Iaeaaeaiea.
1.Aaaaeaiea.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………….2
2.Iaci? eeoa?aoo?u.
………………………………………………………………
…………………….5
3.Oece/aneea iaoaieciu aicaoaeaeaiey iiaa?oiinoiuo aeonoe/aneeo aiei a
oaa?aeii oaea.
………………………………………………………………
……………………………….6
4.Oai?aoe/aneia iienaiea aeonoe/aneeo aiei ia iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai
oaea. ….9
4.1 Aieiu ?yeay.
………………………………………………………………
…………………………..9
4.2 ?ani?ino?aiaiea IAA ia oa?ioiaaouo iiaa?oiinoyo e a
iaeeiianooaaiuo ia?eiaee/aneeo no?oeoo?ao.
……………………………………..15
5.Yenia?eiaioaeueiay oaoieea eaca?iie iioiaeonoeee e iaoiaeeea ecia?aiey
aeonoe/aneiai ioeeeea.
………………………………………………………………
……………… 22
6.Iaiinaeoiaeiay eaca?iay nenoaia aeey enneaaeiaaiey iiaa?oiinoiuo
aeonoe/aneeo aiei.
………………………………………………………………
…………………….26
7.Yenia?eiaioaeueiua ?acoeueoaou.
………………………………………………………………
28
8.Caeeth/aiea.
………………………………………………………………
……………………………35
9.Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
………………………………………………………………
………………..37
AAAAeAIEA.
Niaoeeoe/aneei yooaeoii, iaoneiaeaiiui acaeiiaeaenoaeai
eaca?iiai eceo/aiey n aauanoaii, yaeyaony
aicaoaeaeaiea aeonoe/aneeo aiei i?e eiioeueniii eaca?iii aicaeaenoaee.
N oi/ee c?aiey oeceee acaeiiaeaenoaey eceo/aiey n aauanoaii,
aeonoe/aneee ioeeee niaea?aeeo eioi?iaoeeth i ia?aoiaeiuo
i?ioeannao, i?ienoiaeyueo a iaeanoe iaeo/aiey, ca a?aiaia ii?yaeea
aeeeoaeueiinoe eaca?iiai eiioeuena. I?eeeaaeiay oeaiiinoue
iioiaeonoe/aneiai (IA) iaoiaea ninoieo a oii, /oi iioe/anee
aicaoaeaeaaiua aeonoe/aneea eiioeuenu iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu eae aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey ia?aiao?ia iiaeiuathuae n?aaeu (iai?eia?, eiyooeoeeaioia
oaieiaiai ?anoe?aiey, oaieii?iaiaeiinoe, e ae?.), a oae aea aeey
enneaaeiaaiey iaiaeii?iaeiinoae a oaa?aeii oaea e ia aai iiaa?oiinoe.
Ia?a/eneaiiua aiciiaeiinoe eiioeueniie eaca?iie iioiaeonoeee iicaieeee
aeoeaii eniieueciaaoue yoio iaoiae a aeaoaeoineiiee, iee?ineiiee e
oiiia?aoee ia?acoeia. Iioeei-aeonoe/aneay iee?ineiiey, oae aea eae e
ethaay ae?oaay iee?ineiiey, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie niinia iieo/aiey
ecia?aaeaiey iaiaeii?iaeiinoae iiaa?oiinoe n aeinoaoi/ii aieueoei
?ac?aoaieai [3]. A ioee/ea io o?aaeeoeeiiiie iee?ineiiee ia io?aaeaiea
eee i?iioneaiea IA-iee?ineiiey iicaieyao auyaeoue i?eiiaa?oiinoiua
aeaoaeou a iioe/anee iai?ic?a/iuo ia?acoeao. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi
i/aiue /anoi eniieuecoaony iioe/aneay ?aaeno?aoeey aeonoe/aneeo
eiioeuenia [2,4,6], /oi iicaieyao naeaeaoue iaoiae aaneiioaeoiui e
aeenoaioeeiiiui. A oiaea i?iaiaeeiuo iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee a iaeanoe
iioiaeonoeee auei iaia?oaeaii iiiaiia?acea iaoaieciia ioaaonoaaiiuo ca
oi?ie?iaaiea aeonoe/aneiai ioeeeea n?aaeu i?e iiaeiuaiee eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey. Aaaeiaeoeie iaoaieciaie aaia?aoeee caoeiauo aiei yaeythony
oa?iioi?oaee iaoaieci, yeaeo?ino?eeoeey, ?aaeeaoeeiiiia aeaaeaiea,
aeeyeaeo?e/aneee i?iaie, enia?aiea aauanoaa e aaeyoeey iaoa?eaea ieoaie
[1]. E?iia ia?a/eneaiiuo a ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo i?iyaeythony e ae?oaea
iaoaieciu. Oae aeey aeeyeaeo?eeia nouanoaaiiui iiaeao auoue
aicaoaeaeaiea caoea /a?ac iaoaieci aeaoi?iaoeeiiiiai iioaioeeaea, a aeey
iueaciaeoeaiuo e?enoaeeia aiciiaeii yooaeoeaiia aicaoaeaeaiea
aeonoe/aneeo aiei ca n/ao ia?aoiiai iueaciyooaeoa. Niioiioaiea
ia?a/eneaiiuo iaoaieciia e yooaeoeaiinoue iioiaeonoe/aneiai
i?aia?aciaaiey caaeneo io ia?aiao?ia eaca?iiai eceo/aiey, a oae aea
iioe/aneeo e oaieiauo ia?aiao?ia n?aaeu.
Aiaeeoe/aneia iienaiea i?ioeanna eaca?i-eiaeooee?iaaiiie aaia?aoeee
aeonoe/aneeo aiei a oaa?aeii oaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeinoaoi/ii
neiaeioth caaea/o, o?aaothuoth ?aoaiey nenoaiu iaiaeii?iaeiuo
aeeooa?aioeeaeueiuo o?aaiaiee a /anoiuo i?iecaiaeiuo. Aeaaea aac o/aoa
iaeeiaeiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai eceo/aiey n aauanoaii ia
anaaaea oaeaaony iaeoe aiaeeoe/aneia ?aoaiea e no?iai iienaoue
aeonoe/aneee ioeeee. Iaeaieaa i?inoi i?ioeann eaca?iie aaia?aoeee caoea
iienuaaaony a iiaeaee ecio?iiiie n?aaeu a eeiaeiii i?eaeeaeaiee.
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy nouanoaaiii aic?in eioa?an e i?eiaiaieth
eiioeueniie eaca?iie iioiaeonoeee a oeceea oaa?aeiai oaea. A oii /enea
oe?ieia eniieueciaaiea ono?ienoa ia iiaa?oiinoiuo aeonoe/aneeo aieiao
(IAA) iinoaaeei caaea/o i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ouaoaeueiiai aiaeeca i?ioeannia
aicaoaeaeaiey, ?ani?ino?aiaiey e ?annayiey IAA iaiaeii?iaeiinoyie e
eneonnoaaiiuie aeaoaeoaie ia iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea.
A iniiaa ooieoeeiie?iaaiey aieueoeinoaa ono?ienoa ia?aaioee neaiaeia ia
IAA eaaeeo acaeiiaeaenoaea iineaaeieo n ?acee/iiai ?iaea oi?aaeythueie
iaiaeii?iaeiinoyie a aeaea aunooiia, eaiaaie, iiaa?oiinoiuo yeaeo?iaeia,
iaueaiiuo aeeth/aiee, ?aaa? eeeiueaa e aieiiaaaeoueo no?oeoo? [8].
Iaeioi?ua iaiaeii?iaeiinoe iiaoo iineoue e neo/aeiue oa?aeoa?, oeia
oa?ioiaaoinoae e ene?eaeaiee a?aieoe, aeeyiea eioi?uo oae aea
iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue i?e ?an/aoao ?yaea ono?ienoa. I?eai?u ia IAA
iicaieytho oi?ie?iaaoue e ia?aaaouaaoue ?aaeeineaiaeu a oe?ieii
aeeaiaciia /anoio (10 IAoe-6AAoe). N eo iiiiuueth iiaeii iieo/aoue
oa?aeoa?enoeee, iaaeinoeaeeiua a ono?ienoaao ia ae?oaeo oece/aneeo
i?eioeeiao. Yoi iaoneiaeaii oece/aneeie naienoaaie iiaa?oiinoiuo aiei.
