Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiieoao ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
ii aunoaio ia?aciaaieth
?inneeneee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Aaeaoeeiiiue
Oaoiieiae/aneee Oieaa?neoao
eiaie E.Y. Oeeieeianeiai – (IAOE)
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Io/ao i i?aeoeea
Oaia: “Oaea?iaeiua iaiio?oaee”
?oeiaiaeeoaeue: Ai?iaeoeia A.A.
Auiieieee nooaeaiou: Eociaoeia A.TH.
Oaie?i ?.A.
Iineaa 1998a.
Aaaaeaiea
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaoiieiaey aeinoeaea e?eoe/aneie oi/ee naiaai
?acaeoey, eiaaea i?eiaiaiea iee?iiauaeoia oaea iaaiciiaeii. Ioaeii
ia?aoiaeeoue ia iiaue – iaiio?iaaiue. A nayce n yoei aicieeea
iaiaoiaeeiinoue iieo/aiey o?aicenoi?ia, i?iaieie n ?acia?aie i?eia?ii io
1 aei 20 iaiiiao?ia. A 1985a. auea iaeaeaii ?aoaiea yoie i?iaeaiu –
ioe?uou iaiio?oaee, a n 1990a. iao/eeenue iieo/aoue eo a iauaiao,
aeinoaoi/iuo aeey eco/aiey.
A yoie ?aaioa ia?aae iaie auea iinoaaeaia caaea/a ?acia?aoueny a
i?e?iaea oaea?iaeiuo iaiio?oaie, ?anniio?aoue iaeioi?ua eo naienoaa e
aiciiaeiua iaoiaeu i?eiaiaiey.
E oioy iiea nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai i?iaeai e o?oaeiinoae n iieo/aieai e
eco/aieai oeceei-oeie/aneeo naienoa, ynii iaeii – ca iaiioaoiieiaeyie
aoaeouaa.
?anniio?aiea ooeea?aiia e iaiio?oaie iaaiciiaeii, anee ia ?acia?aoueny
a i?e?iaea yoeo yaeaiee. Aeey ia/aea ?anniio?ei ninoaa ooeea?aiia e
iaiio?oaie.
Oaea?iae – oeie/aneee yeaiaio, neiaie N, aoiiiue iiia? 6, aoiiiay ianna
12.011. Iau/iuie oi?iaie nouanoaiaaiey oaea?iaea a naiaiaeiii ninoiyiee
yaeyaony aeiac e a?aoeo, ano?a/athony a i?e?iaea. Iniiaiuie ioee/eyie a
no?iaiee aeiaca e a?aoeoa – e?enoaeee/aneay ?aoaoea.
?en. 1. No?oeoo?a e?enoaeee/aneie ?aoaoee aeiaca.
Aeiac. No?oeoo?a e?enoaeee/aneie ?aoaoee iieacaia ia ?en. 1.
Yeaiaioa?iay y/aeea e?enoaeea aeiaca i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oao?ayae?, a
oeaio?a e /aou?ao aa?oeiao eioi?iai ?aniieiaeaiu aoiiu oaea?iaea. Aoiiu,
?aniieiaeaiiua a aa?oeiao oao?ayae?a, ia?acotho oeaio? iiaiai oao?ayae?a
e, oaeei ia?acii, oaeaea ie?oaeaiu eaaeaeue aua /aou?ueiy aoiiaie e
o.ae. Eii?aeeiaoeeiiiia /enei oaea?iaea a ?aoaoea aeiaca,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, ?aaii /aou?ai. Ana aoiiu oaea?iaea a e?enoaeee/aneie
?aoaoea ?aniieiaeaiu ia iaeeiaeiaii ?annoiyiee (154 ii) ae?oa io ae?oaa.
Eaaeaeue ec ieo naycai n ae?oaeie iaiiey?iie eiaaeaioiie naycueth e
ia?acoao a e?enoaeea, eaeeo au ?acia?ia ii ie aue, iaeio aeaaioneoth
iieaeoeo.
A?aoeo. No?oeoo?a e?enoaeee/aneie ?aoaoee a?aoeoa iieacaia ia ?en. 2.
E?enoaeeu a?aoeoa iino?iaiu ec ia?aeeaeueiuo ae?oa ae?oao ieineinoae, a
eioi?uo ?aniieiaeaiu aoiiu oaea?iaea ii oaeai i?aaeeueiuo
oanoeoaieueieeia. ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo ninaaeieie aoiiaie oaea?iaea
(noi?iia eaaeaeiai oanoeoaieueieea) 143 ii, iaaeaeo ninaaeieie
ieineinoyie 335 ii. Eaaeaeay i?iiaaeooi/iay ieineinoue ianeieueei
niauaia ii ioiioaieth e ninaaeiei ieineinoyi, eae yoi aeaeii ia
?enoiea. Eaaeaeue aoii oaea?iaea naycai n o?aiy ninaaeieie a ieineinoyo
aoiiaie iaiiey?iuie eiaaeaioiuie naycyie. Eaaeaeue aoii oaea?iaea a
aoiiiie ?aoaoea a?aoeoa naycai n o?aiy ninaaeieie aoiiaie oaea?iaea,
o?aiy sp2—sp2 iaueie yeaeo?iiiuie ia?aie, ?aniieiaeaiiuie a niioaaonoaee
n sp2 – aea?eaeecaoeeae, iiae oaeaie a 120 a?aae, o. a. eaaeaeua /aou?a
naycaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie aoiia oaea?iaea a a?aoeoa ?aniieiaeaiu a oeaio?a
e aa?oeiao ?aaiinoi?iiiaai o?aoaieueieea. *aoaa?oua aaeaioiua yeaeo?iiu
eaaeaeiai aoiia ?aniieaaathony iaaeaeo ieineinoyie e aaaeoo naay
iiaeiaii yeaeo?iiai iaoaeea, /ai e iauyniyaony yeaeo?e/aneay
i?iaiaeeiinoue a?aoeoa a iai?aaeaiee ieineinoae. Naycue iaaeaeo aoiiaie
oaea?iaea, ?aniieiaeaiiuie a ninaaeieo ieineinoyo, i/aiue neaaay
(iaaeiieaeoey?iay, eee aai-aea?-aaaeueniaa), oioy io/anoe, aeaaiaea?y
i?enoonoaeth yeaeo?iiia i?iaiaeeiinoe, iioiaea ia iaoaeee/aneoth. A
nayce n oaeeie iniaaiiinoyie e?enoaeeu a?aoeoa eaaei ?anneaeaathony ia
ioaeaeueiua /aooeee aeaaea i?e iaeuo iaa?oceao.
?en. 2. No?oeoo?a e?enoaeee/aneie ?aoaoee a?aoeoa.
Oieeaeueiay niinia-iinoue aoiiia oaea?iaea niaaeeiyoueny iaaeaeo niaie n
ia?aciaaieai i?i/iuo e aeeeiiuo oeaiae e oeeeeia i?eaaea e
aicieeiiaaieth a?iiaaeiiai /enea ?aciiia?aciuo niaaeeia-iee oaea?iaea,
eco/aaiuo i?aaie/aneie oeieae.
Oaieii?iaiaeiinoue a?aoeoa, ecia?aiiay a iai?aaeaiee ieineinoe neiaa, a
iyoue ?ac aieueoa oaieii?iaiaeiinoe, ecia-?aiiie a iiia?a/iii
iai?aaeaiee; yeaeo?e/an-eay i?iaiaeeiinoue a ieineinoiii iai?aaeaiee a
aeanyoue ouny/ ?ac i?aauoaao i?iaiaeeiinoue a iiia?a/iii iai?aa-eaiee.
