Caa?oi?iaiaeieee: enoi?ey ?acaeoey, nia?aiaiiia
ninoiyiea e ia?niaeoeau
Ioe?uoea a eiioea 1986 aiaea iiaiai eeanna aunieioaiia?aoo?iuo
naa?oi?iaiaeyueo iaoa?eaeia ?aaeeeaeueii ?anoe?yao aiciiaeiinoe
i?aeoe/aneiai eniieueciaaiey naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe aeey nicaeaiey iiaie
oaoieee e ieaaeao ?aaiethoeeiiece?othuaa aicaeaenoaea ia yooaeoeaiinoue
io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
ssaeaiea, caeeth/athuaany a iieiii en/aciiaaiee yeaeo?e/aneiai
nii?ioeaeaiey i?iaiaeieea i?e aai ioeaaeaeaiee ieaea e?eoe/aneie
oaiia?aoo?u, auei ioe?uoi ieaea?eaiaeneei oeceeii O.Eaia?eeia-Iiianii a
1911 aiaeo, a oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiia iauyniaiea, ioia/aiiia eiaiaie
aia?eeaineeo oeceeia E.Eoia?a, Aeae.Aa?aeeia ,Aeae.O?eooa?a, niaaoneiai
iaoaiaoeea e oeceea I.I.Aiaiethaiaa, iieo/eei i?aeoe/aneia
eniieueciaaiea yoiai yaeaiey a na?aaeeia oanoeaeanyouo aiaeia, iinea
oiai eae auee ?ac?aaioaiu naa?oi?iaiaeyuea iaoa?eaeu, i?eaiaeiua aeey
oaoie/aneeo i?eiaiaiee – ianoieueei o?oaeia auea i?iaeaia.
Naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue iaia?oaeaia aieaa /ai o 20 iaoaeeia e aieueoiai
eiee/anoaa niaaeeiaiee e nieaaia (Oe ( 23E), a oaeaea o ea?aiee (Oe >
77,4E – aunieioaiia?aoo?iua naa?oi?iaiaeieee.)Neioacii an? iiauo e iiauo
iaoa?eaeia oaea oaeaeinue iiaeiyoue naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue aei 160 E(ii/oe
(100 (((A ninoaaa anao yoeo aunieioaiia?aoo?iuo naa?oi?iaiaeieeia AONI
iaycaoaeueii i?enoonoaotho eiiu iaaee Nu(((?ieue eo a aicieeiiaaiee
naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe iiea ia ynia ), eioi?ua neoaeao eae au
iee?ineiie/aneeie iaaieoaie.Naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue iaoa?eaeia n Oe ( 23E
iauyniyaony iaee/eai a aauanoaa ia? yeaeo?iiia, iaeaaeathueo yia?aeae
Oa?ie, n i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie nieiaie e eiioeuenaie (ia?u Eoia?a), eioi?ua
ia?acothony aeaaiaea?y acaeiiaeaenoaeth yeaeo?iiia n eieaaaieyie eiiia
?aoaoee – oiiiiaie. Ana ia?u iaoiaeyony, n oi/ee c?aiey eaaioiaie
iaoaieee, a iaeiii ninoiyiee (iie ia iiae/eiythony noaoenoeea Oa?ie o.e.
eiatho oeaei/eneaiiue niei) e niaeaniaaiu iaaeaeo niaie ii anai
oece/aneei ia?aiao?ai, oi anoue ia?acotho aaeeiue naa?oi?iaiaeyuee
eiiaeainao.
Naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue ea?aiee, aiciiaeii, iauyniyaony acaeiiaeaenoaeai
yeaeo?iiia n eaeei-eeai ae?oaeie eaace/anoeoeaie.O naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe
o?e a?aaa: aunieea oaiia?aoo?u, iiuiua iaaieoiua iiey e aieueoea
oiee.Anee eo aaee/eiu i?aaunyo i?aaeaeueiua cia/aiey, iacuaaaiua
e?eoe/aneeie, naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue en/acaao, naa?oi?iaiaeiee noaiiaeony
iau/iui i?iaiaeieeii.Ii acaeiiaeaenoaeth n iaaieoiui iieai
naa?oi?iaiaeieee aeaeyony ia aeaa iniiaiua a?oiiu: naa?oi?iaiaeieee I e
II ?iaea.
