Aiec ii eanoieoea oaiia?aoo?
Ioe?uoea naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe auei au iaaiciiaeiui aac aeinoeaeaiey i/aiue
ieceeo oaiia?aoo?. Iooue e oaeei oaiia?aoo?ai ia/eiaeny n iiiuoie
i?aa?aoeoue aac a aeeaeeinoue.
Ia?aua oaae auee naeaeaiu a eiioea XVII aaea. Aiaeeeneee oecee ?iaa?o
Aieeue a 1662 aiaeo e o?aioeoc Yaei Ia?eioo a 1676 aiaeo iacaaeneii
ae?oa io ae?oaa onoaiiaeee ia?aue aaciaue caeii: i?e iinoiyiiie
oaiia?aoo?a iauai aicaeooa a cae?uoii ninoaea ia?aoii i?iii?oeeiiaeai
aeaaeaieth, i?iecaiaeeiiio ei ia noaiee ninoaea.
Caaeneiinoue iaeiie oa?aeoa?enoeee ninoiyiey aauanoaa io ae?oaie i?e
iinoiyiiie oaiia?aoo?a iacuaaaony ecioa?iie. Ecioa?iu, iaeaeaiiua Aieeai
e Ia?eiooii, iioiaee ia aeia?aieu. Ia a?aoeea aeaeii ianeieueei
aeia?aie: eaaeaeay ec ieo niioaaonoaoao naiae oaiia?aoo?a, i?e/ai oa
aeia?aiea, eioi?ay iieo/aia i?e aieaa aunieie oaiia?aoo?a, ?aniieaaaaony
auoa. Yoi iaaethaeaiea au?aaeaaony aoi?ui aaciaui caeiiii, eioi?ue
onoaiiaee o?aioeocneee o/aiue Oa?eue a 1787 aiaeo: iauai aaca i?e
iinoiyiiii aeaaeaiee i?iii?oeeiiaeai aai oaiia?aoo?a.
Iinea Oa?ey ?anoe?aiea aacia eco/aee oaeaea e ae?oaea o/aiua, oaeea eae
Aeaeii Aeaeueoii, AEicao Aae-Ethnnae.
A na?aaeeia i?ioeiai aaea o?aioeocneee oecee Eeaiae?ii iauaaeeiee ana
iaeaeaiiua aaciaua caeiiu a aaeeiue, niaeanii eioi?iio iauai V,
aeaaeaiea ? e oaiia?aoo?a O aaca naycaiu i?inoui niioiioaieai pV = RT (R
– aaciaay iinoiyiiay, ?aaiay i?eia?ii 8,3 Aeae/E.iieue). Yoio caeii
yaeyaony iauei aeey anao aacia.
Aeaeiainy ii oeaea oaiia?aoo?, eniieuecoy aoi?ie aaciaue caeii. Anee i?e
nieaeaiee oaiia?aoo?u ia 1iN iauai aaca oiaiueoaaony ia 1/273 /anoue, oi
i?eia?ii i?e -273iN iauai aaca aeieaeai oianoue aei ioey, aanue aac
aeieaeai noyiooueny a oi/eo. Eiuie neiaaie, aeieaeii nouanoaiaaoue oaeia
i?aaeaeueiia cia/aiea oaiia?aoo?u, ieaea eioi?iai naii yoi iiiyoea
oa?yao niune.
Oaeia cia/aiea oaiia?aoo?u aiaeeeneee oecee Oeeueyi Oiiinii i?aaeeiaeee
iacuaaoue aaniethoiui ioeai. Oaiia?aoo?a O a caeiia Eeaiae?iia
ion/eouaaaony io yoie i?aaeaeueiie oaiia?aoo?u.
A eiioea XVII aaea aieeaiaeneee o/aiue Iao?eoeeon Aai Ia?oi ?aoee
auynieoue ni?aaaaeeea ee caeii Aieey-Ia?eiooa aeey anao ecaanoiuo e oiio
a?aiaie aacia. N?aaee aua?aiiuo ei aeey enneaaeiaaiey aauanoa aue
aiieae. Aai Ia?oi i?iaiaeee naie iiuou i?e eiiiaoiie oaiia?aoo?a,
iinoaiaiii naeeiay aac. Aia/aea aiieae aae naay oae, eae i?aaeneacuaae
caeii. Ii caoai i?iecioei iaiaeeaeaiiia: i?e aeaaeaiee i?eia?ii 700
eeeiianeaeae, iauai aaca ?acei oiaiueoeeny e aac i?aa?aoeeny a
aeeaeeinoue.
Oeceee iineaaeiaaee ii iooe Aai Ia?oia e niiaee naeeaeeoue i?e eiiiaoiie
oaiia?aoo?a aua ianeieueei aacia. E ana aea oeaeue ?yae aacia, e n?aaee
ieo aicaeoo, eenei?iae, acio e aiaei?iae, ia oaeaaaeinue i?aa?aoeoue a
aeeaeeinoue. Yoe aacu noaee iacuaaoue “iinoiyiiuie”. Aeey naeeaeaiey
iinoiyiiuo aacia o?aaiaaeenue ia oieueei aunieea aeaaeaiey, ii e ieceea
oaiia?aoo?u. Iaeiei ec ia?auo yoi iiiye Iaeee Oa?aaeae. A 1823 aiaeo
Oa?aaeae ii ii?o/aieth aiaeeeneiai oeieea Oaio?e Aeyae, o eioi?iai ii
oiaaea ?aaioae eaai?aioii, eco/ae oaieiaia ?aceiaeaiea oeie/aneiai
niaaeeiaiey oei?a. Aauanoai iaa?aaaeinue a A-ia?aciie aa?iaoe/anee
caiayiiie noaeeyiiie o?oaea. Eieaii o?oaee, eoaea auei iiiauaii
aauanoai, iaa?aaaeinue ieaiaiai nie?oiaee, aoi?ia eieaii iaoiaeeeinue
i?e eiiiaoiie oaiia?aoo?a. Oa?aaeae iaia?oaeee, /oi ia noaieao
oieiaeiiai eiioea o?oaee iiyaeeny eaeie-oi ianeyienoue aeaeoue iaeao.
Iinea iiuoa Oa?aaeae aeieai aeoiae, /oi yoi oaeia e iiiye, /oi yoi
iaeeea eaiaeueee naeeaeaiiiai oei?a. O?e aiaea nionoy Oa?aaeae aa?ioeny
e naiaio iiuoo, ii oaia?ue aeaeueiaa eieaii ii iiianoee a
ioeaaeaeathuoth nianue. Ii iieo/ee ia ioaeaeueiua eaiaeueee, a oeaeu
noieaee aeeaeeiai oei?a. Oae oaeaeinue ia?aaanoe a aeeaeeia ninoiyiea
aua ianeieueei aacia, ii “iinoiyiiua” aacu onoiyee e ia yoio ?ac.
