Eaiaiiay nieue Oe?aeiu
Eaiaiiay (iao?eaaay) nieue – ieia?ae eeanna oei?eaeia (aaeeo, NaNl) e
inaaei/iay ai?iay ii?iaea, neaaathuayny i?aeiouanoaaiii ec yoiai
ieia?aea. Iia iiaeao niaea?aeaoue iacia/eoaeueiua i?eiane ae?oaeo nieae
e aeeienoiai iaoa?eaea, a ii naiaio eiee/anoaaiiiio ?ani?ino?aiaieth ai
iiiai ?ac i?aainoiaeeo ana ae?oaea niee aianoa acyoua.
I?eiaiaiea iao?eaaie niee
I?aiaeaaeathuei enoi/ieeii iao?eaaie niee yaeyaony eneiiaaiay eaiaiiay
nieue. Aeey ?yaea no?ai aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao inaaei/iay nieue,
iieo/aaiay ec ?anniea ii?neeo eaaoi, nie?iuo ic?? e anoanoaaiiuo
?annieia. Iao?eaaay nieue – aaaeiaeoee ieuaaie i?iaeoeo, aac eioi?iai
iaaiciiaeia ii?iaeueiay aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue ethaeae e i?aaenoaaeoaeae
aeeaioiiai ie?a. Iia iacaiaieia i?e nio?aiaiee e eiina?aaoeee anao
aeaeia i?iaeoeoia aeeaioiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey (iyna, ?uau e ae?.),
o?oeoia e iaiuae, ei?iia aeey aeeaioiiaiaenoaa e o.ae. Iiaen/eoaii, /oi
iao?eaaay nieue eniieuecoaony i?e iieo/aiee aieaa 1500 aeaeia i?iaeoeoia
ieoaiey. Iia oaeaea neoaeeo nu?ue?i aeey i?iecaiaenoaa oei?a, nieyiie
eeneiou, aaeeiai iao?a, niaeu, iieo/aiey iaoaeee/aneiai iao?ey,
i?eiaiyaony a e?aneeueiii aeaea, iueiaa?aiee e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo
i?iecaiaenoaao.
A i?iiuoeaiiinoe yeaiaioiue iao?ee i?eiaiyaony a aaeaoeee e aoiiiie
yia?aaoeea. Cia/eoaeueiua iau?iu eaiaiiie niee (aei 30-35%)
eniieuecothony a ai?ueaa n iaeaaeaiaieai aaoiiiaeeueiuo e ae?oaeo
aei?ia. A n?aaeiai aieaa iieiaeiu au?aaaouaaaiie iao?eaaie niee
eniieuecoaony a ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ieiei 40% – a oaoie/aneeo oeaeyo
e inoaaoayny /anoue i?eoiaeeony ia oae iacuaaaioth ei?iiaoth nieue. Ii
niiniao ecaioiaeaiey nieue iiae?acaeaeyaony ia auaa?i/ioth, iieiooth
(eaiaiioth e inaaei/ioth), iaiieiooth eiaee?iaaiioth (eoneiaoth e
ca?iiaoth).
Ie?iaua caianu niee
Ie?iaua ?ano?nu iao?eaaie niee ia nooa eieinnaeueiu e ninoaaeytho ia
iaiaa (3,5-4,0)o1015 oiii, a a ie?iaii ieaaia a eaaeaeii 1 i3 aiaeu a
n?aaeiai niaea?aeeony ieiei 27,2 ea NaNl. Iaiauaiiua naaaeaiey i ie?iauo
caianao iao?eaaie niee ionoonoaotho ec-ca neiaeiinoe e iiiaiieaiiainoe
?an/?oia.
Ii niiniao ia?aciaaiey e iaeiieaiey i?iiuoeaiiua oeiu aaeiaaiiie
oi?iaoeee iiae?acaeaeythony ia ioeiaeaiey eaaoi (e?oiiaeoea
ianoi?iaeaeaiey ?aniieiaeaiu a Aano?aeee e ?innee), ii?neeo caeeaia
(Oe?aeia), e?aaauo e aioo?eeiioeiaioaeueiuo ii?ae (?innee),
aioo?eeiioeiaioaeueiuo nieaauo aannaeiia ii?neiai oeia (?inney, Aa?iaiey
e ae?.).
Ie?iaia i?iecaiaenoai iao?eaaie niee ai anao oi?iao e ec ?acee/iuo
enoi/ieeia ninoaaeyao 210-295 iei. oiii a aiae. Iniiaiuie a?
i?iecaiaeeoaeyie yaeythony (a iei. oiii): NOA – 43-45, Eeoae – 30-35,
Aa?iaiey e Eiaeey – ii 14-16, Eaiaaea – 12-13, Aano?aeey – 9-10. Aeiee
ae?oaeo noaoenoe/anee o/o?iiuo no?ai eieaaethony a i?aaeaeao 2-7 iei.
oiii a aiae. NOA e Aa?iaiey aieaa iieiaeiu niee iieo/atho ec ?annieia, a
i?aiaeaaeathuee iau?i a? aeiau/e a Eiaeee i?eoiaeeony ia ii?neoth aiaeo.
