NIAeA?AEAIEA:
Aaaaeaiea. 2
Iniiaiua ii?aaeaeaiey. 2
Ioee/eoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe iio?iiia. 2
Iaiauaiiay no?oeoo?iay noaia. 3
I?eiaiaiea. 4
Enoi?ey. 5
Oece/aneea iniiau iio?iiiie oaoieee. 6
Yeaiaioiay aaca e ono?ienoai iio?iiia. 6
Oeceea i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee a aeeiaeiii iio?iia. 7
Ia?aiao?u e oa?aeoa?enoeee iioiia? e iioiyeaeo?iiiuo
eioaa?aeueiuo iee?inoai. 13
Eeanneoeeaoeey ia?aiao?ia ecaeaeee iio?iiiie oaoieee. 13
Aeeiaeiua iioiia?u. 14
O?aicenoi?iua e oe?enoi?iua iioiia?u. 15
?acenoi?iua iioiia?u. 15
Aeeooa?aioeeaeueiua iioiia?u. 15
Iioiyeaeo?iiiua iee?inoaiu. 16
Noa?u i?eiaiaiey iio?iiia e iio?iiiuo iee?inoai. 16
Ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee. 17
Iieo/aiea e ioia?aaeaiea eioi?iaoeee. 18
Eiio?ieue yeaeo?e/aneeo i?ioeania. 18
Caiaia yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneeo ecaeaeee. 19
Yia?aaoe/aneea ooieoeee. 19
Eeoa?aoo?a. 19
1. AAAAeAIEA
1.1 Iniiaiua ii?aaeaeaiey.
Iio?iiaie iacuaatho oaeea iioiyeaeo?iiiua i?eai?u, a eioi?uo
eiathony enoi/iee e i?eaiiee eceo/aiey (naaoieceo/aoaeue e
oioii?eaiiee) n oai eee eiui aeaeii iioe/aneie e yeaeo?e/aneie nayce
iaaeaeo ieie, eiino?oeoeaii naycaiiua ae?oa n ae?oaii .
I?eioeei aeaenoaey iio?iiia ethaiai aeaea iniiaai ia
neaaeothuai. A eceo/aoaea yia?aey yeaeo?e/aneiai neaiaea
i?aia?acoaony a naaoiaoth, a oioii?eaiieea, iaiai?io, naaoiaie
neaiae aucuaaao yeaeo?e/aneee ioeeee.
I?aeoe/anee ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee eeoue iio?iiu, o eioi?uo
eiaaony i?yiay iioe/aneay naycue io eceo/aoaey e oioii?eaiieeo e,
eae i?aaeei, eneeth/aiu ana aeaeu yeaeo?e/aneie nayce iaaeaeo yoeie
yeaiaioaie.
Ii noaiaie neiaeiinoe no?oeoo?iie noaiu n?aaee ecaeaeee iio?iiiie
oaoieee auaeaeytho aeaa a?oiiu i?eai?ia. Iioiia?a (aiai?yo oaeaea
“yeaiaioa?iue iio?ii”) i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iioiyeaeo?iiiue
iieoi?iaiaeieeiaue i?eai?, ninoiyuee ec eceo/athuaai e
oioii?eaiiiai yeaiaioia, iaaeaeo eioi?uie eiaaony iioe/aneay
naycue, iaania/eaathuay yeaeo?e/aneoth ecieyoeeth iaaeaeo aoiaeii
e auoiaeii. Iioiyeaeo?iiiay eioaa?aeueiay iee?inoaia i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie iee?inoaio, ninoiyuoth ec iaeiie eee ianeieueeeo iioiia? e
yeaeo?e/anee niaaeeiaiiuo n ieie iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo niaeanothueo
eee oneeeoaeueiuo ono?ienoa.
Oaeei ia?acii a yeaeo?iiiie oeaie oaeie i?eai? auiieiyao ooieoeeth
yeaiaioa nayce, a eioi?ii a oi aea a?aiy inouanoaeaia yeaeo?e/aneay
(aaeueaaie/aneay) ?acaycea aoiaea e auoiaea.