Iiuou i?iaeieaeaeenue auei iaia?oaeaii e?eoe/aneia ninoiyiea, o.a.
ninoiyiea i?e eioi?ii iaeuecy iiiyoue, /oi iaoiaeeony a ninoaea
aeeaeeinoue eee ia?. A na?aaeeia XVIII aaea oioeaiaeneee o/aiue Oiian
Yiae?thn ia/ae enneaaeiaaiey e?eoe/aneiai ninoiyiey. Ii ?aaioae n
ieenueth acioa, oei?enoui aiaei?iaeii, aiieaeii, na?iaiaei?iaeii, ii
iniiaiith /anoue iiuoia i?iaae n aeaoieenueth oaea?iaea. Ana yoe
aauanoaa iaia?oaeeee noiaeiia iiaaaeaiea.
Ecioa?iu, iieo/aiiua Yiae?thnii, ioee/aeenue io ecioa?i eaeaaeueiiai
aaca. Ia aeia?aieao iiyaeeenue i?yiua o/anoee. Neaaa io yoeo o/anoeia
aauanoai iaoiaeeoueny a aeeaeeii ninoiyiee, ni?aaa – a aeaea ia?a. Ia
naieo i?yiuo o/anoeao e?eaie ia? e aeeaeeinoue iaoiaeyony a ?aaiiaanee
ae?oa n ae?oaii, caeanue aauanoai i?aauaaao iaeiia?aiaiii a aeaoo
aa?aaaoiuo ninoiyieyo.
Anee oaiia?aoo?a aaca iaiiiai i?aauoaao e?eoe/aneoth, oi ia aeeaa?aiia
Yiae?thna ecioa?iu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ii/oe eaeaaeueiua aeia?aieu. Ii
ia?a i?eaeeaeaiey aa e e?eoe/aneie oaiia?aoo?a ecioa?iu ia/eiatho ana
aieaa ioeeiiyoueny io aeia?aie, e yoe ioeeiiaiey aiai?yo i ana aieueoai
ioee/ee ninoiyiey aauanoaa io eaeaaeueiiai aaca, ana aieueoae aeecinoe
aai e i?aa?auaieth a aeeaeeinoue.
A 1877 aiaeo o?aioeocneee ai?iue eiaeaia? Eaeoa i?aaei?eiye iiiuoeo
naeeaeeoue “iinoiyiiue” aac. Eaeoa niia iieo/eoue aeeaeeee eenei?iae
iooai ?aceiai ioeaaeaeaiey aaca i?e auno?ii aai ?anoe?aiee, auionea a
aoiinoa?o. Ii a aeeaeeii ninoiyiee eenei?iae iaoiaeeeny ia aeieai.
A 1883 aiaeo iieueneei oeceeai Cuaioioo A?iaeaaneiio e Ea?ieth
Ieaoaaneiio oaeaeinue iieo/eoue aeeaeeee eenei?iae a onoie/eaii
ninoiyiee. Aeey ioeaaeaeaiey eenei?iaea iie eniieueciaaee aeeaeeee
yoeeai, eioi?ue eeiae i?e aeaaeaiee a o?e ?aca iaiueoai aoiinoa?iiai e
oaiia?aoo?a 143 E. E?eoe/aneay oaiia?aoo?a eenei?iaea ?aaia 155E, a
e?eoe/aneia aeaaeaiea 5 IIa, oae /oi i?e oaiia?aoo?a yoeeaia 143E aeey
naeeaeaiey eenei?iaea aai oaea ii/oe ia iaaei auei ?anoe?youe. Ii aac
yoeeaia eenei?iae iiyoue i?aa?auaeny a aac.
Iinea naeeaeaiey eenei?iaea neaaeothueie auee aiaei?iae e acio. A 1891
aiaeo aue ioe?uo iiaue aac -aaeee. Naeeaeeoue aaeee iinea ianeieueeeo
iaoaea/iuo iiiuoie ae?oaeo o/aiuo iiiuoaeny aieeaiaeneee oecee Oaee
Eaia?eeia-Iiian. Ii ia/ae n ii?aaeaeaiey e?eoe/aneie oaiia?aoo?u aaeey.
10 ethey 1908 aiaea ia/aeny yenia?eiaio. Nia/aea ioaeii auei naeeaeeoue
aiaei?iae, eioi?ue caoai aeieaeai aue i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ioeaaeaeaoue
aaeee. Caoai ia/aeanue oee?eoeyoeey ioeaaeaeaiiiai aaeey a aai
iaeeaeeoaea. Oaiia?aoo?a aaeey ia/aea iiieaeaoueny. AEeaeeee aaeee
oaeaeinue iieo/eoue.
Ioe?uoea e enneaaeiaaiea naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe
Iiann ?aoee i?iaanoe ecia?aiey yeaeo?e/aneiai nii?ioeaeaiey iaoaeeia i?e
aaeeaauo oaiia?aoo?ao. Ii ecaioiaee i?iaiei/ee ec ianeieueeeo ia?acoeia
ieaoeiu. Ana i?iaiei/ee auee iaeeiaeiaie aeeeiu e na/aiey, ii i?e
ecia?aiee a eeiyuai aaeee eiaee ?aciua cia/aiey nii?ioeaeaiee.
Ieacaeinue, /oi a i?iaiei/eao auei ?aciia eiee/anoai i?eianae, e /ai
aieueoa auei i?eianae, oai aieaa aunieei auei nii?ioeaeaiea. Iiann ?aoee
i?iaeieaeeoue naie iiuou ia aieaa /enoii iaoaeea. Ii eniuouaae cieioi.
Ii aeaaea i?e iaeneiaeueii /enoii cieioa iaia?oaeeaaeinue oioue e iaeia,
ii ana aea caiaoiia inoaoi/iia nii?ioeaeaiea.
R, Ii
0,13
0,125
0,10
Hg
0,075
0,05
0,025
10-5
0 4000 4010 4020 4030 4040 O, E
Iiann acye ?oooue /?acau/aeii aunieie noaiaie /anoiou, nii?ioeaeaiea
eioi?ie i?e oaiia?aoo?a 4,2E auei i/aiue iaeui, a i?e aeaeueiaeoai
iiieaeaiee oaiia?aoo?u oaeei, /oi aai aiiaua iaeuecy auei ii?aaeaeeoue
i?eai?aie, eiaaoeieny a eaai?aoi?ee. Ii ieacaeinue, /oi nii?ioeaeaiea
?oooe i?e oaiia?aoo?ao ieiei 4,2E oiaiueoaeinue ia ieaaii, a nea/eii
iaaeaei aei iaecia?eii iaeie aaee/eiu. Auynieeinue, /oi oaeia aea
aiacaiiia en/aciiaaiea nii?ioeaeaiey eniuouaatho aua aeaa iaoaeea: ieiai
e naeiaoe.
Enneaaeiaaiea naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe i?iaeieaeaeinue. nii?ioeaeaiea
i?iaiaeieea a oceii eioa?aaea oaiia?aoo? iaaeaao aei iaecia?eii iaeiai
cia/aiey. Ii aiciee aii?in: ia iaaeaao ee nii?ioeaeaiea aei ioey? Anee
nii?ioeaeaiea inoaaony eiia/iui, iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi iaeeoei
i?inoi iaeee iniaue neo/ae iau/iiai i?iaiaeieea n oaeeaeoaeueii iaeui
nii?ioeaeaieai. Anee aea iii iaaeaao aei ioey – i?e oaiia?aoo?a oioy e
i/aiue ieceie, ii ana aea ioee/athuaeny io aaniethoiiai ioey, – oi
yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoue, ?aaiay ia?aoiie aaee/eia nii?ioeaeaiey, noaiiaeony
aaneiia/ii aieueoie: eiaiii oaeie niune aeiaeee Iiann a iiiyoea
naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe.
