoaae o?oo eiiiaie», eioi?ay a oa/aiea iiiaeo eao inoaaaeanue
e?oiiaeoei caieaaeaaeaeueoeai a Aaaoaiaea. A 1970 iia i?iaeaea naie
i?aaei?eyoey ei?ii?aoeee «Aeaeue Iiioa». Aaiaiiaua ieaioaoeee neeueii
iino?aaeaee io o?aaaiia a 1983 e 1998.
Eaniia oicyenoai e ?uaieianoai. Oioy Aaaoaiaea aiaaoa ?uaiuie ?ano?naie,
?uaiua i?iiuneu ?acaeou iacia/eoaeueii. Aieueoay /anoue eaniuo ?ano?nia,
n oii /enea caianu e?aniiai aea?aaa e ae?oaeo oeaiiuo ae?aaaniuo ii?iae,
nin?aaeioi/aia a aeiaeaeaauo eanao aeaia?oaiaioa Iaoai. Oioy o?iie/aneeo
eania ai anai ie?a inoaeinue i/aiue iaei e iie i?aaenoaaeytho aieueooth
oeaiiinoue n yeieiae/aneie oi/ee c?aiey, i?aaeoaeuenoai Aaaoaiaeu
?anoe?yao yenieoaoaoeeth eania Iaoaia.
Ia?aaaouaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. I?iiuoeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey aeatho ie.
20% AAI; ia ieo caiyoi 14% yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey. Ii iauaio
i?iecaiaenoaa ia?aaaouaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue Aaaoaiaeu cia/eoaeueii
i?aainoiaeeo inoaeueiua no?aiu Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee. A no?oeoo?a yoiai
naeoi?a i?aiaeaaeatho i?aaei?eyoey eaaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, i?iecaiaeyuea
oiaa?u oe?ieiai iio?aaeaiey – iaeaaeaeo, oeaie, ieuaaua i?iaeoeou e
iaieoee. E i?aaei?eyoeyi oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe ioiineony oeiiue
caaiae, ?anoouaa oa?iaoeaaoe/aneia i?iecaiaenoai, ianeieueei oaa?ee,
i?iecaiaeyueo oeieeaeee e oaeia?aiey, e noaeaeeoaeiue caaiae. Ii/oe aeaa
o?aoe ?aai/eo ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe caiyou a oaoiieiae/anee
i?inouo i?iecaiaenoaao. Oioy ?acaeoea i?iiuoeaiiinoe noeioee?iaaei
iiaeuai yeiiiieee, i?iaeaia aac?aaioeoeu a no?aia inoaaony ia?aoaiiie,
iineieueeo caeanue i?aiaeaaeatho eaieoaeiaieea io?anee, caaenyuea e oiio
aea io eiii?oa nu?uey e iai?oaeiaaiey.
Ai?iiaeiauaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue e yia?aaoeea. Aaaoaiaea caieiaao
o?aouea ianoi ii aeiau/a no?ueiu iinea Aieeaee e Iaeneee. A iaaieueoeo
eiee/anoaao i?iecaiaeeony cieioi, naeiaoe, aeaeaci e noaeue, a oaeaea
no?ieoaeueiua iaoa?eaeu, a iniiaiii aeey aioo?aiiaai iio?aaeaiey.
E?oiiua ianoi?iaeaeaiey iaooe auee aia?aua ioe?uou a ia/aea 1970-o
aiaeia ia naaa?a aeaia?oaiaioa Aeueoa-Aa?aian; a oiaea aeaeueiaeoeo
?acaaaeuaaoaeueiuo ?aaio auee ioe?uou oaeaea ianoi?iaeaeaiey aaeece
iaeneeaineie a?aieoeu a aeaia?oaiaioa Iaoai. Ianeieueei aia?eeaineeo e
aa?iiaeneeo iaooyiuo eiiiaiee iieo/eee eiioeannee ia eo ?ac?aaioeo. A
1980 Aaaoaiaea ia/aea yenii?oe?iaaoue iaooue, i?e/ai iieiaeia yenii?oa
i?eoiaeeeanue ia aeieth NOA. Iaooue iinooiaao ii iaooai?iaiaeo a ii?o
Naioi-Oiian-aea-Eanoeeuey ia Ea?eaneii iiaa?aaeuea. Ooieoeeiie?otho
oaeaea aeaa iaooai/enoeoaeueiuo caaiaea, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo eiiiaieyi NOA.
E 1996 i?iecaiaenoai iaooe a Aaaoaiaea ninoaaeyei 16 oun. aa??aeae a
nooee (5840 oun. aa??aeae a aiae); e 2000 iauai aeiau/e iaooe aue
aeiaaaeai aei 40 oun. aa??aeae a nooee. Ieiei 80% anaai iauaia aeiau/e
iaooe a Aaaoaiaea i?eoiaeeony ia ianoi?iaeaeaiea Onai a aeaia?oaiaioa
Iaoai. Aeiau/a iaooe aianea cia/eoaeueiue aeeaae a ?ino yeiiiieee
Aaaoaiaeu a 1990-a aiaeu.
Iiieii caiania iaooe, no?aia ?aniieaaaao cia/eoaeueiui
aeae?iyia?aaoe/aneei iioaioeeaeii. A 1990-a aiaeu i?aaeoaeuenoai
ia?auaei iniaia aieiaiea ia no?ieoaeuenoai AYN, aeiaeaoenue oaaee/aiey
eo iauae iiuiinoe n 225 oun. eAo a 1989 aei 973,5 oun. eAo a 1995.
Yeaeo?e/anoaii a auoo a 1997 iieueciaaeinue 6,5 iei. /aeiaae (a 1990 eo
auei anaai 4 iei.).
O?ainii?o. Iauay i?ioyaeaiiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeaeaciuo aei?ia,
i?aeiouanoaaiii oceieieaeiuo, Aaaoaiaeu ninoaaeyao 884 ei; iie
niaaeeiytho Ioy?oi-Aa??ein e Naioi-Oiian-aea-Eanoeeuey ia Ea?eaneii
aa?aao n a. Aaaoaiaea e oeoiieaaineei iiaa?aaeueai. Aoi?inoaiaiiua
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua aaoee iiaeoiaeyo e naaa?iie e thaeiie a?aieoeai
no?aiu. Nouanoaoao oaeaea ?acaaoaeaiiay naoue aei?ia, iaoiaeyueony ai
aeaaeaiee aaiaiiaie ei?ii?aoeee «Aeaeue Iiioa» e ianeoaeeaathueo
i?eiaaeeaaeauea ae ieaioaoeee. A 1950-o aiaeao auee iino?iaiu o?e
oinnaeiuo iaaeno?aee: /a?ac oeaio?aeueiia iaai?uea (Iaiaia?eeaineia
oinna), aaeieue oeoiieaaineiai iiaa?aaeuey e aua iaeia, niaaeeieaoay a.