1.2 Ioee/eoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe iio?iiia.
Aeinoieinoaa yoeo i?eai?ia aace?othony ia iauai iioiyeaeo?iiiii
i?eioeeia eniieueciaaiey yeaeo?e/anee iaeo?aeueiuo oioiiia aeey
ia?aiina eioi?iaoeee. Iniiaiua ec ieo neaaeothuea:
– aiciiaeiinoue iaania/aiey eaeaaeueiie yeaeo?e/aneie
(aaeueaaie/aneie);?acaycee iaaeaeo aoiaeii e auoiaeii; aeey iio?iiia
ia nouanoaoao eaeeo-eeai i?eioeeieaeueiuo oece/aneeo eee
eiino?oeoeaiuo ia?aie/aiee ii aeinoeaeaieth neieue oaiaeii aunieeo
iai?yaeaiee e nii?ioeaeaiee ?acaycee e neieue oaiaeii iaeie
i?ioiaeiie aieinoe;
– aiciiaeiinoue ?aaeecaoeee aaneiioaeoiiai iioe/aneiai oi?aaeaiey
yeaeo?iiiuie iauaeoaie e iaoneiaeaiiua yoei ?aciiia?acea e
aeaeinoue eiino?oeoi?neeo ?aoaiee oi?aaeythueo oeaiae;
– iaeiiiai?aaeaiiinoue ?ani?ino?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee ii
iioe/aneiio eaiaeo, ionoonoaea ia?aoiie ?aaeoeee i?eaiieea ia
eceo/aoaeue;
– oe?ieay /anoioiay iieina i?iioneaiey iio?iia, ionoonoaea
ia?aie/aiey ni noi?iiu ieceeo /anoio (/oi naienoaaiii eiioeueniui
o?ainoi?iaoi?ai); aiciiaeiinoue ia?aaea/e ii iio?iiiie oeaie eae
eiioeueniiai neaiaea, oae e iinoiyiiie ninoaaeythuae;
– aiciiaeiinoue oi?aaeaiey auoiaeiui neaiaeii iio?iia iooai
aicaeaenoaey (a oii /enea e iayeaeo?e/aneiai) ia iaoa?eae
iioe/aneiai eaiaea e auoaeathuay ionthaea aiciiaeiinoue nicaeaiey
?aciiia?aciuo aeao/eeia, a oaeaea ?aciiia?aciuo i?eai?ia aeey
ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee;
– aiciiaeiinoue nicaeaiey ooieoeeiiaeueiuo iee?iyeaeo?iiiuo
ono?ienoa n oioii?eaiieeaie, oa?aeoa?enoeee eioi?uo i?e inaauaiee
eciaiythony ii neiaeiiio caaeaiiiio caeiio;
– iaaini?eei/eainoue iioe/aneeo eaiaeia nayce e aicaeaenoaeth
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae, /oi a neo/aa “aeeeiiuo” iio?iiia (n
i?ioyaeaiiui aieieiiii-iioe/aneei naaoiaiaeii iaaeaeo eceo/aoaeai e
i?eaiieeii) iaoneiaeeaaao eo caueuaiiinoue io iiiao e ooa/ee
eioi?iaoeee, a oaeaea eneeth/aao acaeiiua iaaiaeee ;
– oece/aneay e eiino?oeoeaii-oaoiieiae/aneay niaianoeiinoue n
ae?oaeie iieoi?iaiaeieeiauie e iee?iyeaeo?iiiuie i?eai?aie.
Iio?iiai i?enoue e ii?aaeaeaiiua iaaeinoaoee:
– cia/eoaeueiay iio?aaeyaiay iiuiinoue, iaoneiaeaiiay
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth aeaieiiai i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee (yeaeo?e/anoai –
naao – yeaeo?e/anoai) e iaaunieeie EIAe yoeo ia?aoiaeia;
– iiauoaiiay /oanoaeoaeueiinoue ia?aiao?ia e oa?aeoa?enoee
e aicaeaenoaeth iiauoaiiie oaiia?aoo?u e i?iieeathuae yaea?iie
?aaeeaoeee;
– aieaa eee iaiaa caiaoiay a?aiaiiay aeaa?aaeaoeey (oooaeoaiea)
ia?aiao?ia;
-ioiineoaeueii aunieee o?iaaiue nianoaaiiuo ooiia, iaoneiaeaiiue , eae
e aeaa i?aaeuaeoueo iaaeinoaoea, iniaaiiinoyie oeceee naaoiaeeiaeia;
– neiaeiinoue ?aaeecaoeee ia?aoiuo naycae, aucaaiiay
yeaeo?e/aneie ?aciauaiiinoueth aoiaeiie e auoiaeiie oeaiae;
– eiino?oeoeaii-oaoiieiae/aneia ianiaa?oainoai, naycaiiia n
eniieueciaaieai aea?eaeiie iaieaia?iie oaoiieiaee, (n
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth iauaaeeiaiey a iaeiii i?eai?a ianeieueeeo –
ioaeaeueiuo e?enoaeeia ec ?acee/iuo iieoi?iaiaeieeia, ?aniieaaaaiuo
a ?aciuo ieineinoyo).
