IO?AIA O?OAeA
?an/ao caioeaiey.
Aaioeeyoeey ia ?aai/ai ianoa iiioaaeieea.
Nooaeaio: Ieeeoeia A.I.
A?oiia: AN-1-93
Eiinoeueoaio: Neaiiaa A.E.
Iineaa 1998
?ac?aaioea ia?ii?eyoee ii io?aia o?oaea i?e iiioaaea naoe.
A aeaiiii aeeieiiiii i?iaeoa i?iecaiaeeony ?ac?aaioea au/eneeoaeueiie
naoe, a ninoaa eioi?ie aoiaeeo 64 YAI, niaaeeiaiea iaaeaeo eioi?uie
?aaeecoaony i?e iiiiue eaaaeae. A iniiaiii, ?aaiou ii iiioaaeo naoe
caeeth/athony nai?ea caeoieaiiuo eiiiiiaio naoe, eo iiaeeeth/aiee e
yeaeo?inaoe.
Iiioaae, iaeaaeea, eniuoaiey, a oaeaea iineaaeothuay ?aaioa n
onoaiiaeie i?iecaiaeeony niaianoii n enoi/ieeaie ieoaiey,
ecia?eoaeueiuie i?eai?aie, ?aaioathueie io naoe ia?aiaiiiai oiea
iai?yaeaieai 220 A /anoioie 50 Aoe n aeooicacaieaiiie iaeo?aeueth.
Aeey iaania/aiey yeaeo?iaaciianiinoe i?e iiioaaea, iaeaaeea e ?aaioa n
naoueth iaiaoiaeeii ia?aoeoue iniaia aieiaiea ia nicaeaiea caueoiuo ia?
io iiiaaeaiey iieueciaaoaeae e ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea iiae
iai?yaeaiea, aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey yeaeo?io?aaiaoecia i?e ?aaioa n
naoueth.
Iie?uoea ?aai/aai ianoa iiioaaeieea aeieaeii auoue auiieiaii ec
ecieyoeeiiiuo iaoa?eaeia, i?e iaa?aaaiee ia auaeaeythueo a?aaeiuo
aauanoa.
Ia ?aai/ai ianoa iaiaoiaeeii iaee/ea caioeaiey. Ana yeaeo?iiiua
ono?ienoaa iaiaoiaeeii caioeeoue.
Yeaeo?iieoaiea ?aai/aai ianoa aeieaeii auoue iiaeeeth/aii /a?ac
?oaeeueiee, onoaiiaeaiiue a ianoa, oaeiaiii aeey auno?iai ioeeth/aiey
ieoaiey ?aai/aai ianoa, aeieaeiu auoue i?aaei?eiyou ia?u aeey
iaanoi/eaaiey ?aai/aai ianoa a aaa?eeiuo ?aaeeiao. Iau/ii noaaeony
aaoiiaoe/aneee aueeth/aoaeue n caueoie io ei?ioeiai caiueaiey.
I?e ?aaioa iaiaoiaeeii niaethaeaoue ?yae i?aaeio?aieoaeueiuo ia? ii
i?aaeioa?auaieth yeaeo?io?aaiaoecia, aeey ioeeth/aiey iia?aaeaeaiiiai
yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey eniieuecoaony aaoiiaoe/aneee aueeth/aoaeue,
ioeeth/athuee ?aai/aa ianoi io naoe. I?e ?aaioa iaiaoiaeeii
eniieueciaaoue eino?oiaio n eciee?othueie ?o/eaie.
?an/ao caioeaiey.
Ana ?aaiou, naycaiiua n iaeaaeeie e yenieoaoaoeeae naoe aaaeoony a
iiiauaiee, ioiinyuaiony e eaoaai?ee “aac iiauoaiiie iianiinoe”
ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?e/aneei oieii.
Aeey ieoaiey ecia?eoaeueiuo i?eai?ia e ono?ienoaa ia ?aai/ai ianoa
eniieuecoaony naoue ia?aiaiiiai oiea iai?yaeaieai 220 A, /anoioie 50
Aoe.
