?aoa?ao
“Oa?iiyaea?iiai neioac aeey i?iecaiaenoaa yeaeo?iyia?aee a ?innee e
i?iaeaiu yoiai i?iaeoa aeey iauanoaa.”
Ai?neei Aeieo?ee
eaoaae?a iao/iiai aiaiiiai eiiioiecia e yeiiiiiie yeiiiieee.
Iineianeee ainoaea?noaaiiue oieaa?neoao eiaie
I.Y. Aaoiaia
2002 aiae
Anooieaiea
A ?innee iiiai n?aaenoa o?aoeeinue, o?aoeony e aoaeao o?aoeoueny ia
?acaeoea nenoaiu i?iecaiaenoaa yeaeo?iyia?aee n iiiiuueth oi?aaeyaiie
oa?iiyaea?iie
?aaeoeee. Yoie i?iaeaiie caieiaeenue a CCC? E.A.Eo?/aoia, A.Ae.Naoa?ia,
E.A.Oaii,E.A.A?oeeiiae/ue,I.A. Eaiioiae/ue, A.I. Aaeeoia. E niaeaeaieth
iu ia eiaai i?aai ciaoue, neieueei aeaiaa eno?a/aii e o?aoeoueny ia yoio
i?iaeo, ii y iiao eceiaeeoue i?iaeaiu, eioi?ua aicieeaee e aicieeioo o
iauanoaa i?e eniieueciaaiee oa?iiyaea?iuo ?aaeoi?ia. Ana iaoa?eaeu acyou
ec ioe?uouo enoi/ieeia, iiyoiio aaoi? iaaeaaony, /oi ii ia aoaeao
iinaaeao a oth?ueio ?aaioieeaie ONA, eae iiiaea ?inneeneea yeieiae (
iai?eia? Ianueei eee eae caaaaeothuee iiae eaoaae?u Y1 Aaaeei A.E.
Aeaaiay oeaeue i?iaeoa – nicaeaoue aeaoaaue enoi/iee
yeaeoiyia?aee. Ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio i?iaeoo iiae iacaaieai EOY?
i?aaeiieaaaaony nicaeaoue iaaaoiiaoece?iaaiioth noaioeeth,
noieiinoueth aieaa ieeeea?aea aeieea?ia oieueei aeey iiaa?ee
aiciiaeiinoe inouanoaeaiey i?ioeanna.
I?aaeiieaaaaony , /oi iaeia onoaiiaea aoaeao au?aaaouaaoue ieiei 800
Iaaaaaoo yeaeo?iyia?aee.
A i?ioeaiaan yoiio a NOA nicaeaaony naoue iaaieueoeo aaoiiaoia –
aao?iyeaeo?inoaioeee, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo aoaeao au?aaaouaaoue 1,5
Iaaaaaoo yeaeo?iyia?aee ii oeaia 4 oeaioa ca eeeiaaoo. Noieiinoue
eaaeaeie noaioeee 1,2 ieeeeiia aeieea?ia. Ooiiaia caa?yciaiea – eo
iooiaeu. Au?aaioeo yeaeo?iyia?aee ieaie?oaony aeiaanoe aei 20 i?ioeaioia
io iauae , /oi aoaeao ?aaii eiee/anoao yeaeo?iyia?aee aeiauaaaiie ia
anao AYN a NOA.
1. E?aoeay enoi?ey i?iaeoa.
A 1951 aiaeo A.Ae. Naoa?iaui i?aaeeiaeai oa?iiyaea?iue a?eaea?
(?aaeoi?), a eioi?ii iaeo?iiu oa?iiyaea?iie ?aaeoeee D+T (aeaeoa?ee e
o?eoee) eniieuecothony aeey iaeiieaiey ieooiiey eee o?aia 233 e o?eoey.”
Ieooiiee e o?ai 233 naeeaathony a ioiineoaeueii i?inouo (ia a?eaea?iuo)
?aaeoi?ao i?iecaiaenoaii yia?aee,o?eoey e aeaeyueony aauanoa. Ii
aeaeeiiio, eiaiii ia yoii iooe oi?aaeyaiay oa?iiyaea?iay ?aaeoeey
?aiueoa anaai niiaeao i?eia?anoe i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea.?aaiou auee
aeieiaeaiu E.A.Eo?/aoiaui i?e iinauaiee ei Oa?oyeeneie eaai?aoi?ee a
1956 a.(ai a?aiy aeceoa O?ouaaa e Aoeaaieia a Aaeeeia?eoaieth)e caoai
iioaeeeiaaiu a o?oaeao AEaiaaneie eiioa?aioeee ii ie?iiio
eniieueciaaieth
aoiiiie yia?aee.A aeieeaaea 1960 a ianoaeaeaeanue aiciiaeiinoue
inouanoaeaiey oi?aaeyaiie oa?iiyaea?iie ?aaeoeee iiiiuueth eaca?a.
