2EEOeAE N1
_ 3?AAeEAOeEss E AA AICAeAENOAEA IA AEEAIE I?AAIECI
1? _aoa?ao auiieiee:
1o/aiee 11″a” eeanna Ei?iaaa I.A.
_ 1Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue: .
1o/eoaeue 0 1oeceee 0 1noa?oeo
eeannia
1Iaieeia A.I.
I?aiao?a
1997
– 2 –
NIAeA?AEAIEA:
no?.
1. Aaaaeaiea……………………………………. 3
2. Aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey……………………………. 3
3. No?iaiea aoiia e ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoue………………. 5
4. Enoi/ieee aiaoiaai iaeo/aiey………………….. 6
5. Aicaeaenoaea eiiece?othuaai eceo/aiey ia
aeieiae/aneea iauaeou………………………… 8
6. ?aaeeaoeeiiiua i?iaeaiu a I?aiao?aneie iaeanoe……. 10
7. Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u………………. 13
.
– 3 –
2Aaaaeaiea 0.
A nayce n i?eaeeaeaieai O?aoueaai ouny/aeaoey, aeaaaeoeaoue ia?aiai
aa-
ea – aaea aoiiiie yia?aaoeee e iiaaeoeo oaoiieiaee, aii?inu i aicaeaen-
oaee eceo/aiey ia aeieiae/aneea i?aaieciu, a oaeaea aii?inu caueou io
?aaeeaoeee noieo auaeaeeoue a ioaeaeueioth a?oiio.
Iu iinoaaeee ia?aae niaie caaea/o eco/eoue iaoa?eaeu ii
aicaeaenoaeth
?aaeeaoeee ia /aeiaaea, o.e. a iineaaeiaa a?aiy ie?oaeathuay n?aaea
aeiaieueii
neeueii caa?yciaia ?aaeeiaeoeaiuie aauanoaaie, i?e yoii oneeeaaaony ?a-
aeeaoeeiiiue oii, nicaeaaaaiue Nieioeai.
Ioe?uoea Ai?e Aaeea?aeai iaaeaeeiiai eceo/aiey, enioneaaiiai
o?aiii e aai niaaeeiaieyie, a oaeaea eeanne/aneea ?aaiou Ia?ee
Neeiaeianeie-Eth?e e Iuea?a Eth?e, onoaiiaeaoea i?e?iaeo yoeo
iaaeaeeiuo
eo/ae, iieiaeeee eiiaoe i?aaenoaaeaieth i iaaeaeeiinoe aoiia e
yaeeenue
ia/aeii i?iieeiiaaiey /aeiaaea a oaeiu aai no?iaiey.
Iiuou ?aca?oi?aea e aai o/aieeia iaii?iaa?aeeii aeieacaee, /oi
aoii
eiaao neiaeiia no?iaiea.
Eae aeaenoaoao ?aaeeaoeey ia /aeiaaea e ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo?
Eae ii
aicieeaao? Yoi iaeie ec iiiaeo naaiaeiyoieo i?iaeai, eioi?ua
i?eeiauaatho
e naaa aieiaiea ethaeae.
?aaeeaoeey aeaenoaeoaeueii iiania; a aieueoeo aeicao iia
i?eaiaeeo e
ii?aaeaieth oeaiae, aeeaie eeaoee, a iaeuo – aucuaaao ?aeiaua yaeaiey
e
niinianoaoao aaiaoe/aneei eciaiaieyi. Iaeiaei iianiinoue
i?aaenoaaeytho
aiana ia oa enoi/ieee ?aaeeaoeee, i eioi?uo aieueoa anaai
aiai?yo.
?aaeeaoeey, naycaiiay n ?acaeoeai aoiiiie yia?aaoeee, ninoaaeyao
eeoue
iaeoth aeieth, iaeaieueooth aeico /aeiaae iieo/aao io
anoanoaaiiuo
enoi/ieeia – io i?eiaiaiey ?aioaaiianeeo eo/ae a iaaeeoeeia, ai a?aiy
iieao ia naiieaoa, io eaiaiiiai oaey, naeeaaaiiai a aan/eneaiiii
eiee/anoaa ?acee/iuie eioaeueiuie e o.ae.
?aaeeaoeey nouanoaiaaea ia Caiea caaeieai aei ca?iaeaeaiey
aeecie.
*aeiaae a /?acau/aeii iaeie noaiaie oiaea ?aaeeiaeoeaai.
*aeiaae iiaeaa?aaaony aeaoi aeaeai iaeo/aiey : aiaoiaio
e
aioo?aiiaio. Aeicu iaeo/aiey neeueii ?acee/athony e caaenyo io oiai,
aaea
ethaee aeeaoo.
2Aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey 0.
A ea/anoaa aaeeieoeu aaiia-eceo/aiey i?eiyo ?aioaai (?), o.a. oaeay
– 4 –
aeica eceo/aiey, i?e eioi?ie a 1 ni 53 0 nooiai aicaeooa i?e
ii?iaeueiuo
oneiaeyo ia?acoaony i?eaeeceoaeueii 2 ie?ae. ia? eiiia, ianoueo
iaeio
yeaeo?inoaoe/aneoth aaeeieoeo ca?yaea eaaeaeiai ciaea.
Ca aaeeieoeo aeoeaiinoe i?eiyoi iaeii yaea?iia i?aa?auaiea a
naeoiaeo.
A oeaeyo nie?auaiey iaicia/aiey iieuecoaony oa?iei “?aniaae a
naeoiaeo”
(?ani./n.). A nenoaia NE yoa aaeeieoea iieo/eea iacaaiea aaeea?aeue
(Ae).
