?ACAEOEA N?AAeNOA NAssCE
A nia?aiaiiii ie?a nouanoaotho ?acee/iua n?aaenoaa nayce, eioi?ua
iinoiyiii ?acaeaathony e niaa?oainoaothony. Aeaaea oaeie o?aaeeoeeiiiue
aeae nayce eae ii/oiaia niiauaiea (aeinoaaea niiauaiee a ienueiaiiii
aeaea) i?aoa?iae nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey. Yoa eioi?iaoeey aeinoaaeyaony
ii aeaeaciui aei?iaai e naiieaoaie acaiai noa?eiiuo ii/oiauo ea?ao. N
?acaeoeai iaoee e oaoieee iiyaeythony iiaua aeaeu nayce. Oae a XIX aaea
iiyaeeny i?iaiei/iue oaeaa?ao, ii eioi?iio eioi?iaoeey ia?aaeaaaeanue n
iiiiuueth acaoee Ii?ca, a caoai aue ecia?aoai oaeaa?ao, a eioi?ii oi/ee
e oe?a auee caiaiaiu aoeaaie. Ii yoio aeae nayce o?aaiaae i?ioyaeaiiuo
eeiee ia?aaea/, i?ieeaaeee eaaaeae iiae caieae e aiaeie, a eioi?uo
eioi?iaoeey ia?aaeaaaeanue iin?aaenoaii yeaeo?e/aneeo neaiaeia.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue a eeieyo ia?aaea/ inoaeanue e i?e ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee
iin?aaenoaii oaeaoiia. A eiioea XIX aaea iiyaeeanue ?aaeeinaycue –
aani?iaiei/iay ia?aaea/a yeaeo?e/aneeo neaiaeia ia aieueoea ?annoiyiey n
iiiiuueth ?aaeeiaiei (yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei n /anoioie a aeeaiaciia
105-1012 Aoe). Ii aeey ?acaeoey yoiai aeaea nayce iaiaoiaeeii auei
oaaee/eoue aa aeaeueiinoue, a aeey yoiai o?aaiaaeinue oaaee/eoue
iiuiinoue ia?aaeao/eeia e /oanoaeoaeueiinoue i?eaiieeia, iieo/athueo
neaaue ?aaeeineaiae. Yoe i?iaeaiu iinoaiaiii ?aoaeenue n iiyaeaieai
iiauo ecia?aoaiee – yeaeo?iiiuo eaii a 1913 aiaeo, a iinea aoi?ie
ie?iaie aieiu iie noaee caiaiyoueny iieoi?iaiaeieeiauie eioaa?aeueiuie
noaiaie. Iiyaeeenue iiuiua ia?aaeao/eee e /oanoaeoaeueiua i?eaiieee, eo
?acia?u oiaiueoaeenue, a ia?aiao?u oeo/oaeenue. Ii inoaaaeanue i?iaeaia
– eae canoaaeoue ?aaeeiaieiu iaiaiooue caiiie oa?. E auei eniieueciaaii
naienoai yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei /anoe/ii io?aaeaoueny ia a?aieoea
?acaeaea aeaoo n?aae (io iiaa?oiinoe aeeyeaeo?eea aieiu io?aaeaeenue
neaai, a io i?iaiaeyuae iiaa?oiinoe – ii/oe aac iioa?ue). A ea/anoaa
oaeie io?aaeathuae iiaa?oiinoe noae eniieueciaaoueny neie eiiinoa?u
caiee, aa?oiee neie aoiinoa?u ninoiyuee ec eiiece?iaaiiuo aacia). Yoio
neie i?ae?anii io?aaeaao ?aaeeiaieiu n aeeeiiie 10-100 iao?ia.