A nayce i?aaeeiaeaiiie ?ayii aaoi?ia eaeaae “ac?uaiiai a?eaeeiaa”
Naoa?ia a ianeieueeeo aeieeaaeao aian ?yae aeiiieieoaeueiuo
i?aaeeiaeaiee.A /anoiinoe, ii i?aaeeiaeee eniieueciaaiea iiaecaiiie
“aio?e?iaaiiie”eaia?u.
?ieue i?i/iuo noaiie,oaea?aeeaathueo aeaaeaiea i?iaeoeoia ac?uaa,a yoii
aa
?eaioa iieo/aao a?oio,a aa?iaoecaoeeth inouanoaeyao oiieinoaiiay eaia?a.
A a aea yoio i?iaeo iiaeao aucuaaoue iianaiey a niunea ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai
ca
?aaeaiey, e, auoue iiaeao, aai neaaeoao inouanoaeyoue ia Eoia,
aeinoaaeyy i?i
ecaaaeaiiia ai?th/aa ia Caieth a?ociauie ?aeaoaie”.(1)
Eioa?anii. /oi /anoue o/aiuo a IAO ei. Eiiiiiniaa n/eoatho ?aaeueiie
eaeath
ioi?aaeyoue ?aaeeiaeoeaiua iooiaeu a Einiin.I?e yoii iie ia ciatho
neieueei noieo noieiinoue auaaaeaiey 1 ea iieaciiai aoca ia i?aeoo ( ia
aiai?y oaea i aeaeaeii einiina.)
Yoe i?iaeou OON auee naeaeaiu n oeaeueth eniieueciaaiey eo a aiaiiuo
i?iaeoao.
Iinea eii/eiu aeaaeaieea E.A. A?oeeiiae/a a 1975 aiaeo ?oeiaiaeeoaeai
ainoaea?noaaiiie
i?ia?aiiu a NNN? ii oi?aaeyaiiio oa?iiyaea?iiio neioaco noaiiaeoueny
A.I.Aaeeoia.
NNN? ?aniaeny, ii i?ia?aiia a o?acaiiii aeaea i?iaeieaeaaony. Nae/an
yoio i?iaeo noae iaaeaeoia?iaeiui. Niaao EOY? ii i?iaeoo
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai yenia?eiaioaeueiiai oa?iiyaea?iiai ?aaeoi?a
aicaeaaeyao A.I.Aaeeoia. NOA iio?aoea 15 ieeeea?aeia aeieea?ia auoee ec
yoiai i?iaeoa, inoaeueiua 15 ieeeea?aeia oaea iio?a/aia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie iao/iuie i?aaiecaoeeyie.
2. Oaoie/aneea , yeieiae/aneea e iaaeeoeeineea i?iaeaiu.
I?e ?aaioa onoaiiaie oi?aaeyaiiai oa?iiyaea?iiai neioaca (OON).
aicieeatho iaeo?iiiua io/ee e aaiia eceo/aiea, a oae aea aicieeatho
?aaeeiaeoeaiua yae?a (aoiiu) – ?aaeeiioeeeaeu.
Enoi/ieee iiiio?iiaoe/aneeo io/eia iaeo?iiia aoaeoo eiaoue yia?aeth
14 Mya. Iaeo?ii – yeaiaioa?iay /anoeoea n ioeaaui yeaeo?e/aneei
ca?yaeii.*ooue aieueoa iannu i?ioiia. A naiaiaeiii ninoiyiee ianoaaeeai
e eniuouaaao aaooa ?aniaae.”Ec-ca ionoonoaey o iaeoiiia yeaeo?e/aneiai
ca?yaea iie aeoaiei i?iieeatho aioo?ue aieueoeinoaa iaoa?eaeia, /oi
iicaieyao eo ?anniao?eaaoue eae aeicoaoi/ii i?ic?a/iua n?aaeu aeey
?ani?ino?aiaiey iaeo?iiiuo aiei”. (2)
Oiieeaii aeey OON aoaeao yaeyoueny o?eoee – iaeioiene/iue yeaiaio.
Ia?eiae iieo?aniaea 12,43 eao.
I?iaeaio aeeooocee aiaei?iaea /a?ac iiiaea iaoaeeu, a /anoiinoe /a?ac
noaeue iioneaai.
Eo/oei ec ecaanoiuo caiaaeeeoaeae iaeo?iiia yaeyaony oyaeaeay aiaea
(D2I).
I?e iaeo/aiee iaeo?iiaie iaoaeeia iaaethaeaaony ?aniooaiea iaoaeeia.
I?ienoiaeeo eciaiaiea eo oi?iu e ?acia?ia.Yoio i?ioeann aeey noaee
iacuaaaony aaeaineiiiia ?aniooaiea noaee. Yoio i?ioeann aoaeao
i?eaiaeeoue e aeaoi?iaoeee i?e aeeeoaeueiii aicaeienoaee eioaineaiuo
iioieia auno?uo iaeo?iiia.
I?e iaeo/aiee iioieaie /anoeoe, ia?acothony ?aaeeaoeeiiiua
aeaoaeou.Yia?aey ia?aaeaiiay oaa?aeiio oaeo, i?eaiaeeo e ?ac?uao
iaaeaoiiiuo naycae e niauaieth
aoiiia.