Ia?aui e iaeaieaa aaaeiui naienoaii yaeyaony /?acau/aeii ieceay
nei?inoue eo ?ani?ino?aiaiey, ninoaaeythuay 10-5 nei?inoe
?ani?ino?aiaiey yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei. Yoi naienoai aeonoe/aneeo aiei
aeaeaao eo oaeiaiuie aeey eniieueciaaiey a eeieyo caaea?aeee aieueoie
aeeeoaeueiinoe. Aneaaenoaea ieceie nei?inoe ?ani?ino?aiaiey aeonoe/aneea
aieiu iaeaaeatho oae aea i/aiue iaeuie aeeeiaie aiei ii n?aaiaieth n
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuie aieiaie oie aea /anoiou. Yoi oiaiueoaiea aeeeiu aieiu
oaeaea ii?yaeea 10-5 e caaeneo io eniieuecoaiiai iaoa?eaea. Iiyoiio
ono?ienoaa ia aeonoe/aneeo aieiao eiatho cia/eoaeueii iaiueoea ?acia?u e
aan ii n?aaiaieth n yeaeo?iiaaieoiuie ono?ienoaaie. E?iia oiai
ono?ienoaa ia IAA ?aniieaaathony ia iiaa?oiinoe e?enoaeea, /oi aeaeaao
eo aieaa i?i/iuie e iaaeaaeiuie [10].
Anoanoaaiiia ?anoe?aiea ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aiciiaeiinoae ono?ienoa ia IAA
e iiauoaiea o?aaiaaiee e eo oa?aeoa?enoeeai i?eaiaeyo e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
iienea e io?aaioee ?acee/iuo iaoiaeia enneaaeiaaiey ?ani?ino?aiaiey IAA
ia iaiaeii?iaeiuo iiaa?oiinoyo. Eaca?iia aicaoaeaeaiea e aeaoaeoe?iaaiea
aeonoe/aneeo aiei (AA) iicaieyao inouanoaeoue aaneiioaeoiia ecia?aiea
aaaeiuo ia?aiao?ia n?aaeu.
A aeaiiie ?aaioa auea io?aaioaia iaoiaeeea yenia?eiaioaeueiiai
enneaaeiaaiey eaca?i-eiaeooee?iaaiiie IAA aaneiioaeoiui iioe/aneei
iaoiaeii.
Iaci? eeoa?aoo?u.
Iioeei-aeonoe/aneee yooaeo, ioe?uoue A. Aaeeii aua a 1880 aiaeo, aei
nicaeaiey eaca?ia eniieueciaaeny oieueei a EE niaeo?ineiiee aacia.
?acaeoea eaca?iie oaoieee iaiaoeei iniiaiua iooe ?acaeoey eiioeueniie
iioiaeonoeee: eaca?iia aicaoaeaeaiea aeonoe/aneeo aeaeaieiioeuenia a
aeeaeeinoe e oaa?aeuo oaeao, iieoi?iaiaeieeao, eaca?iia aicaoaeaeaiea
aeia?caoeiauo e ?yeaaaneeo aiei. Aia?aua eaca?iay aaia?aoeey IAA auea
iienaia a ?aaioa ?. I. Oaeoa e ?. A. Ee [13]. ?yeaaaneay aieia
aicaoaeaeaeanue i?e iiaeiuaiee iaeeii/iiai eiioeuena eaca?a n
iiaeoeyoeeae aeia?ioiinoe a aethieieaaie ieaiea, iaiueaiiie ia
enneaaeoaioth iiaa?oiinoue. A ea/anoaa iiaeeiaeee eniieueciaaeenue
?acee/iua iaoa?eaeu – ea?aieea, e?enoaeee/aneee e ieaaeaiue eaa?oe. A
?aaioa [14] oae aea aicaoaeaeaeenue oe?ieiiieiniua aeaeaieiioeuenu
?yeaaaneeo aiei, i?e yoii auei i?iaaaeaii iaeiia?aiaiiia ecia?aiea
nei?inoe i?iaeieueiie, iiia?a/iie e ?yeaaaneie aiei. Iieo/aiiua aaee/eiu
niaiaaeatho n ecia?aiiuie ae?oaeie iaoiaeaie. I?aeiouanoaa yoiai iaoiaea
a aiciiaeiinoe i?iaaaeaiey ecia?aiee n ia?acoeaie iaeuo ?acia?ia e
i?inouo oi?i a oe?ieii aeeaiaciia oaiia?aoo? e aeaaeaiee, iia?aoeaiinoue
iieo/aiey aeaiiuo. ?aaeno?aoeey aeonoe/aneeo eiioeuenia i?iecaiaeeeanue
eiioaeoiui iaoiaeii i?e iiiiue iueacii?aia?aciaaoaeae. A aieaa iicaeieo
?aaioao ana /aua eniieuecoaony iaoiae aaneiioaeoiie iioe/aneie
?aaeno?aoeee IAA. A ?aaioa [4] auee eniieueciaai iaoiae iioe/aneie
?aaeno?aoeee, ii?aaeaeaiu nei?inoe i?iaeieueiie e iiia?a/iie aiei ia
iiaa?oiinoe ieaaeaiiai eaa?oea iie?uoiai aeaooneieiie iaoaeee/aneie
ieaieie (Cr e Au), ioia/aiu aiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey yoiai iaoiaea
aeey ii?aaeaeaiey oi?oaeo eiinoaio e oieueiu ieaiee. ?ani?ino?aiaiea IAA
ii aieaa neiaeiie no?oeoo?a (ieaaeaiue eaa?oe n iaiueaiiuie ia aai
iiaa?oiinoe cieiouie iieineaie) enneaaeiaaii a ?aaioa [6].
Oece/aneea iaoaieciu aicaoaeaeaiey iiaa?oiinoiuo aeonoe/aneeo aiei a
oaa?aeii oaea.
Iiaeiuaiea eaca?iiai eceo/aiey a oaa?aeii oaea e iineaaeothuay
?aeaenaoeey oioiaicaoaeaeaiey i?eaiaeyo e aeaoi?iaoeee e?enoaeee/aneie
?aoaoee, /oi i?iyaeyaony a aeaea oi?oaeo aiei ?ani?ino?aiythueony ec
iaeanoe oioiaicaoaeaeaiey. I?e yoii aicaoaeaeaiea aeonoe/aneeo aiei a
n?aaea aiciiaeii ca n/ao ?acee/iuo iaoaieciia. Eo iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia
aeaa eeanna – eeiaeiue e eaaae?aoe/iue ii aiieeooaea yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai
iiey. Eeiaeiua ii iieth iaoaieciu – iueaciyeaeo?e/aneee e
iueaciiaaieoiue – i?eaiaeyo e aicaoaeaeaieth caoea oie aea /anoiou, /oi
e yeaeo?iiaaieoiay aieia. I?e yoeo iaoaieciao i?ienoiaeeo oaeoe/anee a
eaacenoaoeeiia?iii iiea. Iiyoiio i?e aicaeaenoaee eaca?iiai eceo/aiey ia
aauanoai aicaoaeaeaiea caoea i?ienoiaeeo ca n/ao eaaae?aoe/ii-iaeeiaeiuo
ii iieth yooaeoia: yeaeo?i- e iaaieoino?eeoeee, oaieiaiai yooaeoa e
aeaoi?iaoeeiiiiai iaoaiecia [1,9]. A yoii neo/aa aeonoe/aneea eieaaaiey
aicaoaeaeathony ia ia /anoioa naaoiaie aieiu, a ia /anoioa iiaeoeyoeee
eioaineaiinoe, eioi?ay oaea iiiaaeaao a aeonoe/aneee aeeaiacii.