A i?aeoeea ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai eiio?iey oe?iei i?eiaiyeanue
aianenoaiiay
aaeeieoea – eth?e (Ee). Iaeie eth?e – yoi 3,7 5 . 010 510 0 yaea?iuo
i?aa?auaiee a
naeoiaeo.
Eiioeaio?aoeey ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa iau/ii
oa?aeoa?ecoaony
eiioeaio?aoeeae aai aeoeaiinoe. Iia au?aaeaaony a aaeeieoeao aeoeaiinoe
ia
aaeeieoeo iannu: Ee/o, iEe/ea e o.i. (oaeaeueiay aeoeaiinoue), ia
aaeeieoeo
iauaia – Ee/i, iEe/e, Ae/ni e o.i. (iauaiiay eiioeaioa?oeey) eee ia
aaeeieoeo ieiuaaee – Ee/ei 52 0, iEe/ni 52 0, IAe/i 52 0 e o.i.
Aeica eceo/aiey (iiaeiuaiiay aeica) – yoi yia?aey
?aaeeiaeoeaiiai
eceo/aiey, iiaeiuaiiay aaeeieoeae iannu iaeo/aaiiai aauanoaa eee
/aeiaaeii. N oaaee/aieai a?aiaie iaeo/aiey iia ?anoao. I?e iaeeiaeiauo
oneiaeyo iaeo/aiey caaeneo io ninoaaa aauanoaa. Iiaeiuaiiay aeica
ia?ooaao oeceieiae/anee i?ioeannu e i?eaiaeeo e eo/aaie aieacie
?acee/iie noaiaie oyaeanoe. A nenoaia NE iaicia/aaony aaeeieoeae –
a?ae
(A?). 1 a?ae – aaee/eia, i?e eioi?ie 1 ea iaeo/aaiiai aauanoaa
iiaeiuaao yia?aeth a 1 Aeae (aeaeioeue), neaaeiaaoaeueii 1 A? = 1
Aeae/ea.
Iiaeiuaiiay aeica eceo/aiey yaeyaony iniiaiie oece/aneie
aaee/eiie, ii?aaeaeythuae noaiaiue ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai aicaeaenoaey.
Iiuiinoue aeicu (iiuiinoue iiaeiuaiiie aeicu) – i?e?auaiea
aeicu a
aaeeieoeo a?aiaie. Iia oa?aeoa?ecoaony nei?inoueth iaeiieaiey aeicu e
iiaeao
oaaee/eaaoueny eee oiaiueoaoueny ai a?aiaie. Aa aaeeieoea a nenoaia
NE –
a?ae a naeoiaeo, ca iaeio naeoiaeo a aauanoaa nicaeaaony aeica
eceo/aiey 1
a?ae.
Ia i?aeoeea aeey ioeaiee iiaeiuaiiie aeicu eceo/aiey aei neo
ii?
oe?iei eniieuecoaony aianenoaiiay aaeeieoea iiuiinoe iiaeiuaiiie aeicu
–
?aae a /an(?aae//) eee ?aae a naeoiaeo (?aae/n).
Yeaeaaeaioiay aeica. Yoi iiiyoea aaaaeaii aeey eiee/anoaaiiiai
o/aoa
iaaeaaii?eyoiiai aeieiae/aneiai aicaeaenoaey ?acee/iuo aeaeia eceo/aiey.
A nenoaia NE yeaeaaeaioiay aeica ecia?yaony a ceaa?oao (Ca).
Ceaa?o ?aaai iaeiiio a?ath, aeaeaiiiio ia eiyooeoeeaio ea/anoaa.
I?e
Q=1 iieo/aai:
– 5 –
1 A? 1 Aeae/ea 100 ?aae
1 Ca = —- = ——- = ——– = 100 ay?.
Q Q Q
Ay? (aeieiae/aneee yeaeaaeaio ?aioaaia) – yoi aianenoaiiay
aaeeieoea ceaeaaeaioiie aeicu. Ay? – oaeay iiaeiuaiiay aeica
ethaiai
eceo/aiey, eioi?ay aucuaaao oi aea aeieiae/aneee yooaeo, /oi e iaeei
?aioaai aaiia-eceo/aiey. Iineieueeo eiyooeoeeaio ea/anoaa aaoa-
aaiia-eceo/aiee ?aaai 1, oi ia ianoiinoe, caa?yciaiiie ?aaeeiaeoeaiuie
aauanoaaie i?e aiaoiai iaeo/aiee
1 Ca = 1 A?; 1 ay? = 1 ?aae; 1 ?aae = 1 ?.
2No?iaiea aoiia e ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoue.
Eae caia/aii auoa aoii eiaao neiaeiia no?iaiea e ninoieo ec iiei-
aeeoaeueii ca?yaeaiiiai yae?a, aaea nin?aaeioi/aii 99,95% iannu
aoiia, e
a?auathueony aie?oa iaai yeaeo?iiia.
Aeaeueiaeoea enneaaeiaaiea iieacaee, /oi yae?i aoiia oaeaea
eiaao
neiaeiia no?iaiea e ninoieo ec i?ioiiia (yaea? aiaei?iaea) e iaeo?iiia.
I?ioii iaeaaeaao aaeeieoeae iieiaeeoaeueiiai ca?yaea, a aoiiiue aan
aai
i?eia?ii ?aaai aaeeieoea. Iaeo?ii yaeyaony iaeo?aeueiie /anoeoeae,
ianna
eioi?iai i?eia?ii ?aaia ianna i?ioiia.