A naoe n aeooicacaieaiiie iaeo?aeueth i?e iaeiioaciii caiueaiee ia
ei?ion iaiaoiaeeii iaania/eoue aaoiiaoe/aneia ioeeth/aiea
iia?aaeaeaiiiai yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey. I?e e?aoeia?aiaiiii aaa?eeiii
?aaeeia nicaeaaony aaciianiinoue ianeoaeeaaiey e nio?aiiinoue
yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey. Iaeiaei e?aoeia?aiaiiinoue iiaeao auoue iaania/aia
oieueei nicaeaieai ii?aaeaeaiiie e?aoiinoe oiea ei?ioeiai caiueaiey ia
ei?ion ii ioiioaieth e iiieiaeueiiio oieo caueoiiai aiia?aoa. Yoiai
iiaeii aeiaeoueny oieueei i?ieeaaeeie niaoeeaeueiiai i?iaiaea
aeinoaoi/iie i?iaiaeeiinoe – ioeaaiai i?iaiaea, e eioi?iio
i?eniaaeeiythony ei?iona yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey.
Noaia caueoiiai caioeaiey iieacaia ia ?en.3.1.
Iiieii cacaieaiey iaeo?aee, ia noaia i?aaenoaaeaiu iiaoi?iua cacaieaiey
ioeaaiai i?iaiaea, eioi?ua nieaeatho iai?yaeaiea ia cacaieaiiuo ei?ionao
yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey a neo/aa ia?uaa ioeaaiai i?iaiaea.
Aeey oiai, /oiau nieceoue iianiua iioaioeeaeu i?e caiueaiee ia ei?ion,
eniieuecothony iiaoi?iua cacaieeoaee n nii?ioeaeaieai cacaieeoaey ia
aieaa 10 Ii.
A iiiauaiee, aaea i?iecaiaeeony iiioaae naoe, ieoaiea yeaeo?ionoaiiaie
inouanoaeyaony io iiaenoaioeee n o?ainoi?iaoi?ii P=600 eAo, oaeaeaiiie
io ?aai/aai ianoa ia 300 i. Ieoaiea e ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiiio ueoo
iiaeaiaeeony aethieieaaui i?iaiaeii na/aieai 25 ii¤, a ?ieue ioeaaiai
i?iaiaeieea auiieiyao noaeueiay iieina na/aieai 50 ii.
I?e eniieueciaaiee caioeaiey aeieaeiu auoue auiieiaiu neaaeothuea
oneiaey :
Iec => k*Iiii , (3.1)
aaea – eiyooeoeeaio e?aoiinoe iiieiaeueiiai oiea Iiii (A) ieaaeie
anoaaee i?aaeio?aieoaey, k=3.
Iiieiaeueiui oieii ieaaeie anoaaee Iiii iacuaaaony oie, cia/aiea
eioi?iai oeacaii iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia anoaaea caaiaeii-ecaioiaeoaeai.
Iiieiaeueiue oie Iiii a iiiauaiee 40 A. Cia/aiea Iec caaeneo io oaciiai
iai?yaeaiey naoe e nii?ioeaeaiey oeaie, a oii /enea io iieiiai
nii?ioeaeaiey o?ainoi?iaoi?a Zo, oaciiai i?iaiaeieea Zo, ioeaaiai
caueoiiai i?iaiaeieea Zic, aiaoiaai eiaeoeoeaiiai nii?ioeaeaiey iaoee
“oaciue i?iaiae – ioeaaie caueoiue i?iaiae” (iaoee “oaca-ioeue”) Xi,
aeoeaiiai nii?ioeaeaiey cacaieaiee iaeo?aee iaiioie o?ainoi?iaoi?a Ri e
iiaoi?iiai cacaieaiey ioeaaiai caueoiiai i?iaiaeieea Ri. Iineieueeo Ri
e Ri, eae i?aaeei, aaeeee ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie nii?ioeaeaieyie, eie
iiaeii i?aiaa?a/ue.