Iiaeii i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi ia iai?oaeiaaiea OON aoaeoo ieacuaaoue
ei??iceiiiia aicaeaenoaea iaeaieeaathueony i?iaeoeoia aeaeaiey. Iai?eia?
OAYEu iiaoo ?aaioaoue, anaai ieiei 1.5 eao i?e ai?acaei iaiueoai o?iaia
yia?aee iaeo?iiia ia AYN.
Iiea ia ecaanoiu iaoa?eaeu, eioi?ua iiaeii auei au eniieueciaaoue
aeeeoaeueii
ia OON. Aaee/eia oaieiauo iioieia e eiiece?othuaai iaeo/aiey ianoieueei
aaeeea, /oi ie iaeii ec ecaanoiuo iaoa?eaeia ia iiaeao aeeeoaeueii
?aaioaoue i?e ieo.A oae eae eo aaee/eia ii?aaeaeyaony naiei ?aai/ei
i?ioeannii, oi e iaaiciiaeii oi/ii ?ann/eoaoue, eiaaea eiino?oeoeey ia
auaea?aeeo. I?eai?u aeieaeii eiio?iee?iaaoue iinoiyiii ninoiyiea
eiino?oeoeee, eae iai?eia? nae/an eiio?iee?oaony oaie ?ane?uoey o?auei
ia o?oaii?iaiaeao ia AYN.O.a. eiino?oeoeey aua iiaeao ?aaioaoue aei
?ac?ooaiey, anee oaie ?ane?uoey o?aueiu noaiiaeony ia aieaa
ii?aaeaeaiiie aaee/eiu a?aaeonia. Ii anee anoue o?aueiu, cia/eo anoue e
ooa/ee.
E a?aaeiui aicaeaenoaeyi OON yaeyaony au?aaioea iooaioia ae?onia e
aaeoa?ee, au?aaaouaathueo a?aaeiua aauanoaa.Iniaaiii yoi eanaaony
ae?onia e aaeoa?ee, iaoiaeyueony a oaea /aeiaaea. Iiyaeaiea
ceiea/anoaaiiuo iiooieae e caaieaaaiey ?aeii, aoaeao nei?aa anaai
?ani?ino?aiaiiui caaieaaaieai aeeoaeae iinaeeia, aeeaoueo ?yaeii n OON.
AEeoaee anaaaea aieueoa no?aaeatho, oae eae o ieo iao ieeaeeo n?aaenoa
caueou. Aeiceiao?u aei?iae, a eaea?noaa iaaeinooiiu. Iooiaeu io OON
aoaeoo oaeii na?anuaaoue a ?aee, no?aaeeaaoue a aicaeoo eee caea/eaaoue
a iiaecaiiua ieanou, /oi i?ienoiaeeo nae/an ia AYN. “Eaeia n/anouea, /oi
y ia aeiaeeao aei oiai a?aiaie, eiaaea au aai naeaeaaoa ” – yoi neiaa i
nicaeaiee OON aeaaeaieea Aeaenaiae?iaa naiei ae?ocueyi.
Iiieii iia?aaeaeaiee, i?iyaeythueony anei?a iinea iaeo/aiey a
aieueoeo aeicao, eiiece?othuaa eceo/aiea aucuaaao ioaeaeaiiua
iineaaenoaey.A iniiaiii eaioea?iaaiac e aaiaoe/aneea ia?ooaiey, eioi?ua
iiaoo aicieeiooue i?e ethauo aeicao e oa?aeoa?a iaeo/aiey( ?aciaii,
o?iie/aneii, eieaeueiii).
Aeinoiaa?iiai ii?aaeaeaiee ioaeaeaiiuo iineaaenoaee io ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai
iaeo/aiey i?aiyonoaoao ionoonoaea aeinoaoi/iiai noaoenoe/aneiai
iaoa?eaea e aaeaeaaoiuo eiio?ieueiuo a?oii aeeaioiuo, a aeaaiia ia?iiiue
oii aiaeiae/iuo caaieaaaiee o /aeiaaea, aucaaiiuo eiuie eaioea?iaaiiuie
e iooaaaiiuie oaeoi?aie oaeoi?aie ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Iiyoiio i?e
ii?ie?iaaiee aeiionoeiuo aeic iaeo/aiey aa?iyoiinoue ioaeaeaiiuo
iineaaenoaee ?ann/eouaatho, eniieuecoy eeiaeioth yeno?aiieyoeeth yooaeoa
aieueoeo aeic a iaeanoue iaeuo e i?e aeiiouaieyo i oiaeaeanoaaiiinoe
aicieeathceo iia?aaeaeaiee e aiciiaeiiioe ia?aiina aeaiiuo n aeeaioiuo
ia /aeiaaea (3).