Ianniaui /eneii iacuaaaony oeaeia /enei, aeeaeaeoaa e aoiiiiio aano
ecioiia aeaiiiai oeie/aneiai yeaiaioa. Ianniaia /enei ?aaii iauaio
/eneo /anoeoe (i?ioiiia e iaeo?iiia), aoiaeyueo a ninoaa yae?a.
Yeaiaiou, iaeaaeathuea iaeeiaeiauie oeie/aneeie naienoaaie,
ii
?aciuie ianniauie /eneaie (eee niioaaonoaaiii ?aciuie aoiiiuie
aanaie), iacuaathony ecioiiaie. I/aaeaeii, /oi yae?a ecioiiia iaeiiai
e
oiaea yeaiaioa ninoiyo ec iaeeiaeiaiai /enea i?ioiiia e ?aciiai /enea
iaeo?iiia.
Iaaeaeo /anoeoeaie, aoiaeyueie a ninoaa yae?a, o.a. iaaeaeo
i?ioiiaie e
i?ioiiaie, iaeo?iiaie e iaeo?iiaie, i?ioiiaie e iaeo?iiaie aeaenoaotho
yaea?iua neeu i?eoyaeaiey. Iniaaiiinoue yoeo nee ninoieo a oii, /oi
iie
/?acau/aeii aaeeee ia ?annoiyieyo ii?yaeea ?acia?a yae?a (10 5-13 0
ni) e
?acei oiaiueoathony n oaaee/aieai ?annoiyiey iaaeaeo /anoeoeaie.
Iiieii
yaea?iuo nee i?eoyaeaiey iaaeaeo iaeiieiaiii ca?yaeaiiuie /anoeoeaie
yae?a –
i?ioiiaie aeaenoaotho eoeiiianeea neeu iooaeeeaaiey. O
aieueoeinoaa
oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia yaea?iua neeu i?eoyaeaiey i?aainoiaeyo
eoeiiianeea
neeu iooaeeeaaiey, /ai e iaoneiaeeaaaony onoie/eainoue yaea? yoeo
yeaiaioia.
– 6 –
Iaeiaei o oyaeaeuo yeaiaioia, yae?a eioi?uo ninoiyo ec
aieueoiai
/enea /anoeoe, yaea?iua neeu i?eoyaeaiey oaea ia niiniaiu
neiiiaine?iaaoue
eoeiiianeea neeu iooaeeeaaiey. A yoii neo/aa ia/eiathony i?ioeannu
naiii?iecaieueiiai ia?aoiaea yaea? ec iaiaa onoie/eaiai ninoiyiey a
aieaa
onoie/eaia. Yoi yaeaiea iieo/eei iacaaiea ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoue.
A i?ioeanna ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai ?aniaaea yae?a aoiiia enioneatho
eeai
aeueoa-/anoeoeo, eeai Aaooa-/anoeoeo, i?e/ai, eae i?aaeei, ana
yae?a
aeaiiiai ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai ecioiia enioneatho /anoeoeu iaeiiai ?iaea.
Aeueoa-/anoeoeu – iioie yaea? aaeey – ninoiyo ec aeaoo i?ioiiia
e
aeaoo iaeo?iiia. Oaeei ia?acii , aeueoa-/anoeoea iaeaaeaao aeaoiy
aaeeieoeaie
iieiaeeoaeueiiai ca?yaea, a aa aoiiiue aan ?aaai 4. Ana yae?a
aeaiiiai
?aaeeiaeoeaiiai ecioiia enioneatho aeueoa-/anoeoeu aiieia
ii?aaeaeaiiie
yia?aee. Yia?aey aeueoa-/anoeoeu, enioneaaiuo ecaanoiuie a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy ?aaeeiaeoeaiuie ecioiiaie, eaaeeo i?eia?ii a i?aaeaeao 3-9 Iya.
Aaoa-/anoeoeu – iioie yeaeo?iiia eee iiceo?iiia. Iaeneiaeueiay
yia?aey aaooa-niaeo?a o ecaanoiuo a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo
ecioiiia eaaeeo a i?aaeaeao io ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia eeeiyeaeo?iiaieueo
aei
3-3,5 Iya.
A iaeio?uo neo/ayo aei/a?iaa yae?i, ia?acothuaany a
?acoeueoaoa
?aaeeiaeoeaiiai ?aniaaea, iiaeao ieacaoueny a aicaoaeaeaiiii
ninoiyiee.
Ia?aoiae yae?a ec aicaoaeaeaiiiai ninoiyiey a
iaaicaoaeaeaiiia
nii?iaiaeaeaaony enioneaieai aaiia-eceo/aiey. Yia?aey aaiia-eaaioia,
enioneaaiuo a i?ioeanna ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai ?aniaaea, eaaeeo a i?aaeaeao
io
ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia eeeiyeaeo?iiaieueo aei 3-4 Iya.
2Enoi/ieee aiaoiaai iaeo/aiey.
?aaeeaoeeiiiue oii, nicaeaaaaiue einie/aneeie eo/aie, aeaao
/ooue
iaiueoa iieiaeiu anaai aiaoiaai iaeo/aiey (0,65 iCa/aiae), iieo/aaiiai
ianaeaieai. Caiiay ?aaeeaoeey, aeathuay i?eaioe?iai/ii 0,35
iCa/aiae
aiaoiaai iaeo/aiey, enoiaeeo a iniiaiii io oao ii?iae, eioi?ua
niaea?aeao
eaeee-40, ?oaeaeee-87, o?ai-238, oi?ee-232. Anoanoaaiii, o?iaie caiiie
?aaeeaoeee ia iaoae ieaiaoa iaiaeeiaeiau e eieaaethony aieueoae
/anoueth io
0,3 aei 0,6 iCa/aiae. Anoue oaeea ianoa, aaea yoe iieacaoaee ai iiiai
?ac
auoa.