Ioaao ia yoio aii?in Iiann iieo/ee a 1914 aiaeo. Nii?ioeaeaiea, ?aaiia
ioeth icia/aao, /oi yeaeo?e/aneee oie, iaeiaaeaeu nicaeaiiue a caieiooii
i?iaiaeieea, aoaeao a iai oee?eoee?iaaoue aa/ii, aeaaea anee i?iaiaeiee
ioniaaeeieoue io enoi/ieea iai?yaeaiey. Enoi/iee aoaeao ia ioaeai:
yeaeo?iiu i?e aeaeaeaiee a i?iaiaeieea oaea ia ?annaeaatho naith
yia?aeth a oaiei e iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe ainiieiyoue aa iioa?e.
Iiann ecaioiaee iaeaiueeee nieaiieae – eaoooeo ec naeioeiaiai
i?iaiaea – e niaaeeiee aai n yeaeo?e/aneie aaoa?aae n iiiiuueth aeaoo
eeth/ae – aiaoiaai e aioo?aiiaai. Eaoooeo ii iia?ocee a e?einoao n
aeeaeeei aaeeai. Eaeouee ii iae oie nicaeaaae iaaieoiia iiea, eioi?ia
nouanoaiaaei e a i?ino?ainoaa aia e?einoaoa. *oiau iaia?oaeeoue yoi
iiea, Iiann acye iaeaiueeee iinoiyiiue iaaieo, ea?aaoee oo aea ?ieue,
/oi e eiiianiay no?aeea.
A ia/aea iiuoa aiaoiee eeth/ aue caieioo, a aioo?aiiee – ?aciieioo, e ii
eaoooea oae oie. Caoai aioo?aiiee eeth/ caiueaeny, a aiaoiee ?aciueaeny,
oae /oi oaia?ue eaoooea auea caieiooa naia ia naay, ioniaaeeiaia io
aaoa?ae. No?aeea eiiiana a yoio iiiaio ia eciaieea naiaai iieiaeaiey.
Yoi icia/aei, /oi ii i?iaiaeieeo i?iaeieaeaao eaeoe oie.
Oaia?ue inoaaaeinue aeaeaoue. A iau/iuo i?iaiaeieeao ec-ca nii?ioeaeaiey
oie en/acaao i?aeoe/anee iaiiaaiii iinea ioeeth/aiey enoi/ieea
iai?yaeaiey. *a?ac ianeieueei /ania aanue aeeaeeee aaeee enia?eeny, e
iiuo i?ae?aoeeny. Ii a oa/aiea anaai yoiai a?aiaie no?aeea eiiiana ia
oaeioioeanue. Aiineaaenoaee yoio iiuo iaiaeiie?aoii iiaoi?yeny ae?oaeie
enneaaeiaaoaeyie. A iaeiii ec iiuoia iaaethaeaiea ca oee?eoee?othuei
oieii aeeeeinue a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao. E ca ana yoe aiaeu oie a
naa?oi?iaiaeyuai eieueoea ia eciaieeny. Ec yoiai neaaeiaae auaiae, /oi
yeaeo?e/aneia nii?ioeaeaiea naa?oi?iaiaeieea oi/ii ?aaii ioeth.
Iiyaeaiea iiauo naa?oi?iaiaeieeia
A aeanyoua aiaeu a Eaeaeaineie eaai?aoi?ee a aeiiieiaiea e ?oooe,
naeioeo e ieiao auee ioe?uou naa?oi?iaiaeyuea naienoaa eiaeey oaeeey e
aaeeey. Ana yoe iaoaeeu noiaeiu ae?oa n ae?oaii a oii, /oi eiatho
iaaunieea oaiia?aoo?u ieaaeaiey e aeiaieueii iaaieueooth oaa?aeinoue. A
aeaaaeoeaoua aiaeu, eiaaea a iienee iiauo naa?oi?iaiaeieeia aeeth/eeenue
e ae?oaea eaai?aoi?ee, iaiaoeeee oecee Aaeueoa? Iaenia? iaia?oaeee, /oi
naa?oi?iaiaeieee ano?a/athony e n?aaee aeinoaoi/ii oaa?aeuo e
ooaiieaaeeo iaoaeeia: eie ieacaeenue oeoai, ieiaee, oaioae e oi?ee.
?ac?aaioea iiauo iaoiaeia naa?oaeoaieiai ioeaaeaeaiey a o?eaeoeaoua
aiaeu iicaieeea aoi?aiooueny a iaeanoue oaiia?aoo? ieaea 1E. *enei
aiiaue ioe?uouo i?iaiaeieeia iiiieieeinue aethieieai, oeeieii e ae?oaeie
yeaiaioaie. Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue ecaanoii ieiei 40 oeie/aneeo
yeaiaioia, iaia?oaeeaathueo naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue.
Oaea a ia?aua aiaeu eco/aiey naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe auynieeinue, /oi n?aaee
iaoaeeia, iaeaaeathueo i?e ii?iaeueiuo oaiia?aoo?ao aunieie
yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoueth, naa?oi?iaiaeieee ii/oe ia ano?a/athony. Oae,
iai?eia?, cieioi, na?aa?i, iaaeue – ia naa?oi?iaiaeieee. Aeey iiiaeo
yeaiaioia aicieeiiaaiea naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe e oaiia?aoo?a ia?aoiaea a
naa?oi?iaiaeyuaa ninoiyiea ia caaenaee io noaiaie caa?yciaiiinoe eo
i?eianyie, aeey ae?oaeo aea iaoaeeia naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue oaeaeinue
iaia?oaeeoue, eeoue eiaaea iie auee iieo/aiu a i/aiue /enoii aeaea.
A aeaaaeoeaoua aiaeu, iiieii iiauo naa?oi?iaiaeieeia, auee ioe?uou e
iiaua /a?ou naiiai yaeaiey. Auynieeinue, /oi a iiiaio ia?aoiaea iaoaeea
ec ii?iaeueiiai ninoiyiey a naa?oi?iaiaeyuaa ieeaeiai oaiea ia
auaeaeyaony e ia iiaeiuaaony. Aianoa n oai oaieiaieinoue iaoaeea ia
oaeii ia?aoiaea eniuouaaea nea/ie. Ie aiaoiee aeae, e?enoaeee/aneay
no?oeoo?a iaoaeea i?e yoii ia eciaiyeenue.
Anee oaiei i?e ia?aoiaea ia auaeaeyaony e ia iiaeiuaaony, yoi icia/aao,
/oi ia?aoiae iaaeaeo ii?iaeueiui e naa?oi?iaiaeyuei ninoiyieai ia
yaeyaony iau/iui oaciaui ia?aoiaeii.