Ii niiauaieyi io a?a/ae, eoi ?aaeno?e?iaae caaieaaaiey ?aaioieeia
AYN, nia/aea eaeoo na?aea/ii ninoaeenoua caaieaaaiey( eioa?eou), caoai
?ae. Na?aea/iay iuooea enoii/aaony iiae aeaenoaeai ?aaeeaoeee,
noaiiaeoueny ae?yaeie,iaiaa i?i/iie. Ano?a/athony nianai iaiiiyoiua
caaieaaaiey. Iai?eia? ioeac ?aaiou ia/aie. Ii ii/aio yoi i?ienoiaeeo,
ieeoi ec a?a/ae aei neo ii? ia ciaao. I?e iiiaaeaiee ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo
aauanoa i?e aaa?ee a aeuoaoaeueiua iooe a?a/e au?acatho iia?aaeaeaiiua
oeaie eaaeiai e o?aoae e eiaaeeae oiaeeo n ia?aiiniui ono?ienoaii, aeey
aeuoaiey. Iiyoiio eiaaea eiaaeeae aiai?eo, oi aiein aai i?a?uaaaony e
neuoai oeiyoee caoe (ee/iia iaaethaeaiea a ai?iaea Iaieinea).
3. Yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu.
I?e nicaeaiee OON i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi yoi aoaeao e?oiiay onoaiiaea,
iniauaiiay
iiuiuie eiiiuethoa?aie. Yoi aoaeao oeaeue iaeaiueeee ai?iae. Ii a neo/aa
aaa?ee eee iieiiee iai?oaeiaaiey eee ?aniaaea ainoaea?noaa, ?aaioa
noaioeee aoaeao ia?ooaia.
Yoi ia i?aaeoniio?aii iai?eia? a nia?aiaiiuo i?iaeoao AYN.N/eoaaony. /oi
aeaaiia eo iino?ieoue, a /oi aoaeao iioii ia aaaeii.
Ii a neo/aa ioeaca 1 noaioeee iiiai ai?iaeia inoaiaony aac
yeaeo?iyia?aee. Yoi iiaeii iaaethaeaoue ia i?eia?a AYN a A?iaiee. Auaic
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo iooiaeia noae i/aiue aei?ia. Ii o?aaiaaieth caeaiuo AYN
auea cae?uoa. Ianaeaiea inoaeinue aac yeaeo?iyia?aee, iai?oaeiaaiea
yeaeo?inoaioeee eciineeinue, a aeaiueae auaeaeaiiua iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie ia ainnoaiiaeaiea ?anno?a/aiu i?aaeoaeuenoaii A?iaiee ia
ee/iua oeaee.
Yeaeo?iyia?aeth noaee iinoaaeyoue ec Oo?oeee aanieaoii eae aoiaieoa?ioth
iiniuue. Naao auaaao oieueei n 12 ii/e aei 4 oo?a. AEeoaee aieueoeo
ai?iaeia a ii/iia a?aiy ia/eiatho noe?aoue. Aeey ioiieaiey ceiie oai
au?oaatho eana, aeaaea ec caiiaaaeieeia. Ethaee aac oaiea aieatho.
Na?ueaciie yeiaiie/aneie i?iaeaiie yaeyaony aeacaeoeaaoeey
caa?ioaiiuo i?iecaiaenoa, aaea i?iecaiaeeeanue ia?a?aaioea o?aia.
Iai?eia? “a ai?iaea Aeoao – nianoaaiiue iaeaiueeee “/a?iiaueue”. Ii
?aniieiaeai ia oa??eoi?ee oeieei-aeae?iiaoaeeo?ae/aneiai caaiaea.
Eceo/aiea aaiia-oiia a oeaoa ii ia?a?aaioea o?aia (AIOe) ianoaie
aeinoeaaao 11000 iee?i?aioaai a /an, n?aaeiee o?iaaiue oiia – 200
iee?i?aioaai(Iau/iue anoanoaaiiue oii io 10 aei 25 iee?i?aioaai a /an).
Iinea inoaiiaee caaiaea caeanue aiiaua ia i?iaiaeeeanue aeacaeoeaaoeey.
Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue iai?oaeiaaiey, ieiei iyoiaaeoeaoe ouny/ oiii, eiaao
oaea ianieiaaioth ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoue. I?e yoii noieue iianiua i?aaeiaou
o?aiyony iiae ioe?uoui iaaii, ieioi io?aiythony e iinoiyiii
?anoaneeaathony n oa??eoi?ee OAIC. I?e/ai ianooaau e?aae ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai
iaoaeea eiatho, anee oae iiaeii au?aceoueny, i?iiuoeaiiua iauaiu.
– A?ociaeeii niinyo naeoeeth caai?a, auacaeatho ia ca?aaeaiioth
oa??eoi?eth, caa?oaeathony, e eoaea iioii yoio iaoaee en/acaao,
niaa?oaiii iaiiiyoii, – aeaeeony ia?aaeeaaieyie einiaeoi? TH. *iii?ia.
Iai?oaeiaaiea, oae i?eaeaeathuaa ia?iaea?ia, naeaeaii ec
aunieieaae?iaaiiie ia?aeaaathuae noaee n aeaaaeoeaoe- e
aeaayiinoii?ioeaioiui (a iaeioi?uo aeaoaeyo) niaea?aeaieai ieeaey.