Aaaoaiaea n ea?eaneei iiaa?aaeueai. A 1990-a aiaeu i?aaeoaeuenoai
inouanoaeyei eioaineaioth i?ia?aiio aei?iaeiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa. Iauay
i?ioyaeaiiinoue aac?aeueniauo aei?ia ninoaaeyao 26,4 oun. ei, iaeiaei
eeoue o?aoue ec ieo eiatho oaa?aeia iie?uoea. Iaeiaiaa ?acaeoa
aei?iaeiay naoue a naaa?iii aeaia?oaiaioa Iaoai, eioi?ue, oioy e naycai
aei?iaie n inoaeueiie /anoueth no?aiu, a iniiaiii auioaeaeai iieaaaoueny
ia aicaeooiia niiauaiea.
A noieeoea no?aiu eiaaony iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ay?iii?o «Ea-Ao?i?a».
Oeoiieaaineee aa?aa ia eiaao anoanoaaiiuo aaaaiae, iaeiaei aeey a?ociauo
ia?aaicie o?aaeeoeeiiii eniieuecothony ii?ou Nai-Oina e *aiia?eei.
Iaaeaeaei io Nai-Oina iino?iai oaeaea iiaue ii?o Ioy?oi-Eanaeue,
iniauaiiue nia?aiaiiui iai?oaeiaaieai. Iniiaiua ea?eaneea ii?ou –
Ioy?oi-Aa??ein e Naioi-Oiian-aea-Eanoeeuey.
Aiaoiyy oi?aiaey. A 1997 aeioiaeu Aaaoaiaeu io yenii?oa ninoaaeee 3,2
ie?ae. aeiee., a ?anoiaeu ia eiii?o – 4,2 ie?ae. aeiee. Iniiaiua
iinooieaiey eaeoo io yenii?oa naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee e io
oo?ecia. Iniiaiie noaoueae yenii?oa yaeyaony eioa, ca iei neaaeotho
naoa?, oeiiie, aaiaiu, ea?aeaiii e iaooue. Yenii?oe?othony oaeaea
iaeioi?ua i?iiuoeaiiua oiaa?u, a oii /enea ?aceiiaua ecaeaeey, iaoaeeu,
i?iaeoeoeey oaaeiie e oaenoeeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iniiaioth /anoue
eiii?oa (aieaa 90%) ninoaaeytho i?iiuoeaiiua oiaa?u, inoaeueiia
i?eoiaeeony ia i?iaeoeou ieoaiey. Aaaeouei oi?aiaui ia?oia?ii Aaaoaiaeu
yaeythony NOA, ia aeieth eioi?uo i?eoiaeeony ie. 30% noieiinoe
yenii?oe?oaiuo ec Aaaoaiaeu oiaa?ia e ie. 44% eiii?oa. Aaaoaiaea aaaeao
oaeaea oi?aiaeth ni no?aiaie OeAI? (iau/ii n iieiaeeoaeueiui oi?aiaui
aaeainii), n Caiaaeiie Aa?iiie, Iaeneeie, Aaianoyeie (ioeoaea
yenii?oe?oaony iaooue) e ssiiieae.
Aaethoa e oeiainu. Iaoeeiiaeueiay aeaiaaeiay aaeeieoea Aaaoaiaeu –
eaoeaeue. Aunieoth eioeyoeeth oaeaeinue nieceoue e eiioeo 1990-o aiaeia
i?eia?ii aei 10% a aiae. Ainoaea?noao i?eiaaeeaaeao Oeaio?aeueiue aaie
Aaaoaiaeu e Aaie ?acaeoey; inoaeueiua aaiee iaoiaeyony a /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoe.
Eoeueoo?a
Acaeiii?iieeiiaaiea eoeueoo?iuo aeeyiee iaey, Eniaiee e ae?oaeo eoeueoo?
Aa?iiu e Naaa?iie Aia?eee ii?iaeeei aiaaooth e ?aciiia?acioth eoeueoo?o
Aaaoaiaeu. Nieaa eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey ?aciuo oeeaeeecaoeee iaoiaeeo
io?aaeaiea ai anai – a nia?aiaiiie aeeaiiene, neoeueioo?a, iocuea,
oaioeao e eeoa?aoo?a. ?aianeaiieee Aaaoaiaeu i?iaeieaeatho
eniieueciaaoue a naieo ecaeaeeyo ae?aaiea eiaeaeneea iioeau, ?enoiee,
ni/aoaiey oeaaoia.
?acaaeeiu ?aeeaeiciuo oeaio?ia iaey, oaeeo, eae Naeoeao, Oeeaeue,
Oaoaeooi e Iueaae?an-Iaa?an, i?eaeaeatho aieiaiea a?oaieiaia anaai ie?a.
Iaoe?iay eieeaeoeey i?aaeiaoia iaoa?eaeueiie eoeueoo?u e eneonnoaa
ae?aaieo eiaeaeoeaa nia?aia a Iaoeeiiaeueiii iocaa a?oaieiaee e
yoiia?aoee a a. Aaaoaiaea.
Eeoa?aoo?a. A yiioo, i?aaeoanoaiaaaooth eniaineiio caaiaaaieth, iaey
iaeaaeaee aiaaoie ienueiaiiie eeoa?aoo?ie, eioi?ay auea oie/oiaeaia
eniaioeaie ii/oe iieiinoueth, ca eneeth/aieai iaiiiaeo iaione?eioia.
Ianeieueei iiaeii noaeeoue ii nio?aieaoeiny ea?iaeeoe/aneei iaaeienyi,
/anoueth aua ia iieiinoueth aeaoeo?iaaiiui, o iaey auea neiaeiay
ieoieiaey. Iiaeiaii o?enoeaineie Aeaeee, nayuaiiay eieaa iaey
Iiiieue-Aoo, caienaiiay ia ycuea ee/a eaoeieoeae (ie. 1554–58),
?anneacuaaao i aicieeiiaaiee ie?a, i i?ienoiaeaeaiee aeia?a e cea,
eceaaaao iniiaiua i?eioeeiu ii?aee. Iiiaea ieou e eaaaiaeu ec
Iiiieue-Aoo i?aaie/ii aoiaeyo a nia?aiaiioth ooaeiaeanoaaiioth
eeoa?aoo?o Aaaoaiaeu.