Iiiaie?aoii e iiia?aiaiii io?aaeaynue io eiia noa?u e iiaa?oiinoe caiee,
ei?ioeea ?aaeeiaieiu iaeaatho caiiie oa?, ia?aaeaaay eioi?iaoeeth a
naiua ioaeaeaiiua /anoe ieaiaou. Iinea oiai eae aue ecia?aoai oaeaoii e
iaeaeaiu niiniau inouanoaeaiey aeaeueiae ?aaeeinayce anoanoaaiii
iiyaeeinue aeaeaiea iauaaeeieoue yoe aeaa aeinoeaeaiey. Iaiaoiaeeii auei
?aoeoue i?iaeaio ia?aaea/e yeaeo?e/aneeo eieaaaiee ieceie /anoiou,
nicaeaaaaiie aea?aoeeae iaia?aiu oaeaoiiiie o?oaee iiae aeeyieai
/aeiaa/aneiai aieina. E iia auea ?aoaia iooai niaoeaaiey yoeo
iecei/anoioiuo eieaaaiee n auniei/anoioiuie yeaeo?e/aneeie eieaaaieyie
?aaeeiia?aaeao/eea. Oi?ia auniei/anoioiuo ?aaeeiaiei eciaiyeanue a
no?iaii niioaaonoaee n oai, eaeea caoee ?iaeaeaee iecei/anoioiua
yeaeo?e/aneea eieaaaiey. Caoeiaua eieaaaiey noaee ?ani?ino?aiyoueny ni
nei?inoueth ?aaeeiaiei. A ?aaeeii?eaiieea niaoaiiue ?aaeeineaiae
?acaeaeyeny e iecei/anoioiua caoeiaua eieaaaiey aini?iecaiaeeee
ia?aaeaiiua caoee.
Nouanoaaiiuie aeinoeaeaieyie a ?acaeoee n?aaenoa nayce yaeeenue
ecia?aoaiey oioioaeaa?aoa e oaeaaeceiiiie nayce. N iiiiuueth yoeo
n?aaenoa nayce ia?aaeathony aeaeaineaiaeu. Nae/an n iiiiuueth
oioioaeaa?aoa ia ia?iiiua ?annoiyiey i?ienoiaeeo ia?aaea/a oaenoa aacao
e ?acee/iay eioi?iaoeey. Eiee/anoai oaeaaeceiiiuo eaiaeia, eioi?ua
caieiatho iaeanoue naa?oaunieeo ?aaeei/anoio io 50 aei 900 IAoe,
iai?a?uaii ?anoao. Eaaeaeue oaeaaeceiiiue eaiae eiaao oe?eio ieiei 6
IAoe. A i?aaeaeao ?aai/ae /anoiou eaiaea ia?aaeaaony 3 neaiaea:
caoeiaie, ia?aaeaaaaiue ii niiniao /anoioiie iiaeoeyoeee;
aeaeaineaiae, ia?aaeaaaaiue ii niiniao aiieeooaeiie iiaeoeyoeee;
neaiae neio?iiecaoeee.
Anoanoaaiii, aeey inouanoaeaiey oaeaaeceiiiie nayce iaiaoiaeeii oaea
aeaa ia?aaeao/eea: iaeei aeey caoeiauo, ae?oaie aeey aeaeaineaiaeia.
Neaaeothuei oaaii niaa?oainoaiaaiey oaeaaeceiiiuo n?aaenoa nayce auei
ecia?aoaiea oeaaoiiai oaeaaeaeaiey. Ii nia?aiaiiua o?aaiaaiey,
i?aaeuyaeyaiua e n?aaenoaai nayce, ana a?aiy o?aaotho eo aeaeueiaeoaai
oniaa?oainoaiaaiey, nae/an ia/eiaaony aiaae?aiea oeeo?iauo nenoai
ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee, ecia?aaeaiey, caoea, eioi?ua a aoaeouai caiaiyo
iuia aeaenoaothuea aiaeiaiaia oaeaaeaeaiea. Oaeaaeceiiiua i?eaiieee
iiaiai iieieaiey iicaieytho i?eieiaoue ia?aaea/e oeeo?iaua e aiaeiaiaua.