Aioo?aiiaa iaeo/aiea ianaeaiey io anoanoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia ia aeaa
– 7 –
o?aoe i?ienoiaeeo io iiiaaeaiey ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa a i?aaieci
n
ieuae, aiaeie e aicaeooii. A n?aaeiai /aeiaae iieo/aao ieiei 180
iCa/aiae
ca n/ao eaeey-40, eioi?ue onaaeaaaony i?aaieciii aianoa n
ia?aaeeiaeoeaiui eaeeai, iaiaoiaeeiui aeey aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe.
Ioeeeaeu
naeioea-210, iieiiey-210 eiioeaio?e?othony a ?uaa e iieethneao.
Iiyoiio
ethaee, iio?aaeythuea iiiai ?uau e ae?oaeo aea?ia ii?y,
iieo/atho
ioiineoaeueii aunieea aeicu aioo?aiiaai iaeo/aiey.
Iaaeaaii o/aiua onoaiiaeee, /oi iaeaieaa aaniiui ec anao
anoanoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia ?aaeeaoeee yaeyaony ?aaeii. Yoi iaaeaeeiue,
ia
eiathuee ie aeona, ie caiaoa oyaeaeue aac. Ii a 7,5 ?aca
oyaeaeaa
aicaeooa.
Cia/eoaeueioth /anoue aeicu iaeo/aiey /aeiaae iieo/aao
io
?aaeeiioeeeaeia ?aaeiia, iiiaaeathueo a i?aaieci /aeiaaea aianoa
n
aaeuoaaiui aicaeooii.
Ca iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoea /aeiaae oneeaiii caieiaeny i?iaeaiaie
yaea?iie oeceee. Ii nicaeae nioie eneonnoaaiiuo ?aaeeiioeeeaeia,
iao/eeny
eniieueciaaoue aiciiaeiinoe aoiia a naiuo ?acee/iuo io?aneyo –
a
iaaeeoeeia, i?e i?iecaiaenoaa yeaeo?i- e oaieiaie yia?aee,
ecaioiaeaiey
naaoyueony oeeoa?aeaoia /ania, iiiaeanoaa i?eai?ia, i?e iienea iieaciuo
eneiiaaiuo e a aiaiiii aeaea. Ana yoi, anoanoaaiii, i?eaiaeeo e
aeiiieieoaeueiiio iaeo/aieth ethaeae. A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa aeicu
iaaaeeee,
ii eiiaaea oaoiiaaiiua enoi/ieee ieacuaathony ai iiiai ouny/ ?ac
eioaineaiaa, /ai anoanoaaiiua.
Aoiiiay yia?aaoeea aiineo iaeue aeeaae a noiia?iia iaeo/aiea
ianaeaiey, anee ana ?aaeoi?u ?aaioatho aac iia?aaeaeaiee e
iieiiie.
Ae?oaei enoi/ieeii caa?yciaiey ?aaeeiaeoeaiuie aauanoaaie neoaeao
?oaeieee
e iaiaaoeoaeueiua oaa?eee.
Iaaeeoeeineea i?ioeaaeo?u e iaoiaeu ea/aiey, naycaiiua n
i?eiaiaieai
?aaeeiaeoeaiinoe, aiinyo iniiaiie aeeaae a aeico, iieo/aaioth /aeiaaeii
io
oaoiiaaiiuo enoi/ieeia.
ssaea?iua ac?uau oiaea aiinyo naith eaioo a oaaee/aiea aeicu
iaeo/aiey
/aeiaaea. ssaea?iua ac?uau ?acee/athony ii oeiai: a) aicaeooiue ac?ua;
a)
iacaiiue eee iaaeaiaeiue ac?ua; a)iiaecaiiue eee iiaeaiaeiue ac?ua.
I?e
ac?uaa yaea?iuo aiai?eiania auaeaeytho ianeieueei ii?aaeathueo
oaeoi?ia,
iaeie ec eioi?uo yaeyaony i?iieeathuay ?aaeeaoeey. Iau/ii
ac?ua
nii?iaiaeaeaaony iiuiuie e iaiuooeiuie yaea?iuie eceo/aieyie, ia
aeiey
eioi?uo i?eoiaeeony ieiei 16-20% yia?aee yaea?iiai ac?uaa.
I?e yaea?iii ac?uaa enioneathony iaeo?iiu, aaiia-eo/e, ueaoa-
e
– 8 –
aeueoa-/anoeoeu. Ii anee aeueoa- e aaoa-/anoeoeu niiniaiu
?ani?ino?aiyoueny
a aicaeooa eeoue ia iaaieueoea ?annoiyiey, oi aaiia-eo/e e
iaeo?iiu
?ani?ino?aiythony ai ana noi?iiu io oeaio?a ac?uaa ia iiiaea nioie
iao?ia e aeaaea ia eeeiiao?u. Eiaiii iioie aaiia-eo/ae e iaeo?iiia,
enioneaaiuo ec ciiu yaea?iiai ac?uaa e ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai iaeaea, i?eiyoi
iacuaaoue i?iieeathuae ?aaeeaoeeae.
A?aiy aeaenoaey i?iieeathuae ?aaeeaoeee i?e yaea?iii
ac?uaa
ii?aaeaeyaony aeaoiy oaeoi?aie, ai-ia?auo, iiaeuaiii i?iaeoeoia ac?uaa e
,
ai-aoi?uo, ia?eiaeii iieo?aniaaea ei?ioeiaeeaoueo
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo
“ineieeia”.