Au?aaeaiea aeey Iec aoaeao eiaoue aeae :
Uo
Iec = ———– , (3.2)
Zo/3 + Zi
aaea Zi = Zo + Zic + Xi – eiiieaeniia iieiia nii?ioeaeaiea iaoee
“oaca-ioeue”.
Oaeaeueiia nii?ioeaeaiea oaciiai i?iaiaea : p = 0,028
(Ii*ii2)/i , Sna/ = 25 ii2,
ionthaea nii?ioeaeaiea oaciiai i?iaiaea :
ro = ? * (Lo / So) = 0,028 * 300 / 25 = 0,336 Ii.
Oaeaeueiia nii?ioeaeaiea ioeaaiai i?iaiaea: p = 0,058 (Ii*ii2)/i ,
Sna/ = 50 (ii2 ),
ionthaea nii?ioeaeaiea ioeaaiai i?iaiaea :
Ric = p * (L / S) = 0,058 * 300 / 50 = 0,348(Ii).
Cia/aiey Xo e Xic iaeu, eie iiaeii i?aiaa?a/ue.
Cia/aiea Xi iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue ii oi?ioea :
2
dn?
Xi = 0,145*lg———- , (3.3)
2
k * do
aaea k = 0,3894,
dn? – ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo i?iaiaeieeaie,
do – aaiiao?e/aneee aeeaiao?.
?an/aou aeatho cia/aiea Xi = 0,556 Ii.
Nii?ioeaeaiea yeaeo?e/aneie aeoae aa?ai ?aaiie
rae = 0,02 (Ii), Xae = 0.
A niioaaonoaee n iiuiinoueth o?ainoi?iaoi?a
ro = 0,0044 (Ii), Xo = 0,0127 (Ii)
Iieiia nii?ioeaeaiea iaoee “oaca-ioeue” :
_______________
/ 2
Zi = ( (Ric+Ro+Rae) +Xi (3.5)
Zi = 0,716 (Ii).
I?e eniieueciaaiee caioeaiey ii o?aaiaaieyi IOY (i?aaeea ono?ienoaa
yeaeo?ionoaiiaie)
Ric/Ro = 0,348/0,336 k*Iiii
301,6 => 3*40 = 120
Caueoiia caioeaiea auiieiaii i?aaeeueii, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ioeeth/athuay
niiniaiinoue nenoaiu iaania/aia.
Ii?aaeaeei iai?yaeaiea i?eeiniiaaiey e oie /a?ac /aeiaaea aei
n?aaaouaaiey caueou :
Ui? = Iech * Rh
Iec*Rii 1/Rh
____________ _________
Iech = * (3.6)
Rh*Ric 1 1
——- + Ri — + —
Rh Ric Rh Ric
Noaia caiauaiey i?aaenoaaeaia ia ?en.3.2.
?en.3.2. Noaia caiauaiey.
Ric = 0,348 (Ii), Rii = 10 (Ii), Ri = 4 (Ii)
Rh = 1 (eIi)
Ui? = 29,9 (A)
Oaeia iai?yaeaiea aaciianii aeey /aeiaaea i?e a?aiaie aicaeaenoaey :
50
taeii 1,4
Iiii
300
K = ——– = 7,5 >> 1,4
40
Aaioeeyoeey ia ?aai/ai ianoa iiioaaeieea.
?an/ao aaioeeyoeee i?iaiaeeony aeey iaeaieaa iaaeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee:
o?ieue ia?eiae aiaea, a iiiauaiee aeeth/aiu ana IYAI (3 oo. iiuiinoueth
500 Ao eaaeaeay). A iiiauaiee ?aaioatho o?e iiioaaeieea. O/eouaay,
/oi iaeei /aeiaae auaeaeyao 90 Ao oaiea, iauea oaieiauaeaeaiey io
ethaeae ninoaayo
Q1 = 90 * 3 = 270 Ao.