A ie?iaie oi?aiaea (yenii?o-eiii?o) iao?eaaie nieueth i?eieiatho o/anoea
aieueoeinoai (nauoa 130) no?ai ie?a. Iniiaiuie yenii?o??aie niee
yaeythony Aano?aeey, Iaeneea, Eaiaaea e Aa?iaiey, a eiii?o??aie – NOA,
ssiiiey, Ei?ay, Eiaeiiacey e Oaeaaiue. Noiia?iua aiaeiaua iau?iu
yenii?oa e eiii?oa iao?eaaie niee i?eaeeceoaeueii niiinoaaeiu e
ninoaaeytho ii 39-40 iei. oiii.
Eniieii aaeia nieue auea aaaeiaeoei i?aaeiaoii oi?aiaee. Ethaee
ioiineeenue e iae eae e iaae/aneiio n?aaenoao, i?ieeaaeuaaee aei?iae e
ianoai aa aeiau/e, a a oyaeaeua aiaeu caianaeenue ath ai?ie.
Nieue eaiaiiay yaeyaony, iaaa?iia, naiui iiioey?iui aeaeii niee.
Oaa?aeua caeaaee niee iaoiaeyony ai iiiaeo ?aaeiiao ie?a, aaea iie
caeaaatho ia aeoaeia io ianeieueeeo nioai aei aieaa ouny/e iao?ia.
Niaoeeaeueiua eiiaaeiu ?oayo iiae caieae nieue e iia ii o?ainii?oa?ai
iiaeaaony ia iiaa?oiinoue caiee.
Nieue eaiaiiay – inaaei/iay ai?iay ii?iaea oeie/aneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey.
Ianoi?iaeaeaiey aaeeoa (NaCl) – iniiaiie enoi/iee iiaa?aiiie eaiaiiie
niee, eioi?ay iieo/aaony iooai i/enoee ia nieaia?a?aaaouaathueo
eiiaeiaoao.
Aanoeaaoiay eee niaaeii-aaeay ii?iaea, /aua ie?aoaiiay i?eianyie aeei
(na?ay), ieneaeaie e aeae?ieneaeaie aeaeaca (aeaeoay, i?aiaeaaay,
e?aniay), aeooiaie (ao?ay). Nu?uea iiiaioeaeaaiai iacia/aiey.
Eniieuecoaony aeey iieo/aiey eaeueoeeie?iaaiie niaeu e oei?a.
Nieue eaiaiiay niaea?aeeo iee?iyeaiaiou – aeaeaci, o?ii, ia?aaiaoe e
naeai, eioi?ua ninoaaeytho cia/eoaeueioth /anoue nooi/iie iio?aaiinoe a
ieo /aeiaaea, /oi iaaiciiaeii iieo/eoue ec auaa?i/iie niee.
Eaiaiiay nieue aeiauaaaony ec ianoi?iaeaeaiee, ia?aciaaaoeony a
Aeaaiineee e Ia?ineee ia?eiaeu (50-300 iei.eao iacaae), o.a. iie iaiiiai
yeieiae/anee aieaa /enoua, /ai oa aea naaei/iua e naiinaaei/iua niee,
aeiauaaaiua a ianoiyuaa a?aiy.
IAI «Eeaoeenieue» – iaeii ec noa?aeoeo i?aaei?eyoee ii aeiau/a e
ia?a?aaioea eaiaiiie niee. Enneaaeiaaiea ia?acoeia «eeaoeeie niee»
i?iecaae a XVIII aaea I.O.Eiiiiinia. Ii aai caeeth/aieth «eeaoeeay
iaoo?aeueiay nieue anao i?i/eo nieae oaa?aea e, aoaeo/e enoie/aia,
iieo/aao i/aiue aaeue oeaao e n aicaeooa a naay aeaaeiinoue ioithaeue ia
i?eieiaao». Eaiaiiay nieue Eeaoeeiai ianoi?iaeaeaiey – nieue
anoanoaaiiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey e i?e aeiau/a e ia?a?aaioea ia oa?yao
niaea?aeaueany a iae iee?i- e iae?iyeaiaiou , /oi aeaeaao aa iaeaieaa
iioeiaeueiie aeey caei?iauey /aeiaaea. Eeaoeeay nieue – aaeeinoaaiiay a
?innee eaiaiiay nieue aunoaai ni?oa n naiuie aunieeie iieacaoaeyie NaCl
. E?iia oiai, eeaoeeay nieue aaeeinoaaiiay, niaea?aeauay naeai –
oeie/aneee yeaiaio i?aaeioa?auathuee iieieiae/aneea caaieaaaiey.