A?aaeiia aeieiae/aneia aicaeaenoaea aaiia-eo/ae e iaeo?iiia
iaoneiaeaii eo niiniaiinoueth eiiece?iaaoue aoiiu e iieaeoeu eeaoie
aeeaie
oeaie. A ?acoeueoaoa eiiecaoeey eeaoee iiaeaatho eee oa?ytho
niiniaiinoue e
aeaeueiaeoaio aeaeaieth. Ai a?aiy iaeo/aiey /aeiaae ia eniuouaaao
aiee.
Iaeiaei /a?ac iaeioi?ia a?aiy o iaai iiaeao ?acaeoueny eo/aaay aieaciue.
2Aicaeaenoaea eiiece?othuaai eceo/aiey ia aeieiae/aneea iauaeou.
A ?acoeueoaoa aicaeaenoaey eiiece?othuaai eceo/aiey ia
i?aaieci
/aeiaaea a oeaiyo iiaoo i?ienoiaeeoue neiaeiua oece/aneea, oeie/aneea
e
aeioeie/aneea i?ioeannu.
I?e iiiaaeaiea ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa aioo?ue i?aaiecia
ii?aaeathuaa
aeaenoaea ieacuaatho a iniiaiii aeueoa-enoi/ieee, a caoai
e
aaooa-enoi/ieee, o.a. a ia?aoiie ia?oaeiiio iaeo/aieth
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe. Aeueoa-/anoeoeu, eiathuea iaaieueooth ieioiinoue
eiieca-
oeee, ?ac?ooatho neecenooth iaiei/eo, eioi?ay yaeyaony neaaie
caueoie
aioo?aiieo i?aaiia ii n?aaiaieth n ia?oaeiui eiaeiui iie?iaii.
Nouanoaoao o?e iooe iinooieaiey ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa a i?aaieci:
i?e aaeuoaiea aicaeooa, caa?yciaiiiai ?aaeeiaeoeaiuie aauanoaaie,
/a?ac
ca?aaeaiioth ieuo eee aiaeo, /a?ac eiaeo, a oaeaea i?e ca?aaeaiee
ioe?uouo
?ai. Iaeaieaa iianai ia?aue iooue, iineieueeo ai-ia?auo, iauai eaai/iie
aaioeeyoeee i/aiue aieueoie, a ai-aoi?uo, cia/aiey eiyooeoeeaioa
onaiaiey
a eaaeeo aieaa auniee.
Iueaaua /anoeoeu, ia eioi?uo ni?ae?iaaiu ?aaeeiaeoeaiua ecioiiu,
i?e aaeuoaiee aicaeooa /a?ac aa?oiea aeuoaoaeueiua iooe /anoe/ii
inaaeatho a
iieinoe ?oa e iiniaeioea. Ionthaea iueue iinooiaao a
ieuaaa?eoaeueiue
o?aeo. Inoaeueiua /anoeoeu iinooiatho a eaaeea. Noaiaiue caaea?aeee
ay?ici-
eae a eaaeeo caaeneo io eo aeenia?neiiiinoe. A eaaeeo
caaea?aeeaaaony
ieiei 20% anao /anoeoe; i?e oiaiueoaiee ?acia?ia ay?icieae aaee/eia ca-
– 9 –
aea?aeee oaaee/eaaaony aei 70%.
I?e ananuaaiee ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa ec aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai
o?ae-
oa eiaao cia/aiea eiyooeoeeaio ?aci?aoeee, oa?aeoa?ecothuee aeieth
aauano-
aa, iiiaaeathuaai ec aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai o?aeoa a e?iaue. A
caaeneiinoe
io i?e?iaeu ecioiia eiyooeoeeaio eciaiyaony a oe?ieeo i?aaeaeao: io
niouo
aeieae i?ioeaioa(aeey oee?eiiey, ieiaey), aei ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia
i?ioeaioia
(aiaei?iae, uaei/ii-caiaeueiua yeaiaiou). ?aci?aoeey /a?ac
iaiia?aaeaeaiioth
eiaeo a 200-300 ?ac iaiueoa, /ai /a?ac aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iue o?aeo, e,
eae
i?aaeei, ia ea?aao nouanoaaiiie ?iee.
I?e iiiaaeaiee ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa a i?aaieci ethaui iooai
iie
oaea /a?ac ianeieueei ieioo iaia?oaeeaathony a e?iae. Anee
iinooieaiea
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa auei iaeiie?aoiui, oi eiioeaio?aoeey eo a
e?iae
aia/aea aic?anoaao aei iaeneioia, a caoai a oa/aiea 15-20 nooie
nieaeaaony.
Eiioeaio?aoeee a e?iae aeieaiaeeaoueo ecioiiia a aeaeueiaeoai
iiaoo
oaea?aeeaaoueny i?aeoe/anee ia iaeiii o?iaia a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai
a?aiaie
aneaaenoaea ia?aoiiai auiuaaiey ioeiaeeaoeony aauanoa.
Yooaeo aicaeaenoaey eiiece?othuaai eceo/aiey ia eeaoeo –
?acoeueoao
eiiieaeniuo acaeiinaycaiiuo e acaeiiiaoneiaeaiiuo i?aia?aciaaiee. Ii
A.I. Eoceio, ?aaeeaoeeiiiia ii?aaeaiea eeaoee inouanoaeyaony a o?e
yoaia.