Ia ycuea ee/a nicaeaiu oaeaea Aiiaeu eaeaeeaeae (caienue 17 a.) e
ae?aia-aaeao ?aaeiaeue-Aae (caienue 19 a.). Ec i?iecaaaeaiee
aaaoaiaeueneie eeoa?aoo?u, nicaeaiiuo a 18 a., iaeaieaa ecaanoia iiyia
eacoeoa ?aoayey Eaiaeeaa?a (1731–1793) Iaeneeaineay naeueneay aeeciue
(1781), iaienaiiay ia eaouie. Ec ienaoaeae 19 a. iaeaieaa ecaanoai
iiyo-?iiaioee Oina Aao?an Iiioooa? (1809–1844), aaoi? nai?ieea
Aaaoaiaeueneea o?aaeeoeee. Iiioey?ai aaoi? enoi?e/aneeo ?iiaiia e
i/a?eia Oina Ieeuey-e-Aeaeao??a (1822–1882).
Ynoaoeeo eniaii-aia?eeaineiai iiaea?iecia a iaoeeiiaeueiie eeoa?aoo?a
?acaeaaee iiyo e ?iiaieno Iaeneii Nioi Oiee (1871–1944); ynnaeno,
?iiaieno e aaoi? ei?ioeeo ?anneacia Yi?eea Aiian Ea??eeuei (1873–1927);
i?icaee ?aoayeue A?aaaei Ia?oeian (1884–1973); aeo?iaeeno e aaoi? ynna
Oina ?iae?eaan Na?ia (1885–1952); iiyo e i?icaee Nana? A?aiueyn
(1899–1976). E ecia?aaeaieth eiaeaeneiai ie?a aia?aua ia?aoeeny iiyo e
i?icaee Oeaaei Y??a?a (1895–1968). A iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey 20 a.
auaeaeioeinue ianeieueei iiyoia-aeaiuei, n?aaee ieo Aioaeeia Aeoiuey,
Ia?aa?eoa Ea??a?a Iieeia, Aia Ia?ey ?iaean e Ea?iai Iaoooa.
A 1967 Ieaaeue Aioaeue Anoo?ean (1899–1974) ia?aui ec eaoeiiaia?eeaineeo
ienaoaeae iieo/ee Iiaaeaaneoth i?aieth ii eeoa?aoo?a. Aai ?iiaiu
iaee/atho aeanoieinoue ei??oiie?iaaiiuo aeeeoaoi?neeo ?aaeeiia e
aiaoaoaeuenoai aia?eeaineeo eiiiaiee a aeaea eaoeiiaia?eeaineeo no?ai. A
naieo ?anneacao e ?iiaiao Anoo?ean i?iiaaaiaee?oao eoeueoo?iia ianeaaeea
eiaeaeoeaa e /anoi eniieuecoao eiaeaeneea ieou e eaaaiaeu. E?oiiuie
nia?aiaiiuie ienaoaeyie yaeythony oaeaea A?oo?i A?ean e O?ainenei
Aieueaeiai.
?eaiaa?oa Iai/o auea oaeinoiaia Iiaaeaaneie i?aiee ie?a 1992. A eieaa
Iaiy ciaoo ?eaiaa?oa Iai/o (1983) y?eeie e?aneaie ecia?aaeaiu no?aaeaiey
ia?iaea iaey-ee/a. Yoi i?iecaaaeaiea noaei neiaieii aic?iaeaeaiey
eeoa?aoo?u ia?iaea iaey e aucaaei iiiai/eneaiiua iiae?aaeaiey.
A?oeoaeoo?a e aeeaiienue. A aeieieoiaiao yiioo iaey aicaiaeeee
ie?aieaeu e aieueoea eaiaiiua aeai?oeu, eioi?ua iie iie?uaaee eaiiuie
oe?aoaieyie e ?acueaie, iicaeeie e ?inienueth, ecia?aaeathuae ei?ieae,
oea?aiiiee e ieoieiae/aneeo ia?niiaaeae.
Eniaioeu i?eianee a Aaaoaiaeo a?oeoaeoo?iua noeee, ?ani?ino?aiaiiua a eo
nianoaaiiie no?aia. A 17–18 aa. i?aiaeaaeae noeeue aa?ieei. *oiau
ecaaaeaoue iineaaenoaee ?ac?ooeoaeueiuo caieao?ynaiee, io eioi?uo
no?aaeaea Aaaoaiaea, eieiieaeueiua a?oeoaeoi?u i?aaeii/eoaee no?ieoue
oe?ieea i?ecaienoua caeaiey n ieceeie a?eaaeaie. E yoiio a?aiaie
ioiineony eaoaae?aeueiue niai? a ai?iaea Aaaoaiaea e ianeieueei oea?eaae
a eieiieaeueiie noieeoea no?aiu – Aioeaoa.
A eieiieaeueioth yiioo auei i?eiyoi iiiauaoue aeeaiieniua eee
neoeueioo?iua i?iecaaaeaiey ia ?aeeaeiciua nthaeaou a niaoeeaeueiuo
oe?aoaiiuo ieoao ia oieueei a oea?eayo, ii e a aeiiao. A Eieiieaeueiii
iocaa Aioeaoa nia?aii iiiaeanoai oaeeo ea?oei, neoeueioo? e aea?aayiiuo
oeao?, a oaeaea eneoniuo ecaeaeee ec iaoaeea eee eiaee, iaeiaaea
oe?aoaaoeo aeiia eniaioeaa.
A ia/aea 20 a. eneonnoai Aaaoaiaeu eniuouaaei caiaoiia aeeyiea
iaeneeaineie iiioiaioaeueiie aeeaiiene, a eioi?ie auee neeueiu iioeau
eiaeaeneiai oieueeei?a. Iaeaieueoae ecaanoiinoueth n?aaee ooaeiaeieeia
iieuecothony Ea?ein Ia?eaea (1891–1984), Aeueo?aaei Aaeueaan Noa?an
(1899–1946), Oiaa?oi Aa?aaeoi (?. 1897), Aaeaioei Aaaneaeue, Iaiiei
Aaeuey?aei, Ieaaeue Aioaeue Naaaeuein Ieeueyi. Ia?auatho ia naay
aieiaiea neoeueioo?iua i?iecaaaeaiey ?iaa?oi Aie?e.