Ecia?aiey e?eoe/aneiai iaaieoiiai iiey iieacuaaee, /oi aai aaee/eia ia
iinoiyiia, a caaeneo io yeaiaioa, a aeey aeaiiiai yeaiaioa- io
oaiia?aoo?u naa?oi?iaiaeieea, i?e/ai aeey anao eco/aaoeony
naa?oi?iaiaeieeia caaeneiinoue eiaea iaeeiaeiaoth e oa?aeoa?ioth oi?io.
I?e oaiia?aoo?ao, aeeceeo e aaniethoiiio ioeth, e?eoe/aneia iiea auei
iaeaieueoei e iaaeeaiii iaiyeinue n oaiia?aoo?ie. Iaeiaei i?e
i?eaeeaeaiee e oaiia?aoo?a naa?oi?iaiaeyuaai ia?aoiaea e?eoe/aneia iiea
oiaiueoaeinue ana auno?aa, iiea a naiie oi/ea ia?aoiaea ia ia?auaeinue a
ioeue. Aaeece e?eoe/aneie oaiia?aoo?u aeey ?ac?ooaiey naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe
auei aeinoaoi/ii nianai iaaieueoeo iaaieoiuo iieae.
Caaeneiinoue e?eoe/aneiai iiey io oaiia?aoo?u
Ae
Ae0
0
Oe O
Naa?oi?iaiaeiee e iaaieoiia iiea
Iinoaiaiiia iaeiieaiea yenia?eiaioaeueiuo naaaeaiee i naa?oi?iaiaeieeao
auei i?a?aaii a 1933 aiaeo ioe?uoeai, naeaeaiiui A. Iaenia?ii e ?.
Ienaioaeueaeii. Aei yoiai i?iaiaeeeenue eniuoaiey n iieuie
i?iaiaeieeaie, o.e. yoe i?iaiaeieee eiaee iaeaiueeoth ianno, e eo eaa/a
auei ioeaaeeoue. Iaenia? e Ienaioaeueae i?iaiaeeee eniuoaiey ia nieioiuo
ia?acoeao ec ieiaa e naeioea, ninoiyei a oii, /oi eiaaea ioeaaeaeaeny
ia?acaoe n aaaaeaiiui a iaai iaaieoiui iioieii, a iiiaio ianooieaiey
naa?oi?iaiaeyuaai ia?aoiaea yoio iioie iaiiaaiii auoaeeeaaeny ec
ia?acoea. Iaaieoiay eiaeoeoeey n?aco ia?auaeanue a ioeue, e i?e ioeaaii
eiia/iii iaaieoiii iiea eoia iaaeo iia?aoeee aue niaa?oaiii iaeeiaeiaui.
Naa?oi?iaiaeieee ieacaeenue eaeaaeueiuie aeeaiaaiaoeeaie: iie
auoaeeeaaee ec naay iaaieoiia iiea ai anao neo/ayo.
I?e iaiaaie/eaaiee iieiai naa?oi?iaiaeieea nia/aea i?ienoiaeeo oi aea
naiia, /oi e i?e iaiaaie/eaaiee nieioiiai. Ia iiaa?oiinoe
naa?oi?iaiaeieea iiyayony iacaoooathuea caieiooua oiee, eioi?ua
nicaeaaeoo “i?ioeaiiiea”. Oiee oie/oiaeao iaaieoiia iiea a oieua
naa?oi?iaiaeieea e a iieinoe.
Anee aea iaiaaieoeoue ia?acaoe i?e oaiia?aoo?a auoa e?eoe/aneie, a
caoai, ioeaaeea, ia?aaanoe aai a naa?oi?iaiaeyuaa ninoiyiea, oi
aicieeathuaa ” i?ioeaiiiea” oie/oiaeeo iaaieoiia iiea a oieua
naa?oi?iaiaeieea, ii nio?aieo aai a iieinoe. Yoi iiea, caoaa/aiiia
ianaa?oi?iaiaeyuae iieinoueth, ia?aua enneaaeiaaoaee i?eiyee ca iiea
anaai naa?oi?iaiaeieea, ii yoi caaeoaeaeaiea auei ?acaayii iiuoii
Iaenia?a e Ienaioaeueaea.
Aeeaiaaiaoeci naa?oi?iaiaeieeia oi?ioi aeaiiino?e?oaony iiuoii, eioi?ue
inouanoaee a 1945 aiaeo i?ioanni? iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa A. E.
A?eaaeueaa. Ii ecaioiaee iaaieueooth naeioeiaoth /aoo e iia?ocee aa a
aeeaeeee aaeee, a caoai ia o?ineea ia/ae iaaeeaiii iioneaoue a iaa
iinoiyiiue a?oneiaue iaaieo. Ii ia?a i?eaeeaeaiey iaaieoa e /aoa
iaoyaeaiea o?ineea iinoaiaiii ineaaaaaei, e iaeiiaoe, iaaieo naiaiaeii
iiaen iaae /aoae. Iauyniyaony yoio yooaeo i?inoi: iiae aeaenoaeai
iaaieoa a naa?oi?iaiaeyuae /aoa aicieeatho “i?ioeaioiee”, nicaeathuea
“i?ioeaiiiea”. A ?acoeueoaoa auoaeeeaaiey iaaieoiiai iiey ec /aoe
aicieeaao iooaeeeaaiea /aoe e iaaieoa, eioi?ia e i?iyaeyaony a oii, /oi
iaaieo ia?eo a aicaeooa iaae /aoae.
A /oi i?ienoiaeeo aia naa?oi?iaiaeieea, i?e iiiauaiee aai a iaaieoiia
iiea? Anee naa?oi?iaiaeiee eiaao oi?io oceiai oeeeeiae?a eee oceie
ieanoeiu, ?aniieaaathueony aaeieue neeiauo eeiee i?eeiaeaiiiai iiey, oi
aianaiea aai a iaaieoiia iiea ia eneaaeaao caiaoiui ia?acii ea?oeio
neeiauo eeiee yoiai iiey.
Anee aea i?iaiaeiee eiaao eioth oi?io, oi a aai i?enoonoaee
?ani?aaeaeaiea neeiauo eeiee iiey nouanoaaiii eciaiyaony. Iai?eia?, anee
ia?acaoe eiaao aeae oa?a, oi neeiaua eeiee ?annooiathony ia?aae oa?ii,
naouathony a ie?anoiinoe aai yeaaoi?a e niiaa niueathony iicaaee oa?a.
*enei neeiauo eeiee, ia?anaeathueo ieiuaaeeo iinoiyiiiai na/aiey, anoue
ia?a iai?yaeaiiinoe iiey. Naouaiea neeiauo eeiee ieiei yeaaoi?a oa?a
aiai?eo i oii, /oi iaaieoiia iiea caeanue neeueiaa, /ai aaeaee io oa?a.
Iiea i?eeiaeaiiia e naa?oi?iaiaeieeo iaaieoiia iiea iaaaeeei,
iaiaeii?iaeiinoue yoiai iiey, aucaaiiay ia?acoeii, aeey naa?oi?iaiaeieea
ianouanoaaiia. Ii eiaaea iiea ia/eiaao i?eaeeaeaoueny e e?eoe/aneiio, ia
i?iaiaeieea aicieeatho /a?aaeothueany ii?iaeueiua e naa?oi?iaiaeyuea
iaeanoe. Eiaaea aea aeinoeaaaony e?eoe/aneia cia/aiea, i?iaiaeiee
oeaeeeii ia?aoiaeeo a ii?iaeueiia ninoiyiea.