Ia ia?aii yoaia eceo/aiea aicaeaenoaoao ia neiaeiua iae?iiieaeoey?iua
ia?aciaaiey, eiiece?oy e aicaoaeaeay eo. Yoi oece/aneay noaaeey
eo/aaiai
aicaeaenoaey. Aoi?ie yoai – oeie/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey. Iie
niioaaonoaotho i?ioeannai acaeiiaeaenoaey ?aaeeeaeia aaeeia,
ioeeaeiiauo
eeneio e eeieaeia n aiaeie, eenei?iaeii, ?aaeeeaeaie aiaeu e
aicieeiiaaieth
i?aaie/aneeo ia?aeenae. ?aaeeeaeu, aicieeathuea a neiyo
oii?yaei/aiii
?aniieiaeaiiuo aaeeiauo iieaeoe, acaeiiaeaenoaotho n
ia?aciaaieai
“noeaie”, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai ia?ooaaony no?oeoo?a aeiiaia?ai. Ec-ca
iia?aaeaeaiey eeciniiaeueiuo iaia?ai i?ienoiaeeo oaaee/aiea aeoeaiinoe
e
aunaiaiaeaeaiea oa?iaioia, eioi?ua iooai aeeooocee aeinoeaatho
ethaie
i?aaiaeeu eeaoee e eaaei a iaa i?iieeatho, aucuaay aa eecen.
Eiia/iue yooaeo iaeo/aiey yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii ia oieueei
ia?ae/iiai iia?aaeaeaiey eeaoie, ii e iineaaeothueo
i?ioeannia
ainnoaiiaeaiey. I?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi cia/eoaeueiay /anoue
ia?ae/iuo
iia?aaeaeaiee a eeaoea aicieeaao a aeaea oae iacuaaaiuo
iioaioeeaeueiuo
iia?aaeaeaiee, eioi?ua iiaoo ?aaeeciauaaoueny a neo/aa
ionoonoaey
ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo i?ioeannia. ?aaeecaoeey yoeo i?ioeannia
niinianoaotho
i?ioeannu aeineioaca aaeeia e ioeeaeiiauo eeneio. Iiea ?aaeecaoeey
– 10 –
iioaioeeaeueiuo iia?aaeaeaiee ia i?iecioei, eeaoea iiaeao a
ieo
“ainnoaiiaeoueny”. Yoi, eae i?aaeiieaaaaony, naycaii n oa?iaioaoeaiuie
?aaeoeeyie e iaoneiaeaii yia?aaoe/aneei iaiaiii. N/eoaaony, /oi a
iniiaa yoiai yaeaiey eaaeeo aeayoaeueiinoue nenoai, eioi?ua a
iau/iuo
oneiaeyo ?aaoee?otho eioaineaiinoue anoanoaaiiiai iooaoeeiiiiai
i?ioeanna.
Iooaaaiiia aicaeaenoaea eiiece?othuaai eceo/aiey aia?aua onoaiiaeee
?onneea o/aiua ?.A. Iaaenii e ?.N. Oeeeiiia a 1925 aiaeo a iiuoao ia
ae?iaeaeao. A 1927 aiaeo yoi ioe?uoea auei iiaeoaa?aeaeaii
?.Iaeea?ii ia
eeanne/aneii aaiaoe/aneii iauaeoa – ae?icioeea.
Eiiece?othuea eceo/aiey niiniaiu aucuaaoue ana aeaeu
ianeaaenoaaiiuo
ia?aiai. Niaeo? iooaoeee, eiaeooee?iaaiiuo iaeo/aieai, ia ioee/aaony
io
niaeo?a niiioaiiuo iooaoeee.
Iineaaeiea enneaaeiaaiey Eeaaneiai Einoeoooa iae?ioe?o?aee iieaca-
ee, /oi ?aaeeaoeey aeaaea a iaeuo eiee/anoaao, i?e aeicao a aeanyoee
ay?,
neeueiaeoei ia?acii aicaeaenoaoao ia ia?aiua eeaoee – iae?iiu. Ii iae?i-
iu aeaioo ia io i?yiiai aicaeaenoaey ?aaeeaoeee. Eae auynieeinue, a
?a-
coeueoaoa aicaeaenoaey ?aaeeaoeee o aieueoeinoaa eeeaeaeaoi?ia *AYN
iaaethaea-
aony “iinea?aaeeaoeeiiiay yioeaoeiiaoey”. Iauea ia?ooaiey a i?aaiecia
iiae
aeaenoaeai ?aaeeaoeee i?eaiaeeo e eciaiaieth iaiaia aauanoa, eioi?ua
aeaeoo
ca niaie iaoieiae/aneea eciaiaiey aieiaiiai iicaa.
2?aaeeaoeeiiiua i?iaeaiu a I?aiao?aneie iaeanoe.
A iaoae iaeanoe eae e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo, i?iaiaeeeenue
yaea?iua
eniuoaiey, iai?eia? Oioeeee aicaeooii-yaea?iue ac?ua.
Iieo/aiiua aeaiiua naeaeaoaeuenoaotho, /oi aicaeooii-yaea?iue
ac?ua a
1954 aiaeo ia Oioeeii iieeaiia neacaeny ia ninoiyiee aeiou e
caei?iauea
ianaeaiey.
Caiaoei, /oi aeaaea *a?iiaueue, ianiio?y ia naith oaeaeaiiinoue,
aian
naie aeeaae a ?aaeeiaeoeaiia caa?yciaiea iaeanoe, a oaeaea ia iaaeaeee
ian
e yaea?iue iieeaii ia Iiaie caiea – aaeieue ii o?aaoo O?aeueneeo ai?.