Iocuea e oaioeu. O eiaeaeoeaa iaey aeaaiue (niee?othuee) iaaaoe caieiae
aeaeiia iieiaeaiea a iauanoaa. Iocuea iaey, eniieiyaoayny ia oeaeoao,
aa?aaaiao e oaiao?eiao, i?aaenoaaeyea niaie a iniiaiii ?aeeaeiciua aeiiu
e aiaiiua ianie. Iiiaea eino?oiaiou aeieieoiaiaie y?u aei neo ii? a
oiaeo a Aaaoaiaea, iai?eia? ea?aeieue – aieueoay aeoay ?aeiaeia, a
eioi?oth o?oayo eae a ?ia; ooeue, iaaieueoay i?iaeieueiay oeaeoa;
oeeoieao, iaaieueoie eiaeaeneee aeooiaie eino?oiaio, iaiiieiathuee
oeaeoo-ieeeiei; iea?eia, aeooiaie eino?oiaio ec aeeiu; eea?iao /e?eiey;
iaeiiaoe, ia?eiaa –aea?aayiiue eneeioii, ?ani?ino?aiaiiue ai anao
no?aiao Ea?eaneiai aannaeia.
A eieiieaeueioth yiioo aeey eniieiaiey oea?eiaiie iocuee ec Aa?iiu
niaoeeaeueii auienuaaee oi?iaenoa?ia e i?aaienoia. Eniaioeu i?eianee
ia?iaeiua ?iaeaeanoaaineea ianie aeeueyineei e ae?oaea ?ani?ino?aiaiiua
iocueaeueiua aeai?u, a oaeaea aa?iiaeneea eino?oiaiou – aeoa?o, ne?eieo,
a?oo e noa?eiiue niu/eiaue eino?oiaio ?aaae.
Neioiie/aneoth iocueo ia?aui a Aaaoaiaea noae ienaoue eiiiiceoi?
Y.Naiaeia. A 1932 aue nicaeai i?eano?, iicaeiaa i?aia?aciaaiiue a
Oeea?iiie/aneee i?eano? Aaaoaiaeu, a a 1943 aue ia?aciaai oi?iaie
eieeaeoea «Ei?i Aaaoaiaea», eniieiyaoee eeanne/aneoth aa?iiaeneoth
oi?iaoth iocueo e ia?iaeiua iaeiaeee. Iaoeeiiaeueiay iia?iay o?oiia,
nicaeaiiay a 1948, aeaao iia?iua niaeoaeee n o/anoeai Aaaoaiaeueneiai
oi?a e i?eaeaoaiiuo ca?oaaaeiuo a?oenoia. Nianoaaiiue neioiie/aneee
i?eano? e aiaiiue aeooiaie i?eano? eiaao Iaoeeiiaeueiay eiina?aaoi?ey.
Aaeao Aaaoaiaeu aue nicaeai a 1948, iaeiia?aiaiii n Iaoeeiiaeueiie
oeieie oaioea. O?oiia eniieiyao eae eeanne/aneea aaeaou, oae e aa?eaoeee
ia oaiu ia?iaeiuo aaaoaiaeueneeo neacaiee. A 1964 auea nicaeaia aaeaoiay
o?oiia nia?aiaiiiai e ia?iaeiiai oaioea.
Ia?aciaaiea. A ia?aua aeaaaeoeaoue eao eniaineiai aeaaeu/anoaa a
Aaaoaiaea eniaineia aeooiaainoai nicaeaei caeanue ia/aeueiua e n?aaeiea
oeieu, aaea iao/aeenue oieueei iaeue/eee ec a?enoie?aoe/aneeo naiae. A
1776 aue iniiaai Aaaoaiaeueneee oieaa?neoao Nai-Ea?ein, aaea a /enei
eco/aaiuo i?aaeiaoia aue aeeth/ai iaeei ec iniiaiuo eiaeaeneeo ycueia –
eae/eeaeue. Iaeiaei ianiio?y ia noieue ?aiiaa ia/aei i?inaauaiey,
Aaaoaiaea ioee/aaony iaeiei ec iaeaieaa ieceeo iieacaoaeae a?aiioiinoe a
Eaoeineie Aia?eea: ii aeaiiui 1995, iaa?aiioiui auei ie. 44,4% ac?ineiai
ianaeaiey, i?e/ai aeey ioae/ei yoio iieacaoaeue ninoaaeye 37,5%, a aeey
aeaiuei – 51,7%. ?anoiaeu ia ia?aciaaiea a 1995 ninoaaeee anaai 1,2%
athaeaeaoa Aaaoaiaeu. Ia?aciaaiea yaeyaony aanieaoiui e iaycaoaeueiui
aeey aeaoae a aic?anoa io 7 aei 14 eao, iaeiaei a 1998 oieueei 41%
aeaoae iinauaee ia/aeueioth e n?aaeithth oeieo.
A Aaaoaiaea ooieoeeiie?otho 5 e?oiiuo oieaa?neoaoia e iiiai/eneaiiua
aieaa iaeeea aunoea o/aaiua caaaaeaiey, a oaeaea Oeiea iocueaeueiiai e
ae?aiaoe/aneiai eneonnoaa e Aeaaeaiey ecyuiuo eneonnoa. Aunoaa
ia?aciaaiea iieo/aao io 5 aei 10% ianaeaiey. I?aaeinoaaeyaony oaeaea
aiciiaeiinoue iieo/eoue i?ioanneiiaeueiia e oaoie/aneia ia?aciaaiea.
Ia/aoue. Naiuie aeeyoaeueiuie aacaoaie yaeythony oia?aiii i?ia?anneaiay
«Neaei XXI» e eiina?aaoeaiay «I?aina eea?a», a oaeaea oeaio?enoneay
«A?aoeei» e aa/a?iyy aaeaaeiaaiay aacaoa «I?a». E?iia oiai,
i?aaeoaeuenoai ecaeaao atheeaoaiue «Aeuea?uei aea Naio?iaia?eea», aaea
ioaeeeothony caeiiu, aeae?aou, oeacu e ae?oaea i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua
aeieoiaiou.
Aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoe
Noieeoea no?aiu – Aaaoaiaea-Neoe eee i?inoi Aaaoaiaea, aue iniiaai a
1776 aiaeo iiae eiaiai Ioyaa-Aaaoaiaea-aea-ea-Anoinueii e yaeyeny
o?aoueei ii i/a?aaee “aa?eaioii” noieeoeu. *aoei nieaie?iaaiiue ii
eniaineie nenoaia, ai?iae i?ioyioeny iiia?ae ai?iie aeieeiu o iiaeiiaeey
aoeeaiia Ianaey e Ooyai, caiya e naio aeieeio, e aeeceaaeauea neeiiu, ii
eioi?ui ea?aaeathony oei/ee ie?aei. A iaoe aeie yoi naiue aieueoie
ai?iae Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee n ianaeaieai aieaa 3 ieeeeiiia /aeiaae,
ooiiue e oaioe/iue, aaea o?ouiau ninaaenoaotho n oaoaiaaaeueiuie
iniaiyeaie, a iaeei ec ia?auo a eniaineie Aia?eea oieaa?neoaoia
Nai-Ea?ein aicauoaaony iaae ?uieaie e aaooeie /aaeyueie aaoiaonaie.
Iiaeiaii anai eniaineei ai?iaeai, ai?iae /aoei ?acaeaeai ia eaa?oaeu
nenoaiie aaaieae (eaeoo n naaa?a ia tha) e eaeuean (n caiaaea ia
ainoie), ia?acothueo 15 “cii”.
Oeaio? ai?iaea – “Ciia 1”, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie caiouaiiue ie? noa?uo
aeiiia, ecaeeenouo o?iooa?ia, aaoinoiyiie e iiiaeanoai aeiaieueii
iai?eaeyaeiuo iaaaceiia. Yoi, aannii?ii, naiay oaeeaeoaeueiay /anoue
noieeoeu, aaea aaeeeieaiea noa?uo iniaiyeia e ieiuaaeae ninaaenoaoao n
aaceeeeie aeiiaie eiioea XIX noieaoey, a ?acaeoua ?aoaoee noa?uo ia?aae
– n iiauie caaaaeaieyie, eioi?ua neeaie ai?iaeneie aaeieieno?aoeee
ioe?uaathony ia ianoa i?eoiiia. Na?aeoeai ai?iaea yaeyaony i?iaeoaaaiay
anaie aao?aie ieiuaaeue Ia?e-Naio?aeue, ioeoaea ioia?ythony ana
?annoiyiey a Aaaoaiaea. Ianiio?y ia a? aaaeiinoue, ieiuaaeue – ia?oaia
ianoi, eioi?ia iinauatho oieueei aiaeeoaee oaene e aieoae. Eeoue a
aine?anaiuea, eiaaea caeanue ioe?uaaaony aeeaie ?uiie, iinauaaiue
ianoiuie aeeoaeyie ia noieueei aeey iieoiie, neieueei aeey oiai, /oiau
i?inoi i?iaoeyoueny, iinieaoie/aoue e caeoneoue a e?oao ciaeiiuo,
ieiuaaeue iaeeaaao. E a oi aea a?aiy ?yaeii n aeaaioneei oeaaooieii n
aaaoaiaeueneei oeaaii (enoaoe, eiaiii ii n/eoaaony oeaio?ii no?aiu)
?aniieiaeai aa/iue iaiiue, iinayuaiiue “Iaecaanoiui aa?iyi ie?a”. Aeey
iiiaeo aaaoaiaeueoeaa yoi – ianoiyuaa ianoi iaeiiie/anoaa. Oaeaea ia
ieiuaaee eaaeao Iaoeeiiaeueiue aeai?aoe (nae/an caeanue Iocae enoi?ee
Aaaoaiaeu), a ia ainoi/iie noi?iia – niai? n ae?thciauie eoiieaie
Eaoaae?aeue-Iao?iiieeoaia (1868 a), ia aeaaiaaeoeaoe aiaoieo eieiiiao
eioi?iai auaeou eiaia ouny/ iiaeaoeo e aanneaaeii i?iiaaoeo aea?oa
a?aaeaeaineie aieiu. Iicaaee niai?a ?aneeioeny ?uiie Ia?eaaei-Naio?aeue,
a?oeoaeoo?a eioi?iai aieueoa anaai iaiiieiaao yaea?iue aoiea?.
THaeiaa Ia?e-Naio?aeue oyioony aaaieaeu 6 e 7, ianuuaiiua iaaaceiaie
iaeaaeaeu e caaaaeaieyie auno?iai ieoaiey, a ia oaeo aaaieaeu 6 e eaeuea
13 auneony oea?eiaue Eaeaney-aea-Nai-O?ainenei (1780 a). Aua a eaa?oaea
thaeiaa ?aniieiaeaii aeeeiaeiiia caeaiea Oi?aaeaiey iieeoeee,
auaeyaeyuaa eae ianoiyuee caiie ni n?aaeiaaaeiauie coa/aouie noaiaie. A
300 iao?ao ainoi/iaa iaoiaeeony aacoei?eciaiii ainnoaiiaeaiiue iniaiye
Eana-Ieia (XIX a) n aieueoie eieeaeoeeae aooaioe/iuo i?aaeiaoia
aeiiaoiaai oicyenoaa ?acee/iuo ia?eiaeia. A thaeiii eiioea noa?iai
ai?iaea iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue eiei?eoiua caeaiey Naio?i-Neaeei (1961 a),
Aaiei-aea-Aaaoaiaea n aeeaiieniuie o?aneaie, Oaao?i-Ianueiiaeue eee
Eoeueoo?iue oeaio? Ieaaeue-Anoo?ean (1978 a) e Iocae aii?oaeaiiuo nee
Aaaoaiaeu. Naaa?iaa Ciiu 1 eaaeeo oaienoue e niieieiue Ia?e-Ieia?aa.
Ia caiaaeiie ie?aeia ai?iaea, a Ciia 7, eaaeao iaoe?iua ?oeiu
Eaieiaeooth (“Oiei ia?oauo”) – iaeiiai ec aaaeiaeoeo iinaeaiee
“eeanne/aneiai ia?eiaea” oeeaeeecaoeee iaey (aicieeiiaaiea ai?iaea
ioiinyo ei II ouny/aeaoeth aei i. y. Ia yoii ianoa iaia?oaeaii aieaa 300
inoaoeia nii?oaeaiee e ieiei 13 iieae aeey ea?u a oa?. E niaeaeaieth,
?oeiu a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie niyou cano?ieeie ianooiathueo ai?iaeneeo
eaa?oaeia, e a iaoe aeie ii/oe iaaiciiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue oiai aaee/ey,
eioi?ui neaaeeinue yoi ianoi 700 eao iacaae.