Oaeoe/anee yeaeo?ino?eeoeey iiaeao auoue nouanoaaiia oieueei a
i?ic?a/iuo n?aaeao e ia aunieeo oeueo?acaoeiauo /anoioao. A iaeanoe
caoeiauo e oeueo?acaoeiauo /anoio iniiaiui iaoaieciii aicaoaeaeaiey
caoea yaeyaony oaieiaie. Eneeth/aiey ec yoiai i?aaeea aiciiaeiu a oao
neo/ayo, eiaaea iiaeiuaiiay naaoiaay yia?aey i?aia?acoaony a oaieiaoth
ia n?aco eeai ia iieiinoueth. Aeeeoaeueiay caaea?aeea iaaeaeo iiiaioii
iiaeiuaiey naaoa e iiiaioii, eiaaea iiaeiuaiiay yia?aey iieiinoueth
i?aia?acoaony a oaieiaia aeaeaeaiea n?aaeu, iiaeao ?aaeeciaaoueny anee
yia?aee iioe/aneeo eaaioia aeinoaoi/ii aeey io?uaa aaeaioiuo yeaeo?iiia
io aoiiia. Yoi naycaii n oai, /oi ?iaeaeathueeny naiaiaeiue yeaeo?ii
iiaeao aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy ia aica?auaoueny a ?aaiiaaniia ninoiyiea.
Io?ua yeaeo?iiia i?eaiaeeo e eciaiaieth nee acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo
aoiiaie. A neo/aa oaa?aeuo oae yoi aeieaeii iiaea/ue ca niaie eciaiaiea
ieioiinoe aauanoaa, niaa?oaiii ia naycaiiia n aai iaa?aaii. Oaeie
iaoaieci iioe/aneie aaia?aoeee caoea iacuaaaony aeaoi?iaoeeiiiui. I?e
eniieueciaaiee eaca?ia aeaeeiiai e eio?ae?aniiai aeeaiaciiia aeeei aiei
aeaiiue iaoaieci iioeei-aeonoe/aneiai yooaeoa iiaeao ea?aoue aaaeioth
?ieue a iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo iaoa?eaeao. *eneiaua ioeaiee [11]
iieacuaatho, /oi a oaeeo iieoi?iaiaeieeao eae Ge, Si, GaAs
aeaoi?iaoeeiiiue iaoaieci ia ii?yaeie yooaeoeaiaa, /ai oaieiaie. Iaeiaei
a iauai neo/aa ianuuaiea ?inoa eiioeaio?aoeee oioiaicaoaeaeaiiuo
iineoaeae iiaeao i?eaiaeeoue e nouanoaaiiiio i?aiaeaaeaieth oaieiaiai
iaoaiecia. O?iaaiue iioeei-aeonoe/aneiai neaiaea i?iii?oeeiiaeai
ia?aiaiiie /anoe naaoiaiai iioiea. Iineieueeo eaca?u eiioeueniiai
aeaenoaey iicaieytho iieo/aoue nouanoaaiii aieaa aunieea eioaineaiinoe
naaoa, /ai eaca?u iai?a?uaiiai aeaenoaey, aeey eaca?iie iioiaeonoeee
yaeyaony oeie/iui aicaoaeaeaiea oe?ieiai aeonoe/aneiai niaeo?a- caoeiauo
aeaeaieiioeuenia. A eiia/iii eoiaa ?anniio?aiiua auoa iaoaieciu
i?eaiaeyo e aaia?aoeee i?iaeieueiuo e iiia?a/iuo aiei. A i?iaeieueiie
aieia, eee aieia naeaoey-?ac?yaeaiey niauaiea /anoeoe i?ienoiaeeo
aaeieue aieiiaiai aaeoi?a. ?ani?ino?aiaiea oaeie aieiu nii?iaiaeaeaaony
eciaiaieai ?annoiyiey iaaeaeo /anoeoeaie n?aaeu e, eae neaaenoaea,
eieaeueiui eciaiaieai ieioiinoe n?aaeu. Nouanoaiaaiea iiia?a/iuo aiei a
oaa?aeii oaea iaoneiaeaii aeaoi?iaoeeae naeaeaa, o.a. aeaoi?iaoeeae
e?enoaeea aac eciaiaiey iauaia. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi aeey
ia?aie/aiiie n?aaeu o?aaiaiey aeaeaeaiey aeieaeiu ?anniao?eaaoueny
niaianoii n a?aie/iuie oneiaeyie aeey iaoaie/aneeo e yeaeo?e/aneeo
aaee/ei. A /anoiinoe, aeey naiaiaeiie iiaa?oiinoe a?aie/iia oneiaea
caeeth/aaony a ionoonoaee iaoaie/aneeo iai?yaeaiee. A?aie/iui oneiaeai
aeey aaeoi?a yeaeo?e/aneie eiaeoeoeee yaeyaony iai?a?uaiinoue aai
ii?iaeueiuo ninoaaeythueo a ionoonoaee iiaa?oiinoiuo ca?yaeia [7].
Ia iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea iiaoo ?ani?ino?aiyoueny aeonoe/aneea aieiu
aieaa neiaeiie no?oeoo?u. Iaeiie ec oaeeo iiaa?oiinoiuo aiei yaeyaony
aieia ?yeay. A i?inoii neo/aa ecio?iiiiai oaa?aeiai oaea yoa aieia
niaea?aeeo i?iaeieueioth e iiia?a/ioth eiiiiiaiou, naeaeiooua ii oaca ia
SYMBOL 112 \f “Symbol” \s 14 p /2 e eaaeauea a ieineinoe,
ii?aaeaeyaiie aieiiaui aaeoi?ii e ii?iaeueth e iiaa?oiinoe. Oaeei
ia?acii, a iauai neo/aa ?yeaaaneay aieia yaeyaony yeeeioe/anee
iiey?eciaaiiie. Oieueia neiy aauanoaa, i?eaiaeeiiai a aeaeaeaiea aieiie
?yeay ninoaaeyao aaee/eio ii?yaeea aeeeiu aieiu SYMBOL 108 \f “Symbol”
\s 14 l . Iineieueeo ?yeaaaneea aieiu eieaeeciaaiu aaeece iiaa?oiinoe,
iie i/aiue /oanoaeoaeueiu e iiaa?oiinoiui aeaoaeoai e?enoaeea.
Ia iiaa?oiinoe iieoaaneiia/iie iueaciyeaeo?e/aneie n?aaeu aiciiaeii
?ani?ino?aiaiea iiia?a/iie iiaa?oiinoiie aieiu, iiey?eciaaiiie
ia?aeeaeueii iiaa?oiinoe, e n aeoaeiie i?iieeiiaaiey oai iaiueoae, /ai
neeueiaa iueaciyeaeo?e/aneea naienoaa n?aaeu. Yoi oae iacuaaaiua
aeonoiyeaeo?e/aneea aieiu eee aieiu Aoeyaaa-Aethooaeia. Ii n?aaiaieth n
?yeaaaneeie aieiaie, aeoaeia i?iieeiiaaiey aieiu Aoeyaaa-Aethooaeia
aaeoaue ia?acoea nouanoaaiii aieueoa e iiaeao i?aauoaoue aaee/eio 100
SYMBOL 108 \f “Symbol” \s 14 l . Aeey nouanoaiaaiey iiaa?oiinoiie
aeonoiyeaeo?e/aneie aieiu e?iia auiieiaiey iaoaie/aneeo e yeaeo?e/aneeo
a?aie/iuo oneiaee aeieaeiu auoue auiieiaiu oneiaey ii?aaeaeaiiiai
?aniieiaeaiey yeaiaioia neiiao?ee e?enoaeea ioiineoaeueii naaaeoaeueiie
ieineinoe.
Oai?aoe/aneia iienaiea aeonoe/aneeo aiei ia iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea.