(e?eoe/aneee oie).Iauyniyaony yoi oai, /oi iiea, nicaeaaaaiia oieii,
i?aauneo Ie1, aeo?aaua ieoe, ca?iaeaeathueany ia iiaa?oiinoe ia?acoea,
iiae aeaenoaeai nee Ei?aioea, aeaeaathony aioo?ue ia?acoea n auaeaeaieai
oaiea, /oi i?eaiaeeo e iioa?a naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe.
Tk, Ie1, Ie2, iaeioi?uo iaoaeeia e niaaeeiaiee:
Aauanoai Oe E (0Ie1 Oe (0Ie2 Oe
Pb 7.2 0.55
Nb 9.2 0.13 0.27
Te 7.8
V 5.3
Ta 4.4
Sn 3.7
V3Si 17.1
23.4
Nb3Sn 18.2
24.5
Nb3Al 18.9
Nb3Ga 20.3
34.0
Nb3Ge 23.0
37.0
(Y0.6Ba0.4)2CuO4 96
160(20
Y1.2Ba0.3CuO4-8 102
18 i?e 77E
Naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue aei neo ii? i?eaeaeaao e naaa i?enoaeueiia aieiaiea
ni noi?iiu oeceeia-oai?aoeeia.Aaeaeo neiaeiinoe yaeaiey ?ac?aaaouaathony
eae iiaeii aieaa i?inoua iiaeaee, ec eioi?uo auee au i?aaeaeueii yniu
aai iniiaiua /a?ou. Iaeii ec oi?iuaiee naycaii n iiiyoeai
?acia?iinoe.Eiooeoeaii ynii, /oi aeaooia?ioth, ieineoth e?enoaee/aneoth
no?oeoo?o enneaaeiaaoue, aiiaua aiai?y, eaa/a, /ai o??oiaioth,
i?ino?ainoaaiioth; iaeiiia?ioth, eeiaeioth- i?iua, /ai aeaooia?ioth. Aio
ii/aio, ?annoaeaeay i naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe, oai?aoeee /anoi ia?auathony e
iiaeaee oae iacuaaaiiai iaeiiia?iiai e?enoaeea. Aai /anoeoeu
acaeiiaeaenoaotho ae?oa n ae?oaii eeoue a iaeiii eaeii-oi iai?aaeaiee, a
a aeaoo ae?oaeo, iiia?a/iuo iai?aaeaieyo acaeiiaeaenoaea iaaeaeo
/anoeoeaie i?aiaa?aaeeii iaeu.
A ?aieao oaeie iiaeaee aia?eeaineee oecee O.Eeoee a 1964 aiaeo
auaeaeioe niaeia i?aaeiieiaeaiea: aiciiaeiu naa?oi?iaiaeieee ia
iaoaeee/aneie, a i?aaie/aneie i?e?iaeu. Aaaeiia ianoi a naieo
?annoaeaeaieyo Eeoee ioaiaeee iieeia?iui iieaeoeai, a iniiaiie oeaie
eioi?uo anoue /a?aaeothueany aaeeie/iua e e?aoiua nayce (oeieee
iacuaatho oaeea nayce nii?yae?iiuie). Aeaei a oii, /oi eaaeaeay
oeie/aneay naycue, niaaeeiythuay aoiiu,- yoi ia?a i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ei
iaiei yeaeo?iiia. A oeaii/ea nii?yaeaiiuo naycae noaiaiue iaiauanoeaiey
yeaeo?iiia aua auoa: eaaeaeue ec ieo a ?aaiie ia?a i?eiaaeeaaeeo anai
aoiiai oeaii/ee e iiaeao naiaiaeii ia?aiauaoueny aaeieue iaa. Yoo
iniaaiiinoue nii?yaeaiiuo naycae a iniiaiie oeaie iieeia?iie iieaeoiu
Eeoee iieaaae aaaeiie i?aaeiinueeie aeey ia?aoiaea a naa?oi?iaiaeyuaa
ninoiyiea. Iaiaoiaeeiie aeey ia?aoiaea ii n/eoae e iniaoth no?oeoo?o
ioaaoaeaiee io iniiaiie oeaie. Ninoaaea i?iaeo naiaai iieeia?a, o/aiue
caeeth/ee: aauanoai n oaeeie iieaeoeaie iaycaii auoue naa?oi?iaiaeyuei;
aieaa oiai – a yoi ninoiyiea iii aeieaeii ia?aoiaeeoue i?e ia i/aiue
ieceie oaiia?aoo?a, aiciiaeii, aeeceie e eiiiaoiie.