Noa?ay noieeoea no?aiu – Aioeaoa (Aioeaoa-Aoaoaiaea), eaaeeo a oe?ieie
ai?iie aeieeia Iai/ie, caaeaoie iaaeaeo eiionaie aoeeaiia Aaoa,
Aeaoaiaiai e Ooyai, a 45 ei caiaaeiaa Aaaoaiaea-Neoe. Iniiaaiiue a 1524
aiaeo ianeieueei caiaaeiaa naiaai nia?aiaiiiai ianoiiieiaeaiey, ai?iae
ca eaeie-oi aae noae iaeiei ec e?oiiaeoeo ai?iaeia eniaineie eiia?ee,
n?aaieaaaoeiny n Eeiie e Iaoeei, e neoaeeaoei aaeieieno?aoeaiui oeaio?ii
anae Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee. A 1541 aiaeo iiuiua iiiecie e ycuee eaau,
aucaaiiua ecaa?aeaieai aoeeaia Aaoa, canoaaeee ia?aianoe ai?iae ia aai
nia?aiaiiia ianoi, a “noa?ue Aioeaoa” iieo/ee eiy Nuethaeaae-Aueaoa.
Ai?iae aeinoea naiaai ?anoeaaoa e na?aaeeia XVIII noieaoey, eiaaea
aani?aoeaaeaioiue no?ieoaeueiue aoi oaaee/ee aai ieiuaaeue ao?ia, a
ianaeaiea au?inei aei iyoeaeanyoe ouny/ /aeiaae. A 1773 aiaeo Aioeaoa
aue ?ac?ooai neeueiaeoei caieao?ynaieai Naioa-Ia?oa, a oiaea eioi?iai
auee oie/oiaeaiu i?aeoe/anee ana caeaiey, iiianou?e e a?oeoaeoo?iua
nii?oaeaiey, iiiaea ec eioi?uo a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ainnoaiiaeaiu e
yaeythony iocayie. A eoiaa Aioeaoa i?aa?aoeeny a aeaaiue oo?enoe/aneee
oeaio? no?aiu, ian/eouaathuee iiiaeanoai oea?eaae e aeai?oeia, iaeiaei
noieeoea auea ia?aianaia a Aaaoaiaea-Neoe. A 1979 aiaeo Aioeaoa aue
aeeth/ai a nienie Anaie?iiai ianeaaeey THIANEI.
E aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoyi ai?iaea ioiinyony oeaio?aeueiay ieiuaaeue
Ia?e-Naio?aeue n niai?ii Eaoaae?aeue-aea-Nai-Oina ia ainoi/iie noi?iia
(ia?aue niai? aue iino?iai ia yoii ianoa a 1545 a, aoi?ie – a 1670 a,
naaiaeiy io iaai nio?aieeenue eeoue aeaa /aniaie), Aeai?aoe
Aaia?ae-Eaieoaiia (1558 a), Athioaiueaioi (Ioieoeeiaeeoao, 1740 a),
?oeiu Ea-Eaio/eian – naiiai aieueoiai e iaeaieaa aiooeoaeueiiai ec
aeaineeo iiianou?ae ai?iaea, a?ea Naioa-Eaoaeeia (ana, /oi inoaeinue io
aeaineiai iiianou?y, iniiaaiiiai caeanue a 1609 a), oea?eiaue Ea-Ia?naae
n i?ae?aniui ?aciui oanaaeii, e ?oeiu eaoiee/aneie oeieu Nai-Aeaea?iieii
(1739 a), n?aaee naaeia e ?ooaueony noai eioi?ie iinoiyiii i?iaiaeyony
eiioea?ou eeanne/aneie iocuee. Oaeaea caneoaeeaatho aieiaiey
aiooeoaeueiay oea?eiaue Nai-O?ainenei (1579 a, iaeia ec naiuo noa?uo
oea?eaae Aioeaoa), aaeeeieaiii ainnoaiiaeaiiue eieiieaeueiue iniaiye
Eana-Iiiaii, Ionai-aea-Naioueyai a caeaiee noa?ie ai?iaeneie oth?ueiu,
niaea?aeauee iaoe?iia nia?aiea i?aaeiaoia eieiieaeueiiai ia?eiaea,
Ionai-aeaeue-Eea?i-Aioeaoa (a caeaiee iniaiyea, a eioi?ii nae/an
?aniieiaeai iocae, ia/aoaee ia?aua eieae Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eee), Iocae
eieiieaeueiiai eneonnoaa a caeaiee noa?iai oieaa?neoaoa (nia?aiea
?aeeaeiciiai eneonnoaa), caeaiue Ia?e-Oieii n ioe?uoui ?uieii
oaenoeeueiuo ecaeaeee, a oaeaea aeaa oea?eae ii aai e?ayi – caiaaeiay
oea?eiaue Nai-Iaae?i (1680 a) e ainoi/iay Naioa-Eea?a (XVII a, auaoee
aeaineee iiianou?ue). A Eana-E’Ioii ?aniieiaeai i?ae?aniue iocae iocuee
e oea?aiiiee iaey.
Eaaeauay aie?oa Aioeaoa ai?iay ianoiinoue yaeyaony, aiciiaeii, iaeaieaa
i/a?iaaoaeueiie e e?aneaie /anoueth no?aiu. Oeaiue aaee/anoaaiiuo
aoeeaiia ia thaa e aunieea ai?iua oeaie, eioi?ua aeiieie?otho iaae aa
naaa?iuie a?aieoeaie, ia?aieytho e?ae iieiaeo ai?, ica?, ai?iuo ?ae e
aeeaiieniuo aeoaieeo aeieei. Ec o?eiaaeoeaoe aoeeaie/aneeo eiionia,
eioi?ua noaiie noiyo iaae caiaaeiie ie?aeiie ?aeiia, o?e aoeeaia ana aua
aeoeaiu – Ianaey, Ooyai e Naioueyaeoi. Aeaaea ianiio?y ia noieue yaioth
oa?ico noeoee, naeueneay ianoiinoue aie?oa e?aneaa e niieieia, i?ioaaiua
/enoaeoeie ?aeaie aeieeiu n oa??anaie ia neeiiao ianaeaiu
ae?oaeaethaiuie e ai?aeuie ethaeueie, ii/oe noii?ioeaioii
i?eiaaeeaaeaueo e iioiieai iaey (/ai iie i/aiue ai?aeyony, enoaoe).