Nouanoaoao aa?ney, /oi aeoaoneee auniei?aaeeiaeoeaiue eii ia?ai?aaeytho
a E?ai, yeiau eanieeneeo ninaaeae i/aiue eioa?anoao ca?aaeaiiue iaoaee.
Aa?ney auaeyaeeo aanueia i?aaaeiiiaeiaii, oae eae ianoiua ioieou nai?a
iaoaeeieiia oaea aiae eae ieieioi ia i?eieiatho “oiiyuea” aeaoaee.
Oaia?ue naia?a/e noieeioeenue n ae?oaie i?iaeaiie. Iaeeea ai?eoee,
i?eoaueaoea “a?yciia” aeaeaci a ioieo i?eaia, ia ioiinyo aai ooaea,
ioeoaea acyee, eiaaea ei ioeacuaatho a i?eaia, a aua?anuaatho aeaoaee ca
aeeaeaeoei oaeii, aaea-ieaoaeue iin?aaee iee?i?aeiia. Iao?oaeii
i?aaenoaaeoue, /oi noeeo ?aaaieo, ea?athuaio iiaeecinoe, aeaeacea,
eceo/athuay ouny/e iee?i?aioaai (ii?ia – 10-12 iee?i?aioaai a /an).
Eiiaaea “oiiyuea” aieinoe n aiaeie iaoiaeyo o aea/ieeia, eioi?ua
iieeaatho ec ieo naie iai?iaeu. A ?aceiiauie eaioaie io o?ainii?oa?ia n
o?aiiauo ?oaeieeia i?aaei?eei/eaua aea/ieee aunoeeatho ia naieo
iai?iaeao aei?iaeee, eceo/athuea ii ni?ie iee?i?aioaai a /an.
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo iaoa?eaeia i/aiue iiiai, e iie aeaoaau. Ec ieo iiaeii
no?ieoue aea/iua aeiieee e iani/ieoeu aeey aeaoae. A iauai, ieeoi
caeanue, a Aeoao, ia ieiooth yeieiaeth ia aeaeoaony.”(5)
Iiyoiio ?ac ia nouanoaoao aa/iuo i?iecaiaenoa, a nayce n iiyaeaieai
iiauo oaoiieiaeeoe OON iiaeao auoue cae?uoa e oiaaea i?aaeiaou, iaoaeeu
c i?aaei?eyoey iiiaaeoo ia ?uiie e iino?aaeaao ianoiia ianaeaiea.
A nenoaia ioeaaeaeaiey OON aoaeao eniieueciaaoueny aiaea. Ii ii aeaiiui
yeieiaia, anee a?aoue noaoenoeeo ii AYN, aiaea ec yoeo aiaeiaiia ia
i?eaiaeia aeey ieouey.
Iai?eia? ca o?eaeoeaoue eao a Eacaonoaia iiyaeeinue ica?i Eioea?-Aoa.
“AEeoaee ai?iaea Aeoao iacuaatho aai “ia?oaui ica?ii” e aeaiiino?e?otho
eae aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoue ainoyi, i?iacaeay ii aei?iaa ec ay?iii?oa a
ai?iae. Iaae aiaeie ia eaoatho ioeoeu, a ica?a ia aiaeeony ie/aai
aeeaiai. Oieueei aa?aethaeu niiniaiu ieoue yoo aiaeo aac aeaeeiuo
iineaaenoaee. Iaeiaei aeeyiea oaeiai aiaeiiiy ia aeeaioiuo e ethaeae,
iio?aaeythueo eo iyni, o/aiuie ia enneaaeiaaeinue.
Na?ue, n iooaieaie caeaiiai a?oio, neiaii iaioee?ue, neiauaaao caeanue
aa?aaa. Ia iai ia inoaaaeinue neaaeia, a caoe oaaia nicaeaaae eeethceth
oiaeueau ii oaa?aeiio ea?oiio.
Ii aeaiiui yenia?oia, aiaeiai iieii oyaeaeuo iaoaeeia (a /anoiinoe,
oi?ey-232), e a iaeioi?uo ianoao o?iaaiue aaiia-eceo/aiey aeinoeaaao 50
– 60 iee?i?aioaai a /an. A Eacaonoaia iao ieeaeie eioi?iaoeee i oii, /oi
eoi-oi caieiaaony caeanue enneaaeiaaieyie aicaeaenoaey anaai yoiai ia
ethaeae.
Aiciiaeii, aeeoaeae Aeoao nianaao oinoiaein – aauanoai, ia?acothuaany a
?acoeueoaoa i?iecaiaenoaa oinoi?iuo oaeia?aiee.
Aeaaiaea?y yoiio aauanoao, aeanoeie ei?eie iie?uaoaio aa?aaa, iueue ni
aeia ia?oaiai ica?a nae/an ia aeoeaia. E cia/eo, iianiinoue ia oae
aaeeea.
Eaeiaa aea aeaeueiaeoay noaeueaa ica?a Eioea?-Aoa, nae/an iaecaanoii.