Yeaeo?iiiay eiioe-ao?aoeey aoiia oaea?iaea oaeiaa: 1s2 2s2 2p2.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aai /aou?a aiaoieo yeaeo?iia ia iaeeiaeiau — iie
niioaaonoaotho ?acee/iui i?aeoaeyi; aeaa yeaeo?iia ia nia?aiu. A
naycaiiii ninoiyiee (aaeaioiii) iaeei ec yeaeo?iiia 2s ia?aoiaeeo ia
?-i?aeoaeue (aeey yoiai iiiaaeiaeony ieiei 96 eeae/iieue) oae, /oi
ninoiyiea aoiia iiaeao auoue au?aaeaii: 1s2 2s 2p3. A ?acoeueoaoa iu
iieo/ei aoii n o?aiy 2? e iaeiei 2s-yeaeo?iiii: 2s2px2py2pz.
Aiciiaeiu ianeieueei aeaeia aea?eaeecaoeee: sp, sp2 e sp3.
?en. 3. Noaia aea?eoecaoeee yeaeo?iiiuo ninoiyiee:
a – ia?aciaaiea aeaoo sp-aea?eoiuo iaeaeia
a – ia?aciaaiea o?ao sp2-aea?eoiuo iaeaeia
a – ia?aciaaiea /aou?ao sp3-aea?eoiuo iaeaeia
I?e aea?eaeecaoeee oeia sp niaoeaathony aoiiiua i?aeoaee s e ?. I?e yoii
i?aeoaee, iai?eia?, ?y e ?z ia iaiythony, a i?aeoaee ?x e s aeatho
aea?eaeioth oi?io. Oae eae aea?eaeiay ooieoeey iiaeao eiaoue aeae s+p
eee s-?, oi iieo/athony aeaa i?aeoaee, iai?aa-eaiiua aeeaiao-?aeueii
i?ioeaiii-eiaeii ae?oa ae?oao (?en. 3a).
Anee i?ienoi-aeeo aea?eaeecaoeey s e aeaoo ?-ooieoeee, iai?eia? ?x e ?o
(?z inoaaony iaeciaiiie), oi iieo/athony o?e o?eaiiaeueiua aoii-iua
i?aeoaee oeia sp2. Yoe i?aeoaee ia noaia eiatho aeae eeaaa?iiai eenoa
(?en. 3a). Yoio aeae aea?eaeiuo i?aeoa-eae ieacaeny i/aiue aaaeiui aeey
iienaiey aeaieiuo naycae.
I?e aea?eaeecaoeee oeia sp3 niaoeaathony ana aoiiiua i?aeoaee s e ?. I?e
yoii ana i?aeoaee aeatho aea?eaeioth oi?io. Aea?eaeiua i?aeoaee eiatho
io/aoeeaoth iai?aaeaiiinoue: i?aeoaee aoiia oaea?iaea iai?aaeaiu e
oaeai oao?ayae?a, a oeaio?a eioi?iai iiiauaaony aoii oaea?iaea.
Noaiaoe/anee oneeaiea iai?aaeaiiinoe — i?eaioaoeey yeaeo?iiiiai iaeaea —
iieacaii ia ?enoiea 3a. I/aaeaeii, /oi yoi anoue neaaenoaea ineaaeaiey
/anoae aoiiiuo i?aeoaeae, eiathueo ?aciua ciaee, e oneeaiea /anoae
aoiiiuo i?aeoaeae, eiathueo iaeeiaeiaua ciaee.
Iieo/aiea iaiio?oaie. Iaeaieaa oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiue iaoiae iieo/aiey
oaea?iaeiuo iaiio?oaie eniieuecoao oa?ie/aneia ?aniueaiea a?aoeoiaiai
yeaeo?iaea a ieacia aeoaiaiai ?ac?yaea, ai?yuae a aoiinoa?a He. Yoio
iaoiae, eaaeauee oaeaea a iniiaa iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiie oaoiieiaee
i?iecaiaenoaa ooeea?aiia, iicaieyao iieo/eoue iaiio?oaee a eiee/anoaa,
aeinoaoi/iii aeey aeaoaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey eo oeceei-iaoaie/aneeo
naienoa. A aeoaiaii ?ac?yaea iinoiyiiiai oiea n a?aoeoiauie
yeaeo?iaeaie i?e iai?yaeaiee 15 – 20 A, oiea a ianeieueei aeanyoeia
aiia?, iaaeyeaeo?iaeiii ?annoiyiee a ianeieueei ieeeeiao?ia e aeaaeaiee
He a ianeieueei nio Oi?? i?ienoiaeeo eioaineaiia oa?ie/aneia ?aniueaiea
iaoa?eaea aiiaea. I?iaeoeou ?aniueaiey niaea?aeao, ia?yaeo n /anoeoeaie
a?aoeoa, oaeaea iaeioi?ia eiee/anoai ooeea?aiia, inaaeaeathueony ia
ioeaaeaeaiiuo noaieao ?ac?yaeiie eaia?u, a oaeaea ia iiaa?oiinoe
eaoiaea, aieaa oieiaeiiai ii n?aaiaieth n aiiaeii. ?anniao?eaay yoio
eaoiaeiue inaaeie n iiiiuueth yeaeo?iiiiai iee?ineiia iaia?oaeeee, /oi a
iai niaea?aeaony i?ioyaeaiiua oeeeeiae?e/aneea o?oaee aeeeiie nauoa
iee?iia e aeeaiao?ii a ianeieueei iaiiiao?ia, iiaa?oiinoue eioi?uo
ia?aciaaiia a?aoeoiauie neiyie. O?oaee eiatho eoiieiia?aciua
iaeiia/ieee, niaea?aeauea, iiaeiaii iieaeoeai ooeea?aiia, oanoe- e
iyoeoaieueieee.
Eae ioia/aeinue auoa, no?oeoo?ii a?aoeo, ec eioi?iai eo iieo/atho,
ninoieo oieueei ec oanoeoaieueieeia. ?anniio?ei oaia?ue aii?in, ioeoaea
a ninoaaa aeaiiuo iaiino?oeoo? iiyaeythony iyoeoaieueieee. Aeey yoiai
iaiaoiaeeii ia?aoeoueny e iaeiie ec oai?ai oiiieiaee, eioi?ay aeaao
ioaao ia aii?in: eaeeie oeao?aie iiaeii «iie?uoue» noa?o, caiayiioth e
ia caiayiioth o?oaee. Aeaeaa i?eaaaeai aeieacaoaeuenoai aeaiiie oai?aiu
e iaeioi?ua aa neaaenoaey.
Ionoue ia noa?a (eee aiiaiii?oiie ae iiaa?oiinoe) ia/a?/ai nayciue a?ao
G, eiathuee A aa?oei e ? ?aaa? e ?acaeaathuee noa?o ia A iaeanoae
(a?aiae); oiaaea ni?aaaaeeeai ?aaainoai A-?+A=2 (1). Yoi oai?aia Yeea?a.
Ia?aae aeieacaoaeuenoaii yoie oai?aiu noieo aniiiieoue iaeioi?ua
ii?aaeaeaiey.
Eiia/iui a?aoii G iacuaaaony oeao?a, ninoiyuay ec eiia/iiai /enea aeoa.