A /oi aoaeao ni naa?oi?iaiaeieeii, anee e iaio iiaeeeth/eoue
yeaeo?e/aneee oie? Ii ia?a ia?anoaiey oiea nianoaaiiia aai iiea
oaaee/eaaaony e, iaeiiaoe, ianooiaao iiiaio, eiaaea iii aeinoeaaao
cia/aiey, ?aaiiai e?eoe/aneiio a neo/aa i?eeiaeaiey aiaoiaai iaaieoiiai
iiey. Naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue en/acaao, o.e. naa?oi?iaiaeieeo ana ?aaii,
eaeia iiea ia iaai aeaenoaoao – nianoaaiiia iiea oiea eee aiaoiaa
iaaieoiia iiea. Niioaaonoaothuaa cia/aiea oiea oiaea auei iacaaii
e?eoe/aneei.
Ca /aoaa?oue aaea, i?ioaaeooth n iiiaioa ioe?uoey naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe,
auee auyaeaiu iniiaiua aa /a?ou. I?aaeaea anaai auynieeinue, /oi yoi
yaeaiea ia oieeaeueii e i?enoua oeaeiio ?yaeo iaoaeee/aneeo yeaiaioia,
i?e/ai aeey anao ieo oaiia?aoo?a ia?aoiaea a naa?oi?iaiaeyuaa ninoiyiea
ieacaeanue i/aiue ieceie, ii?yaeea ianeieueeeo Eaeueaeiia. Caoai auei
onoaiiaeaii, /oi naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue ?ac?ooaaony iaaieoiui iieai. A
caaeneiinoe io oi?iu ia?acoea e aai i?eaioe?iaee a iaaieoiii iiea yoi
?ac?ooaiea iiaei i?ienoiaeeoue eeai nea/eii ii aeinoeaeaiee e?eoe/aneiai
iiey, eeai iinoaiaiii ii aeinoeaeaiee oaeiai iiey nia/aea a ioaeaeueiuo
o/anoeao ia?acoea. Aue ioe?uo aaaeiaeoee yooaeo Iaenia?a –
Ienaioaeueaea: auoaeeeaaiea iaaieoiiai iiey ec naa?oi?iaiaeyueo
ia?acoeia aia caaeneiinoe io oao oneiaee, a eaeeo iiea i?eeeaaeuaaaony e
ia?acoeai. Aeaeaa, auei iaia?oaeaii nouanoaiaaiea e?eoe/aneeo oieia a
naa?oi?iaiaeieeao. E iaeiiaoe, iiyaeeanue ia?aay oai?ey
naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe Eiiaeiiia, eioi?ay o/eouaaao eaeaaeueioth
yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoue e eaeaaeueiue aeeaiaaiaoeci naa?oi?iaiaeieeia.
Iiaay oai?ey naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe
Iniiaiie eeann aauanoa, a eioi?uo ?acua?uaathony ecaanoiua yooaeou
naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe, yaeythony iaoaeee/aneea e?enoaeeu. Iee?ineiie/aneie
oai?ee naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe i?aaenoiyei auynieoue, eaeoth ?ieue a yoeo
yooaeoao ea?atho /anoeoeu, ec eioi?uo ninoiyo e?enoaeeu, – yeaeo?iiu e
eiiu.
Oai?ey Eiiaeiiia ia iiaea iauynieoue i?iiaaeooi/iiai ninoiyiey. Ioaeia
auea iiaay oai?ey. Aieiiaay ooieoeey a naa?oi?iaiaeyuae iaeanoe
ioee/aaony io oaeiaie a ii?iaeueiie iaeanoe, a ia a?aieoea iaaeaeo ieie
aeinoaoi/ii auno?i iaiyaony. E?iia oiai, yoi ia nianai iau/iay aieiiaay
ooieoeey: iia iienuaaao oieueei eieeaeoea naa?oi?iaiaeyueo yeaeo?iiia. A
ii?iaeueiie iaeanoe oaeeo yeaeo?iiia iao, e, anoanoaaiii , aieiiaay
ooieoeey a iae aeieaeia ia?aoeoueny a ioeue. Yoi ia?auaiea a ioeue ia
a?aieoea naa?oi?iaiaeyuae e ii?iaeueiie iaeanoae aeieaeii i?iecieoe
iinoaiaiii. *oiau niioaaonoaiaaoue oiio, /oi iieo/aaony ia iiuoa,
aieiiaay ooieoeey aeieaeia iinoaiaiii oiaiueoaoueny ii aaee/eia ii ia?a
iiauoaiey oaiia?aoo?u naa?oi?iaiaeieea e ia?auaoueny a ioeue i?e
e?eoe/aneie oaiia?aoo?a, eiaaea naa?oi?iaiaeyuea iaeanoe aiana
en/acatho. Aeey iieo/aiey iaiaoiaeeiuo o?aaiaiee aeey aieiiaie ooieoeee,
ioaeii auei o/anoue nai ia?aoiae a naa?oi?iaiaeyuaa ninoiyiea, o.a. oio
oaeo, /oi i?e ii?aaeaeaiiie oaiia?aoo?a naiaiaeiay yia?aey
naa?oi?iaiaeyuae oacu aeieaeia noaoue iaiueoa, /ai o ii?iaeueiie oacu.
Neaaeiaaei i?eiyoue ai aieiaiea oaeaea e oi, /oi ia naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue
aeeyao iaaieoiia iiea, nicaeaaay /a?aaeiaaiea ii?iaeueiuo e
naa?oi?iaiaeyueo iaeanoae e aiana ?ac?ooay naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue i?e
aeinoeaeaiee e?eoe/aneie iai?yaeaiiinoe ai anai ia?acoea.
Aeaeaeaiea naa?oi?iaiaeyueo yeaeo?iiia aieaa oii?yaei/ai, /ai aeaeaeaiea
ii?iaeueiuo yeaeo?iiia. Nouiinoue yoiai oii?yaei/aiey iiea auea
iaiiiyoia, ii naii aicieeiiaaiea naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe iiaeii auei
enoieeiaaoue eae oaciaue ia?aoiae io iaiaa e aieaa oii?yaei/aiiiio
ninoiyieth. A ionoonoaee iaaieoiiai iiey oaeie ia?aoiae ia
nii?iaiaeaeaeny auaeaeaieai eee iiaeiuaieai oaiea. A oaeeo oneiaeyo
oaciaue ia?aoiae ioiineony ei aoi?iio ii?yaeeo. Anee aea ia?aoiaeo
oa?aeoa?ii nea/eiia?aciia eciaiaiea n?aaeiaai ?annoiyiey iaaeaeo aoiiaie
eee iieaeoeaie a aauanoaa (i?e eciaiaiee oaeiai ?annoiyiey eeai
cao?a/eaaaony, eeai auaeaeyaony yia?aey), oi yoi oaciaue ia?aoiae
ia?aiai ?iaea.