Aieiu ?yeay.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue ?aiaa ia iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea iiaoo
nouanoaiaaoue aieiu ?acee/iuo oeiia. Aieia ?yeay ia naiaiaeiie
iiaa?oiinoe ninoieo ec i?iaeieueiie aieiu naeaoey-?anoyaeaiey e
iiia?a/iie aieiu naeaeaa. Aoi?ui aaaeiui oeiii iiaa?oiinoiuo
aeonoe/aneeo aiei yaeyaony aieia Aoeyaaa-Aethooaeia (AAA), eioi?ay oae
aea iiaeao nouanoaiaaoue ia naiaiaeiie iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea, ii a
ioee/ea io ?yeaaaneie aieiu nouanoaiaaiea AAA aiciiaeii oieueei ia
ii?aaeaeaiiuo n?acao e a ii?aaeaeaiiuo iai?aaeaieyo iueaciyeaeo?e/aneeo
e?enoaeeia. A nenoaia iieoi?ino?ainoai-neie /enoi iaoaie/aneia
aiciouaiea a?aieoeu i?eaiaeeo e ia?aciaaieth naeaeaiaie aieiu Eyaa.
Aieiu Eyaa iaoiaeyo iaeioi?ia i?eiaiaiea ia i?aeoeea a eaai?aoi?iuo
enneaaeiaaieyo. A oai?ee yoe aieiu /anoi eniieuecotho a ea/anoaa
i?inoaeoae iiaeaee iiaa?oiinoiuo aiei, oae eae ?an/aou aeey aiei Eyaa
nouanoaaiii i?iua, /ai aeey aiei ?yeay. Oae aea neaaeoao ioiaoeoue
neo/ae, eiaaea ia iiaa?oiinoe eiathony ia?iaiinoe. I?eiiaa?oiinoiay
aeanoeinoue a oaeie nenoaia iaiueoa ca n/ao iaee/ey eaiaaie, /oi
i?eaiaeeo e ia?aciaaieth naeaeaiauo iiaa?oiinoiuo aiei (NIA). Nei?inoue
aieiu a i?eiiaa?oiinoiie iaeanoe oiaiueoaaony, oae eae aieia eae au
iaaaaao aunooiu, i?ioiaey i?e yoii aieueoee iooue. A aeaiiie ?aaioa
i?iaiaeeony enneaaeiaaiea ?ani?ino?aiaiey ?yeaaaneie aieiu ii
iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea, eioi?ay eiaao eae neo/aeiua iaiaeii?iaeiinoe
(oa?ioiaaoay iiaa?oiinoue) oae e eneonnoaaiiua aeaoaeou i?aaenoaaeythuea
ec naay iaii?acia?ioth ia?eiaee/aneoth no?oeoo?o.
iioaioeeaeu:
(1)
iacaaeneiu e caienuaathony a aeaea:
, (2)
aeathony oi?ioeaie:
. (3)
Eniieuecoy yoe au?aaeaiey e caeii Aoea aeey ecio?iiiiai oaea, iiaeii
caienaoue ioee/iua io ioey eiiiiiaiou oaici?a iai?yaeaiee:
,
,
,
(4)
,
-ieioiinoue oi?oaiai oaea).
?aoaiey o?aaiaiee (2), iienuaathuea iiaa?oiinoioth aeonoe/aneoth aieio,
eiatho aeae:
,
(5)
,
-eiyooeoeeaiou, iienuaathuea niaaeaiea aiei naeaoey e naeaeaa a
aeoaue iiaa?oiinoe.
Ec o?aaiaiee aeaeaeaiey (2) neaaeoao, /oi
,
– aieiiaua /enea i?iaeieueiie e naeaeaiaie iauaiiuo aiei.
. Ec au?aaeaiee (4) i?e yoii neaaeoao:
, (6)
.
, iinea /aai nenoaia (6) caienuaaaony a aeaea:
,
(7)
.
Ec oneiaey nouanoaiaaiey iaioeaauo ?aoaiee yoie eeiaeiie nenoaiu
o?aaiaiee iieo/aaony o?aaiaiea ?yeay
. (8)
ia caaeneo io /anoiou, o.a. aieiu ?yeay a eeanne/aneii oi?oaii
oaea
.
eeiaeii naycaiu o?aaiaieyie (7), iiyoiio ?aoaiey (5) iiaeii
i?aaenoaaeoue a aeaea:
, (9)
.
eiaai:
,
(10)
aeaaony oi?ioeie:
.
(11)
Ec yoeo oi?ioe aeaeii, /oi niauaiea /anoeoe n?aaeu a aieia ?yeay
i?ienoiaeeo ii yeeeinai, i?e/ai ia «a?aaiyo» aieiu /anoeoeu aeaeaeoony a
iai?aaeaiee, i?ioeaiiieiaeiii iai?aaeaieth ?ani?ino?aiaiey aieiu.
Iioie yia?aee a aieia ?yeay a ?an/aoa ia aaeeieoeo oe?eiu aeonoe/aneiai
io/ea n eniieueciaaieai oi?ioe (9) iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue oi?ioeie:
,
(12)
a ni/n.
I?eaaaeaiiua niioiioaiey iicaieytho ?ann/eoaoue ana iniiaiua
oa?aeoa?enoeee aieiu ?yeay a ecio?iiiii oaa?aeii oaea.
?ani?ino?aiaiea IAA ia oa?ioiaaouo iiaa?oiinoyo e a iaeeiianooaaiuo
ia?eiaee/aneeo no?oeoo?ao.
Aeaeaa ia?aeaeai e ?anniio?aieth ?ani?ino?aiaiey aieiu ?yeay ia
oa?ioiaaoie iiaa?oiinoe. Iniiaiuie yaeaieyie ia oaeeo iiaa?oiinoyo
yaeythony caoooaiea e aeenia?ney IAA iaoneiaeaiiua acaeiiaeaenoaeai n
aeaoia?iuie e o?aoia?iuie oa?ioiaaoinoyie. ?anniio?ei oai?aoe/aneee
iiaeoiae e ?an/aoo caoooaiey e aeenia?nee.
a ia?aie/aiiie oi?oaie n?aaea aaeaee io enoi/ieeia aeieaeii
oaeiaeaoai?youe o?aaiaieth aeaeaeaiey:
,
(13)
caiueaaiiio eeiaa?eciaaiiui o?aaiaieai ninoiyiey:
,
(14)
– oi?oaea iinoiyiiua;
e iaeii?iaeiui a?aie/iui oneiaeai ia naiaiaeiie iiaa?oiinoe:
,
(15)
– aaeoi? aaeeie/iie ii?iaee e iiaa?oiinoe.
Oiaaea aeey iienaiey ?annayiey aieiu ia iaiaeii?iaeiinoyo iiaa?oiinoe
eniieuecoaony eioaa?aeueiia o?aaiaiea:
, (16)
– oaici? A?eia aeey niauaiee, I – neaey?iue aeeooa?aioeeaeueiue
iia?aoi?.
Oece/aneee niune aeaiiiai o?aaiaiey ninoieo a oii, /oi iii iienuaaao
?annayiiia iiea, aicieeathuaa a ?acoeueoaoa aeaenoaey ia iiaa?oiinoue
N2, N1/, N3 (?en.2) iaioeaauo iai?yaeaiee, iaoneiaeaiiuo iaee/eai
i?aiyonoaee.
.
i?eiao aeae:
, (17)
– iia?aoi? aiciouaiee.
. Iineaaeothuea i?eaeeaeaiey iieo/athony iiaenoaiiaeie iecoeo
i?eaeeaeaiee a eioaa?ae o?aaiaiey. A ?acoeueoaoa ?aoaiea i?aaenoaaeyaony
a aeaea eoa?aoeeiiiiai ?yaea (ai?iianeee ?yae)
,
(18)
Oneiaea i?eiaieiinoe ai?iianeiai i?eaeeaeaiey iaeeaaeuaaao ia?aie/aiey
ia ?acia?u e oi?io i?aiyonoaee. A aeaiiii neo/aa iii eiaao aeae:
SYMBOL 60 \f “Symbol” \s 14
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Iaeaaeaiea.