Aiciiaeii, iii iieiinoueth aunioiao, e oiaaea iio?aaoaony, eae a
*a?iiauea, n?acaoue iieoiao?iaue neie caiee aeey caoi?iiaiey. Aiciiaeii,
o/aiua i?eaeoiatho ae?oaie niinia iaaca?aaeeoue aeii. A iiaeii
eniieueciaaoue oaea i?iaa?aiiue iaoiae: caionoeoue oeao ii i?iecaiaenoao
oinoi?iuo oaeia?aiee, aiai?yo, yoi nae/an i/aiue i?eaueueiia aeaei.
Oiaaea a Eioea?-Aoa niiaa noaioo neeaaoue oinoiaein, e o?iaaiue aiaeu
iiaeieiaony aei aaciianiiai.”
Oi anoue nae/an, i?e no?ieoaeuenoaa AYN ia i?aaeoniao?eaathony
n?aaenoaa, eioi?ua au aica?auaee ianoiinoue a ia?aiia/aeueiia
ninoiyiea.E iinea cae?uoey i?aaei?eyoey ieeoi ia ciaao eae caoi?iieoue
iaeiieaoea/y iooiaeu e i/enoeoue auaoaa i?aaei?eyoea. I?eioeei yeiiiiee
n?aaenoa ia yeieiaeth ia OON iicaieeo i?iecaiaeeoaeyi yaeaeo?iyia?aee
aeeoue ca n/ao ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e ia aeoiaoue i ianoiii ianaeaiee.
Iii aea ia aoaeao ciaoue ei?i i?iaeoaioia, e eiaie oi?aaeythueo OON.
Ana iie aoaeoo iaaeaeeiu e ia aoaeoo iiae/eiyoueny ianoiui aeanoyi.
Aeinooi ianaeaiey ia oa??eoi?eth OON aoaeao cai?auai. OON aoaeao
?acnauaoueny a cae?uoii aeey iinoi?iiieo ai?iaeii.
Iniiaiie iaiaoiaeeiinoueth no?ieoaeuenoaa OON aiooaaony iuneue, /oi
/a?ac iiiai eao, ia iiyayony iiaua oaoiieiaee i?iecaiaenoaa
yeaeo?iyia?aee, eioi?ua au niiaee caiaieoue nouanoaothuea. Iai?eia?,
na/an noieiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa yeaeo?iyia?aee au?aaaouaaaiay nieia/iuie
yeaeo?inoaioeeae a 2 ?aca i?aauoaao noieiinoue, au?aaaouaaaioth ia AYN a
NOA. Noieiinoue aao?iyeaeo?iyia?aee a 2 ?aca aeaoaaea, /an
au?aaaouaaaiay ia AYN. Ii aua 60 eao ia auei ie AYN, ie nieia/iuo
yeaiaioia.Oae ii/aio aea io?eoeaaony iauanoaii iiyaeaiea i?eioeeieaeueii
iiauo oaoiieiaee /a?ac 50 eao, eioi?ua caiaiyo OON?
Ia ?aoaia e i?iaeaia ia?a?aaioee iooiaeia.
Iai?eia?, ?inneeneee iao/iue oeaio? “Eo?/aoianeee einoeooo” niaianoii n
IinIII “?aaeii”. Eae niiaueee a eioi?iaoeeiiiii oeaio?a “?aaeii-i?ann”,
?aaeeieiaai i?aaenoieo ooeeece?iaaoue ieiei aeaoo ouny/ oiii
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo iooiaeia, iauay aeoeaiinoue eioi?uo ioeaieaaaony a 100
ouny/ eth?e. Iie auee caoi?iiaiu a ia?eiae n ia/aea 50-o aei na?aaeeiu
70-o aiaeia ia niaoeeaeueii auaeaeaiiie ieiuaaeea Eo?/aoianeiai
oeaio?a.Oi anoue eo caoi?iiyo, ii oaea a iaiueoai iaueaia a ae?oaii
ianoa.
Ii naie iooiaeu inoaiooueny e iinoiyiii aoaeoo auaeaeyoue ?aaeeiaeoeaiua
aacu.
A Iineaa a 2002 aiaeo i?ioea eiioa?aioeey o/aiuo ii i?iaeaiai
?ano?nia. Aac aeieaeai caeii/eoueny /a?ac ainaiueaeanyo eao, a iaooue –
/a?ac oanoueaeanyo. Anee /a?ac iieaaea ennyeioo caianu o?aia, oi eneaoue
iiaua enoi/ieee ?ano?nia i?eaeaony aeaaea aoiiueeai. Aio ii/aio
io?aaioaiiia yaea?iia oiieeai naaiaeiy noaiiaeony no?aoaae/aneei
nu?ueai. Iii ia aeaayiinoi iyoue i?ioeaioia iiaeao auoue eniieueciaaii
aiiaue.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu oa aea naiua n?iee i nei?ii ieii/aiee iaooe e aaca,
aiai?eee 50 eaeo iacaae, ii auee inaiaiu iiaua oaoiieiaee aeiau/e iaooe
e aaca a ii?yo. E oeeo?u iiyoue eciaieeenue. Iiyoiio ia noieo aeiaa?youe
?inneeneei o/aiui, eiaaea iie aiai?yo i n?ieao eiioea ianoi?iaeaeaiee
aaca e iaooe.