Ii nouanoaotho e oaeea i?aa?auaiey, i?e eioi?uo n?aaeiea ?annoiyiey
iaaeaeo aoiiaie iaiythony ia nea/eii, a iai?a?uaii, ii aeaaea
iaeiaeaeoaa eciaiaiea ?annoiyiee ?aaiineeueii nea/eiia?aciiio eciaiaieth
ii?yaeea eo acaeiiiai ?aniieiaeaiey. Ii?yaeie ?aniieiaeaiey aoiiia a
e?enoaeea oa?aeoa?ecoaony ii?aaeaeaiiie neiiao?eae, e a ioee/ea io
?annoiyiey neiiao?ey ia iai?a?uaiay, a aeene?aoiay oa?aeoa?enoeea:
aeaiiay neiiao?ey iiaeao en/acaoue eee iiyaeyoueny eeoue nea/eii.
Neiiao?eae iiaeii oa?aeoa?eciaaoue ia oieueei acaeiiia ?aniieiaeaiea
aoiiia a e?enoaeea. Ath iiaeii iienuaaoue yeaeo?e/aneea e iaaieoiua
naienoaa e?enoaeeia e aeaaea aeaeaeaiea /anoeoe. I?aa?auaiey aauanoaa, a
eioi?uo eo ninoiyiey iaiythony iai?a?uaii, a neiiao?ey nea/eii, auee
iacaaiu oaciauie ia?aoiaeaie aoi?iai ?iaea.
Neiiao?ey naycaia ni noaiaiueth oii?yaei/aiiinoe aeaeaeaiey /anoeoe.
Ioee/ea iiaiai ii?yaeea io noa?iai iiaeii iienuaaoue, aaiaey
niaoeeaeueioth aaee/eio – ia?aiao? ii?yaeea. Iiieiatho, /oi ii ?aaai
ioeth aeey noa?iai ii?yaeea e aic?anoaao, ii ia?a oiai eae ?acee/ea
iiaiai e noa?iai ii?yaeea noaiiaeony ana aieaa cia/eoaeueiui.
?ieue ia?aiao?a ii?yaeea a naiae oai?ee Aeicao?a e Eaiaeao oaioiaeee
eaaae?aoo aieiiaie ooieoeee naa?oi?iaiaeyueo yeaeo?iiia. I?e e?eoe/aneie
oaiia?aoo?a iia ia?auaaony a ioeue. I?e iiieaeaiee oaiia?aoo?u iia
aic?anoaao: ana aieueoay aeiey yeaeo?iiia i?eieiaao o/anoea a
naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe, a eaaae?ao aieiiaie ooieoeee eae ?ac aeaao
aa?iyoiinoue iaia?oaeeoue oaeie yeaeo?ii. Yoa aa?iyoiinoue
i?iii?oeeiiaeueia iauaio /eneo yeaeo?iiia.
Iino?iei ?enoiie, ecia?aaeathuee iaaieoiia iiea e eaaae?ao aieiiaie
ooieoeee (eiioeaio?aoeeth) naa?oi?iaiaeyueo yeaeo?iiia ia a?aieoea
naa?oi?iaiaeyuae e ii?iaeueiie iaeanoae. Oiae iaaieoiiai iiey
oa?aeoa?ecoaony yeniiiaioeeaeueiie caaeneiinoueth io ?annoiyiey aei
a?aieoeu, e ia?ie auno?iou niaaea iaaieoiiai iiey yaeyaony aeoaeia
i?iieeiiaaiey (. Aiaeiae/ii eciaiyaony – ii a i?ioeaiiieiaeioth noi?iio
– eaaae?ao aieiiaie ooieoeee; ia?a auno?iou aa eciaiaiey iieo/eea
iacaaiea aeeeiu eiaa?aioiinoe: iau/ii aa iaicia/atho (.
Aeicao?a e Eaiaeao auynieee, /oi iiaa?oiinoiay yia?aey aoaeao
iieiaeeoaeueiie, anee ioiioaiea (/( iaiueoa, /ai 1/(2(0,7.
Iu eiaai aeaei n oaeei naa?oi?iaiaeieeii, o eioi?iai ia a?aieoea n
ii?iaeueiuie iaeanoyie eiioeaio?aoeey naa?oi?iaiaeyueo yeaeo?iiia
nieaeaaony aei ioey iinoaiaiii. Auno?ioa yoiai nieaeaiey ii?aaeaeyaony
aeeeiie eiaa?aioiinoe, e iaaei ?anniio?aoue aeaa aiciiaeiinoe,
niioaaonoaothuea oiio, /oi aeeeia eiaa?aioiinoe iaiueoa eee aieueoa
aeoaeiu i?iieeiiaaiey.
A ia?aii neo/aa iaaieoiia iiea, i?iieeay a naa?oi?iaiaeiee, ano?a/aao
ii/oe ai anae ciia i?iieeiiaaiey “iieiioeaiiue” naa?oi?iaiaeiee n iieiie
eiioeaio?aoeeae naa?oi?iaiaeyueo yeaeo?iiia. Iiaa?oiinoiay yia?aey a
yoii neo/aa aeieaeia auoue io?eoeaoaeueiie.
Ai aoi?ii neo/aa ii/oe ai anae iia?aie/iie iaeanoe iaaeaeo
naa?oi?iaiaeieeii e ii?iaeueiui iaoaeeii iaaieoiia iiea ?aaii ioeth.
I?ea?aie/iay iaeanoue iaiiieiaao naa?oi?iaiaeiee aaeaee io a?aieoeu, ii
eiioeaio?aoeey naa?oi?iaiaeyueo yeaeo?iiia a iae ana aea iiieaeaia ii
n?aaiaieth n oaeaeaiiie io a?aieoeu iaeanoueth. Yia?aey a aaeeieoea
iauaia i?ea?aie/iie iaeanoe auoa, /ai yia?aey a aaeeieoea iauaia
iaeanoe, oaeaeaiiie io a?aieoeu, e aeeaea e yia?aee a aaeeieoea iauaia
ii?iaeueiiai iaoaeea. Oiaaea yia?aey, ioianaiiay e aaeeieoea ieiuaaee
a?aieoeu, – yoi e anoue iiaa?oiinoiay yia?aey, – aeieaeia auoue
iieiaeeoaeueiie.
I?iiaaeooi/iia ninoiyiea niioaaonoaoao neooaoeee, eiaaea aeeeia
eiaa?aioiinoe aieueoa aeoaeiu i?iieeiiaaiey. Yoio neo/ae ?aaeecoaony o
aauanoa, eioi?ua iiaeii iacaaoue naa?oi?iaiaeieeaie I ?iaea. Aauanoaa, o
eioi?uo aeeeia eiaa?aioiinoe iaiueoa aeoaeiu i?iieeiiaaiey, iacuaathony
naa?oi?iaiaeieeaie II ?iaea (iaoaeee/aneea nieaau).