1.Aaaaeaiea.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………….2
2.Iaci? eeoa?aoo?u.
………………………………………………………………
…………………….5
3.Oece/aneea iaoaieciu aicaoaeaeaiey iiaa?oiinoiuo aeonoe/aneeo aiei a
oaa?aeii oaea.
………………………………………………………………
……………………………….6
4.Oai?aoe/aneia iienaiea aeonoe/aneeo aiei ia iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai
oaea. ….9
4.1 Aieiu ?yeay.
………………………………………………………………
…………………………..9
4.2 ?ani?ino?aiaiea IAA ia oa?ioiaaouo iiaa?oiinoyo e a
iaeeiianooaaiuo ia?eiaee/aneeo no?oeoo?ao.
……………………………………..15
5.Yenia?eiaioaeueiay oaoieea eaca?iie iioiaeonoeee e iaoiaeeea ecia?aiey
aeonoe/aneiai ioeeeea.
………………………………………………………………
……………… 22
6.Iaiinaeoiaeiay eaca?iay nenoaia aeey enneaaeiaaiey iiaa?oiinoiuo
aeonoe/aneeo aiei.
………………………………………………………………
…………………….26
7.Yenia?eiaioaeueiua ?acoeueoaou.
………………………………………………………………
28
8.Caeeth/aiea.
………………………………………………………………
……………………………35
9.Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
………………………………………………………………
………………..37
AAAAeAIEA.
Niaoeeoe/aneei yooaeoii, iaoneiaeaiiui acaeiiaeaenoaeai
eaca?iiai eceo/aiey n aauanoaii, yaeyaony
aicaoaeaeaiea aeonoe/aneeo aiei i?e eiioeueniii eaca?iii aicaeaenoaee.
N oi/ee c?aiey oeceee acaeiiaeaenoaey eceo/aiey n aauanoaii,
aeonoe/aneee ioeeee niaea?aeeo eioi?iaoeeth i ia?aoiaeiuo
i?ioeannao, i?ienoiaeyueo a iaeanoe iaeo/aiey, ca a?aiaia ii?yaeea
aeeeoaeueiinoe eaca?iiai eiioeuena. I?eeeaaeiay oeaiiinoue
iioiaeonoe/aneiai (IA) iaoiaea ninoieo a oii, /oi iioe/anee
aicaoaeaeaaiua aeonoe/aneea eiioeuenu iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu eae aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey ia?aiao?ia iiaeiuathuae n?aaeu (iai?eia?, eiyooeoeeaioia
oaieiaiai ?anoe?aiey, oaieii?iaiaeiinoe, e ae?.), a oae aea aeey
enneaaeiaaiey iaiaeii?iaeiinoae a oaa?aeii oaea e ia aai iiaa?oiinoe.
Ia?a/eneaiiua aiciiaeiinoe eiioeueniie eaca?iie iioiaeonoeee iicaieeee
aeoeaii eniieueciaaoue yoio iaoiae a aeaoaeoineiiee, iee?ineiiee e
oiiia?aoee ia?acoeia. Iioeei-aeonoe/aneay iee?ineiiey, oae aea eae e
ethaay ae?oaay iee?ineiiey, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie niinia iieo/aiey
ecia?aaeaiey iaiaeii?iaeiinoae iiaa?oiinoe n aeinoaoi/ii aieueoei
?ac?aoaieai [3]. A ioee/ea io o?aaeeoeeiiiie iee?ineiiee ia io?aaeaiea
eee i?iioneaiea IA-iee?ineiiey iicaieyao auyaeoue i?eiiaa?oiinoiua
aeaoaeou a iioe/anee iai?ic?a/iuo ia?acoeao. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi
i/aiue /anoi eniieuecoaony iioe/aneay ?aaeno?aoeey aeonoe/aneeo
eiioeuenia [2,4,6], /oi iicaieyao naeaeaoue iaoiae aaneiioaeoiui e
aeenoaioeeiiiui. A oiaea i?iaiaeeiuo iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee a iaeanoe
iioiaeonoeee auei iaia?oaeaii iiiaiia?acea iaoaieciia ioaaonoaaiiuo ca
oi?ie?iaaiea aeonoe/aneiai ioeeeea n?aaeu i?e iiaeiuaiee eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey. Aaaeiaeoeie iaoaieciaie aaia?aoeee caoeiauo aiei yaeythony
oa?iioi?oaee iaoaieci, yeaeo?ino?eeoeey, ?aaeeaoeeiiiia aeaaeaiea,
aeeyeaeo?e/aneee i?iaie, enia?aiea aauanoaa e aaeyoeey iaoa?eaea ieoaie
[1]. E?iia ia?a/eneaiiuo a ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo i?iyaeythony e ae?oaea
iaoaieciu. Oae aeey aeeyeaeo?eeia nouanoaaiiui iiaeao auoue
aicaoaeaeaiea caoea /a?ac iaoaieci aeaoi?iaoeeiiiiai iioaioeeaea, a aeey
iueaciaeoeaiuo e?enoaeeia aiciiaeii yooaeoeaiia aicaoaeaeaiea
aeonoe/aneeo aiei ca n/ao ia?aoiiai iueaciyooaeoa. Niioiioaiea
ia?a/eneaiiuo iaoaieciia e yooaeoeaiinoue iioiaeonoe/aneiai
i?aia?aciaaiey caaeneo io ia?aiao?ia eaca?iiai eceo/aiey, a oae aea
iioe/aneeo e oaieiauo ia?aiao?ia n?aaeu.
Aiaeeoe/aneia iienaiea i?ioeanna eaca?i-eiaeooee?iaaiiie aaia?aoeee
aeonoe/aneeo aiei a oaa?aeii oaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeinoaoi/ii
neiaeioth caaea/o, o?aaothuoth ?aoaiey nenoaiu iaiaeii?iaeiuo
aeeooa?aioeeaeueiuo o?aaiaiee a /anoiuo i?iecaiaeiuo. Aeaaea aac o/aoa
iaeeiaeiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai eceo/aiey n aauanoaii ia
anaaaea oaeaaony iaeoe aiaeeoe/aneia ?aoaiea e no?iai iienaoue
aeonoe/aneee ioeeee. Iaeaieaa i?inoi i?ioeann eaca?iie aaia?aoeee caoea
iienuaaaony a iiaeaee ecio?iiiie n?aaeu a eeiaeiii i?eaeeaeaiee.
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy nouanoaaiii aic?in eioa?an e i?eiaiaieth
eiioeueniie eaca?iie iioiaeonoeee a oeceea oaa?aeiai oaea. A oii /enea
oe?ieia eniieueciaaiea ono?ienoa ia iiaa?oiinoiuo aeonoe/aneeo aieiao
(IAA) iinoaaeei caaea/o i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ouaoaeueiiai aiaeeca i?ioeannia
aicaoaeaeaiey, ?ani?ino?aiaiey e ?annayiey IAA iaiaeii?iaeiinoyie e
eneonnoaaiiuie aeaoaeoaie ia iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea.
A iniiaa ooieoeeiie?iaaiey aieueoeinoaa ono?ienoa ia?aaioee neaiaeia ia
IAA eaaeeo acaeiiaeaenoaea iineaaeieo n ?acee/iiai ?iaea oi?aaeythueie
iaiaeii?iaeiinoyie a aeaea aunooiia, eaiaaie, iiaa?oiinoiuo yeaeo?iaeia,
iaueaiiuo aeeth/aiee, ?aaa? eeeiueaa e aieiiaaaeoueo no?oeoo? [8].
Iaeioi?ua iaiaeii?iaeiinoe iiaoo iineoue e neo/aeiue oa?aeoa?, oeia
oa?ioiaaoinoae e ene?eaeaiee a?aieoe, aeeyiea eioi?uo oae aea
iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue i?e ?an/aoao ?yaea ono?ienoa. I?eai?u ia IAA
iicaieytho oi?ie?iaaoue e ia?aaaouaaoue ?aaeeineaiaeu a oe?ieii
aeeaiaciia /anoio (10 IAoe-6AAoe). N eo iiiiuueth iiaeii iieo/aoue
oa?aeoa?enoeee, iaaeinoeaeeiua a ono?ienoaao ia ae?oaeo oece/aneeo
i?eioeeiao. Yoi iaoneiaeaii oece/aneeie naienoaaie iiaa?oiinoiuo aiei.