A iai eiaaony eiia/iia /enei aa?oei, e iaeioi?ua ec yoeo oi/ae
niaaeeiythony iaia?anaeathueieny aeoaaie (?aa?aie a?aoa). Nayciui a?aoii
iacuaaaony a?ao, ethaua aeaa aa?oeiu eioi?iai iiaeii niaaeeieoue e?eaie,
i?ioiaeyuae ii ?aa?ai a?aoa.
Eiioo?ii a a?aoa iacuaaaony caieiooay oeaii/ea ?aaa?, iauaaeeiaiea
eioi?uo i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eeieth, aiiaiii?oioth ie?oaeiinoe.
Aea?aaii iacuaaaony nayciue a?ao, ia niaea?aeauee ie iaeiiai eiioo?a.
Eiaeaen oi/ee iacuaaaony /enei aeoa, noiaeyueony a aeaiiie oi/ea.
Oaeaea neaaeoao aeieacaoue neaaeothuoth oai?aio:
Aeey ethaiai aea?aaa, eiathuaai A aa?oei e ? ?aaa?, ni?aaaaeeeai
niioiioaiea
A-?=1. (2)
Aeey aeieacaoaeuenoaa i?iaaaeai eiaeoeoeeth ii /eneo ?aaa? ?. I?e ?=1
(aea?aai eiaao iaeii ?aa?i e aeaa aa?oeiu) niioiioaiea (2) ni?aaaaeeeai.
I?aaeiieiaeei, /oi aeey ethaiai aea?aaa, eiathuaai n ?aaa?, niioiioaiea
(2) oaea aeieacaii, e ionoue G – aea?aai, eiathuaa n+1 ?aa?i. Oae eae
a?ao G naycai, oi aai iiaeii iieo/eoue ec iaeioi?iai nayciiai a?aoa G`
aeiaaaeaieai iaeiiai ?aa?a r.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, ethaie nayciue a?ao iiaeao auoue iieo/ai neaaeothuei
ia?acii: iu aa?ai iaeii ?aa?i, caoai i?eniaaeeiyai e iaio aua iaeii
?aa?i oae, /oiau niiaa iieo/eeny nayciue a?ao, caoai i?eniaaeeiyai aua
iaeii ?aa?i (oae, /oiau niiaa iieo/eeny nayciue a?ao) e o.ae. Yoi
aiciiaeii, anee oaeanony aai au/a?oeoue «iaeiei ?in/a?eii». A yoi, a
naith i/a?aaeue, aiciiaeii, anee ?ac?aoeoue «i?ioiaeeoue» eaaeaeia ?aa?i
?iaii aeaa ?aca.
* * *
Aeieaaeai, /oi ethaie nayciue a?ao iiaeii au/a?oeoue «iaeiei ?in/a?eii»,
anee ?ac?aoeoue i?ioiaeeoue eaaeaeia ?aa?i oi/ii aeaa ?aca.
Anee i?ioiaeeoue a?ao iienaiiui auoa niiniaii, oi aai iiaeii
niiinoaaeoue n a?aoii, o eioi?iai i?eoiaeeony ii aeaa ?aa?a ia eaaeaeia
?aa?i enoiaeiiai a?aoa, o.a. eiaeaen eaaeaeie aa?oeiu a aeaa ?aca
aieueoa, /ai o enoiaeiiai. Iieo/aiiue a?ao eiaao aa?oeiu n /aoiuie
eiaeaenaie, a cia/eo yoio a?ao yaeyaony oieeo?naeueiui (aai iiaeii
«ia?eniaaoue iaeiei ?in/a?eii»).
* * *
A?ao G` niaea?aeeo n ?aaa? e oiaea ia niaea?aeeo eiioo?ia, o.a. yaeyaony
aea?aaii. Ii i?aaeiieiaeaieth eiaeoeoeee aeey aea?aaa G` niioiioaiea (2)
ni?aaaaeeeai, e iioiio a G` eiaaony n+1 aa?oeia. Caiaoei oaia?ue, /oi
oieueei iaeei eiiaoe aeiaaaeyaiiai ?aa?a r yaeyaony aa?oeiie a?aoa G` (a
i?ioeaiii neo/aa, acya a G` i?inooth oeaii/eo, niaaeeiythuoth a e b, e
aeiaaaea e yoie oeaii/ea ?aa?i r, iu iieo/eee au eiioo? a a?aoa G).
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?e aeiaaaeaiee ?aa?a r a a?aoa G iiyaeyaony iaeii
iiaia ?aa?i e iaeia iiaay aa?oeia. Eia/a aiai?y, a?ao G eiaao n+2
aa?oeiu e n+1 ?aa?i, e iioiio niioiioaiea (2) aeey iaai ni?aaaaeeeai.
I?iaaaeaiiay eiaeoeoeey aeieacuaaao ?aaainoai (2) aeey ethaiai aea?aaa.
Oaia?ue iiaeii i?enooieoue e aeieacaoaeuenoao oai?aiu Yeea?a. Aeey aa
aeieacaoaeuenoaa auaeaeei ec a?aoa G iaeneiaeueiia aai aea?aai G*,
iaicia/ei ca k – /enei «ia?aiu/ae» (o.a. ?aaa? a?aoa G, ia
niaea?aeaueony a G*). O.e. a?ao G* yaeyaony aea?aaii, oi ii ia
niaea?aeeo ie iaeiiai eiioo?a, a, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ii ii?aaeaeyao ia
noa?a eeoue iaeio iaeanoue (a?aiue), e iioiio aeey iaai niioiioaiea (1)
ni?aaaaeeeai. Aeaeaa, aeiaaaeyy iaeio «ia?aiu/eo», /enei ?aaa?
oaaee/eaaaony ia aaeeieoeo, /enei aa?oei inoaaony i?aaeiei, o.e. G* –
iaeneiaeueiia aea?aai, o.a. iii niaea?aeeo ana aa?oeiu a?aoa G; /enei
a?aiae oaaee/eony ia aaeeieoeo ca n/ao ?acaeaiey iaeiie a?aie ia aeaa.
Ionthaea aeaeii, /oi aeiaaaeaiea iaeiie «ia?aiu/ee» ia iaiyao
niioiioaiey (1). Cia/eo e aeiaaaeaiea k ia?aiu/ae aai ia eciaieo. O.a.
a?ao G oaeiaeaoai?yao niioiioaieth (1).
Ec oai?aiu Yeea?a iiaeii iieo/eoue ianeieueei eioa?aniuo neaaenoaee.
Iaicia/ei /a?ac n3 /enei o?aoaieueiuo a?aiae auioeeiai iiiaia?aiieea,
/a?ac n4 – /enei aai /aou?aooaieueiuo a?aiae e o.ae. Oiaaea niioiioaiea
iaeei iiaeii ia?aienaoue oae:
A=2+?-(n3+n4+n5+…). (3)
O.e. eaaeaeia ec ?aaa? «i?eiaaeeaaeeo» ?iaii aeaoi a?aiyi, oi iiaeii
caienaoue neaaeothuoth oi?ioeo:
(4)
aa?oei, ionthaea auoaeaao ia?aaainoai:
(5)
Iauaaeeiyy (3), (4) e (5), iieo/ei
Oiiiaeay iieo/aiiia ia 6 e i?eaiaey iiaeiaiua, iieo/ei:
i?e/ai ?aaainoai aiciiaeii oieueei a oii neo/aa, eiaaea a aa?oeia
noiaeyony o?e a?aie. A iaoai neo/aa, aeey eaeaaeueiuo ooea?aiia e aeey
iaiio?oaie, caiayiiuo n iaieo eiioeia yoi auiieiaii. Ionthaea aeaeii,
/oi a ninoaa ieo iiaeao aoiaeeoue ?iaii 12 iyoeoaieueieeia.