I?eiaiaiea naa?oi?iaiaeieeia
A 1930 aiaeo aeaa iieiaeuo aieeaiaeoea Aea Oaan e Aiiaae naeaeaee
aaaeiia ioe?uoea. ?aaioay ni nieaaaie naeioea e aeniooa, iie
iaia?oaeeee, /oi nieaau nio?aiytho naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue aieioue aei
iaaieoiuo iieae ii?yaeea 2O. Yoi aaee/eia aieaa /ai a 30 ?ac i?aauoaea
e?eoe/aneia iiea aeey /enoiai naeioea.
Iiann, ia/oae ecaioiaeyoue yeiiiie/iua naa?oi?iaiaeyuea iaaieou n
iai?yaeaiiinoyie iiey a aeanyoee oanea, ii aue auioaeaeai ioeacaoueny io
yoie eaeae, iaia?oaeea, /oi naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue ?ac?ooaaony i?e iieyo, a
ouny/e ?ac aieaa neaauo. Oaia?ue eae aoaeoi iiyaeeanue iaaeaaeaea
ecaioiaeoue iaaieo ionoue e ia ia aeanyoee, ii ia aaeeieoeu oanea. Oaeea
iaaieou iiaeii auei au eniieueciaaoue, iai?eia?, a iaaieueoeo
yeaeo?e/aneeo iaoeiao.
Aeey eniieueciaaiey a yeaeo?ioaoieea naa?oi?iaiaeieee aeieaeiu eiaoue
aunieea e?eoe/aneea ia?aiao?u. I?aaeaea anaai iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau
aeinoaoi/ii aunieie auea e?eoe/aneay oaiia?aoo?a. Anee iia ieaaeaony
aieueoa i?eia?ii 22E, oi aeey ioeaaeaeaiey noaiao aiciiaeiui
eniieueciaaoue aianoi aaeey aieaa aeaoaaue aeeaeeee aiaei?iae. Aeaeaa,
iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau yoio i?iaiaeiee auaea?aeeaae aeinoaoi/ii neeueiua
iaaieoiua iiey. Anee ec naa?oi?iaiaeieea ecaioiaeythony i?iaiaea aeey
eeiee ia?aaea/e yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea, oi aeey iaai aaaeii eiaoue aunieea
cia/aiey e?eoe/aneiai oiea a ionoonoaea neieueei-ieaoaeue nouanoaaiiiai
iaaieoiiai iiey. Ii anee naa?oi?iaiaeiee i?aaeiacia/aaony aeey ?aaiou a
iaiioeao iaaieoa, oi ii aeieaeai auaea?aeeaaoue iauaaeeiaiiue “iaoene”
aieueoiai oiea e neeueiiai iaaieoiiai iiey. Naa?oi?iaiaeieee aeieaeiu
iaeaaeaoue aeinoaoi/ii aunieie ieanoe/iinoueth.
Aeey oiai, /oiau auoue naa?oi?iaiaeieeii, /enoue iaoaeee/aneee yeaiaio
eee nieaa aeieaeai eiaoue io 2 aei 8 aaeaioiuo yeaeo?iiia ia aoii,
oiaaea e?eoe/aneay oaiia?aoo?a iniaaiii auniea. Naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue i?e
yoii iiaoo iaia?oaeeaaoue e oaeea nieaau, a eioi?uo iaa eiiiiiaioa ia
yaeythony naa?oi?iaiaeieeaie, – eeoue au n?aaeiaa /enei yeaeo?iiia a
?an/aoa ia iaeei aoii iiiaaeaei a oeacaiiua i?aaeaeu. Iaeaunooth
oaiia?aoo?o n?aaee /enouo yeaiaioia eiaao ieiaee – 9,2 E.
Iaeaieaa i/aaeaeiia i?eiaiaiea naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe a eeieyo
yeaeo?iia?aaea/e. A noieiinoe yeaeo?iyia?aee, eioi?oth iiea/eaaao
iio?aaeoaeue, ia aeieth aa i?iecaiaenoaa i?eoiaeeony eeoue ieiei o?aoe.
Inoaeueiua aeaa o?aoe – yoi ia?aaea/a e ?ani?aaeaeaiea yia?aee. Iioiee
yeaeo?iyia?aee aiae io aiaea ?anooo, eeiee ia?aaea/e oaeeeiythony, ai
ecaaaeaiea aieueoeo iioa?ue a ieo i?eoiaeeony iiauoaoue iai?yaeaiea.
Naaiaeiy no?iyony EYI iai?yaeaieai 1 IA e aeaaea auoa. Eiyooeoeeaio
iieaciiai aeaenoaey oaeeo eeiee ninoaaeyao ieiei 95%.
Iaeaieaa aeaoaaua EYI – aicaeooiua. Noieiinoue eo no?ieoaeuenoaa iaiiiai
aeaoaaea nii?oaeaiey iiaecaiiiai eaaaey oaeie aea i?iioneiie
niiniaiinoe. Ii EYI aieaa oaeiaiu a iaiaaeeouo e iaeiiaaeeouo ?aeiiao.
Iianiinoue aunieeo iai?yaeaiee canoaaeyao ioaiaeeoue iiae EYI aieueooth
oa??eoi?eth, oaeea iai?yaeaiey aucuaatho aunieee o?iaaiue iiiao i?e
i?eaia ?aaeei- e oaeaaeceiiiuo ia?aaea/. Aunieiaieueoiua EYI ninoaaeytho
iianiinoue aeey naiieaoia. I?eiaiaiea naa?oi?iaiaeyueo eaaaeae iicaieeo
iiauneoue EIAe iiaecaiiuo EYI aei 99,5%.
I?eiaiaiea naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe einioeinue e iaoei aeey au?aaioee
yeaeo?iyia?aee. Nia?aiaiiua yeaeo?iaaia?aoi?u – e?oiiua nii?oaeaiey, a
eioi?uo nicaeathony aieueoea iaaieoiua iiey, a ?ioi?u a?auathony ni
nei?inoueth 3000 ia/iei. Naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue iaauaao iiiaia: oiaiueoeoue
aaaa?eou aaia?aoi?ia ii/oe a 2 ?aca, niioaaonoaaiii ianno eo – aei 3
?ac, a ianno ?ioi?a – a 4-5 ?ac. I?eiaiaiea naa?oi?iaiaeieeia nieaeaao
oaieiaua iioa?e oiea, oae, /oi EIAe aaia?aoi?ia niiaeao aeinoe/ue
99,5-99,8%.
Naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue iiaeii oaeaea eniieueciaaoue a naa?oi?iaiaeyueo
iaaieoao. Oaaee/aiea iai?yaeaiiinoe iaaieoiiai iiey n eo iiiiuueth
iicaieeei au nouanoaaiii oiaiueoeoue ?acia?u onei?eoaeae.
Naa?oi?iaiaeieee iiaeii eniieueciaaoue e aeey nii?oaeaiey iaeiieoaeae
yia?aee. Iaeaieeaaoue yia?aeth iiaeii n iiiiuueth oiieeaiuo yeaiaioia,
a?auathueony iaoiaeeia e aeaaea i?inoi iiaeieiay ianinaie aiaeo a
niaoeeaeueiua aiaeio?aieeeua, eioi?ay, eiaaea ioaeii, i?eaaaeao a
aeaeaeaiea oo?aeiu aeae?inoaioeee. EIAe anao yoeo iaeiieoaeae aanueia
?acee/ai – io 30% aeey aaciauo oo?aei, 65% aeey iiaeiyoie aiaeu aei
ii/oe 100% aeey iaoiaeeia. Ii EIAe iaeiieoaeae ec naa?oi?iaiaeieeia, a
eioi?uo oie iiaeao oee?eoee?iaaoue iaia?aie/aiiia a?aiy, aoaeao
i?aeoe/anee ?aaai 100%.