Ia?aui e iaeaieaa aaaeiui naienoaii yaeyaony /?acau/aeii ieceay
nei?inoue eo ?ani?ino?aiaiey, ninoaaeythuay 10-5 nei?inoe
?ani?ino?aiaiey yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei. Yoi naienoai aeonoe/aneeo aiei
aeaeaao eo oaeiaiuie aeey eniieueciaaiey a eeieyo caaea?aeee aieueoie
aeeeoaeueiinoe. Aneaaenoaea ieceie nei?inoe ?ani?ino?aiaiey aeonoe/aneea
aieiu iaeaaeatho oae aea i/aiue iaeuie aeeeiaie aiei ii n?aaiaieth n
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuie aieiaie oie aea /anoiou. Yoi oiaiueoaiea aeeeiu aieiu
oaeaea ii?yaeea 10-5 e caaeneo io eniieuecoaiiai iaoa?eaea. Iiyoiio
ono?ienoaa ia aeonoe/aneeo aieiao eiatho cia/eoaeueii iaiueoea ?acia?u e
aan ii n?aaiaieth n yeaeo?iiaaieoiuie ono?ienoaaie. E?iia oiai
ono?ienoaa ia IAA ?aniieaaathony ia iiaa?oiinoe e?enoaeea, /oi aeaeaao
eo aieaa i?i/iuie e iaaeaaeiuie [10].
Anoanoaaiiia ?anoe?aiea ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aiciiaeiinoae ono?ienoa ia IAA
e iiauoaiea o?aaiaaiee e eo oa?aeoa?enoeeai i?eaiaeyo e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
iienea e io?aaioee ?acee/iuo iaoiaeia enneaaeiaaiey ?ani?ino?aiaiey IAA
ia iaiaeii?iaeiuo iiaa?oiinoyo. Eaca?iia aicaoaeaeaiea e aeaoaeoe?iaaiea
aeonoe/aneeo aiei (AA) iicaieyao inouanoaeoue aaneiioaeoiia ecia?aiea
aaaeiuo ia?aiao?ia n?aaeu.
A aeaiiie ?aaioa auea io?aaioaia iaoiaeeea yenia?eiaioaeueiiai
enneaaeiaaiey eaca?i-eiaeooee?iaaiiie IAA aaneiioaeoiui iioe/aneei
iaoiaeii.
Iaci? eeoa?aoo?u.
Iioeei-aeonoe/aneee yooaeo, ioe?uoue A. Aaeeii aua a 1880 aiaeo, aei
nicaeaiey eaca?ia eniieueciaaeny oieueei a EE niaeo?ineiiee aacia.
?acaeoea eaca?iie oaoieee iaiaoeei iniiaiua iooe ?acaeoey eiioeueniie
iioiaeonoeee: eaca?iia aicaoaeaeaiea aeonoe/aneeo aeaeaieiioeuenia a
aeeaeeinoe e oaa?aeuo oaeao, iieoi?iaiaeieeao, eaca?iia aicaoaeaeaiea
aeia?caoeiauo e ?yeaaaneeo aiei. Aia?aua eaca?iay aaia?aoeey IAA auea
iienaia a ?aaioa ?. I. Oaeoa e ?. A. Ee [13]. ?yeaaaneay aieia
aicaoaeaeaeanue i?e iiaeiuaiee iaeeii/iiai eiioeuena eaca?a n
iiaeoeyoeeae aeia?ioiinoe a aethieieaaie ieaiea, iaiueaiiie ia
enneaaeoaioth iiaa?oiinoue. A ea/anoaa iiaeeiaeee eniieueciaaeenue
?acee/iua iaoa?eaeu – ea?aieea, e?enoaeee/aneee e ieaaeaiue eaa?oe. A
?aaioa [14] oae aea aicaoaeaeaeenue oe?ieiiieiniua aeaeaieiioeuenu
?yeaaaneeo aiei, i?e yoii auei i?iaaaeaii iaeiia?aiaiiia ecia?aiea
nei?inoe i?iaeieueiie, iiia?a/iie e ?yeaaaneie aiei. Iieo/aiiua aaee/eiu
niaiaaeatho n ecia?aiiuie ae?oaeie iaoiaeaie. I?aeiouanoaa yoiai iaoiaea
a aiciiaeiinoe i?iaaaeaiey ecia?aiee n ia?acoeaie iaeuo ?acia?ia e
i?inouo oi?i a oe?ieii aeeaiaciia oaiia?aoo? e aeaaeaiee, iia?aoeaiinoue
iieo/aiey aeaiiuo. ?aaeno?aoeey aeonoe/aneeo eiioeuenia i?iecaiaeeeanue
eiioaeoiui iaoiaeii i?e iiiiue iueacii?aia?aciaaoaeae. A aieaa iicaeieo
?aaioao ana /aua eniieuecoaony iaoiae aaneiioaeoiie iioe/aneie
?aaeno?aoeee IAA. A ?aaioa [4] auee eniieueciaai iaoiae iioe/aneie
?aaeno?aoeee, ii?aaeaeaiu nei?inoe i?iaeieueiie e iiia?a/iie aiei ia
iiaa?oiinoe ieaaeaiiai eaa?oea iie?uoiai aeaooneieiie iaoaeee/aneie
ieaieie (Cr e Au), ioia/aiu aiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey yoiai iaoiaea
aeey ii?aaeaeaiey oi?oaeo eiinoaio e oieueiu ieaiee. ?ani?ino?aiaiea IAA
ii aieaa neiaeiie no?oeoo?a (ieaaeaiue eaa?oe n iaiueaiiuie ia aai
iiaa?oiinoe cieiouie iieineaie) enneaaeiaaii a ?aaioa [6].
Oece/aneea iaoaieciu aicaoaeaeaiey iiaa?oiinoiuo aeonoe/aneeo aiei a
oaa?aeii oaea.
Iiaeiuaiea eaca?iiai eceo/aiey a oaa?aeii oaea e iineaaeothuay
?aeaenaoeey oioiaicaoaeaeaiey i?eaiaeyo e aeaoi?iaoeee e?enoaeee/aneie
?aoaoee, /oi i?iyaeyaony a aeaea oi?oaeo aiei ?ani?ino?aiythueony ec
iaeanoe oioiaicaoaeaeaiey. I?e yoii aicaoaeaeaiea aeonoe/aneeo aiei a
n?aaea aiciiaeii ca n/ao ?acee/iuo iaoaieciia. Eo iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia
aeaa eeanna – eeiaeiue e eaaae?aoe/iue ii aiieeooaea yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai
iiey. Eeiaeiua ii iieth iaoaieciu – iueaciyeaeo?e/aneee e
iueaciiaaieoiue – i?eaiaeyo e aicaoaeaeaieth caoea oie aea /anoiou, /oi
e yeaeo?iiaaieoiay aieia. I?e yoeo iaoaieciao i?ienoiaeeo oaeoe/anee a
eaacenoaoeeiia?iii iiea. Iiyoiio i?e aicaeaenoaee eaca?iiai eceo/aiey ia
aauanoai aicaoaeaeaiea caoea i?ienoiaeeo ca n/ao eaaae?aoe/ii-iaeeiaeiuo
ii iieth yooaeoia: yeaeo?i- e iaaieoino?eeoeee, oaieiaiai yooaeoa e
aeaoi?iaoeeiiiiai iaoaiecia [1,9]. A yoii neo/aa aeonoe/aneea eieaaaiey
aicaoaeaeathony ia ia /anoioa naaoiaie aieiu, a ia /anoioa iiaeoeyoeee
eioaineaiinoe, eioi?ay oaea iiiaaeaao a aeonoe/aneee aeeaiacii.