Aoi?ui neaaenoaeai oai?aiu Yeea?a yaeyaony oae iacuaaaiay yeea?iaa
oa?aeoa?enoeea iiaa?oiinoe.
Ionoue Q — iiaa?oiinoue, eioi?ay aeiioneaao ?acaeaiea ia
iiiaioaieueieee; yoi icia/aao, /oi ia iiaa?oiinoe iiaeii «ia?eniaaoue»
a?ao, ?acaeaathuee aa ia eiia/iia /enei eoneia, aiiaiii?oiuo e?oao.
Iaicia/ei /enei aa?oei e ?aaa? a?aoa /a?ac A e ?, a /enei
iiiaioaieueieeia, ia eioi?ua Q ?acaeaaaony yoei a?aoii,— /a?ac A. *enei
X (Q) = A – ? + A (6)
iacuaaaony yeea?iaie oa?aeoa?enoeeie iiaa?oiinoe Q. No?iai aiai?y, /enei
(6) ii?aaeaeyaony ia naiie iiaa?oiinoueth Q, a auai?ii aa ?acaeaiey ia
iiiaioaieueieee. Iaeiaei oai?aia Yeea?a iieacuaaao, /oi aeey iiaa?oiinoe
Q, aiiaiii?oiie noa?a, yeea?iaa oa?aeoa?enoeea ia caaeneo io auai?a
?acaeaiey ia iiiaioaieueieee: O(Q)=2. Aeieaaeai, /oi e aeey ethaie
iiaa?oiinoe Q aa yeea?iaa oa?aeoa?enoeea O(Q) ia caaeneo io auai?a
?acaeaiey ia iiiaioaieueieee, a ii?aaeaeyaony naiie iiaa?oiinoueth.
A naiii aeaea, ionoue ia, iiaa?oiinoe Q «ia?eniaaiu» aeaa a?aoa G1, G2,
eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo caaeaao ?acaeaiea ia iiiaioaieueieee. *enea aa?oei,
?aaa? e a?aiae ?acaeaiey, ii?aaeaeyaiiai a?aoii G1, iaicia/ei /a?ac B1,
?1, A1, a niioaaonoaothuea /enea aeey ?acaeaiey, ii?aaeaeyaiiai a?aoii
G2,— /a?ac A2, ?2, A2. Aiiaua aiai?y, a?aou G1 e G2 iiaoo ia?anaeaoueny
a aaneiia/iii /enea oi/ae. Iaeiaei, «iioaaaeea» a?ao G1, iu niiaeai
aeiaeoueny oiai, /oiau G1 e G2 ia?anaeaeenue eeoue a eiia/iii /enea
oi/ae.
G2).
G2, a /a?ac A — /enei a?aiae, ia eioi?ua ii ?acaeaaao iiaa?oiinoue Q.
Eaeay ninoieo a oii, /oiau aeieacaoue ?aaainoaa
(7)
ec eioi?uo e aoaeao neaaeiaaoue, /oi B1-P1+A1=B2-P2+A2. Iaa ?aaainoaa
(7) aeieacuaathony iaeeiaeiai; aeieaaeai ia?aia.
G2 e niaea?aeaueony a I, iaicia/ei /a?ac A’. Ia ?en. 4 eiaai A’=4,
?’=12, A’=9, q=15.
G2) ec iiaa?oiinoe Q. Oae eae I aiiaiii?oai e?oao e, cia/eo, iieonoa?a,
oi aai iiaeii aoi?ie («ieaeiae») iieonoa?ie aeiiieieoue aei iiaa?oiinoe,
aiiaiii?oiie noa?a (?en. 5). Ia yoie noa?a ?aniieiaeai nayciue a?ao,
eiathuee A’+q aa?oei, ?’+q ?aaa? e ii?aaeaeythuee A’+1 a?aiae (A’ a?aiae
niaea?aeeony a I e aua iaeiie a?aiueth yaeyaony ieaeiyy iieonoa?a).
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, niaeanii (1), (A’+q)- (?’+q)+(A’+1)=2, o. a.
A’-?’+A=1. (8)
G2. A naiii aeaea, aianoi A’ aa?oei, ?’ ?aaa? e A’ a?aiae, eiaaoeony
aioo?e I, iu oaia?ue aoaeai eiaoue 0 aa?oei, 0 ?aaa? e iaeio a?aiue (nai
iiiaioaieueiee I), o. a. /enei A’-?’+A’ caiaieony ia 0-0+1, a yoi,
niaeanii (8), ie/aai ia iaiyao.
?en. 4. ?en. 5.
G2 Eia/a aiai?y,
A*-?*+A*=A-?+A (9)
aaea A* e ?* — /enei aa?oei e ?aaa? a?aoa G*, a A* — /enei ii?aaeaeyaiuo
ei a?aiae.
Caiaoei, iaeiiaoe, /oi a?ao G* iieo/aaony ec G1 aeiaaaeaieai ianeieueeeo
iiauo aa?oei ia ?aa?ao. Aeiaaaeaiea eaaeaeie iiaie aa?oeiu oaaee/eaaao
/enei ?aaa? ia 1 (iineieueeo aeiaaaeaiiay aa?oeia ?acaeaaao iaeii ec
?aaa? ia aeaa). Neaaeiaaoaeueii, anee ia?aoiae io a?aoa G1 e G*
inouanoaeyaony aeiaaaeaieai k iiauo aa?oei, oi A*=B1 + k1*P*=P1+k. E?iia
oiai, A*=A1 (oae eae a?ao G* ii?aaeaeyao oa aea a?aie, /oi e a?ao G1).
Oaeei ia?acii,
A*-?*+A*=(B1+k)-(P1+k)+A1=A1-?1+A1,
a yoi, niaeanii (9), e aeaao ia?aia ec niioiioaiee (7).
Eoae yeea?iaa oa?aeoa?enoeea iiaa?oiinoe ia caaeneo io aa ?acaeaiey ia
iiiaioaieueieee, a ii?aaeaeyaony naiie iiaa?oiinoueth. E?iia oiai, anee
iiaa?oiinoe Q1e Q2 aiiaiii?oiu, oi X(Q1)=O(Q2).
Ionthaea eiaai aua iaeii neaaenoaea: o.e. yeea?iaa oa?aeoa?enoeea
iiaa?oiinoe aeey iacae?uoie o?oaee ?aaia ioeth, oi, ?annoaeaeay oaeaea
eae e a ia?aii neaaenoaee, iiaeii iieo/eoue ia?aaainoai
Yoi niioiioaiea ieioi iienuaaao eaeaaeueioth iaiio?oaeo, ii aeey
?aaeueiie iaiio?oaee n «aeeneieaoeeyie» iii ea/anoaaiii i?aaeeueii.
Eoae, a aeaiiie /anoe ?aaiou auea aeieacaia oai?aia Yeea?a, eioi?ay
iicaieeea iai oai?aoe/anee aeieacaoue iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia?ano?ieee
a?aoeoiaie ieineinoe a neo/ayo, eiaaea ?aaeoeee i?ienoiaeyo n
ia?aciaaieai ooea?aiia e caiayiiuo iaiio?oaie, a oaeaea auei iaeaeaii
niioiioaiea aeey iiiaioaieueieeia a neo/aa, eiaaea eiaao ianoi
?anniio?aiea ?aaeueiuo iaiio?oaie n aeaoaeoaie.