A caeeth/aiea ?anniio?ei i?eiaiaiea naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe a o?ainii?oa ia
iaaieoiie iiaeaanea. Naaiaeiy nouanoaotho yeaeo?iiiacaea, niiniaiua
?acaeaaoue nei?inoue ieiei 300 ei//. Oaeay nei?inoue, iaeiaei, yaeyaony
ii/oe i?aaeaeueiie aeey eieaniuo iiacaeia: neea oyae noaiiaeony
iaaeinoaoi/iie aeey i?aiaeieaiey nii?ioeaeaiey aicaeooa aeaaea aeey
iiacaeia iaoaeaaiie oi?iu. Iaaieoiay iiaeaanea iaauaea i/aiue auno?ia,
aeinoaoi/ii aaciianiia e oaeiaiia iooaoanoaea.
A ia?aii i?iaeoa naa?oi?iaiaeieeiaiai iiacaea ?aeuenu ninoiyee ec aeaoo
?yaeia aeene?aoiuo iooaauo oei, a eioi?uo aeaeaeaiea iiacaea iaaiaeeo
oie. Ai?eciioaeueiua oeiu nicaeatho iiaeuaiioth neeo a oa iiiaiou,
eiaaea iaae ieie i?ioiaeeo iiacae. Iineieueeo iiaeuaiiay neea
oaaee/eaaaony ii ia?a iioneaiey iiacaea, aai aeaeaeaiea onoie/eai a
aa?oeeaeueiii iai?aaeaiee. Aa?oeeaeueii aea noiyuea oeiu iaania/eaatho
iaeioi?oth onoie/eainoue iiacaea a ai?eciioaeueiii iai?aaeaiee: i?e
niauaiee iiacaea n iooe a ieo aicieeaao oie, eioi?ue aica?auaao iiacae a
iieiaeaiea ?aaiiaaney. Iaeiaei i?e iaaieueoeo nei?inoyo yoio oie neeoeii
iae.
*a?ac ianeieueei eao auea i?aaeeiaeaia aieaa oaea/iay eiino?oeoeey iooe.
Iooaaua oeiu a yoie eiino?oeoeee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iai?a?uaioth
iaoaeee/aneoth iieino, eiathuoth i?ioeeue oaieea. Eae e a iienaiiii auoa
i?iaeoa, ai?eciioaeueiay /anoue iieinu nicaeaao iiaeuaiioth neeo, a
aa?oeeaeueiay iaania/eaaao aieiaoth onoie/eainoue iiacaea. Iaaeaeo
oeiaie-iieinaie i?ieiaeai o?aoee ?aeuen – eeiaeiue yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaeue.
Oaeia ono?ienoai iaiiiai i?iua, /ai a ia?aii i?iaeoa, ii aianoa n oai
iaeaaeaao na?ueaciui iaaeinoaoeii. A aaeaoeee nouanoaoao oaeia iiiyoea
“eiyooeoeeaio ea/anoaa”: ii ?aaai ioiioaieth iiaeuaiiie neeu e
nii?ioeaeaiey aeaeaeaieth. E nii?ioeaeaieth, a aeaiiii neo/aa
naa?oi?iaiaeieeiaiai iiacaea, iaaei ioianoe e oaieiaua iioa?e oiea a
iooaaie ianaa?oi?iaiaeyuae oeia. Iai?eia?, a aethieieaaii ?aeuena oie
?aaai oieo a iaaieoa iiacaea; yoio oie, ioaeiue aeey nicaeaiey neeueiiai
iaaieoiiai iiey aaeee, niioaaonoaaiii aaeeee e oaieiaua iioa?e, e yoi
neeueii oiaiueoaao eiyooeoeeaio ea/anoaa iaaieoiiai iiaeaana. Ae?oaay
i?e/eia aai nieaeaiey ninoieo a oii, /oi oie iaaieoa iaaiaeeo ioaaoiua
oiee e a aa?oeeaeueiuo o/anoeao iooaaie oeiu, eioi?ua aeiiieieoaeueii
oi?iicyo aeaeaeaiea iiacaea.
Iaeiiaoe, a eiioea oanoeaeanyouo aiaeia aue i?aaeeiaeai, iiaeaeoe
iaeeo/oee ec ecaanoiuo i?iaeoia naa?oi?iaiaeieeiaiai iiacaea. A iai
eiioo?u oieia, i?ioiaeyueo /a?ac iaaieou iiacaea e /a?ac iooue,
?aniieiaeaiu oae, /oi iaaieoiue iioie a iooaauo oeiao, eee oie a iooe,
iiaeii naeaeaoue i/aiue iaeui, a cia/eo, eiyooeoeeaio ea/anoaa
iaaieoiiai iiaeaana – aeinoaoi/ii aieueoei e ia?aie/aiiui, a nouiinoe,
oieueei noieiinoueth iaaieoa. Ii aeey nio?aiaiey aieueoie iiaeuaiiie
neeu i?e yoii i?eoiaeeony iaania/eaaoue aua aieaa aunieoth
iai?yaeaiiinoue iaaieoiiai iiey. Ai?i/ai, aeey naa?oi?iaiaeieeiaiai
iaaieoa yoi ia ninoaaeyao na?ueaciie i?iaeaiu.
Eaaeaeue ?aeuen eiaao aeae oiieie ai?eciioaeueiie aethieieaaie ieanoeiu,
oe?aieaiiie ia aaoiiiuo iii?ao. Naa?oo e nieco io iaa neiiao?e/ii
?aniieaaathony naa?oi?iaiaeyuea ieineea eaoooee iiacaea. Oaeay
eiino?oeoeey iaeiia?aiaiii iaania/eaaao e aa?oeeaeueioth e
ai?eciioaeueioth onoie/eainoue aaaiia, aeaenoaoy a iineaaeiai ioiioaiee
iiaeiaii ?aai?aeai ia eieanao. Aianoa n oai iia eiaao e ae?oaea
cia/eoaeueiua i?aeiouanoaa ii n?aaiaieth n eiino?oeoeeae, a eioi?ie
eniieueciaaeanue eciaiooay oaieeii aethieieaaay oeia. Iai?eia?,
aiieeooaea eieaaaiee aaaiia ii aa?oeeaee i?e caci?a iaaeaeo iei e iooai
20 ni nieaeaaony aei 1 ni aianoi 10 ni, /oi iaiaaeeaiii eniuoatho ia
naaa iannaaee?u.
Ni a?aiaiai auee i?aaeeiaeaiu oniaa?oainoaiaaiiua aa?eaiou ec iienaiiuo
eiino?oeoeee, a caoai ianooiee ia?eiae iino?ieee e eniuoaiey iiuoiuo
naa?oi?iaiaeieeiauo iiacaeia.
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