Caeanue noieo iinaoeoue Oeaio? eioa a Aeioaiaiai, aaeeeieaiiia
eaeueaea?iia ica?i aicea Iaiaoa/aeue, o?aaeeoeeiiiua eiaeaeneea
aea?aaaiueee Naioa-Ia?ey-aea-Oanon e Naioueyai-Aoeoeai, ?uii/iue
ai?iaeie Nieiea e ae?oaea ianaeaiiua ioieou aie?oa iaiaueiiaaiii
aeeaiieniiai ica?a Aoeoeai, eee iiaeiyoueny ii iaoaoiaeiie o?iia ia
neeiiu a?iciuo ianoiuo aoeeaiia.
?aniieiaeaiiue a 548 ei e naaa?o io noieeoeu, ae?aaiee ai?iae Oeeaeue
aue iaeiei ec e?oiiaeoeo ai?iaeia oeeaeeecaoeee iaey (ii ioeaieai o/aiuo
caeanue i?iaeeaaei aei 100 ouny/ aeeoaeae). A ioee/ea io iiiaeo ae?oaeo
ae?aaieo ai?iaeia oie yiioe, Oeeaeue iaoiaeeony a aeoaeia aonoiai
o?iie/aneiai eana. Ai?iae ian/eouaaao aieaa 3000 ?acee/iuo iaiyoieeia,
aeeth/ay o?aiu e aeai?oeu, e eaaeeo a i?aaeaeao Iaoeeiiaeueiiai ia?ea
Oeeaeue (aianai a nienie Anaie?iiai ianeaaeey THIANEI), eioi?ue, e?iia
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ai?iaeneie oa??eoi?ee, io?aiyao iaoe?iue eaniie iannea
n ia?iiiui ?aciiia?aceai aeeaie i?e?iaeu. Aei iaoeo aeiae aeioee oanoue
ia?iiiuo ie?aieae (aunioa aei 70 i), ae?iiieue, 16 o?aiia, iaeioi?ua ec
eioi?uo noiyo ia ?oeiao aieaa ae?aaieo nii?oaeaiee, iiiaeanoai oae
iacuaaaiuo “iaeuo aeai?oeia” – iaeiiyoaaeiuo aeiiia n i?ae?aniie
ioaeaeeie, ianeieueei nio ia?acoeia neoeueioo?u e ?acueau ii eaiith e
aea?aao. Caeanue auno?iai iaaieueoie iocae, eioi?ue niaea?aeeo nia?aiea
i?aaeiaoia, iaeaeaiiuo a oiaea ?aneiiie ia oa??eoi?ee ai?iaea.
A eanao aie?oa Oeeaey anoue aua ianeieueei aieueoeo ae?aaieo ai?iaeia,
ii iie ia ?an/euaiu io naeueau, e aeiae?aoueny ooaea iaaei iaoeii. Naiue
eioa?aniue e o?oaeiiaeinooiiue ae?aaiee ai?iae, iieo/eaoee oneiaiia
iacaaiea Yeue-Ie?aaei?, eaaeeo o a?aieoeu n Iaeneeie. A 24 ei naaa?iaa
Oeeaey eaaeao ae?aaiea ?oeiu Aaoaeooia, ii/oe iieiinoueth ne?uoua iiae
iieiaii eana. Oaeaea noieo iniio?aoue iaoe?iue e oi?ioi nio?aieaoeeny
ae?aaiee ai?iae iaey Caeoeao aeec Oyoyoaiaiai (200 ei io noieeoeu),
iaeei ec naiuo aieueoeo e ae?aaieo ai?iaeia iaey – Neaaeue, eiiieaen
Eoe?eaoa aeec ica?a Enaaaeue ia ainoiea no?aiu, Yeue-Ciooe a 30 ei
caiaaeiaa Oaoaeooia, a oaeaea ianeieueei iaiueoee ii ?acia?ai, /ai
Oeeaeue, ae?aaiee ai?iae ?ei-Acoe o ianoa noiaeaeaiey a?aieoe n Iaeneeie
e Aaeecii.
Eaaeauee ia aunioa 2030 i iaae o?iaiai ii?y ooiaiiue ai?iae
*e/eeanoaiaiai ie?oaeai aeeaiieniuie aeieeiaie e ia?aieai coa/aouie
a?yaeaie ai?iuo o?aaoia. *e/eeanoaiaiai ecaanoai aua n aeieniaineeo
a?aiai eae e?oiiaeoee oi?aiaue oeaio? eiia?ee iaey. Aeinoaoi/ii
eciee?iaaiiue ai?iae ii /aoaa?aai e aine?anaiueyi i?aa?auaaony a
ianoiyuaa noieiioai?aiea, eiaaea *e/eeanoaiaiai noaiiaeony aaaeiui
?uii/iui oeaio?ii, naiui aieueoei e naiui aunieiai?iui ?uieii a
Oeaio?aeueiie Aia?eea. ?aeeaeiciua a?aonoaa “eio?aaeean” ono?aeaatho a
yoe aeie e?ani/iua i?ioeannee aie?oa oea?eae Naioi-Oiian e nayoeeeua
Ianeoaeue-Aaa (ae?aaiaa eaieua iaey, iinayuaiiia aiao caiee). A a
Aeean-aea-Ein-Ioy?oin (“aeaiue ia?oauo”) ana aeeoaee ai?iaea niae?athony
ia eeaaeaeua, /oiau iiiyiooue naieo i?aaeeia. Eae ooaa?aeaeatho ianoiua
yoiia?aou, ieaaea aieaa a no?aia ia iaeoe noieue oi?ioi nio?aieaoeony
ia?yaeia iaey, eae a *e/eeanoaiaiai. E yoi iaoaeeaeoaeueii – a oea?eae
Naioi-Oiian o?aieony eiiey ae?aaiae eieae Iiiieue-Aoo (“Nayuaiiay eieaa
oai?aiey” eee “Eieaa niaaoa”, a aieaa oe?ieii niunea – “Eieaa ia?iaea”),
niaea?aeauay anth nenoaio eiaeaeneie einiia?aoee e enoi?ee. Ai?iaeneie
?aaeiiaeueiue iocae niaea?aeeo iaoe?ioth eieeaeoeeth a?oaieiae/aneeo
i?aaeiaoia.