I?e eniieueciaaiee aeey iieo/aiey iaiio?oaie yeaeo?e/aneie aeoae n
a?aoeoiaui yeaeo?iaeii ia?acothony i?aeiouanoaaiii iiiaineieiua
iaiio?oaee, aeeaiao? eioi?uo eaaeeo a aeeaiaciia io iaeiiai aei
ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia iaiiiao?ia. E?iia oiai, oaeea iaiio?oaee
ioee/athony ?acee/iie oe?aeueiinoueth, /oi ii?aaeaeyao ?acee/ea eo
yeaeo?iiiie no?oeoo?u e yeaeo?e/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee. ?ani?aaeaeaiey
iaiio?oaie ii ?acia?ai e oaeo oe?aeueiinoe e?eoe/aneei ia?acii caaenyo
io oneiaee ai?aiey aeoae e ia aini?iecaiaeyony io iaeiiai yenia?eiaioa e
ae?oaiio. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai, a oaeaea ?aciiia?acea ?acia?ia e oi?i
iaiio?oaie, aoiaeyueo a ninoaa eaoiaeiiai inaaeea, ia iicaieyao
?anniao?eaaoue aeaiiue iaoa?eae eae aauanoai n ii?aaeaeaiiuie
naienoaaie. *anoe/iia i?aiaeieaiea oeacaiiie i?iaeaiu noaei aiciiaeiui
aeaaiaea?y eniieueciaaieth i?ioeaaeo?u ia?aaioee aeaiiiai iaoa?eaea
neeueiuie ieeneeoaeyie. Iaoiaeu i/enoee e ia?aaioee iaiio?oaie n
iiiiuueth ieeneeoaeae iniiaai ia oii ianoiyoaeuenoaa, /oi ?aaeoeeiiiay
niiniaiinoue i?ioyaeaiiiai a?aoeoiaiai neiy, niaea?aeauaai oanoe/eaiiua
a?aoeoiaua eieueoea e ninoaaeythuea iiaa?oiinoue iaiio?oaie,
cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa niioaaonoaothueo oa?aeoa?enoee aeey noa?ieaeaeueiie
iiaa?oiinoe, niaea?aeauae oaeaea iaeioi?ia eiee/anoai iyoe/eaiiuo
eieaoe.
?en. 6. Eeethno?aoeee oe?aeueiinoe iaiio?oaie – /anoue a?aoeoiaie
ieineinoe, naa?ouaaiea eioi?ie a oeeeeiae? i?eaiaeeo e ia?aciaaieth
iaeiineieiie iaiio?oaee.
Iaeiei ec iniiaiuo ia?aiao?ia, oa?aeoa?ecothueo iaiio?oaee yaeyaony
oe?aeueiinoue. O?oaee oa?aeoa?ecothony ?acee/iie oe?aeueiinoueth, o.a.
oaeii i?eaioaoeee a?aoeoiaie ieineinoe ioiineoaeueii ine o?oaee.
Eaeaaeece?iaaiiay iaiio?oaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie naa?ioooth a oeeeeiae?
a?aoeoiaoth ieineinoue, o.a. iiaa?oiinoue aueiaeaiioth i?aaeeueiuie
oanoeoaieueieeaie, a aa?oeiao eioi?uo ?aniieiaeaiu aoiiu oaea?iaea.
?acoeueoao oaeie iia?aoeee caaeneo io oaea i?eaioaoeee a?aoeoiaie
ieineinoe ioiineoaeueii ine iaiio?oaee. Oaie i?eaioaoeee caaeaao
oe?aeueiinoue iaiio?oaee, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyao, a /anoiinoe aa
yeaeo?e/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee. Yoi naienoai iaiio?oaie eeethno?e?oaony ia
?en. 6, aaea iieacaia /anoue a?aoeoiaie ieineinoe e ioia/aiu aiciiaeiua
iai?aaeaiey aa nai?a/eaaiey. Oe?aeueiinoue iaiio?oaie iaicia/aaony
iaai?ii neiaieia (m,n), oeacuaathuei eii?aeeiaou oanoeoaieueieea,
eioi?ue a ?acoeueoaoa nai?a/eaaiey ieineinoe aeieaeai niaianoue n
oanoeoaieueieeii, iaoiaeyueiny a ia/aea eii?aeeiao. Iaeioi?ua ec oaeeo
oanoeoaieueieeia aianoa n niioaaonoaothueie iaicia/aieyie ioia/aiu ia
?enoiea. Ae?oaie niinia iaicia/aiey oe?aeue-iinoe ninoieo a oeacaiee
oaea a iaaeaeo iai?aaeaieai nai?a-/eaaiey iaiio?oaee e iai?aaeaieai, a
eioi?ii ninaaeiea oanoeoaieueieee eiatho iauoth noi?iio. N?aaee
?acee/iuo aiciiaeiuo iai?aaeaiee nai?a/e-aaiey iaiio?oaie auaeaeythony
iai?aaea-iey, aeey eioi?uo niaiauaiea oanoe-oaieueieea (m,n) n ia/aeii
eii?aeeiao ia o?aaoao eneaaeaiey a aai no?oeoo?a. Yoei iai?aaeaieyi
niioaaonoaotho oaie a=I e a=30°. Oeacaiiua eiioeao?aoeee ioaa/atho
oe?aeueiinoyi (m,0) e (2n,n) niioaaonoaaiii.
Eiaeaenu oe?aeueiinoe iaeiineieiie iaiio?oaee (m,n) iaeiicia/iui ia?acii
ii?aaeaeytho aa aeeaiao? D. Yoa naycue i/aaeaeia e eiaao neaaeothuee
aeae:
= 0,142 ii — ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo ninaaeieie aoiiaie oaea?iaea a
a?aoeoiaie ieineinoe.
?ac?aoathuay niiniaiinoue nia?aiaiiuo yeaeo?iiiuo iee?ineiiia
iaaeinoaoi/ia aeey iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai ?acee/aiey iaiio?oaie n ?aciie
oe?aeueiinoueth, iiyoiio iniiaiie niinia ii?aaeaeaiey aeaiiiai ia?aiao?a
naycai n ecia?aieai eo aeeaiao?a.
?en. 7. Eaeaaeueiay iiaeaeue iaeiineieiie iaiio?oaee.
?anniio?ei oi?iuaiioth iiaeaeue iaiio?oaee. Ia ?enoiea 7 i?aaenoaaeaia
eaeaaeece?iaaiiay iiaeaeue iaeiineieiie iaiio?oaee. Oaeay o?oaea ia
ia?acoao oaia i?e nai?a/eaatho e caeai/eaaaony ii-eonoa?e/aneeie
aa?oeiaie, niaea?-aeaueie, ia?yaeo n i?aaeeueiuie oan-oeoaieueieeaie,
oaeaea ii oanoue i?aaeeueiuo iyoeoaieueieeia. Iaee-/ea iyoeoaieueie-eia
ia eiioeao o?oaie iicaieyao ?anniao?eaaoue eo eae i?aaeaeueiue neo/ae
iieaeoe ooeea?aiia, aeeeia i?iaeieueiie ine eioi?uo cia/eoaeueii
i?aauoaao aeeaiao?.