Ia?a/eneaiiua iaaeinoaoee iio?iiia ii ia?a niaa?oainoaiaaiey
iaoa?eaeia, oaoiieiaee, noaiioaoieee /anoe/ii ono?aiythony, ii oai
ia iaiaa aua aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy aoaeoo iineoue aeinoaoi/ii
i?eioeeieaeueiue oa?aeoa?. Iaeiaei eo aeinoieinoaa noieue auniee, /oi
iaania/eaatho oaa?aiioth aiaeiieo?aioiinoue iio?iiia n?aaee ae?oaeo
i?eai?ia iee?iyeaeo?iieee.
1.3 Iaiauaiiay no?oeoo?iay noaia (?en. 1.1).
?en 1.1. Iaiauaiiay no?oeoo?iay noaia iio?iia.
Eae yeaiaio nayce iio?ii oa?aeoa?ecoaony eiyooeoeeaioii
ia?aaea/e Ei , ii?aaeaeyaiui ioiioaieai auoiaeiiai e aoiaeiiai
neaiaeia, e iaeneiaeueiie nei?inoueth ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee F.
I?aeoe/anee aianoi F ecia?ytho aeeeoaeueiinoe ia?anoaiey e
niaaea ia?aaeaaaaiuo eiioeuenia tia?(ni) eee a?aie/ioth /anoioo.
Aiciiaeiinoe iio?iia eae yeaiaioa aaeueaaie/aneie ?acaycee
oa?aeoa?ecothony iaeneiaeueiui iai?yaeaieai e nii?ioeaeaieai
?acaycee U?aca e R?aca e i?ioiaeiie aieinoueth C?aca.
A no?oeoo?ie noaia ?en. 1.1 aoiaeiia ono?ienoai neoaeeo aeey
iioeiecaoeee ?aai/aai ?aaeeia eceo/aoaey (iai?eia?, niauaiey
naaoiaeeiaea ia eeiaeiue o/anoie aaoo-aiia?iie oa?aeoa?enoeee) e
i?aia?aciaaiey (oneeaiey) aiaoiaai neaiaea. Aoiaeiie aeie
aeieaeai iaeaaeaoue aunieei EIAe i?aia?aciaaiey, aunieei
auno?iaeaenoaeai, oe?ieei aeeiaie/aneei aeeaiaciiii aeiionoeiuo
aoiaeiuo oieia (aeey eeiaeiuo nenoai), iaeui cia/aieai
“ii?iaiaiai” aoiaeiiai oiea, i?e eioi?ii iaania/eaaaony iaaeaaeiay
ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee ii oeaie.
Iacia/aiea iioe/aneie n?aaeu – ia?aaea/a yia?aee iioe/aneiai
neaiaea io eceo/aoaey e oioii?eaiieeo, a oaeaea ai iiiaeo
neo/ayo iaania/aiea iaoaie/aneie oeaeinoiinoe eiino?oeoeee.
I?eioeeieaeueiay aiciiaeiinoue oi?aaeaiey iioe/aneeie naienoaaie
n?aaeu, iai?eia? n iiiiuueth eniieueciaaiey yeaeo?iiioe/aneeo
eee iaaieoiiioe/aneeo yooaeoia, io?aaeaia aaaaeaieai a noaio
ono?ienoaa oi?aaeaiey, A yoii neo/aa iu iieo/aai iio?ii n
oi?aaeyaiui
iioe/aneei eaiaeii, ooieoeeiiaeueii ioee/athueeny io “iau/iiai”
iio?iia: eciaiaiea auoiaeiiai neaiaea iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny eae ii
aoiaeo, oae e ii oeaie oi?aaeaiey.
A oioii?eaiieea i?ienoiaeeo “ainnoaiiaeaiea” eioi?iaoeeiiiiai
neaiaea ec iioe/aneiai a yeaeo?e/aneee; i?e yoii no?aiyony eiaoue
aunieoth /oanoaeoaeueiinoue e aunieia auno?iaeaenoaea.