Oaeoe/anee yeaeo?ino?eeoeey iiaeao auoue nouanoaaiia oieueei a
i?ic?a/iuo n?aaeao e ia aunieeo oeueo?acaoeiauo /anoioao. A iaeanoe
caoeiauo e oeueo?acaoeiauo /anoio iniiaiui iaoaieciii aicaoaeaeaiey
caoea yaeyaony oaieiaie. Eneeth/aiey ec yoiai i?aaeea aiciiaeiu a oao
neo/ayo, eiaaea iiaeiuaiiay naaoiaay yia?aey i?aia?acoaony a oaieiaoth
ia n?aco eeai ia iieiinoueth. Aeeeoaeueiay caaea?aeea iaaeaeo iiiaioii
iiaeiuaiey naaoa e iiiaioii, eiaaea iiaeiuaiiay yia?aey iieiinoueth
i?aia?acoaony a oaieiaia aeaeaeaiea n?aaeu, iiaeao ?aaeeciaaoueny anee
yia?aee iioe/aneeo eaaioia aeinoaoi/ii aeey io?uaa aaeaioiuo yeaeo?iiia
io aoiiia. Yoi naycaii n oai, /oi ?iaeaeathueeny naiaiaeiue yeaeo?ii
iiaeao aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy ia aica?auaoueny a ?aaiiaaniia ninoiyiea.
Io?ua yeaeo?iiia i?eaiaeeo e eciaiaieth nee acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo
aoiiaie. A neo/aa oaa?aeuo oae yoi aeieaeii iiaea/ue ca niaie eciaiaiea
ieioiinoe aauanoaa, niaa?oaiii ia naycaiiia n aai iaa?aaii. Oaeie
iaoaieci iioe/aneie aaia?aoeee caoea iacuaaaony aeaoi?iaoeeiiiui. I?e
eniieueciaaiee eaca?ia aeaeeiiai e eio?ae?aniiai aeeaiaciiia aeeei aiei
aeaiiue iaoaieci iioeei-aeonoe/aneiai yooaeoa iiaeao ea?aoue aaaeioth
?ieue a iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo iaoa?eaeao. *eneiaua ioeaiee [11]
iieacuaatho, /oi a oaeeo iieoi?iaiaeieeao eae Ge, Si, GaAs
aeaoi?iaoeeiiiue iaoaieci ia ii?yaeie yooaeoeaiaa, /ai oaieiaie. Iaeiaei
a iauai neo/aa ianuuaiea ?inoa eiioeaio?aoeee oioiaicaoaeaeaiiuo
iineoaeae iiaeao i?eaiaeeoue e nouanoaaiiiio i?aiaeaaeaieth oaieiaiai
iaoaiecia. O?iaaiue iioeei-aeonoe/aneiai neaiaea i?iii?oeeiiaeai
ia?aiaiiie /anoe naaoiaiai iioiea. Iineieueeo eaca?u eiioeueniiai
aeaenoaey iicaieytho iieo/aoue nouanoaaiii aieaa aunieea eioaineaiinoe
naaoa, /ai eaca?u iai?a?uaiiai aeaenoaey, aeey eaca?iie iioiaeonoeee
yaeyaony oeie/iui aicaoaeaeaiea oe?ieiai aeonoe/aneiai niaeo?a- caoeiauo
aeaeaieiioeuenia. A eiia/iii eoiaa ?anniio?aiiua auoa iaoaieciu
i?eaiaeyo e aaia?aoeee i?iaeieueiuo e iiia?a/iuo aiei. A i?iaeieueiie
aieia, eee aieia naeaoey-?ac?yaeaiey niauaiea /anoeoe i?ienoiaeeo
aaeieue aieiiaiai aaeoi?a. ?ani?ino?aiaiea oaeie aieiu nii?iaiaeaeaaony
eciaiaieai ?annoiyiey iaaeaeo /anoeoeaie n?aaeu e, eae neaaenoaea,
eieaeueiui eciaiaieai ieioiinoe n?aaeu. Nouanoaiaaiea iiia?a/iuo aiei a
oaa?aeii oaea iaoneiaeaii aeaoi?iaoeeae naeaeaa, o.a. aeaoi?iaoeeae
e?enoaeea aac eciaiaiey iauaia. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi aeey
ia?aie/aiiie n?aaeu o?aaiaiey aeaeaeaiey aeieaeiu ?anniao?eaaoueny
niaianoii n a?aie/iuie oneiaeyie aeey iaoaie/aneeo e yeaeo?e/aneeo
aaee/ei. A /anoiinoe, aeey naiaiaeiie iiaa?oiinoe a?aie/iia oneiaea
caeeth/aaony a ionoonoaee iaoaie/aneeo iai?yaeaiee. A?aie/iui oneiaeai
aeey aaeoi?a yeaeo?e/aneie eiaeoeoeee yaeyaony iai?a?uaiinoue aai
ii?iaeueiuo ninoaaeythueo a ionoonoaee iiaa?oiinoiuo ca?yaeia [7].
Ia iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea iiaoo ?ani?ino?aiyoueny aeonoe/aneea aieiu
aieaa neiaeiie no?oeoo?u. Iaeiie ec oaeeo iiaa?oiinoiuo aiei yaeyaony
aieia ?yeay. A i?inoii neo/aa ecio?iiiiai oaa?aeiai oaea yoa aieia
niaea?aeeo i?iaeieueioth e iiia?a/ioth eiiiiiaiou, naeaeiooua ii oaca ia
SYMBOL 112 \f “Symbol” \s 14 p /2 e eaaeauea a ieineinoe,
ii?aaeaeyaiie aieiiaui aaeoi?ii e ii?iaeueth e iiaa?oiinoe. Oaeei
ia?acii, a iauai neo/aa ?yeaaaneay aieia yaeyaony yeeeioe/anee
iiey?eciaaiiie. Oieueia neiy aauanoaa, i?eaiaeeiiai a aeaeaeaiea aieiie
?yeay ninoaaeyao aaee/eio ii?yaeea aeeeiu aieiu SYMBOL 108 \f “Symbol”
\s 14 l . Iineieueeo ?yeaaaneea aieiu eieaeeciaaiu aaeece iiaa?oiinoe,
iie i/aiue /oanoaeoaeueiu e iiaa?oiinoiui aeaoaeoai e?enoaeea.
Ia iiaa?oiinoe iieoaaneiia/iie iueaciyeaeo?e/aneie n?aaeu aiciiaeii
?ani?ino?aiaiea iiia?a/iie iiaa?oiinoiie aieiu, iiey?eciaaiiie
ia?aeeaeueii iiaa?oiinoe, e n aeoaeiie i?iieeiiaaiey oai iaiueoae, /ai
neeueiaa iueaciyeaeo?e/aneea naienoaa n?aaeu. Yoi oae iacuaaaiua
aeonoiyeaeo?e/aneea aieiu eee aieiu Aoeyaaa-Aethooaeia. Ii n?aaiaieth n
?yeaaaneeie aieiaie, aeoaeia i?iieeiiaaiey aieiu Aoeyaaa-Aethooaeia
aaeoaue ia?acoea nouanoaaiii aieueoa e iiaeao i?aauoaoue aaee/eio 100
SYMBOL 108 \f “Symbol” \s 14 l . Aeey nouanoaiaaiey iiaa?oiinoiie
aeonoiyeaeo?e/aneie aieiu e?iia auiieiaiey iaoaie/aneeo e yeaeo?e/aneeo
a?aie/iuo oneiaee aeieaeiu auoue auiieiaiu oneiaey ii?aaeaeaiiiai
?aniieiaeaiey yeaiaioia neiiao?ee e?enoaeea ioiineoaeueii naaaeoaeueiie
ieineinoe.
Oai?aoe/aneia iienaiea aeonoe/aneeo aiei ia iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea.