Oaieiauaeaeaiey io IYAI e enoi/ieeia eneonnoaaiiiai inaauaiey
ii?aaeaeythony ii oi?ioea:
Q = N * n, (3.7) aaea
Q – oaieiauaeaeaiey, Ao;
N – noiia?iay iiuiinoue ono?ienoa, Ao;
n – eiyooeoeeaio oaieiauo iioa?ue ( n=0,7 aeey IYAI, n=0,55 aeey
ethieianoeaioiuo eaii).
Oaieiauaeaeaiey io 3-o IYAI ninoaayo
Q2 = 1500 * 0,7 = 1050 Ao.
Oaieiauaeaeaiey io 4-o eaii EA-65 ninoaayo
Q3 = 260 * 0,55 = 143 Ao.
A o?ieue ia?eiae aiaea iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea o/eouaaoue oaieiauaeaeaiey io
nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee. ?anniao?eaaaiia iiiauaiea iaoiaeeony ia ia?aii
yoaaea aeaooyoaaeiiai caeaiey, ieia i?eaioe?iaaiu ia thai-caiaae e
eiatho aeaieiia inoaeeaiea a aea?aayiiie ?aia. Iiyoiio oaieiauaeaeaiey
io nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue ii oi?ioea:
Q4 = Fino * q * Aino (3.8) aaea Q4 –
oaieiauaeaeaiey io nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee, Ao;
Fino – ieiuaaeue inoaeeaiey, i2;
q – oaieiauaeaeaiey /a?ac 1 i2 iiaa?oiinoe inoaeeaiey, Ao/i2;
Aino – eiyooeoeeaio o/?oa oa?aeoa?a inoaeeaiey.
A ?anniao?eaaaiii neo/aa Fino = 4 i2, q = 145 Ao/i2, Aino = 1,15.
Oiaaea ii (3.3)
Q4 = 4 * 145 * 1,15 = 667 Ao.
Noiia?iua ecauoi/iua oaieiauaeaeaiey
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 =
= 270 + 1050 + 143 + 667 = 2130 Ao.
Iau?i i?eoi/iiai aicaeooa, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey iiaeiuaiey ecauoeia
oaiea ii?aaeaeyaony ii oi?ioea:
3600 * Q
G = ——————- (3.9)
C? * ( * (toae – ti?)
aaea G – iau?i i?eoi/iiai aicaeooa, i3//;
Q – oaieiecauoee, Ao;
C? – oaeaeueiay oaiei?ieinoue aicaeooa (1000 Aeae/(ea*oN));
( – ieioiinoue aicaeooa (1,2 ea/i3);
toae – oaiia?aoo?a oaeaeyaiiai aicaeooa, oN;
ti? – oaiia?aoo?a i?eoi/iiai aicaeooa, oN.
Oaiia?aoo?a i?eoi/iiai aicaeooa a o?ieue ia?eiae aiaea aeey oe?iou
Iineau i?eieiaaony ?aaiie 20 oN. Oaiia?aoo?a oaeaeyaiiai aicaeooa
ii?aaeaeyaony ii oi?ioea:
toae = t?c + a * (H-2), (3.10)
aaea toae – oaiia?aoo?a oaeaeyaiiai aicaeooa, oN;
t?c – iioeiaeueiay oaiia?aoo?a aicaeooa a ?aai/ae ciia (23 oN);
a – oaiia?aoo?iue a?aaeeaio ( 1 oN/i);
H – aunioa iiiauaiey (3,5 i).
toae = 23 + 1 * (3,5-2) = 24,5 oN.
Oiaaea ii (3.9):
3600 * 2130
G = ——————— = 1420 i3//.