Aeiau/a niee ia Eeaoeeii ianoi?iaeaeaiee aaaeaony iiaecaiiui niiniaii
eaia?iie nenoaiu io?aaioee ia aeoaeia ieiei 300 i. Io?aaioaiiua eaia?u
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eiiiaou n iioieeaie o?eaeoeaoeiao?iaie auniou
oe?eiie 30 i e aeeeiie 500 i, ia noaiao eioi?uo eiiaaei inoaaeyao
iaiaueiiaaiiue auioeeue oci?. Aeaaiaea?y oieeaeueiinoe ianoi?iaeaeaiey,
eeaoeeay nieue ia o?aaoao iaiaauaiey e aa ia?a?aaioea caeeth/aaony
oieueei a ae?iaeaiee e ni?oe?iaea. I?ienoiaeaeaiea eeaoeeie niee aeaao
aiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaoue aa aeey i?eaioiaeaiey ieia?aeueiie aiaeu
iao?eaai-oei?eaeiiai oeia aeey ea/aaiuo aaii, aaeueiaieiae/aneeo
i?ioeaaeo? e einiaoieiaee.
A 2001 a. aeiau/a eaiaiiie niee a ie?a inoaeanue ia o?iaia 2000 a.
Aeiau/a niee a NOA a 2001 a. nie?aoeeanue a eiee/anoaaiiii au?aaeaiee ia
1,1% ii n?aaiaieth n i?aaeuaeouei aiaeii, a a noieiinoiii ninoaaeea
ieiei 1 ie?ae. aeiee. Ia aeieth NOA a 1999 a. i?eoiaeeeinue 20,7%
aeiau/e niee a ie?a. ?ac?aaioeie ianoi?iaeaeaiee yoiai ieia?aea
caieiaeenue 32 eiiiaiee, eioi?ui i?eiaaeeaaeaei 69 i?aaei?eyoee a 15
ooaoao.
Eiiiaiey Naacai?aaeiiNieue NIa – e?oiiaeoee iinoaauee eaiaiiie niee ia
oa??eoi?ee Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa e a Naaa?i-Caiaaeiii ?aaeiia ?innee.
Nieaaua ?ano?nu Oe?aeiu
?ano?naie iao?eaaie (iiaa?aiiie) niee a Oe?aeia yaeythony ioeiaeaiey
eaiaiiie niee, ?annieu e naiinaaei/iay nieue ic?? I?e/a?iiii?neiai
?aaeiia. A no?aia ?aniieiaeaiu /aou?a e?oiiuo nieaiiniuo aannaeia:
Aeiiaoeeee, Aeiai?ianei-Aeiiaoeeee, Caea?iaoneee e I?aaeea?iaoneee. A
iineaaeiaa aeanyoeeaoea aue ioe?uo iiaue ?aeii ?ani?ino?aiaiey nieyiuo
ioeiaeaiee, ?aniieiaeaiiue a I?aaeaeia?oaeaeeineii i?iaeaa (Iaeanneay
iaeanoue).
Aieueoay /anoue nieaiiniuo caiania Oe?aeiu ?aniieiaeaia a
Naaa?i-Caiaaeiii Aeiiaanna (Aeiiaoeeee nieaiiniue aannaei), a
aaieiai-no?oeoo?iii ioiioaiee i?aaenoaaeythuai thai-ainoi/iia ieii/aiea
Aeiai?ianei-Aeiiaoeeie aiaaeeiu (Aaoiooneoth eioeiaeio). Ieaeiaia?ineay
aaeiaaiiua ioeiaeaiey Aaoiooneie eioeiaeiu (Aeiiaoeea iaeanoue) eiatho
oeeeee/aneia no?iaiea e aeaeyony ia aeaa oeia – nieaiiniua e
eaeeaiiniua. Ieaeiea /anoe oeeeeia nieaiiniuo ioeiaeaiee ninoiyo ec
ecaanoiyeia, a?aeeeeoia e aiaeae?eoia, a aa?oiea – iiuiuo ieanoia
eaiaiiie niee n i?ineieeaie aannieaauo ii?iae. Iiuiinoe ieanoia niee
caeanue aeinoeaatho 60 i.
Nieaiiniua ioeiaeaiey Aeiai?ianei-Aeiiaoeeie aiaaeeiu (AeAeA) naycaiu n
ieaeiaia?ineeie e aa?oiaaeaaiineeie aaeiaaiiuie ioeiaeaieyie.