No?oeoo?a iaeiineieiuo iaiio?oaie, iaaethaeaaiuo yenia?eiaioaeueii, ai
iiiaeo ioiioaieyo ioee/aaony io i?aaenoaaeaiiie auoa eaeaaeece?iaaiiie
ea?oeiu. I?aaeaea anaai yoi eanaaony aa?oei iaiio?oaee, oi?ia eioi?uo,
eae neaaeoao ec iaaethaeaiee, aeaeaea io eaeaaeueiie iieonoa?u.
Iniaia ianoi n?aaee iaeiineieiuo iaiio?oaie caieiatho iaiio?oaee n
oe?aeueinoueth (10,10). A iaiio?oaeao oaeiai oeia aeaa ec N-N-naycae,
aoiaeyueo a ninoaa eaaeaeiai oanoe/eaiiiai eieueoea, i?eaioe?iaaiu
ia?aeeaeueii i?iaeieueiie ine o?oaee. Niaeanii ?an/aoai iaiio?oaee n
iiaeiaiie no?oeoo?ie aeieaeiu iaeaaeaoue /enoi iaoaeee/aneie
i?iaiaeeiinoueth. E?iia oiai, oa?iiaeeiaie/aneea ?an/aou iieacuaatho,
/oi oaeea o?oaee iaeaaeatho iiauoaiiie noaaeeueiinoueth e aeieaeiu
i?aiaeaaeaoue iaae o?oaeaie ae?oaie oe?aeueiinoe a oneiaeyo, eiaaea
i?aeiouanoaaiii ia?acothony iaeiineieiua iaiio?oaee. Aei iaaeaaiaai
a?aiaie oaeea eaeaaeece?iaaiiua oneiaey eacaeenue iaaeinoeaeeiuie.
Iaeiaei a ?acoeueoaoa iaeo/aiey iiaa?oiinoe a?aoeoa eiioeuenaie aeaoo
eaca?ia a i?enoonoaea ieeaeaaiai eaoaeecaoi?a aue inouanoaeai neioac
iaiio?oaie aeeaiao?ii 1.36 ii e aeeeiie aei ianeieueeeo nio iee?ii,
iaeaaeathueo iaoaeee/aneie i?iaiaeeiinoueth, auaiaeu oai?ee iaoee
yenia?eiaioaeueiia iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea. Eae neaaeoao ec ecia?aiee,
auiieiaiiuo n iiiiuueth yeaeo?iiiiai iee?ineiia e ?aioaaiianeiai
aeeo?aeoiiao?a, iaiio?oaee n i?aeiouanoaaiiie oe?aeueiinoueth (10,10)
ia?acotho aeaoou aeeaiao?ii io 5 aei 20 iei, naa?iooua a eeoaee e
caiooaiiua i?e/oaeeeaui ia?acii. E?iia oiai, ecia?aiey niaeo?ia YI?,
iiaee?aieaiiua i?yiuie ecia?aieyie i?iaiaeeiinoe iaiio?oaie, oeacuaatho
ia iaoaeee/aneee oa?aeoa? yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoe yoeo iaoa?eaeia.
I?e i?yiii ecia?aiee oe?aeueiinoe iaiio?oaie eniieueciaaee
yeaeo?iiii-aeeo?aeoeeiiiue iee?ineii n /?acau/aeii iaeui iiia?a/iui
na/aieai yeaeo?iiiiai io/ea (ieiei 0,7 ii), auno?i neaie?oaiiai ii
iaeanoe aeeaiao?ii 10 – 20 ii, caiieiaiiie aeaooii iaiio?oaie. Ia
iniiaaiee iieo/aaiie oaeei ia?acii aeeo?aeoeeiiiie ea?oeiu aeaeathony
auaiaeu i no?oeoo?a iaiio?oaie, aoiaeyueo a ninoaa eaiaoia. Auei eco/aii
35 aeaooia aeeaiao?ii io 3 aei 30 ii. Ana aeaoou, e?iia aeaoo, ninoiyee
ec iaiio?oaie n oe?aeueiinoueth, aeeceie e (10,10). Aeaoaeueiue aiaeec
iieacae, /oi 44% iaiio?oaie eiaee oe?aeueiinoue (10,10), 30% — (11,9) e
20% — (12,8).
Eaieeey?iua yooaeou e caiieiaiea iaiio?oaie. Anei?a iinea ioe?uoey
oaea?iaeiuo iaiio?oaie aieiaiea enneaaeiaaoaeae i?eaeaeea aiciiaeiinoue
caiieiaiey iaiio?oaie ?acee/iuie aauanoaaie, /oi ia oieueei
i?aaenoaaeyao iao/iue eioa?an, ii oaeaea eiaao aieueoia cia/aiea aeey
i?eeeaaeiuo caaea/, iineieueeo iaiio?oaeo, caiieiaiioth i?iaiaeyuei,
iieoi?iaiaeyuei eee naa?oi?iaiaeyuei iaoa?eaeii, iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue
eae iaeaieaa ieieaoth?iue ec anao ecaanoiuo e ianoiyuaio a?aiaie
yeaiaioia iee?iyeaeo?iieee. Iao/iue eioa?an e aeaiiie i?iaeaia naycai n
aiciiaeiinoueth iieo/aiey yenia?eiaioaeueii iainiiaaiiiai ioaaoa ia
aii?in: i?e eaeeo ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ao eaieeey?iua yaeaiey nio?aiytho
naie iniaaiiinoe, i?enouea iae?ineiie/aneei iauaeoai? Aia?aua aeaiiay
i?iaeaia ?anniio?aia a caaea/e i aoyaeaaiee iieaeoeu I? aioo?ue
iaiio?oaie iiae aeaenoaeai iiey?ecaoeeiiiuo nee. I?e yoii iieacaii, /oi
eaieeey?iua yaeaiey, i?eaiaeyuea e aoyaeaaieth aeeaeeinoae, nia/eaathueo
aioo?aiithth iiaa?oiinoue o?oaee, aioo?ue eaieeey?a, nio?aiytho naith
i?e?iaeo i?e ia?aoiaea e o?oaeai iaiiiao?iaiai aeeaiao?a.
Eaieeey?iua yaeaiey a oaea?iaeiuo iaiio?oaeao aia?aua inouanoaeaiu
yenia?eiaioaeueii a ?aaioa, aaea iaaethaeaeny yooaeo eaieeey?iiai
aoyaeaaiey ?anieaaeaiiiai naeioea aioo?ue iaiio?oaie. A yoii
yenia?eiaioa yeaeo?e/aneay aeoaa, i?aaeiacia/aiiay aeey neioaca
iaiio?oaie caaeeaaeanue iaaeaeo yeaeo?iaeaie aeeaiao?ii 0,8 e aeeeiie 15
ni i?e iai?yaeaiee 30 A e oiea 180 – 200 A. Ia?acothueeny ia iiaa?oiinoe
eaoiaea a ?acoeueoaoa oa?ie/aneiai ?ac?ooaiey iiaa?oiinoe aiiaea neie
iaoa?eaea aunioie 3-4 ni ecaeaeaeny ec eaia?u e auaea?aeeaaeny a oa/aiea
5 / i?e O = 850° N a iioiea oaeaeeneiai aaca. Yoa iia?aoeey, a
?acoeueoaoa eioi?ie ia?acaoe iioa?ye ieiei 10% iannu, niinianoaiaaea
i/enoea ia?acoea io /anoeoe aii?oiiai a?aoeoa e ioe?uoeth iaiio?oaie,
iaoiaeyueony a inaaeea. Oeaio?aeueiay /anoue inaaeea, niaea?aeauaai
iaiio?oaee, iiiauaeanue a yoaiie e ia?aaaouaaeanue oeueo?acaoeii.