I?eau/iua ye?aiu oaeaaeci?ia e aeenieaaa caiaiythony
aeeaeeie?enoaeee/aneeie. AEeaeeie?enoaeee/aneea neeeeiiiaua aeenieae n
eniieueciaaieai oiieiieaii/iie oaoiieiaee iicaieytho ?acei oiaiueoeoue
iio?aaeaiea yia?aee ca n/ao oiai, /oi ia ioaeia iiaenaaoea ye?aia. Oaea
nicaeaiu oe?iie “Oa?i” oaeaaeci?u n iiauie aiciiaeiinoyie, eiathueie
aeinooi a Eioa?iao e iicaieythuea iieueciaaoueny yeaeo?iiiie ii/oie.
Eniieueciaaiea a n?aaenoaao nayce oeeo?iauo nenoai, aeeaeeeo e?enoaeeia,
iioe/aneeo aieieii iicaieyao ia ?oaaaea aaeia ?aoeoue n?aco ianeieueei
e?aeia aaaeiuo aeey /aeiaaea i?iaeai: nieaeaiea iio?aaeaiey yia?aee,
oiaiueoaiea (eee, iaiai?io, oaaee/aiea) ?acia?ia aiia?aoo?u,
iiiaiooieoeeiiaeueiinoue, onei?aiea iaiaia eioi?iaoeeae. Neaaeothuei
oaaii a niaa?oainoaiaaiee n?aaenoa nayce auei eniieueciaaiea niooieeia
aeey ia?aaea/e ?aaeei e aeaeaineaiaeia, eiaaea ia?aaeaiiue neaiae
io?aaeaaony ia io eiiinoa?u, a io eneonnoaaiiiai niooieea e i?eieiaaony
iacaiiuie niooieeiauie aioaiiaie. N iiiiuueth oaeeo niooieeia nayce
ia?aaeaaony ?aciiia?aciay eioi?iaoeey: io ia?aaea/ ?aaeei e oaeaaeaeaiey
aei naa?onae?aoiie eioi?iaoeee aiaiiiai oa?aeoa?a. Iaaeaaii aue caiouai
niooiee nayce aeey inouanoaeaiey oeiainiauo iia?aoeee aaieaie ?innee,
/oi iiiaie?aoii onei?eo i?ioiaeaeaiea ieaoaaeae ia oaeie ia?iiiie
oa??eoi?ee eae iaoa no?aia. Nicaeathony oeaeua naoe niooieeiaie nayce,
eioi?ua iicaieyo naeaeaoue i?aaeaeueii i?inoui aeinooi ?inneeneeo
?aaeiiaeueiuo iieueciaaoaeae e ie?iaui eioi?iaoeeiiiui iioieai. Aaiiaiou
naoe a ?aaeiiao iieo/ao ii niooieeiaiio eaiaeo nayce neaaeothuea oneoae:
oaen, oaeaoii, Eioa?iao, ?aaeei e oaeai?ia?aiiu.
Nia?aiaiiue ie?, yoe? eioi?iai caiieiai iiiaeanoaii eaiaeia nayce,
i?iaeieaeaao eneaoue ae?oaea niiniau ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee. Iaeei ec
oaeeo niiniaia – ia?aaea/a neaiaea n iiiiuueth naaoa. A iniiaa yoiai
niiniaa eaaeeo oi, /oi oi?io naaoiauo eo/ae iiaeii eciaieoue iiae
aeaenoaeai yeaeo?e/aneeo eieaaaiee caoeiaie /anoiou. Naao ia?aiineo
neaiae auno?aa ?aaeeiaiei. *anoioa naaoiauo aiei ai iiiai ?ac auoa
?aaeeiaiei – o ?aaeeiaiei yoi nioie e ouny/e eieaaaiee a naeoiaeo, a o
naaoa ieeeeiiu e ieeeea?aeu. Naao iiaeao aeinoaaeoue cia/eoaeueii
aieueoa eioi?iaoeee ca iaeii e oiaea a?aiy, /ai ?aaeeiaieiu. A ea/anoaa
naaoiaiaeia eniieuecoaony iioe/aneia noaeeiaieieii nicaeaaony ec
oii/aeoae ieoe oyaeaeiai noaeea n aieueoei iieacaoaeai i?aeiieaiey,
ie?oaeaiiie o?oaeie ec noaeea n ieceei iieacaoaeai i?aeiieaiey.