Aa?oiaaeaaiineay nieue ia?acoao ooiee, i?i?uaathuea ioeiaeaiey ea?aiia,
e i?eaeeaeathueany e aeiaaiie iiaa?oiinoe, aeaaiaea?y /aio iaeioi?ua ec
ieo aeinooiiu aeey yenieoaoaoeee. Ioeiaeaiey aa?oiaai aeaaiia a
iaia?ooaiiii caeaaaiee caeanue ane?uou ao?iauie neaaaeeiaie ia aeoaeiao
aieaa 3000 i. Iie i?aaenoaaeaiu eaiaiiie nieueth, ia?aneaeaathuaeny n
aiaeae?eoaie, aeieiieoaie e ian/aieeaie. Iiuiinoue nieaiiniuo ioeiaeaiee
ia anae oa??eoi?ee AeAeA ninoaaeytho ieiei 600 i.
A Caea?iaoneii aannaeia nieaiiniua ioeiaeaiey naycaiu n ieioeaiiauie
ioeiaeaieyie. Iie ia?aciauaatho ieanoiaua caeaaee iiuiinoueth aei 500 i
ia aeoaeiao aieaa 1500 i e ninoiyo ec eaiaiiie niee n i?ineieeaie
aeinia, aiaeae?eoia, aeei e ian/aieeia. A I?aaeea?iaoneii ia?aaeiaii
i?iaeaa niee caeaaatho a ii?iaeao ieioeaiiaiai aic?anoa. Caeanue oaeaea
?aniieiaeaiu ianoi?iaeaeaiey anoanoaaiiuo ?annieia, i?eo?i/aiiua e
aiaeiiiniui ai?eciioai a ieioeaiiauo ioeiaeaieyo.
A I?aaeaeia?oaeaeeineii i?iaeaa nieaiiniay oieua caeaaaao a ii?iaeao
aa?oiath?neiai aic?anoa. Nieaaua ieanou (iauae iiuiinoueth 30-70 i,
aeoaeiie caeaaaiey 300-500 i e ieiuaaeueth aei 100 ei2) caeanue
/a?aaeothony n oiieeie i?ineieeaie aiaeae?eoa.
Ianoi?iaeaeaiey niee Oe?aeiu
A Aeiiaoeeie iaeanoe yenieoaoe?othony A?oaiianeia, Neaayineia e
Iiaiea?oaaaineia ianoi?iaeaeaiey. Caianu niee a ieo ninoaaeytho (iei.
oiii): A?oaiianeia – 15648, Neaayineii – 5468, ia Iiaiea?oaaaineii –
510. Nieue ia/aea ca?iaeaeaoueny 250 iei. eao iacaae. Ia ianoa
naaiaeiyoiaai Aeiiaanna iaoiaeeeny ae?aaiee ie?iaie ieaai, e ii ia?a
ianooieaiey nooe ia/aea ioeeaaeuaaoueny nieue.
Aaeia cieioi caiee – iiaa?aiiay nieue n iacaiaiyoiuo a?aiai yaeyaony
iaeciaiiui niooieeii /aeiaaea, oae eae aac niee aeeciue iaaiciiaeia.
Yoio oeaiiue i?e?iaeiue ieia?ae, iaeaaeaiea eioi?ui i?eiineei aiaaonoai
e aeanoue, aeieaia a?aiy aue i?aaeiaoii nni?, ?acaei?ia,
ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiioeeeoia e aeaaea aiei. A ioaeaeueiua enoi?e/aneea
ia?eiaeu nieue oeaieeanue ia?aaia n cieioii. Ia neo/aeii nieaaeiau/a
noaea iaeiei ec naiuo ia?auo i?iiuneia a Ae?aaiae ?one.
N?aaee nieaiiniuo ?aaeiiia iniaia ianoi caieiaao thai-ainoi/iay /anoue
Aeiiaanna, aaea ia ianoa ieaneaaoaainy 250 iei. eao iacaae iaeeiaiaeiiai
caeeaa ae?aaiaai Ia?ineiai ii?y ia?aciaaeenue ia?iiiua caeaaee /enoaeoae
eaiaiiie niee. Enoi?eee naeaeaoaeuenoaotho, /oi aua aei iaoae y?u ethaee
iiaee iieo/aoue yoio aeeciaiii aaaeiue ieia?ae iooai auia?eaaiey aai ec
nieaiie ?aiu Oi?neeo e Aaoiooneeo ica?, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia ianoa
?acaaaeaiiiai aiineaaenoaee A?oaiianeiai ianoi?iaeaeaiey eaiaiiie niee.
Ii eeoue a XVI aaea aeiau/a auaa?i/iie niee a I?eaeiioeiauea noaea
?aaoey?iie.