Aeenia?ae?iaaiiue a oei?ioi?ia i?iaeoeo ieeneaiey iaiineeny ia
oaea?iaeioth eaioo n ioaa?noeyie aeey iaaethaeaiey n iiiiuueth
yeaeo?iiiiai iee?ineiia. Eae iieacaee iaaethaeaiey, o?oaee, ia
iiaeaa?aaaoeany ia?aaioea, eiaee aanoiaioth no?oeoo?o, aieiaee
i?aaeeueiie oi?iu e aeeaiao? io 0,8 aei 10 ii. A ?acoeueoaoa ieeneaiey
ieiei 10% iaiio?oaie ieacaeenue n iia?aaeaeaiiuie oaii/eaie, a /anoue
neiaa aaeece aa?oeiu auea niae?aia. I?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey iaaethaeaiee
ia?acaoe, niaea?aeauee iaiio?oaee, caiieiyeny a aaeooia eaieyie
?anieaaeaiiiai naeioea, eioi?ua iieo/aee a ?acoeueoaoa iaeo/aiey
iaoaeee/aneie iiaa?oiinoe yeaeo?iiiui io/eii. I?e yoii ia aiaoiae
iiaa?oiinoe iaiio?oaie iaaethaeaeenue eaiaeueee naeioea ?acia?ii io 1
aei 15 ii. Iaiio?oaee ioaeeaaeenue a aicaeooa i?e O = 400°N (auoa
oaiia?aoo?u ieaaeaiey naeioea) a oa/aiea 30 iei. Eae iieacuaatho
?acoeueoaou iaaethaeaiee, auiieiaiiuo n iiiiuueth yeaeo?iiiiai
iee?ineiia, /anoue iaiio?oaie iinea ioaeeaa ieacaeanue caiieiaiiie
oaa?aeui iaoa?eaeii. Aiaeiae/iue yooaeo caiieiaiey iaiio?oaie
iaaethaeaeny i?e iaeo/aiee aieiaie o?oaie, ioe?uaathueony a ?acoeueoaoa
ioaeeaa, iiuiui yeaeo?iiiui io/eii. I?e aeinoaoi/ii neeueiii iaeo/aiee
iaoa?eae aaeece ioe?uoiai eiioea o?oaee ieaaeony e i?iieeaao aioo?ue.
Iaee/ea naeioea aioo?e o?oaie onoaiiaeaii iaoiaeaie ?aioaaiianeie
aeeo?aeoeee e yeaeo?iiiie niaeo?ineiiee. Aeeaiao? naiiai oiieiai
naeioeiaiai i?iaiaea ninoaaeye 1,5 ii. Niaeanii ?acoeueoaoai
iaaethaeaiee /enei caiieiaiiuo iaiio?oaie ia i?aauoaei 1%.
Iineaaeothuea enneaaeiaaiey iai?aaeaiu ia aeaoaeueiia eco/aiea
iniaaiiinoae eaieeey?iuo yaeaiee a oaea?iaeiuo iaiio?oaeao, eioi?ua
i?iyaeythony i?e eo caiieiaiee iaoa?eaeaie ?acee/iie i?e?iaeu.
?acoeueoaou yoeo enneaaeiaaiee oeacuaatho ia naycue iaaeaeo aaee/eiie
iiaa?oiinoiiai iaoyaeaiey iaoa?eaea e aiciiaeiinoueth aai eaieeey?iiai
aoyaeaaiey aioo?ue oaea?iaeiie iaiio?oaee. Iaeioi?ua ec yoeo
?acoeueoaoia i?aaenoaaeaiu a iaiauaiiii aeaea a oaae. 1. Eae aeaeii,
eaieeey?iua naienoaa iaiio?oaie i?iyaeythony oieueei a ioiioaiee
iaoa?eaeia, iaeaaeathueo aeinoaoi/ii ieceei (iaiaa 200 iI i-1) cia/aieai
iiaa?oiinoiiai iaoyaeaiey a naeeaeaiiii ninoiyiee.
S
Cs
Rb
Se
Ieneaeu naeioea
Ieneaeu aeniooa
Te
Pb
Hg
Ga 43
61
67
77
80
97
(PbO ~ 132)
~ 200)
190
470
490
710 aea
aea
aea
aea
aea
aea
aea
aea
aea
iao
iao
iao
iao
Oaaeeoea 1. Nia/eaathuea naienoaa iaiio?oaie (oaiia?aoo?a aeecea e oi/ea
ieaaeaiey)
Aiaeece?oy ?acoeueoaou yenia?eiaioia, iinayuaiiuo enneaaeiaaieth
eaieeey?iuo yaeaiee a iaiio?oaeao, neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia ?ieue
eenei?iaea, i?enoonoaea eioi?iai ca/anooth ii?aaeaeyao yoe ?acoeueoaou.
Oae, yenia?eiaiou ii caiieiaieth iaiio?oaie aeniooii e naeioeii,
auiieiaiiua a aaeooia, caeii/eeenue iaoaea/ae, a oi a?aiy eae
aiaeiae/iua yenia?eiaiou i?iaaaeaiiua a i?enoonoaea aoiinoa?iiai
aicaeooa, i?eaaee e iiyaeaieth eaieeey?iiai yooaeoa. Oaeie ?acoeueoao
aiieia iauyniei n oi/ee c?aiey eceiaeaiiuo auoa i?aaenoaaeaiee i
ei??aeyoeee iaaeaeo eaieeey?iuie yaeaieyie e aaee/eiie iiaa?oiinoiiai
iaoyaeaiey niioaaonoaothuaai ?anieaaa. Iiaa?oiinoiia iaoyaeaiea
?anieaaeaiiuo ieneaeia naeioea e aeniooa cia/eoaeueii i?aauoaao
niioaaonoaothuaa cia/aiea aeey /enouo ?anieaaeaiiuo iaoaeeia, iiyoiio
iaee/ea eenei?iaea, i?eaiaeyuaa e ia?aciaaieth ieneaeia, niinianoaoao
i?ioaeaieth eaieeey?iuo yaeaiee.
Oioy iaiio?oaee ia i?iyaeytho eaieeey?iua naienoaa aeey iaoa?eaeia n
aaee/eiie iiaa?oiinoiiai iaoyaeaiey aieaa 200 iI i-1, oaeaeinue ?aoeoue
yoo i?iaeaio. Eniieuecotho ?anoai?eoaee, eiathuea ieceia iiaa?oiinoiia
iaoyaeaiea e niiniaiuo ii yoie i?e/eia i?iieeaoue a iaiio?oaee ca n/ao
yaeaiee eaieeey?iinoe. I?e yoii a ea/anoaa ?anoai?eoaey eniieuecotho
eiioeaio?e?iaaiioth acioioth eeneioo, iiaa?oiinoiia iaoyaeaiea eioi?ie
ioiineoaeueii iaaaeeei ( ieiei 43 iI i-1).
Nouanoaoao ae?oaie yooaeoeaiue niinia iieo/aiey iaiio?oaie, caiieiaiea
iaoaeeaie e eo niaaeeiaieyie, iniiaai ia oaoiieiaee eaoaeeoe/aneiai
neioaca iaiio?oaie, a eioi?uo iaoaeeu eniieuecothony a ea/anoaa
eaoaeecaoi?a. O.a. ioaa?noea a aiiaea caiieiyaony nianueth a?aoeoiaiai
e iaoaeee/aneiai ii?ioea.