ss?einoue naaoa aei e iinea i?iaaaa ii oaeiio noaeeiaiaeo i?aeoe/anee ia
eciaiyaony, oae eae naaoiaie eo/ eniuouaay ia a?aieoea n o?oaeie iieiia
io?aaeaiea, io?aaeaynue io noaiie aani?aiyonoaaiii aeinoeaaao oeaee. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy eaeao eioaineaiia aiaae?aiea eeiee oaeaoiiiie e
oaeaa?aoiie nayce n eniieueciaaieai aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo eaaaeae. A 1997
aiaeo ii eeieyi yeaeo?iia?aaea/ i?ieiaeaii oaea 1,3 oun. ei oaeeo
eaaaeae.
N ?acaeoeai oaoieee niaa?oainoaoaony aiia?aoo?a n?aaenoa nayce.
Iai?eia?, ia niaio i?inoie oaeaoiiiie nayce a i?aaiecaoeeyo i?eoiaeyo
oeeo?iaua oaeaeiiioieeaoeeiiiua nenoaiu iaeaaeathuea ia?iiiuie
ooieoeeiiaeueiuie aiciiaeiinoyie. Eaaeaeue ec eiiiaeoiuo aiia?aoiuo
aeieia nenoaiu iicaieyao caaeaenoaiaaoue aeanyoee aioo?aiieo aaiiaioia e
aiaoieo eeiee. E nenoaia iiaeao auoue iiaeeeth/aii iai?oaeiaaiea ethaiai
oeia: oaeaoiiu, oaenu, eiiiuethoa?u, aeiiioiiu e o.ae. N iiiiuueth yoie
nenoaiu iiaeii cai?ia?aiie?iaaoue iauaaeeiaiea aioo?aiieo aaiiaioia a
a?oiiu, i?aaieciaaoue aoiaeyuea caiiee a i/a?aaeue e a?oiia eee
ioaeaeueiiio aaiiaioo, ia?aaae?aniauaaoue caiiee. E?iia oiai, eaaeaeie
a?oiia iiaeao auoue iacia/ai noia?aeci?, eioi?ue aoaeao eiaoue
eioi?iaoeeth iai anao caiieao, iinooiathueo e aeaiiie a?oiia, i iaee/ea
i/a?aaee e eiaoue aiciiaeiinoue aeeiaie/ii oi?aaeyoue yoeie i?ioeannaie,
?aaoee?oy i/a?aaeue, e a?aiy iaeeaeaiey ioaaoa. I?e yoii noaioeey
niae?aao e auaeaao iieioth noaoenoeeo i caiieao, eioi?ua auee naeaeaiu
ca aeaiue. Aaoiiaoe/aneee nae?aoa?ue nenoaiu nai ioaaoeo ia ethaie
iacaieaie?iaaiiue caiiie, auaeano ni?aai/ioth eioi?iaoeeth, iiiiaeao
eeeaioo aeicaiieony aei ioaeiiai aio aaiiaioa. Nenoaia ?aniiciaao
aieiniaua eiiaiaeu: aeinoaoi/ii i?iecianoe eiy oiai, eoi aai ioaeai, e
nenoaia naia ia?aeeth/eony ia ioaeiue iiia?.