N ?acaeoeai nieyiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ia?ac?uaii naycaia enoi?ey anaai
Aeiiaanna. I?iecaiaenoai auaa?i/iie niee o?aaiaaei ana aieueoa ae?ia,
/oi i?eaaei e oie/oiaeaieth eania a ie?oaa. Ioaeai aue iiaue
yia?aiiineoaeue, eaeei e noae iaia?oaeaiiue ieiei 300 eao iacaae a
Aeiiaoeeii e?aa eaiaiiue oaieue. Aai eniieueciaaee i?aaeaea anaai aeey
oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaenoaa niee, a oaea aiineaaenoaee – aeey ?acaeoey
iaoaeeo?aee e ae?oaeo eiaeono?eaeueiuo ioaeae.
I?aaeiieiaeaiey i iaee/ee a ?aeiiao Aaoiooa e Oi?a aiaaouo caeaaeae
eaiaiiie niee ioaeaeueiua ecuneaoaee auneacuaaee aua a na?aaeeia XVIII
aaea. Ii eeoue a 1880 aiaeo auaeathueeny ?onneee o/aiue-aaieia
A.I. Ea?ieineee naeaeae oi/iua iao/ii iainiiaaiiua ?ac?aaioee ii yoiio
aii?ino e aeieacae iaee/ea ia?iiiuo nieyiuo caiania a iaoai noaiiii
e?aa, /a?ac eioi?ue aaeaie i?ieaaae ciaiaieoue /oiaoeeee iooue ca
nieueth a E?ui. Inouanoaeaiiay a 1876-1880 aiaeao ai?iui eiaeaia?ii
I.E. Eaaiiaui i?ioiaeea oae iacuaaaiie “I?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie neaaaeeiu”
aicea aea?aaie A?yioeaaea, a 10 aa?noao io Aaoiooa, iieacaea iaee/ea a
caiiie oieua 9 nieyiuo ieanoia, a oii /enea iaeaieaa iiuiiai –
A?yioeaaneiai, oieueia eioi?iai ninoaaeea ieiei 45 iao?ia.
Yoi nainaoeeiiiia ioe?uoea i?eaeaeei aieiaiea i?iiuoeaiieeia,
?acaa?ioaoeo a niea?aeiia eioaineaiia no?ieoaeuenoai nieyiuo oaoo. A
1881 aiaeo auea aaaaeaia a yenieoaoaoeeth ia?aay oaooa, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoay
/anoiie i?iiuoeaiiie eiiiaiee aaia?aea I.E. Eaooiianeiai. A
iineaaeothueo aiaeao aioee a no?ie aua iyoue nieyiuo ?oaeieeia, /oi
niinianoaiaaei cia/eoaeueiiio ?inoo nieaaeiau/e e ianuuaieth nieyiiai
?uiea.
Ai a?aiy aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu ?oaeieee auee iieiinoueth ?ac?ooaiu. A
1947 aiaeo auei caeii/aii ainnoaiiaeaiea iineaaeiaai ec anao ?ac?ooaiiuo
?oaeieeia.
Aeey iaania/aiey aeeaioiiaiaenoaa nieueth a 1959 aiaeo ioe?uo oeao
a?eeaoe?iaaiey. Ia/aoi i?iecaiaenoai eiaee?iaaiiie niee aeey iaania/aiey
?aeiiia, iiaeaa?aeaiiuo caaieaaaieyi ueoiaeaeiie aeaeacu. A ia/aea
naieaeanyouo aiaeia ia ?oaeieee i?iaeieaeaao iinooiaoue
aunieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiay ai?iay oaoieea, aiaae?yaony niinia ioaieee niee
aeoaieeie neaaaeeiaie n iieeiaeie noai, iia?oceie niee a naiioiaeiue
o?ainii?o iiuiuie yeneaaaoi?aie e aeinoaaeie e noaieo eiiaaea?iui
o?ainii?oii. Iauaiu aeiau/e niee iaoeeiiii ?anooo.
A?oaiianeia ianoi?iaeaeaiea – iaeaieueoaa a Oe?aeia e caieiaao ieiuaaeue
179 ei2. Iii ?ac?aaaouaaaony iyoueth oaooaie n noiia?iie i?iaeoiie
iiuiinoueth 2250 oun. oiii niee a aiae. Niaea?aeeiia NaNl a nieyo
caeanue ninoaaeyao 98-98,3%, a iiaen/?o caiania auiieiai aei aeoaeiu 600
i. Oaeoe/anee aeiau/a niee a ianoiyuaa a?aiy inouanoaeyaony ia aeoaeiao
150-280 i. Nieue A?oaiianeiai ianoi?iaeaeaiey iaoiaeeo ?aciiia?aciia
i?eiaiaiea a Oe?aeia e yenii?oe?oaony ai iiiaea no?aiu.