I?eiaiaiea iaiio?oaie a yeaeo?iieea.
Oioy oaoiieiae/aneea i?eiaiaiey iaiio?oaie, iniiaaiiua ia eo aunieie
oaeaeueiie iiaa?oiinoe, i?aaenoaaeytho cia/eoaeueiue i?eeeaaeiie
eioa?an, iaeaieaa i?eaeaeaoaeueiuie i?aaenoaaeythony oa iai?aaeaiey
eniieueciaaiey iaiio?oaie, eioi?ua naycaiu n ?ac?aaioeaie a ?acee/iuo
iaeanoyo nia?aiaiiie yeaeo?iieee. Oaeea naienoaa iaiio?oaie, eae iaeua
?acia?u, iaiythueany a ?acee/iuo i?aaeaeao, a caaeneiinoe io oneiaee
neioaca, yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoue, iaoaie/aneay i?i/iinoue e oeie/aneay
noaaeeueiinoue, iicaieytho ?anniao?eaaoue iaiio?oaee a ea/anoaa iniiau
aoaeoueo yeaiaioia iee?iyeaeo?iieee. Auei ?ann/eoaii, /oi aiaae?aiea a
eaeaaeueioth no?oeoo?o iaeiineieiie iaiio?oaee a ea/anoaa aeaoaeoa ia?u
iyoeoaieueiee-naieoaieueiee eciaiyao aa oe?aeueiinoue e, eae neaaenoaea,
aa yeaeo?iiiua naienoaa. Eiie?aoii auea ?anniio?aia no?oeoo?a
(8,0)/(7,1). Eae neaaeoao ec ?an/aoia o?oaea n oe?aeueiinoueth (8,0)
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iieoi?iaiaeiee n oe?eiie cai?auaiiie ciiu 1,2 yA, a
oi a?aiy eae o?oaea n oe?aeueiinoueth (7,1) yaeyaony iieoiaoaeeii aeey
eioi?iai oe?eia cai?auaiiie ciiu ?aaia ioeth. Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii a
?acoeueoaoa aiaae?aiey aeaoaeoa iiaoo auoue iieo/aiu aaoa?iia?aoiaeu
iieoi?iaiaeiee-iieoi?iaiaeiee n ?acee/iuie cia/aieyie oe?eiu cai?auaiiie
ciiu. Oai naiui iaiio?oaea n aiaae?aiiui a iaa aeaoaeoii iiaeao
?anniao?eaaoueny eae aaoa?iia?aoiae iaoaee-iieoi?iaiaeiee, eioi?ue, a
i?eioeeia, iiaeao ninoaaeoue iniiao iieoi?iaiaeieeiaiai yeaiaioa
?aei?aeii iaeuo ?acia?ia.
Aiciiaeiinoe i?eiaiaiey iaiio?oaie a yeaeo?iieea ia ia?aie/eaathony
iaeanoueth nicaeaiey ia eo iniiaa iiauo oeiia ieieaoth?iuo yeaiaioia
yeaeo?iiiuo noai. Ia?yaeo n yoei iaiio?oaee iiaoo neoaeeoue iniiaie
oii/aeoaai ecia?eoaeueiiai eino?oiaioa, eniieuecoaiiai aeey eiio?iey
iaiaeii?iaeiinoae iiaa?oiinoae oaeeo noai. A iaeiie ec ?aaio a aeaiiii
iai?aaeaiee auea eniieueciaaia iiiaineieiay iaiio?oaea a ea/anoaa ciiaea
aeey enneaaeiaaiey iiaa?oiinoe ia iaiiiao?iaii o?iaia. I?aeiouanoaa
eniieueciaaiey aeey yoie oeaee iaiio?oaie naycaiu n eo /?acau/aeii
aunieie iaoaie/aneie i?i/iinoueth, ia eioi?oth oeacuaatho a /anoiinoe,
?acoeueoaou i?yiuo ecia?aiee, niaeanii eioi?ui iiaeoeue THiaa iaiio?oaie
a aeneaeueiii iai?aaeaiee ninoaaeyao ii?yaeea 7000 AIa, a oi a?aiy eae
aeey noaee e e?eaeey, o?aaeeoeeiiii eniieuecoaiuo aeey ecaioiaeaiey
oaeeo ciiaeia, cia/aiea yoiai ia?aiao?a ninoaaeyao 200 e 500 AIa
niioaaonoaaiii.
Caeeth/aiea
Ioe?uoea oaea?iaeiuo iaiio?oaie ioiineony e iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiui
aeinoeaeaieyi nia?aiaiiie iaoee. Yoa oi?ia oaea?iaea ii naiae no?oeoo?a
caieiaao i?iiaaeooi/iia iieiaeaiea iaaeaeo a?aoeoii e ooeea?aiii.
Iaeiaei iiiaea naienoaa oaea?iaeiuo iaiio?oaie ia eiatho ie/aai iauaai
ie n a?aoeoii, ie n ooeea?aiii. Yoi iicaieyao ?anniao?eaaoue e
enneaaeiaaoue iaiio?oaee eae naiinoiyoaeueiue iaoa?eae, iaeaaeathuee
oieeaeueiuie oeceei-oeie/aneeie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie.
Enneaaeiaaiey oaea?iaeiuo iaiio?oaie i?aaenoaaeytho cia/eoaeueiue
ooiaeaiaioaeueiue e i?eeeaaeiie eioa?an. Ooiaeaiaioaeueiue eioa?an e
yoiio iauaeoo iaoneiaeai, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, aai iaiau/iie no?oeoo?ie
e oe?ieei aeeaiaciiii eciaiaiey oeceei-oeie/aneeo naienoa a caaeneiinoe
io oe?aeueiinoe.
E i?iaeaia enneaaeiaaiey ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo naienoa oaea?iaeiuo
iaiio?oaie aieioioth i?eiueaao i?iaeaia i?eeeaaeiiai eniieueciaaiey.
?aoaiea yoie i?iaeaiu, a naith i/a?aaeue, io nicaeaiey niiniaia
aeaoaaiai iieo/aiey oaea?iaeiuo iaiio?oaie a aieueoeo eiee/anoaao. Yoa
i?iaeaia iiea eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoue e?oiiiianooaaiiai i?eiaiaiey
yoiai iaoa?eaea. Oai ia iaiaa oaeea naienoaa iaiio?oaie, eae
naa?oieieaoth?iua ?acia?u, oi?ioay yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoue, aunieea
yienneiiiua oa?aeoa?enoeee, aunieay oeie/aneay noaaeeueiinoue i?e
nouanoaothuae ii?enoinoe e niiniaiinoue i?eniaaeeiyoue e naaa ?acee/iua
oeie/aneea ?aaeeeaeu, iicaieytho iaaeayoueny ia yooaeoeaiia i?eiaiaiea
iaiio?oaie a oaeeo iaeanoyo, eae ecia?eoaeueiay oaoieea, yeaeo?iieea e
iaiiyeaeo?iieea, oeie/aneay oaoiieiaey e ae?. A neo/aa oniaoiiai ?aoaiey
yoeo caaea/ iu noaiai naeaeaoaeyie aua iaeiiai i?eia?a yooaeoeaiiai
aeeyiey ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee ia iao/ii oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann.
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