I?iaiaeieee, naiaiaeiua io anyeeo yia?aaoe/aneeo iioa?ue i?e
niaa?oaiii iau/iuo oneiaeyo, eiia/ii aea, niaa?oeee au ?aaiethoeeth a
yeaeo?ioaoieea.Eaeay aia?eeaineiai oeceea auea iiaeoaa/aia ai iiiaeo
eaai?aoi?eyo ?acee/iuo no?ai.
Iaeiaei aeiaieueii auno?i auynieeinue, /oi i?eaeoiaiiue Eeoeeii
i?eia? ieeiai ia?acii ia?aeoe a naa?oi?iaiaeyuaa ninoiyiea ia niiniaai.
Ii yiooceaci ?iaeaeaiiue niaeie eaeae ,aeae naie ieiaeu, ioneae e ia
oai, aaea iie i?aaeaeaeaeenue ia ia?auo ii?ao. Naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue auea
oaee iaia?oaeaia ca i?aaeaeaie ie?a iaoaeeia. A 1980 aiaeo a Aeaiee
a?oiia enneaaeiaaoaeae iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii E. Aaeaa?aea, yenia?aiaioe?oy
n i?aaie/aneei aauanoaii ec eeana eii-?aaeeeaeueiuo nieae, ia?aaaea aai
a naa?oi?iaiaeyuaa ninoiyiea i?e aeaaeaiee 10 eeeiaa? e oaiia?aoo?a ia
0,9 a?aaeona auoa aaniethoiiai ioey. A 1983 aiaeo eieeaeoea niaaoneeo
oeceeia , aicaeaaeyaiue aeieoi?ii oeceei-iaoaiaoe/aneeo iaoe E.O.
Uaaieaaui, aeiaeeny io aauanoaa oiai aea eeanna ia?aoiaea a
naa?oi?iaiaeyuaa ninoiyiea oaea i?e 7 a?aaeonao aaniethoiie oeaeu
oaiia?aoo? e i?e ii?iaeueiii aeaaeaiee.A oiaea anao yoeo iieneia e i?ia
aieiaieai enneaaeiaaoaeae ia aue iaieaeai e ea?aei.( Ea?aei –
i?aaie/aneia aauanoai, e?aeia ?aaeei ano?a/athuaany a i?e?iaea.
No?oeoo?a eioi?iai – aaneiia/iua eeiaeiua oeaii/ee ec aoiiia
oaea?iaea.Naith no?oeoo?o nio?aiyao i?e iaa?aaa aei 2000 (N , a
caoai, ia/eiay i?eia?ii n 2300 (N, iia ia?ano?aeaaaony ii oeio
e?enoaeee/aneie ?ao?oee a?aoeoa.Ieioiinoue ea?aeia ninoaaeyao 1,9(2,2
a/ni(.
(…=N=N=N=N=N=N=N=N=N=N=N=…))
A nayce n oai, /oi e?eoe/aneea oaiia?aoo?u yoeo iaoa?eaeia ia
i?aauoaee 20 E, ana nicaeaiiua naa?oi?iaiaeieeiaua ono?ienoaa
yenieoaoe?iaaeenue i?e oaiia?aoo?ao aeeaeeiai aaeey, o.a. i?e 4-5 E.