Aieiu ?yeay.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue ?aiaa ia iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea iiaoo
nouanoaiaaoue aieiu ?acee/iuo oeiia. Aieia ?yeay ia naiaiaeiie
iiaa?oiinoe ninoieo ec i?iaeieueiie aieiu naeaoey-?anoyaeaiey e
iiia?a/iie aieiu naeaeaa. Aoi?ui aaaeiui oeiii iiaa?oiinoiuo
aeonoe/aneeo aiei yaeyaony aieia Aoeyaaa-Aethooaeia (AAA), eioi?ay oae
aea iiaeao nouanoaiaaoue ia naiaiaeiie iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea, ii a
ioee/ea io ?yeaaaneie aieiu nouanoaiaaiea AAA aiciiaeii oieueei ia
ii?aaeaeaiiuo n?acao e a ii?aaeaeaiiuo iai?aaeaieyo iueaciyeaeo?e/aneeo
e?enoaeeia. A nenoaia iieoi?ino?ainoai-neie /enoi iaoaie/aneia
aiciouaiea a?aieoeu i?eaiaeeo e ia?aciaaieth naeaeaiaie aieiu Eyaa.
Aieiu Eyaa iaoiaeyo iaeioi?ia i?eiaiaiea ia i?aeoeea a eaai?aoi?iuo
enneaaeiaaieyo. A oai?ee yoe aieiu /anoi eniieuecotho a ea/anoaa
i?inoaeoae iiaeaee iiaa?oiinoiuo aiei, oae eae ?an/aou aeey aiei Eyaa
nouanoaaiii i?iua, /ai aeey aiei ?yeay. Oae aea neaaeoao ioiaoeoue
neo/ae, eiaaea ia iiaa?oiinoe eiathony ia?iaiinoe. I?eiiaa?oiinoiay
aeanoeinoue a oaeie nenoaia iaiueoa ca n/ao iaee/ey eaiaaie, /oi
i?eaiaeeo e ia?aciaaieth naeaeaiauo iiaa?oiinoiuo aiei (NIA). Nei?inoue
aieiu a i?eiiaa?oiinoiie iaeanoe oiaiueoaaony, oae eae aieia eae au
iaaaaao aunooiu, i?ioiaey i?e yoii aieueoee iooue. A aeaiiie ?aaioa
i?iaiaeeony enneaaeiaaiea ?ani?ino?aiaiey ?yeaaaneie aieiu ii
iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea, eioi?ay eiaao eae neo/aeiua iaiaeii?iaeiinoe
(oa?ioiaaoay iiaa?oiinoue) oae e eneonnoaaiiua aeaoaeou i?aaenoaaeythuea
ec naay iaii?acia?ioth ia?eiaee/aneoth no?oeoo?o.
iioaioeeaeu:
(1)
iacaaeneiu e caienuaathony a aeaea:
, (2)
aeathony oi?ioeaie:
. (3)
Eniieuecoy yoe au?aaeaiey e caeii Aoea aeey ecio?iiiiai oaea, iiaeii
caienaoue ioee/iua io ioey eiiiiiaiou oaici?a iai?yaeaiee:
,
,
,
(4)
,
-ieioiinoue oi?oaiai oaea).
?aoaiey o?aaiaiee (2), iienuaathuea iiaa?oiinoioth aeonoe/aneoth aieio,
eiatho aeae:
,
(5)
,
-eiyooeoeeaiou, iienuaathuea niaaeaiea aiei naeaoey e naeaeaa a
aeoaue iiaa?oiinoe.
Ec o?aaiaiee aeaeaeaiey (2) neaaeoao, /oi
,
– aieiiaua /enea i?iaeieueiie e naeaeaiaie iauaiiuo aiei.
. Ec au?aaeaiee (4) i?e yoii neaaeoao:
, (6)
.
, iinea /aai nenoaia (6) caienuaaaony a aeaea:
,
(7)
.
Ec oneiaey nouanoaiaaiey iaioeaauo ?aoaiee yoie eeiaeiie nenoaiu
o?aaiaiee iieo/aaony o?aaiaiea ?yeay
. (8)
ia caaeneo io /anoiou, o.a. aieiu ?yeay a eeanne/aneii oi?oaii
oaea
.
eeiaeii naycaiu o?aaiaieyie (7), iiyoiio ?aoaiey (5) iiaeii
i?aaenoaaeoue a aeaea:
, (9)
.
eiaai:
,
(10)
aeaaony oi?ioeie:
.
(11)
Ec yoeo oi?ioe aeaeii, /oi niauaiea /anoeoe n?aaeu a aieia ?yeay
i?ienoiaeeo ii yeeeinai, i?e/ai ia «a?aaiyo» aieiu /anoeoeu aeaeaeoony a
iai?aaeaiee, i?ioeaiiieiaeiii iai?aaeaieth ?ani?ino?aiaiey aieiu.
Iioie yia?aee a aieia ?yeay a ?an/aoa ia aaeeieoeo oe?eiu aeonoe/aneiai
io/ea n eniieueciaaieai oi?ioe (9) iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue oi?ioeie:
,
(12)
a ni/n.
I?eaaaeaiiua niioiioaiey iicaieytho ?ann/eoaoue ana iniiaiua
oa?aeoa?enoeee aieiu ?yeay a ecio?iiiii oaa?aeii oaea.
?ani?ino?aiaiea IAA ia oa?ioiaaouo iiaa?oiinoyo e a iaeeiianooaaiuo
ia?eiaee/aneeo no?oeoo?ao.
Aeaeaa ia?aeaeai e ?anniio?aieth ?ani?ino?aiaiey aieiu ?yeay ia
oa?ioiaaoie iiaa?oiinoe. Iniiaiuie yaeaieyie ia oaeeo iiaa?oiinoyo
yaeythony caoooaiea e aeenia?ney IAA iaoneiaeaiiua acaeiiaeaenoaeai n
aeaoia?iuie e o?aoia?iuie oa?ioiaaoinoyie. ?anniio?ei oai?aoe/aneee
iiaeoiae e ?an/aoo caoooaiey e aeenia?nee.
a ia?aie/aiiie oi?oaie n?aaea aaeaee io enoi/ieeia aeieaeii
oaeiaeaoai?youe o?aaiaieth aeaeaeaiey:
,
(13)
caiueaaiiio eeiaa?eciaaiiui o?aaiaieai ninoiyiey:
,
(14)
– oi?oaea iinoiyiiua;
e iaeii?iaeiui a?aie/iui oneiaeai ia naiaiaeiie iiaa?oiinoe:
,
(15)
– aaeoi? aaeeie/iie ii?iaee e iiaa?oiinoe.
Oiaaea aeey iienaiey ?annayiey aieiu ia iaiaeii?iaeiinoyo iiaa?oiinoe
eniieuecoaony eioaa?aeueiia o?aaiaiea:
, (16)
– oaici? A?eia aeey niauaiee, I – neaey?iue aeeooa?aioeeaeueiue
iia?aoi?.
Oece/aneee niune aeaiiiai o?aaiaiey ninoieo a oii, /oi iii iienuaaao
?annayiiia iiea, aicieeathuaa a ?acoeueoaoa aeaenoaey ia iiaa?oiinoue
N2, N1/, N3 (?en.2) iaioeaauo iai?yaeaiee, iaoneiaeaiiuo iaee/eai
i?aiyonoaee.
.
i?eiao aeae:
, (17)
– iia?aoi? aiciouaiee.
. Iineaaeothuea i?eaeeaeaiey iieo/athony iiaenoaiiaeie iecoeo
i?eaeeaeaiee a eioaa?ae o?aaiaiey. A ?acoeueoaoa ?aoaiea i?aaenoaaeyaony
a aeaea eoa?aoeeiiiiai ?yaea (ai?iianeee ?yae)
,
(18)
Oneiaea i?eiaieiinoe ai?iianeiai i?eaeeaeaiey iaeeaaeuaaao ia?aie/aiey
ia ?acia?u e oi?io i?aiyonoaee. A aeaiiii neo/aa iii eiaao aeae:
SYMBOL 60 \f “Symbol” \s 14
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