Auei
aua 11 iiaecaiiuo yaea?iuo ac?uaia a I?aao?aeuea aeey nicaeaiey oae
iacuaaa-
iuo aieinoae-o?aieeeu, ii eo ?aaeeieoeaiia aicaeaenoaea ia
ie?oaeathuoth
n?aaeo nii?ii.
Iaeiaei iaeuecy aac i?iaaaeaiey na?ueaciiai iao/iiai
enneaaeiaaiey
naycaoue aeaiiua eciaiaiey a caei?iauea ianaeaiey n iineaaenoaeyie
yaea?iuo
– 11 –
ac?uaia. Iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue o?iaaiue aaiia-eceo/aiey,
eiioeaio?aoeee
i?iaeoeoia yaea?iiai ?aniaaea a iauaeoao ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e
n?aaieoue
aeaiiua iieacaoaee n oiiiauie, o.a. oa?aeoa?iuie aeey I?aiao?aneie
iaeanoe. Oieueei i?e i?aauoaiee oiiiauo cia/aiee a ianeieueei ?ac
iiaeii
n oaa?aiiinoueth aiai?eoue i iaaaoeaiii aicaeaenoaee yaea?iuo
ac?uaia.
Enneaaeiaaieyie i?aao?aneeo o/aiuo a oa/aiea iineaaeieo eao auei
onoaiiaeaii: 1) _oooaeoaiea iaaeeei-aeaiia?aoe/aneie neooaoeee; . 2)
_cia/e-
_oaeueiue ?ino iieiiaoieiaee; . 3) _ iaaaoeaiua oaiaeaioeee a
caei?iauea aeaonei-
_ai ianaeaiey; . 4) _ ia?ooaiey eiioiiai noaoona o aeaoae,
i?iaeeaathueo a ci-
_ia aeeyiey yaea?iiai ac?uaa.
Ii aeaiiui iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ioaeaeaiiuie
iineaaenoaeyie
aicaeaenoaey eiiece?othueo eceo/aiee yaeythony: _a)
ceiea/anoaaiiua
_iiaiia?aciaaiey; a) nie?auaiea n?aaeiae i?iaeieaeeoaeueiin/oe
aeecie; a)
_aaiaoe/aneea iineaaenoaey. . A yoii ?aaeiia i?e?ino
iieicaaieaaaiee n
1985 ii 1993 aa. ninoaaee: ii i?aaiai aeuoaiey – 2225% 0,
ueoiaeaeiie
aeaeaca – 2260% 0, eeioaoe/aneie e e?iaaoai?iie nenoaiai – 2670% 0,
eiaee –
2131% 0.
Iieicaaieaaaaiinoue aeaoneiai ianaeaiey aic?inea a 2 ?aca.
Ceiea/anoaaiiua iiaiia?aciaaiey e?iaaoai?iie nenoaiu o aeaoae a 1,5
?aca auoa n?aaeiaiaeanoiuo iieacaoaeae. Noaaeeueii ia aunieeo
oeeo?ao
nio?aiyaony ieaaeai/aneay nia?oiinoue /nia?oiinoue io a?iaeaeaiiuo
o?iaenoa
– ia aoi?ii, a a ioaeaeueiuo ianaeaiiuo ioieoao – ia ia?aii ianoa
n?aaee
i?e/ei nia?oiinoe/.
Oeeoiaaiaoe/aneia ianeaaeiaaiea ianaeaiey, i?iaiaeeiua
eaiaeeaeaoii
iaaeeoeeineeo iaoe Ei?iaaaui A.A. niaianoii n Oeaio?ii Iieaeoey?iie
Iaaee-
oeeiu (a. Iineaa), auyaeei noaoenoe/anee aeinoiaa?iia i?aauoaiea iaiai-
iuo aaaa?aoeee o?iiiniiiiai oeia, i?e yoii a a?oiia o aeaoae eo /anoioa
a 2 ?aca auoa, /ai a a?oiia ac?ineuo. Ii /anoioa e niaeo?o aaiaoe/an-
eeo ioeeiiaiee iieo/aiiua aeaiiua noiaeiu n aiaeiae/iuie
?acoeueoaoaie
A?yineie iaeanoe (ciia *AYN).
Iniiaiua ?aaeeiaeoeaiua caa?ycieoaee a 1994 a. yaeythony
oeacee-137,
no?iioeee-90, ieooiiee-239, 240 e ae?. Iaiaeiaaaeii caiaoeoue, anee
ia?eiae
iieo?aniaaea no?iioeey-137 ninoaaeyao ieiei 30 eao ( o.a. ia?eiae
a?aiaie
iaiueoae, /ai i?ioei n iiiaioa ac?uaa aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie), oi
ia?eiae
iieo?aniaaea ecioiiia ieooiiey ninoaaeyao a n?aeiai ieiei 24 ouny/
eao. Ii e niaea?aeaiea oeacey-137 naaiaeiy i?aauoaao i?aaeaeueii
aeiionoeiua
o?iaie (IAeO), i?e yoii iaaei iiiieoue, /oi iianiinoue aeey /aeiaaea
aicie-
eaao i?e iiiaaeaiee aeaiiuo ?aaeeiioeeeaeia ai aaeuoaaiue aicaeoo eee
/a?ac
– 12 –
ieuo a i?aaieci eiaeeaeaea. Ionthaea aicieeaao ?ene ?inoa
iieieiae/aneeo
caaieaaaiee i?aaiia aeuoaiey (eaaeeo) e ieuaaa?aiey (ieuaaiae,
aeaeoaeie).