Ainoaea?noaaiiia i?aaei?eyoea „A?o?inieue” – naiia e?oiiia nia?aiaiiia
i?aaei?eyoea ii aeiau/a e ia?a?aaioea eaiaiiie niee ia Oe?aeia e a
no?aiao NIA, aeeth/aao a naay iyoue oaoo n iiaecaiiie aeiau/ae e iieiui
oeeeeii ia?a?aaioee niee ia nieaoaa?eeao e ioa?oceie aa iio?aaeoaeyi.
Ana yoi iicaieyao i?aaei?eyoeth aeiauaaoue e ioa?oaeaoue iio?aaeoaeyi
aieaa 7iei. oiii niee a aiae, a ninoaaa 17-oe aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee.
Ion/ao naiae aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoea aaaeao n ionea ia?aie nieyiie
oaoou – A?yioeaaneie eiie (iuia ?oaeiee N1) a 1881 aiaeo.
Aua aeaa oaoou ec iuia ?aaioathueo aaaaeaiu a no?ie aei 1917 aiaea,
/aoaa?oay – a 1936 aiaeo, a iyoay a 1978 aiaeo. Ca a?aiy ?aaiou
i?aaei?eyoeyi aeiauoi aieaa 200 iei. oiii niee. Ec nieyiuo aeieia,
auioouo ec iiaecaiiuo au?aaioie iiaeii auei au neiaeeoue ie?aieaeo
aunioie 500i, /oi ii aunioa a 3.5 ?aca, a ii iauaio a 38 ?ac aieueoa
ciaiaieoie ie?aieaeu Oaiina a Aeca.
Ia ?oaeieea N3 iaoaai i?aaei?eyoey i?aaieciaaia iiaecaiiay ea/aaieoea
eiioea?ia “Caei?iauea Aeiiaanna”, aaea n oniaoii ea/ao aieueiuo
a?iioeaeueiie anoiie e ae?oaeie aeea?ae/aneeie aieaciyie.
?acaeoay naoue eiiioieeaoeee niinianoaoao onoie/eaui i?iecaiaenoaaiiui
naycyi n iio?aaeoaeyie niee. Oieueei a Oe?aeia e no?aiao NIA
ian/eouaaaony aieaa 50 ouny/ iioiauo iieoiaoaeae. ?acee/iua aeaeu niee,
auioneaaiua i?aaei?eyoeai, iaoiaeyo naiaai iio?aaeoaey e iieuecothony
caneoaeaiiui ni?inii a no?aiao Aaeoee, Neaiaeeiaaee, Aa?iiu, Ao?eee e
Acee.
Aaia?aoey iaoaai ?uiea /?acau/aeii iaoe?ia. Iaeaieaa e?oiiuie iaoeie
iieoiaoaeyie yaeythony ?inney, Aaei?onney, Iieaeiaa, no?aiu Aaeoee, a
oaeaea Aaia?ey, *aoey, Neiaaeey, Aieaa?ey e ?yae ae?oaeo no?ai. Ii
aieueoae /anoe ioi?aaeyai nieue /a?ac aeeea?neoth naoue n iinoaaeie
iaoae i?iaeoeoeee e?oiiuie ia?oeyie
Iu yaeyainy e?oiiaeoei i?aaei?eyoeai Oe?aeiu e iaeiei ec ia?aaeiauo
i?aaei?eyoee nieaaeiauaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe a Aa?iia ii oaoiieiaee
aeiau/e e iauaiai aeiauaaaiie eaiaiiie niee. I?e yoii aeieaeiui ia?acii
o/eouaaai iiaeaeaiey iio?aaeoaeae, iia?aoeaii i?eniinaaeeaay
oaoiieiae/aneea eeiee e auioneo i?iaeoeoeee, niioaaonoaothuae
iio?aaiinoyi e o?aaiaaieyi ioaeaeueiuo eeeaioia – i?aaeaea anaai ii
anni?oeiaioo e ea/anoao. ?ac?aaaouaaaony aeaeay nenoaia neeaeie,
iicaieythuay caeioa?aniaaoue e?oiiuo iieoiaoaeae e aanoe iacaaeneioth
oeaiiaoth iieeoeeo a ?acee/iuo ?aaeiiao iio?aaeaiey niee
I?iaeoeoeey iaoaai i?aaei?eyoey yeieiae/anee /enoay, iia niioaaonoaoao
o?aaiaaieyi iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo noaiaea?oia ea/anoaa e eiaao naioth ieceoth
oeaio n?aaee aiaeiae/iuo i?iecaiaenoa Oe?aeiu, aeeaeiaai e aeaeueiaai
ca?oaaaeuey. I?eiaiyaiua ia iaoeo oaooao nenoaiu ?ac?aaioee ieanoia,
niiniau aeiau/e e o?ainii?oe?iaee niee io caaiaa aei ia?a?aaaouaathueo
eiiieaenia ia iiaa?oiinoe ?oaeieeia i?aeoe/anee eneeth/atho i?eiaiaiea
?o/iiai o?oaea ia iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?ioeannao.