Ii ianoiyuae ?aaiethoeeae a ?acaeoee n?aaenoa nayce iiaeii n/eoaoue
iiyaeaiea anaie?iie nenoaiu iauaaeinooiiuo yeaeo?iiiuo naoae, eioi?ay
iineo iaiauathuaa iacaaiea Eioa?iao. Eiiiuethoa?iue ie? oaea aeaaii noae
naoaaui. Ia/aei nicaeaieth aeiaaeueiie eiiiuethoa?iie naoe auei
iieiaeaii aua a 60-o aiaeao. Iiyaeaiea Eioa?iaoa, iicaieythuaai ethaeyi
ec anao no?ai e anao eiioeiaioia iaiaieaaoueny ia?iiiuie iauaiaie
eioi?iaoeee, i?eaaei e naiaia?aciiio eioi?iaoeeiiiiio ia?aai?ioo. Ia
niaio o?aaeeoeeiiiiio n?aaenoao nayce (ii/oiaiio niiauaieth) i?eoiaeeo
yeaeo?iiiay ii/oa. Ienueii ii yeaeo?iiiie ii/oa aeinoaaeyaony iaiiaaiii
e oeaia aeinoaaee ia caaeneo io ianoa iacia/aiey (eaeao ee iii a
ninaaeiee aeii eee ia ae?oaie eiioeiaio). I?iaa?eoue yeaeo?iiiue
ii/oiaue yuee iiaeii ec ethaiai ianoa, aaea anoue oaeaoiiiua eeiee e
aeinooi a Eioa?iao. Ii Eioa?iaoo iiaeii iieo/aoue yeaeo?iiiua aa?nee
aacao. I?e e?oaeinooi/iii ooieoeeiie?iaaiee Eioa?iaoa iieo/aaiay
eioi?iaoeey – naiay iia?aoeaiay, iia?aaeathuay ?aaeei e oaeaaeaeaiea.
Yeaeo?iiiay ii/oa aeaoaaea iau/iie ii/ou eee oaena (2-5 oeaioia ca
eeeiaaeo eioi?iaoeee – iieiaeia iaoeiiieniie no?aieoeu). Nae/an ia
Caiaaea ia/eiaaony aoi ia?aaiai?ia ii Eioa?iaoo, acaiai oaeaoiiiuo. A
Eioa?iaoa, iauaaeeiaiiua iaueie eioa?anaie, iieueciaaoaee naoe
niae?athony a ae?ooaeueiua a?oiiu e ianoaeaeatho iineaaeiea iiainoe eee
eaeea-eeai i?iaeaiu. Yoio aeae nayce iieo/ee iacaaiea – “Yeaeo?iiiay
eiioa?aioeey”. *a?ac Eioa?iao iiaeii iieo/eoue aeinooi e eioi?iaoeee
iiiaeo aeaeeioae ie?a (aeaaea aeaeeioaee Eiia?anna NOA). A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy /enei iieueciaaoaeae aeinoeaaao 40 ieeeeiiia. Iau/iue niinia
iiaeeeth/aiey e naoe Eioa?iao inouanoaeyaony /a?ac oaeaoiiiua eeiee eee
iiaeeueiua oaeaoiiiua aiia?aou, ?aaioathuea /a?ac niooiee nayce
(aani?iaiaeiay oaoiieiaey). Aani?iaiaeiay oaoiieiaey aeey eiiiuethoa?iuo
naoae a ?innee, aaea i?e ia?iiiie oa??eoi?ee eaaaeueiua oaeaoiiiua eeiee
iaaeinoaoi/ii iiiai/eneaiiu e ?acaaoaeaiu, yaeyaony iaeaieaa
aeooaeueiie. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea eio?ano?oeoo? nayce ?aciaueao
Eioa?iao a iieiioeaiioth oaeaeiiioieeaoeeiiioth naoue.
EEOA?AOO?A:
Aanaeaai A. Ac?ineua e aeaoe a Eioa?iaoa //”Ecaanoey” ?194, 1997a.
Eieooi I. Ie? oeceee: Iao/ii-ooaeiaeanoaaiiay eeo-?a. – I.: Aeao. eeo.,
1984.- 271n.
Eiiioieeaoeey – iniiaa nia?aiaiiiai aeciana: I?ann-?aeec //”Ecaanoey”
?220, 1997a.
Iiainoe eiiioieeyeoaic: I?ann-?aeec //”Oeiainiaua Ecaanoey” ?87, 1997a.
Io ieaciaiiiai oaeaaeci?a aei ieie-aeenea: Yenia?oeca //”Ecaanoey” ?215,
1997a.
Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue thiiai oeceea /Nino. A.A. *oyiia. – I.:
Iaaeaaiaeea, 1984.- 352n.
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