Ianiio?y ia aeaoeoeeoiinoue yoiai oeaaeiaaaioa, aunieea yia?aicao?aou
ia aai iaeeaeaiea, neiaeiinoue e aunieoth noieiinoue nenoai
oaieiecieyoeee ii oeaeiio ?yaeo iai?aaeaiee ia/aeinue i?aeoe/aneia
eniieueciaaiea naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe. Iaeaieaa e?oiiiianooaaiuie
i?eiaiaieyie naa?oi?iaiaeieeia yaeeenue yeaeo?iiaaieou onei?eoaeae
ca?yaeaiiuo /anoeoe, oa?iiyaea?iuo onoaiiaie, IAAe-aaia?aoi?ia. Auee
nicaeaiu iiuoiua ia?acoeu naa?oi?iaiaeieeiauo yeaeo?iaaia?aoi?ia, eeiee
yeaeo?iia?aaea/e, iaeiieoaeae yia?aee, iaaieoiuo naia?aoi?ia e ae?. A
iineaaeiea aiaeu a ?acee/iuo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao ia/aeinue
ianniaia i?iecaiaenoai aeeaaiinoe/aneeo iaaeeoeeineeo ssI?-oiiia?aoia ni
naa?oi?iaiaeieeiauie iaaieoaie, iioaioeeaeueiue ?uiie eioi?uo
ioeaieaaaony a ianeieueei ie?ae. aeieea?ia.
Ioe?uoea aunieioaiia?aoo?iuo naa?oi?iaiaeieeia, e?eoe/aneay
oaiia?aoo?a eioi?uo n caianii i?aauoaao oaiia?aoo?o eeiaiey aeeaeeiai
acioa, i?eioeeieaeueii iaiyao yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee
naa?oi?iaiaeieeiauo ono?ienoa, iineieueeo noieiinoue oeaaeiaaaioa e
cao?aou ia iiaeaea?aeaiea iaiaoiaeeiie oaiia?aoo?u nieaeathony a 50-100
?ac. E?iia oiai, ioe?uoea aunieioaiia?aoo?iie naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe
(AONI) niyei oai?aoe/aneee cai?ao ia aeaeueiaeoaa iiauoaiea
e?eoe/aneie oaiia?aoo?u n 30 – aieioue aei eiiiaoiie. Oae, ni a?aiaie
ioe?uoey yoiai yaeaiey e?eoe/aneay oaiia?aoo?a iiauoaia n 30 – 130 E.
Yooaeo Aeaeicaoniia.
Anee aeaa naa?oi?iaiaeieea niaaeeieoue ae?oa n ae?oaii «neaaui»
eiioaeoii, iai?eia? oii/aeoae iieineie ec aeeyeaeo?eea, /a?ac iaai
iieaeao ooiiaeueiue naa?oi?iaiaeyuee oie, o.a. i?iecieaeao
ooiiaee?iaaiea naa?oi?iaiaeyueo eoia?ianeeo ia?. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio iaa
nenoaiu naa?oi?iaiaeieeia naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie. Naycue yoa i/aiue
neaaa, o.e. iaea aa?iyoiinoue ooiiaee?iaaiey ia? aeaaea /a?ac i/aiue
oiieee neie ecieyoi?a.
(1)
(2)
Aaea:
Is – oie /a?ac eiioaeo
Ic – iaeneiaeueiue iinoiyiiue aeaeicaoniiianeee oie /a?ac
eiioaeo
( — ?aciinoue oac.
.
Iineieueeo ia oaciaia niioiioaiea iaaeaeo nenoaiaie aeayao iaaieoiia
iiea, oi naa?oi?iaiaeyuei oieii eiioo?a iiaeii oi?aaeyoue iaaieoiui
iieai. A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa eniieuecoaony ia iaeei aeaeicaoniiianeee
eiioaeo, a eiioo? ec ianeieueeeo eiioaeoia, aeeth/aiiuo ia?aeeaeueii,
oae iacuaaaiue naa?oi?iaiaeyuee eaaioiaue eioa?oa?iiao? Aeaeicaoniia
(NEAEAe). Aaee/eia iaaieoiiai iiey, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey oi?aaeaiey oieii,
caaeneo io ieiuaaee eiioo?a e iiaeao auoue i/aiue iaea. Iiyoiio NEAEAeu
i?eiaiytho oai, aaea ioaeia aieueoay /oanoaeoaeueiinoue.