Auniei niaea?aeaiea aeaiiuo ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aauanoa a i?iaeoeoao
ieoaiey
i?iecaaaeaiiuo a ianaeaiiuo ioieoao ia?a/eneaiiuo auoa oa??eoi?ee. Ini-
ai aieueoea eiioeaio?aoeee ioia/athony a iieiea, iyna, ea?oioaea, ca?ia
e
noieiaie caeaie.
Iaeaiueeia ionooieaiea: iieiei i?iecaiaeeiia Ni?i/eineie iiei/iie
oaa?eeie, eae e ae?oaea i?iaeoeou, niaea?aeao ?aaeeiioeeeaeu, ii a
i?aaeaeao
IAeO. Eo iiaeii iaeiieoue a i?aaiecia /aeiaaea iaiaoiaeeiia eiee/anoai
aeey
iieo/aiey aeicu ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai iaeo/aiey.
I?iaaaeaiiue aiaeec aaiaoe/aneeo eciaiaiee o ianaeaiey
yieoeaio?aeueiie ciiu iiaeoaa?aeee aicaeaenoaea ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai oaeoi?a.
Ii n?aaiaieth n *a?iiaueueneie eaoano?ioie iaoa i?iaeaia yaeyaony
aieaa aeieaia?aiaiiie, oioy ii ia?a caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
ia
oaeie oyaeaeie. Iniiaiui caa?ycieoaeai i?e aaa?ee ia *AYN aue eeiae-131
n ia?eiaeii iieo?aniaaea aei 8 nooie. Niaea?aeaiea ecioiiia ieooiiey,
oeacey
e no?iioeey a A?yineie e ae?. iaeanoyo cia/eoaeueii ieaea, /ai
a
I?aiao?aeuea. I?iaeaia *a?iiauey oi?ioi ecaanoii a ie?a e
iino?aaeaaoei
na?ueacii iiiiaaao ia oieueei i?aaeoaeuenoai ?O, ii e AIC, e
ae?oaea
no?aiu. I?iaeaia Oioeeiai ac?uaa oieueei ia/eiaao ia?auaoue ia
naay
aieiaiea. Aa?iyoiinoue oiai, /oi iia aoaeao na?ueacii
?anniio?eaaoueny
i/aiue iaea, oae eae yoi yeiiiie/anee ia auaiaeii i?aaeoaenoao ?O.
.
– 13 –
NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U:
1. Aaeeioeaa E.E. Aeiceiao?ey eiiece?othueo eceo/aiee. I.,
Ainoaoec-
aeao, 1957 a.
2. Aeannoii N. Aoii. Aoiiiia yae?i. Aoiiiay yia?aey. ?acaeoea nia-
?aiaiiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee ia aoiia e aoiiiie yia?aee, ia?aaiae n aiaeeen-
eiai, iiae ?aae. E.A. A?oeeiiae/a, I., Ecae. eiino?. eeo., 1961 a.
3. A?iaecaineee Ae.Y. ?aaeeiaeieiaey. Ecae. 3-a. I., Aoiiecaeao,
1966
a. 4. Aonaa I.A., Iaoeiae/ A.I., Iaaeioeaa A.A. Aaiia-eceo/aiea ?aaee-
iaeoeaiuo ecioiiia e i?iaeoeoia aeaeaiey. I., Oeciaoaec,1958 a.
5. Aeieeaae Iao/iiai eiieoaoa III ii aeaenoaeth aoiiiie
?aaeeaoeee
(1962 a.). Aeieoiaiou III, 1962. Aeieeaae Iao/iiai eiieoaoa III ii
aeaen-
oaeth aoiiiie ?aaeeaoeee (1965 a.). Aeieoiaiou III, 1965 a.
6. Aeoaania TH.A., Nie?iiaa A.A., Naaiiaieia TH.A., Ieeieaaa
A.A.,
O?eoiiia A.A.,A?oaineee N.A. ?aaeeaoeeiiii-yeieiae/aneia ninoiyiea oa?-
?eoi?ee I?aiao?aneie iaeanoe. III “?aaeeaaue einoeooo ei. A.A. Oeiieia”
a. Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a.
7. Aeyaeaenii A.I. Aeieiae/aneea iineaaenoaey iauaai
aaiia-iaeo/aiey
/aeiaaea. Ia?. n aiae. Iiae ?aae. I.O. Iiiiaie. I., Aoiiecaeao, 1960 a.
8
n.
8. Eiceia A.O., O?ioeei TH.N. Ni?aai/iee ii ?aaeeaoeeiiiie
aaciian-
iinoe. I., Aoiiecaeao, 1967 a.
9. Iineaeaa TH.E., Aeeaiaan E.E., AEo?aaeaa A.O., ?yaeia A.A.,
Iiena-
aa A.A., Oa?iai A.A. Eiioeaioeey aeieiae/aneiai ?enea aicaeaenoaey
eiie-
ce?othuaai eceo/aiey. I., Aoiiecaeao, 1973 a.
10. Iaiean I. ssaea?iay yia?aey. Ia?. n aiae. I., Ecae-ai
eiino?.
eeo., 1955 a.
11. ?ani?aaeaeaiea, aeieiae/aneia aeaenoaea e onei?aiea
auaaaeaiey
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo ecioiiia. I., Iaaeaec, 1961 a.
12. Iao?inueyioe A.I. Io iao/iiai iienea e aoiiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Ecae. 2-a. I., Aoiiecaeao, 1972. ssaea?iay yia?aaoeea Niaaoneiai
Nithca.-
“Aoiiiay yia?aey”, 1971 a., o. 30, n. 243.
13. Yecaiaaae i. ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoue aiaoiae n?aaeu. Ia?. n aiae.
Iiae
?aae. I.I. Ey?neiai. I., Aoiiecaeao,1967 a.
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