Iiaiea?oaaaineia e Neaayineia ianoi?iaeaeaiey ?ac?aaaouaathony niiniaii
?annieii?iiuneia, i?e eioi?ii nieue auuaea/eaaaony aiaeie, caea/eaaaiie
/a?ac ao?iaua neaaaeeiu n iiaa?oiinoe. Neaayineia ianoi?iaeaeaiea
ninoieo ec o??o o/anoeia, ec eioi?uo ?ac?aaaouaaaony oieueei
?aeai?iaeneee, aaea nieue aeiauaaaony 24 ao?iauie neaaaeeiaie n aeoaeiu
379-630 i. Aiaeiaay i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue ninoaaeyao ieiei 55 oun. oiii.
Auaa?i/iay nieue Neaayineiai ianoi?iaeaeaiey eniieuecoaony aeey
i?iecaiaenoaa eooiiiie niee aunoaai ea/anoaa – yeno?a. Ia
Iiaiea?oaaaineii ianoi?iaeaeaiee, ninoiyuai ec o??o o/anoeia,
i?aaei?eyoeai “Eene/aineay niaea” ?ac?aaaouaaaony oieueei iaeei ec ieo.
Aeiauoua caeanue ?annieu i/euathony e eniieuecothony a i?iecaiaenoaa
niaeu.
A iniiaiie /anoe Aeiai?ianei-Aeiiaoeeie aiaaeeiu ieaeiaia?ineea
nieaiiniua ioeiaeaiey ?aniieiaeaiu ia aeoaeiao 1500-2500 i e aieaa. Eae
e a Aeiiaanna, iie iiae?acaeaeythony ia aeaa oeia – nieaiiniua e
eaeeaiiniua. Aeey ieo oa?aeoa?iua iiaeiaiue aauanoaaiiue ninoaa e
aeeceea iiuiinoe ieanoia. A AeAeA niiniaii ?anoai?aiey yenieoaoe?oaony
Ao?aiianeia ianoi?iaeaeaiea (Oa?ueeianeay iaeanoue), i?eo?i/aiiia e
ooieo aeaaiineie eaiaiiie niee. Caianu, ?acaaaeaiiua aei aeoaeiu 1200 i,
ninoaaeytho 539,7 iei. oiii. Yenieoaoaoeey ianoi?iaeaeaiey
inouanoaeyaony Ia?aiiaeneei i?aaei?eyoeai “Oeii?ii”, i?iaeoiay
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue eioi?iai 270 oun. oiii ai?iie iannu eee 879 oun.
i3 ?anniea a aiae. Aaeaaiaeii caeanue aeiauaaaony ieiei 60 oun. oiii
eaiaiiie niee, niaea?aeaiea NaNl a eioi?ie ninoaaeyao 99,56%. ?annie
eniieuecoaony aeey iieo/aiey oei?a e eaonoe/aneie niaeu. I?e iuiaoiai
o?iaia aeiau/e i?iiunae iaania/ai caianaie aieaa /ai ia 100 eao.
A AeAeA ?aniieiaeaii oaeaea ?iiaineia ianoi?iaeaeaiea, i?eo?i/aiiia e
ooieo aeaaiineie eaiaiiie niee. Aai caianu ninoaaeytho 435,9 iei. oiii,
a caianu THaeiiia?auaieineiai o/anoea, oaeaea naycaiiua n nieyiui
ooieii, ioeaieaathony a 107,9 iei. oiii. Iieiaeeoaeueii ioeaieaathony
ia?niaeoeau ?ac?aaioee eaiaiiie niee a i?aaeaeao Aeieo?ianeiai,
?iiiaeaiianeiai, Iaaeaaaeianeiai e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo nieyiuo eoiieia.
Iiaen/eoaiu i?iaiiciua ?ano?nu niee a Eaieeioeaaneie, Eiaiaeeianeie,
Aeaenaaaneie, Neiyaneie, Aaeeianeie, Iiciyeianeie, Ena/eianeie e
Nieiieoeeie no?oeoo?ao.