IA?NIAEOEAU AONI.
Aa?iyoii otho/aaneea neiaa “Iai ia iaaei i?aaeoaaaeaoue, eae neiai
iaoa iocia?ony” aeey iaoee ni?aaaaeeeau aeaaea aieaa, /ai aeey
aeeoaeneeo neooaoeee. Oieueei a?aiy iicaieeo noaeeoue i oii, naeaeaao ee
iao/iia ioe?uoea aeeciue ethaeae eo/oa.E?iia oiai i?ioanneiiae a iaeanoe
ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee iiaeao, eae i?aaeei, i?aoaiaeiaaoue
oieueei ia noaoon ethaeoaey ii /anoe eo i?aeoe/aneeo i?eeiaeaiee. Oai ia
iaiaa aiciiaeii oeacaoue ia iaeioi?ua ia?niaeoeau:
-eiaaea ?anniao?eaaeny eae AONI ea?aei oi ia/ou i aai
aunieioaiia?aoo?iie naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe iiaeii auei n/eoaoue
aanii/aaiiuie: oae i/aiue noiaeai ea?aei ii naiae no?oeoo?a n oai
iieeia?ii , eioi?ue i?aaeeaaae Eeoee e eioi?ue aue ioaa?aioo eae
yenia?eiaioaoi?aie, oae e oai?aoeeaie.Ciay yoi, oioaeinue au iaiiiieoue,
/oi a iaoea ii?ie neeaaeuaaeenue neooaoeee, ia?acii iienuaaaiua ae?aaiei
ec?a/aieai: (Eaiaiue, eioi?ue ioaa?aee no?ieoaee,( oio naiue naeaeaeny
aeaaith oaea(.
Nicaeaiea eiie?aoiuo oaoie/aneeo ecaeaeee ia iniiaa AONI iaoa?eaeia
iaeaieaa ?aaeueii a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy eiaiii a neaaioi/iie oaoieea,
o.a. a iee?iyeaeo?iieea e au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieea.
A ?aieao i?ia?aiiu i?aaeiieaaaaony ?ac?aaioea e inaiaiea na?eeiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa o?ao eeannia yeaeo?iiiuo naa?oi?iaiaeieeiauo i?eai?ia:
– NEAEAeu (i?eai?u ia iniiaa aeaeicaoniiianeeo ia?aoiaeia) eae
aeaoaeoi?u neaauo iaaieoiuo iieae aeey i?eiaiaiey a iaaeeoeeia
(iaaieoiyioeaoaeia?aoey), aaieiaee e aaioeceea (iiene iieaciuo
eneiiaaiuo, eco/aiea aaieiae/aneiai no?iaiey caiiie ei?u, i?iaiic
caieao?ynaiee), iaoa?eaeiaaaeaiee (ia?ac?ooathuee eiio?ieue iaoa?eaeia,
eiino?oeoeee), aiaiiie oaoieea (iaia?oaeaiea iaaieoiuo aiiiaeee, a
/anoiinoe, aeoaeiiuo iiaeaiaeiuo eiaeie), iao/iuo enneaaeiaaieyo,
nayce e iaaeaaoeee.
Oe?ieia inaiaiea e aiaae?aiea NEAEAe iaaieoiiao?e/aneiai iaoiaea
ecia?aiee iicaieeo a ei?ioeee n?ie ea/anoaaiii eciaieoue iiiaea aeaeu
ecia?eoaeueiie oaoieee, iiauneoue a nioie e aieaa ?ac
/oanoaeoaeueiinoue i?eai?ia e oi/iinoue ecia?aiee, iiaeaanoe
ecia?eoaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe oe?ieie iiiaieeaoo?u aeao/eeia e
oai?aoe/aneiio i?aaeaeo, auaanoe ecia?eoaeueioth oaoieeo ia
aunoee ea/anoaaiii iiaue o?iaaiue.