Ii anee aoiiiay yia?aaoeea i?iecaiaeeo nae/an oieueei 10 i?ioeaioia
yeaeo?iyia?aee, iio?aaeyaiie a no?aia, oi iia ieeiaaea ia niiaeao
oaaee/eoue au?aaioeo a 9 ?ac, ii n?aaiaieth n naaiaeiyoiei aiaeii,
eiaaea caeii/eony iaooue e aac e oaieue. Cia/eo, ioaeii eneaoue niiniau
yeiiiiee yeaeo?iyia?aee e eniieueciaaoue aiciaiiaeyaiua enoi/ieee
yia?aee, a oae aea ioeacuaaoueny io yia?aiaieeo i?iecaiaenoa.
Iaiaoiaeeii iiauoaoue oeaio yeaeo?iyia?aee. Oae e aeaeatho a ae?oaeo
no?aiao.
I?eaaaeo i?eia? NOA. Ia iiene iiauo aunieioaiia?aoo?iuo
naa?oi?iaiaeieeia o?aoyo ieiei 300 ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia a aiae. A ?innee
1 ieeeeii. Au?aaioeo yeaeo?iyia?aee aao?iauie yeaeo?inoaioeeyie
ieaie?oaony aeiaanoe aei 20 i?ioeaioia a aiae, oi anoue aei
i?iecaiaenoaa yeaeo?iyia?aee aoiiiuie noaioeeyie.A ?innee eo aiiaua ia
no?iyo.
Eioa?anii, /oi noieiinoue 1 eeeiaao /ana au?aaioaiiie ia aao?iaie AYN
4 oeaioa iaeia aao?ionoaiiaea ii iiuiinoe 1.5 Iaaaaaoa e eo no?iyo
a?oiiaie ii ianeieueei
nioai. Oae aeaoaaea. Eioa?anii, /oi ?inneeneee o/aiue (4) ii/oe a 500
?ac caieaeaao aeaiiua ii iiuiinoe aaeeie/iie aao?iyeaeo?inoaioeee a
noaouea iaienaiiie 10 eao iacaae.
Eioa?anii, eae ii eeoi n?aco iacuaaao OON /enoie.
“Ec anao oa?iiyaea?iuo e onei?eoaeueiuo enoi/ieeia iaeo?iiia yaii
?aaeii/oeoaeueiui yaeyaony eiioeueneaii ia?eiaee/aneee enoi/iee ia
iniiaa eaca?iiai oa?iiyaea?iiai neioaca (EON).I?e/eia i?aaeii/oaiey
caeeth/aaony,iiieii i?i/aai,a eiiiiiiai/ii eiino?oeoeaiie noaia, oieueei
aeey EON eaia?a ieoaie – ciia oa?iiyaea?iiai ai?aiey -ioaeaeaia io
yia?aiieoaiey (nianoaaiii eaca?ia) ia aeanyoee iao?ia. Naia ii naaa
eaia?a nai?aiey n niioaaonoaothueie eaiaeaie aeey eceo/aiey eaca?a
(eo/oa anaai n iaeiei eaiaeii -iaeiinoi?iiiae iiae naaoeie) eiiiaeoia e
aeinoaoi/ii i?inoi ?aciaoaaony a aeoeaiie ciia ?aaeoi?a. Aiia?aceoue
iiaeiaiia aeey oieaiaea eee onei?eoaey i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeii.
Ii eieue nei?i iaiaoiaeeiue eaca? nicaeai e ?aaeoeey aicaoaeaeaia,oi
ca/ai o?ai, aeaeaiey,- ia i?iua ee ia?aie/eoueny iaeiie oa?iiyaea?iie
yia?aeae? Eae “/enoie”!
Neiai “/enoie” acyoi a eaau/ee ia neo/aeii.?aaeoi? AYN niaea?aeeo
ia?iiioth ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoue, e, aeaaea oiaiueoaiiay a 100 ?ac, iia ii
i?aaeiaio
ia?iiia. Oa?iiyaea?iua ?aaeoeee i?iecaiaeyo aunieiyia?aaoe/aneea
iaeo?iiu,eioi?ua, aeaaea anee iao a ie?oaeaiee o?aia, acaeiiaeaenoaotho
ni anaie eii
no?oeoeaiuie iaoa?eaeaie, i?e oii eae iaaeii?iaiaua ii ?aciui
eaiaeai:(n,2n) (n,?)(n – iaeo?ii e p-i?ioii) Aneaaenoaea yoeo ?aaeoeee
aicieeaao naiy,oae iacuaaaiay iaaaaeaiiay, ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoue, a
nouiinoe, ie/ai ia ioee/athuayny io ineiei/iie. Iiaeai?ii iaoa?eaeia,
aiciiaeii, oaeanony ecaaaeaoue aeeeiiiia?eiaeiie
?aaeeiaeoeaiinoe – a yoii iniiaiia i?aeiouanoai oa?iiyaea?iiai niiniaa
i?iecaiaenoaa yia?aee ii n?aaiaieth n aeaeeoaeueiuie, a eioi?uo oa?aeoa?