A Caea?iaoneii iin?eea Nieioaeii yenieoaoe?oaony ianoi?iaeaeaiea
eaiaiiie niee, i?eo?i/aiiia e Nieioaeineiio nieyiiio eoiieo. Caianu niee
caeanueioeaieaathony a aieaa 450 iei. oiii, a aaeaaiaeiay aeiau/a
ninoaaeyao ieiei 170 oun. oiii. I?iaeoeoeey eniieuecoaony ieuaaie e
oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth Oe?aeiu, ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, Aaea?one,
Iieaeiau, no?ai Aaeoee, *aoee e Aaia?ee. ?acaaaeaiiuie caianaie eaiaiiie
niee Nieioaeineee ?oaeiee iaania/ai ia aieaa /ai 200 eao. A Caea?iaouea
oaeaea ?acaaaeaii Oa?aaeyineia ianoi?iaeaeaiea, caianu eioi?iai
ninoaaeytho ii/oe 1400 iei. oiii.
Iiuiinoe nieaiiniuo ieanoia a I?aaeea?iaouea eieaaethony io 360 aei 800
i. Ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaei?eyoeai “Iieeieia?ae” ?ac?aaaouaaaony
Noaaieeneia ianoi?iaeaeaiea eaeeeii-iaaieaauo nieae (Eueaianeay
iaeanoue), a eioi?ii caianu eooiiiie niee ninoaaeytho 248,7 iei. oiii e
aeiauaaaony ieiei 10 oun. oiii a aiae. ?acaaaeaiu oaeaea Aoaeoeeia e
Aa?oiano?ooeineia ianoi?iaeaeaiey eaiaiiie niee, iauea caianu eioi?uo
ioeaieaathony a 88,6 iei. oiii.
Ianoi?iaeaeaiey anoanoaaiiuo ?annieia (Aieaoianeia e Aeieeineia) neoaeao
nu?ueaaie aacie Aeieeineiai nieaaa?iiai eiiaeiaoa (Eaaii-O?aieianeay
iaeanoue) n i?iaeoiie iiuiinoueth 15 oun. oiii niee a aiae. ?annieu
iinooiatho caeanue ec ao?iauo neaaaeei ia aeoaeia io 65 i (Aeieeineia) e
aei 175 i (Aieaoianeia). Ec aeiauouo 5,5 oun. oiii ?anniea a 2003 a.
caeanue iieo/aii 1,5 oun. oiii niee. Ia Ae?iaiau/neii ianoi?iaeaeaiee
(Eueaianeay iaeanoue) auei auea/aii 4030 i3 ?anniea e i?iecaaaeaii 1,2
oun. oiii niee, i?e i?iaeoiie aaeaaiaeiie iiuiinoe ianoiiai nieaaa?iiai
caaiaea a 11,0 oun. oiii. Iniiaiuie iio?aaeoaeyie I?aaeea?iaoneeo
i?iiuneia yaeythony oi?aiaua i?aaiecaoeee ?aaeiia.
Ii i?aaeaa?eoaeueiui ioeaieai caianu Eciaeeueneia ianoi?iaeaeaiea
eaiaiiie niee, ?aniieiaeaiiua a I?aaeaeia?oaeaeeineii i?iaeaa,
ninoaaeytho aieaa 3 iei. oiii.
E oeio ic??iuo aannaeiiai?eiaaeeaaeeo naiinaaei/iay iiaa?aiiay nieue e
?anoai??iiay a ?aia ic?? ianna oei?eaea iao?ey. Iauea caianu niee a
aeaoo yenieoaoe?oaiuo ianoi?iaeaeaieyo Naaa?iiai E?uia ninoaaeytho ieiei
100 iei. oiii. Neaaoneia ianoi?iaeaeaiea ninoieo ec Ainoi/iiai,
N?aaeiaai e Caiaaeiiai o/anoeia, ?ac?aaaouaaaiuo IAI “E?uineee niaeiaue
caaiae” e IAI “A?ii”. A n?aaeiai aaeaaiaeiay aeiau/a ?aiu caeanue
ninoaaeyao ieiei 10 iei. oiii, a i?iecaiaenoai niee ieiei 2,7 iei. oiii.
E?uineay i?iaeoeoeey iinoaaeyaony a iiiaea no?aiu ie?a, n?aaee eioi?uo
NOA, Aaeeeia?eoaiey e Eoaeey. Ianoi?iaeaeaiea Nanue-Neaao
yenieoaoe?oaony i?aaei?eyoeai “Aaeeo”, aeiauaathuei ieiei 6,0 oun. oiii
ca?ienoie niee aaeaaiaeii. Iniiaiui a? iio?aaeoaeai yaeyaony Naeneee
oeie/aneee caaiae n i?iaeoiie iiuiinoueth a 50 oun. oiii iiaa?aiiie niee
a aiae.
Oe?aeia eiaao a naiai ?anii?yaeaiee cia/eoaeueiua caianu iiaa?aiiie
niee, e i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiaeao iaiiiai oaaee/eoue eo i?iecaiaenoai ca
n/?o eiathueony ?ano?nia.
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