– Aiaeiai-oeeo?iaua i?eai?u (AOeI), eniieuecothuea naa?oauno?ua
(aeiee ieeinaeoiaeu) ia?aeeth/aiey io aeaeicaoniiianeiai e
“aeaa?ianeiio” ?aaeeio ?aaiou, aeey i?eiaiaiee a iiaaeoeo nenoaiao
nayce, oeeo?iauo au/eneeoaeueiuo ono?ienoaao aeey ia?aaioee e aiaeeca
aiaeiaiauo neaiaeia e ae?.
– I?eai?u, iniiaaiiua ia yooaeoa iiyaeaiey ia aeaeicaoniiianeii
ia?aoiaea iinoiyiiiai iai?yaeaiey i?e iiaea/a ia iaai NA* neaiaea,
aeey eniieueciaaiey a i?aoeeceiiiuo ecia?eoaeueiuo nenoaiao (iai?eia?,
yoaeii Aieueoa).
Oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea AONI iaeaeao a au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieea. Oaea a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy ?ac?aaioaiu, ecaioiaeaiu e eniuoaiu iaeaou y/aeee
iaiyoe, naa?o/oanoaeoaeueiue yeaiaio n/eouaaiey ia AONI ieaieao n
e?aoiui nieaeaieai yia?aiauaeaeaiey ii n?aaiaieth n iieoi?iaiaeieeiauie
oneeeoaeyie n/eouaaiey, naa?onei?inoiua eeiee nayce, eioi?ua iicaieyo
oaaee/eoue i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue nenoai a 10 – 100 ?ac. Aiaae?aiea AONI
a au/eneeoaeueioth oaoieeo aeano e?aoiia oaaee/aiea aa auno?iaeaenoaey e
noaiaie eioaa?aoeee. Oae, ia?aoiae ia AONI niaaeeiaiey e nieaeaiea
?aai/ae oaiia?aoo?u iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo noia?YAI iicaieeo iiauneoue eo
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue n 10o9 aei 10o12 iia?aoeee/nae.
Iaeiie ec ia?niaeoeaiuo iaeanoae i?eiaiaiey AONI aoaeao einie/aneay
oaoieea – ai?oiaua e “caai?oiaua” ecia?eoaeueiay aiia?aoo?a e
au/eneeoaeueiua nenoaiu (aiciiaeia ?aaioa aac niaoeeaeueiuo ono?ienoa
ioeaaeaeaiey, oae eae “oaiaaay” oaiia?aoo?a o niooieeia – 90 E). I?e
yoii i?e ia?aoiaea ia AONI oaeaeueiay ianna ioeaaeaeathuae nenoaiu
nieceony a 50 ?ac, iauai oiaiueoeony a 1000 ?ac, iaaeaaeiinoue
aic?anoao a 10 ?ac.
Oe?ieea ia?niaeoeau eniieueciaaiey AONI ioe?uaathony a NA*-oaoieea
e a nicaeaiee aeao/eeia aeaeeiiai e EE aeeaiaciia n aunieie
/oanoaeoaeueiinoueth.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u:
A.I. Eaaeueiaa «Naa?oi?iaiaeyuea iaoa?eaeu» I. IEYI 1990
AEo?iaeu:
“Iaoea e aeeciue”: ?2,1985a.; ?9,1994a.; ?5,1996a.; ?9,1996a.;
?8,1997a..
————————————————————————
———————-
EAO ei. Oaa/aiea
?aaeeioece/aneee oaeoeueoao
?aoa?ao ii i?aaeiaoo
“Enoi?ey oece/aneeo iaoe”
I?aiiaeaaaoaeue Eiaaeaiei A. O.
Nooaeaio 3-ai eo?na,niaoeeaeueiinoue AIAe
Oeyia N.I.
————————————————————————
———————-
PAGE
PAGE 5
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