?a
aeeiaeoeaiinoe aeeeooaony i?e?iaeie yaeaiey e ia ?aaoee?oaony.
Oaeie eaca?, niiniaiue auno?aeeaaoue iaeei eee ianeieueei ?ac a naeoiaeo
a i?iaeieaeaiee aeanyoe eao, noieo, ii ioeaieai, ia iaiaa 1
ie?ae.aeieea?ia.” (4)
Ia i?aaaea ee anoue ?acieoea n aao?ionoaiiaeie noiyuae 1,3 ieeeeiia
aeieea?ia, eioi?ay au?aaaouaaao 1,5 Iaaaaaoa yeaeo?iyia?aee e aoiaeyuay
a nenoaio ianeieueeeo ouny/ iiaeiaiuo onoaiiaie. E ieeaeeo i?iaeai n
iooiaeaie, n iineaaenoaeyie aaa?ee.
Oua?a io *a?iiaueueneie aaa?ee i?aaunee aeioiae io yeaeo?iyia?aee,
iieo/aiiie anaie AYN a NNN?(4).Ii oai ia iaiaa iie i?iaeieaeatho
no?ieoueny a ?innee.Cia/eo ?aoaiea i no?ieoaeuenoaa AYN ia caaeneo io
i?eauee, eioi?oth iie i?eiinyo. ?aoaiea i eo no?ieoaeuenoaa i?eieiaaony
aac ?aoa?aiaeoiia, iaecaanoiuie ethaeueie. Oi aea naiia aoaeao
i?ienoiaeeoue i?e no?ieoaeuenoaa OON. Iauanoai ia aoaeao ciaoue
noieiinoue aaa?ee ia OON.
Eioa?anii, /oi ia oaeaeinue aeaaea inouanoaeoue i?iaeo IAAe
yeaeo?inoaioeee.Oaiia?aoo?a a 2000 a?aaeonia e uaei/iua i?iaeoeou
nai?aiey ia iicaieeee ?aaeeciaaoue aeaiiue i?iaeo ia i?iiuoeaiiie
iniiaa. A i?e oa?iiyaea?iii neioaca oaiia?aoo?a aeieaeia aeinoeaaoue 100
ieeeeiiia a?aaeonia.
Auaiaeu:
1. Enoiaey ec auoaneacaiiiai, iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi
yia?aaoeea ia iniiaa OON ia ioaeia, iiania e iaiaoiaeeii eneaoue
ae?oaea enoi/ieee yeaeo?iyia?aee e oeo/oaoue niiniau oiaiueoaiey iioa?ue
i?e aa o?ainii?oe?iaea (eniieuecoy aunieioaiia?aoo?iua naa?oi?iaiaeieee
oaea oaeaaony a 3 ?aca iiauneoue ia?aaeaaaaioth iiuiinoue ii eaaaeth),
eae yoi aeaeaaony a NOA e Aa?iia.
2. O/eouaay aeanoue e eiio?ieue ?oeiaiaeeoaeae aoiiiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe a ?innee, iauanoao aoaeao iaaycaii no?ieoaeuenoai i/aiue
neiaeiiai e iaiaaeaaeiiai aea?eaeiiai aoiiiiai ?aaeoi?a e OON.
3. Iineieueeo ca?iaeaeaiea i?iaeoa OON auei ia/aoi aiaiiuie e
o/aiuie eiiioienoaie, ?aaioieeaie aoiiiie i?nuoeaiiinoe, ?aaioathueie a
iaecaanoiuo aiaiiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo, oi inoaiiaeoue yoio i?iaeo iiaeao
oieueei iauanoai. Aeiaiaeu ia iianiinoe e iayeiiiie/iinoe aeaiiiai
i?iaeoa, aeey ieo ia a?aoiaio. Iie ia yoii i?iaeoa ca?aaaouaatho
aeaiueae.
Aeaeeia?aoey
(1) A.E.Aeueoooeea?.”I iao/iuo o?oaeao A.Ae.Naoa?iaa” Oniace Oece/aneeo
Iaoe, 1991, o.161, no?.3-27
(2) -Oece/aneay yioeeeeiiaaeey o.3. no?.273 (4 iacaoe), Iineaa, 1992
(3) -Oece/aneay yioeeeeiiaaeey o.4. no?.200 (3 iacaoe), Iineaa, 1994
(4) Oniaoe Oece/aneeo Iaoe “Aaciianiinoue – eeth/aaie iiiaio
aic?iaeaeaiey yaea?iie yia?aaoeee” E.I.Oaieoenoia , 1993 a. Oii 163,?
8
(5) Aacaoa Iineianeea iiainoe ????????? ???????? 6 aeaeaa?y 2001 aiae
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