Eiiia?/aneee oeaio? thai-caiaaeiie /anoe Aaaoaiaeu, Eanaeueoaiaiai,
iau/ii iacuaaaiue i?noi Oaeea, yaeyaony i?aainoiaeiie ioi?aaiie oi/eie
aeey yeneo?nee a aeeceaaeauea aea?aaie, neaayueany naiei ai?y/eie
enoi/ieeaie e ecaeaeeyi eonoa?iiai i?iiunea. Ai?iae i?ioeaaoae a oa/aiea
XIX eae oeaio? o?aiaiey e oi?aiaee eioa, iiea caieao?ynaiea e
ecaa?aeaiea aoeeaia ia ?ac?ooeee aai. Aeaaiua aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoe
Eanaeueoaiaiai – oeaio?aeueiay ieiuaaeue, iiiaeanoai aeeaiieniuo noa?uo
caeaiee, ie?oaeathueo a?, e caeaiue Ia?e-Ieia?aa. E?aneaay aoeeaie/aneay
ianoiinoue aie?oa Eanaeueoaiaiai oaeaea eciaeeoao eioa?aniuie ianoaie.
Caeanue iiaeii iinaoeoue ai?y/ea enoi/ieee a Ein-Aaoin e
Ooyioan-Aai?aeian, aeeaiieniaeooth aea?aaith Coieeue – oeaio?
i?iecaiaenoaa o?aaeeoeeiiiie ianoiie iaeaaeaeu, eee oeaio? i?iecaiaenoaa
i?ae?aniie oa?noe – Iiiinoaiaiai.
?aniieiaeaiiue ia oeoiieaaineii iiaa?aaeuea Aaaoaiaeu ai?iaeie
Naioa-Ethney-Eioeoiaeueaoaia – iaeii ec eo/oeo iano aeey ciaeiinoaa n
eneonnoaii e eoeueoo?ie aeieieoiaiaie Aia?eee. Aane?aeiea naoa?iua
ieaioaoeee e oeiean (“oeiea” – ?ai/i, ieaioaoeey) aie?oa ai?iaea
ia?aiaaeathony iiiaeanoaii ?oei e a?oaieiae/aneeo o/anoeia, niaea?aeaueo
neaaeu ae?aaieo oeeaeeecaoeee. E oaeiaui ioiinyony Ieieen – ?oeiu
nii?oaeaiee eoeueoo?u “iaoaoeue”, ae?aaiea oea?aiiieaeueiua o/anoee
Oeiea-Aeeueaai e Oeeeoii-Oeiea-Yeue-Aaoe (aei neo ii? eniieuecoaony
eiaeaeneei ianaeaieai aeey i?iaaaeaiey eoeueoiauo ia?ii?eyoee), a aie?oa
Oeiea-Ean-Eeeuethceiian aunoaaeaiu nioie i?aaeiaoia ae?aaieo eoeueoo?,
i?inoi iaeaeaiiuo ia iieyo aie?oa Naioa-Ethney-Eiooeoiaeueaoaia i?e
ia?aaioea caiee.
A onouea ?aee ?ei-Aeoeue/a, ia naiii naaa?i-ainoiea no?aiu, eaaeeo
eiei?eoiue ai?iaeie Eeaeianoii, neaayueeny naiei oieeaeueiui nieaaii
aaaoaiaeueneie e ea?eaneie eoeueoo?. Ianaeytho yoio ?aeii
ao?i-aaaoaiaeueoeu “aa?eooia”, yaeythueany iioiieaie ?aaia, auaacaiiuo n
ao?eeaineiai eiioeiaioa aeey ?aaiou ia ieaioaoeeyo, e ianoiuo eiaeaeneeo
ieaiai. Niaoaiea yoiinia e nicaeaei caeanue noieue naiiauoiua eoeueoo?o
e ycue, aeeth/athuea a naay ao?eeaineea e aa?iiaeneea yeaiaiou n
neeueiie i?eianueth eoeueoo?u iaey. A eoiaa Eeaeianoii aieoae a naay yoe
oaeeaeoaeueiua yeaiaiou, aeieaey aei iaoeo aeiae a aeaea neiiaoe/iiai
ai?iaeea n iiiaeanoaii eieiniauo ?iu, aanaei ie?aoaiiuo aea?aayiiuo
caeaiee, euethuaeny ni anao noi?ii iocueie ?yaae, e ?uaaoeeie
yeiiiieeie. Oaeaea yoi ioi?aaiay oi/ea aeey iiacaeie ia eiaeeao ii
?ei-Ea/o/a e ?ei-Eieiee, e eaiueiiai ia ?ei-Aeoeue/a, a caa?ioaiiue
ai?iae ?ei-Aeoeue/a (O?iioa?an), a e?aiinoue Nai-Oaeeia (XVI a), ia
ica?i Ein-Aeoa?oa, e ?oeiai Eoe?eaoa, e aiaeiiaaeai Ean-Neaoa-Aeueoa?an,
a oaeaea e caiiaaaeiui ieyaeai e ?eoai Eaein-Niiaeeeueyn. Yoi e iaeia ec
eo/oeo oi/ae aeey ii?neie ?uaaeee a ?aaeiia.
Noieeoea iie?uoie aeaeoiaeyie naaa?i-ainoi/iie /anoe Yeue-Iaoaia, Oei?an
aue iino?iai ia iaaieueoii ino?iaa ia ica?a Eaai-aea-Iaoai-Eooea, e
naycai iieoeeeiiao?iaui iinoii n iueueiui ai?iaeeii Naioa-Aeaia ia
aa?aao. Ai a?aiaia iaey ia ianoa Oei?ana noiyea noieeoea eiia?neie
i?iaeioeee Oaeynaeue, eioi?ay auea iieiinoueth ?ac?ooaia eiieenoaaei?aie
Ia?oeia Aea-O?noa a 1697 a. A oa/aiea eieiieaeueiiai ia?eiaea ai?iae
oiieeny a aacaanoiinoe, iiea ia aue ioe?uo Oeeaeue, iaeaieaa oaeiaiue
iooue e eioi?iio n ainoiea eaaeeo eiaiii /a?ac Oei?an. E naaiaeiy yoio
iaaieueoie aeeaiieniue ai?iae n eiei?eoiuie caeaieyie Aeiia
i?aaeoaeuenoaa e oea?eiaueth aie?oa aeaaiie ieiuaaee, neaaeony naieie
Ciiia?eii (3 ei ainoi/iaa ai?iaea), iaua?aie Aeooi-Eai eee
Ea-Eoyaa-aea-Ea-Naieaioa (ii i?aaeaieyi caeanue aeee ia?iiiue ciae),
eiei?eoiuie aea?aaiyie Nai-Aiae?an e Nai-Oina, ?oeiai eeanne/aneiai
ia?eiaea iaey a Iiooea (4 ei thaeiaa Oei?an) e aeeaiieniuie aeaeaie
ica?a Eaai-aea-Iaoai-Eooea, ii eioi?iio eo?ne?otho i?iaoei/iua eiaeee.
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