1000 * 1,2 * (24,5-20)
I?iaaae?i ?an/?o i?eioaeeoaeueiie aiaoiaiaiaiiie i?eoi/iie aaioeeyoeee
aeey oeacaiiiai iiiauaiey. Aaioeeyoeeiiiay nenoaia ninoieo ec
neaaeothueo yeaiaioia:
– i?eoi/iie eaia?u, a ninoaa eioi?ie aoiaeyo aaioeeyoi? n
yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaeai, eaei?eoa? aeey iiaeia?aaa aicaeooa a oieiaeiia
a?aiy aiaea e aeaethceeiay ?ao?oea aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey iau?ia
iinooiathuaai aicaeooa;
– e?oaeiai noaeueiiai aicaeooiaiaea aeeeiie 1,5 i;
– aicaeooi?ani?aaeaeeoaey AI aeey iiaea/e aicaeooa a iiiauaiea.
Iioa?e aeaaeaiey a aaioeeyoeeiiiie nenoaia ii?aaeaeythony ii oi?ioea:
V2 * (
H = R * l * ( * —— , (3.11)
2
aaea H – iioa?e aeaaeaiey, Ia;
R – oaeaeueiua iioa?e aeaaeaiey ia o?aiea a aicaeooiaiaea, Ia/i;
l – aeeeia aicaeooiaiaea, i;
( – noiia?iue eiyooeoeeaio ianoiuo iioa?ue a nenoaia;
V – nei?inoue aicaeooa (V=3 i/n);
( – ieioiinoue aicaeooa ( (=1,2 ea/i3).
Iaiaoiaeeiue aeeaiao? aicaeooiaiaea aeey aeaiiie
aaioeeyoeeiiiie nenoaiu:
_________ ___________
/ G / 1420
d = ( ——— = ( ———– = 0,41 i.
900*V*( 900*3*3,14
I?eieiaai a ea/anoaa aeeaiao?a aeeaeaeooth aieueooth coaiaea?oioth
aaee/eio – 0,45 i. Aeey aicaeooiaiaea aeaiiiai aeeaiao?a oaeaeueiua
iioa?e aeaaeaiey ia o?aiea R=0,24 Ia/i.
Ianoiua iioa?e aicieeatho a aeaethceeiie ?ao?oea ((=1,2),
aicaeooi?ani?aaeaeeoaea ((=1,4) e eaei?eoa?a ((=2,2). Oiaaea
noiia?iue eiyooeoeeaio ( = 1,2+1,4+2,2 = 4,8.
Oiaaea ii (3.11):
9 * 1,2
H = 0,24 * 1,5 + 4,8 * ——- = 26,28Ia.
2
N o/?oii 10%-iai caiana
H = 1,1 * 26,28 = 28,91 Ia,
a G = 1,1 * 1420 = 1562 i3//.
Ii eaoaeiao auae?aai aaioeeyoi? inaaie na?ee IOe ?4: ?anoiae aicaeooa
1600 i3//, aeaaeaiea 40 Ia, EIAe 65%, nei?inoue a?auaiey 960 ia/iei,
aeeaiao? eieana 400 ii, iiuiinoue yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaey 0,032 eAo
(aeaeaaoaeue niaaeei?i ia iaeiie ine n aaioeeyoi?ii).
Auaiae.
A aeaiiii ?acaeaea ?anniao?eaaeny aii?in iaania/aiey
yeaeo?iaaciianiinoe i?e eniuoaiee e iaeaaeea ono?ienoaa, ia?a/eneaiu
o?aaiaaiey e eino?oiaioo, yeaeo?iaiia?aoo?a, i?iecaaaeai ?an/ao
cacaieaiey, i?aaeoniio?aia caueoa ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea io
ii?aaeaiey yeaeo?e/aneei oieii. Oaeaea i?iecaaaeai ?an/ao aaioeeyoeee ia
?aai/ai ianoa iiioaaeieea n oeaeueth iaania/aiey eiioi?oiuo oneiaee
?aaiou.
TT
A
Zo
Zo/3
.
.
Zii
Uo
Zh
ro
Zic
?en.3.1. Noaia caioeaiey.
.
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Ic
ro
rn
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