Iaeiiaoe, auoiaeiia ono?ienoai i?ecaaii i?aia?aciaaoue neaiae
oioii?eaiieea a noaiaea?oioth oi?io, oaeiaioth aeey aicaeaenoaey ia
iineaaeothuea ca iio?iiii eaneaaeu. I?aeoe/anee iaycaoaeueiie
ooieoeeae auoiaeiiai ono?ienoaa yaeyaony oneeaiea neaiaea, oae eae
iioa?e iinea aeaieiiai ipeia?aciaaiey i/aiue cia/eoaeueiu. Ia?aaeei
ooieoeeth oneeaiey auiieiyao e nai oioii?eaiiee (iai?eia?,
oioio?aicenoi?).
Iauay no?oeoo?iay noaia ?en. 1.1 ?aaeecoaony a eaaeaeii
eiie?aoiii i?eai?a eeoue /anoueth aeieia. A niioaaonoaee n yoei
auaeaeytho o?e iniiaiua a?oiiu i?eai?ia iio?iiiie oaoieee; ?aiaa
iacaaiiua iioiia?u (yeaiaioa?iua iio?iiu), eniieuecothuea aeiee
naaoieceo/aoaeue – iioe/aneay n?aaea – oioii?eaiiee; iioiyeaeo?iiiua
(iio?iiiua) iee?inoaiu (iioiia?u n aeiaaaeaieai auoiaeiiai, a
eiiaaea e aoiaeiiai ono?ienoaa); niaoeeaeueiua aeaeu iio?iiia –
i?eai?u, ooieoeeiiaeueii e eiino?oeoeaii nouanoaaiii ioee/athueany
io yeaiaioa?iuo iio?iiia e iioiyeaeo?iiiuo EN
?aaeueiue iio?ii iiaeao auoue ono?iai e neiaeiaa, /ai noaia ia ?en.
1.1; eaaeaeue ec oeacaiiuo aeieia iiaeao aeeth/aoue a naay ia iaeei, a
ianeieueei iaeeiaeiauo eee iiaeiaiuo ae?oa ae?oao yeaiaioia,
naycaiiuo yeaeo?e/anee e iioe/anee, iaeiaei yoi ia eciaiyao
nouanoaaiii iniia oeceee e yeaeo?iieee iio?iia.
1.4 I?eiaiaiea.
A ea/anoaa yeaiaioia aaeueaaie/aneie ?acaycee iio?iiu i?eiaiythony:
aeey nayce aeieia aiia?aoo?u, iaaeaeo eioi?uie eiaaony
cia/eoaeueiay ?aciinoue iioaioeeaeia; aeey caueou aoiaeiuo oeaiae
ecia?eoaeueiuo ono?ienoa io iiiao e iaaiaeie; e o.ae.
Ae?oaay aaaeiaeoay iaeanoue i?eiaiaiey iio?iiia – iioe/aneia,
aaneiioaeoiia oi?aaeaiea neeueiioi/iuie e aunieiaieueoiuie oeaiyie.
Caione iiuiuo oe?enoi?ia, o?eaeia, neienoi?ia, oi?aaeaiea
yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneeie ?aeaeiuie ono?ienoaaie
Niaoeeoe/aneoth a?oiio oi?aaeythueo iio?iiia ninoaaeytho ?acenoi?iua
iio?iiu, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey neaaioi/iuo noai eiiiooaoeee a
neiaeiuo ono?ienoaao aecoaeueiiai ioia?aaeaiey eioi?iaoeee,
auiieiaiiuo ia yeaeo?iethieianoeaioiuo (ii?ioeiauo)
eiaeeeaoi?ao, iiaiinoaiao, ye?aiao.
Nicaeaiea “aeeeiiuo” iio?iiia (i?eai?ia n i?ioyaeaiiui aeaeei
aieieiiiiiioe/aneei naaoiaiaeii) ioe?uei niaa?oaiii iiaia iai?aaeaiea
i?eiaiaiey ecaeaeee iio?iiiie oaoieee – naycue ia ei?ioeeo ?annoiyieyo.
?acee/iua iio?iiu (aeeiaeiua, ?acenoi?iua, o?aicenoi?iua) iaoiaeyo
i?eiaiaiea e a /enoi ?aaeeioaoie/aneeo noaiao iiaeoeyoeee,
aaoiiaoe/aneie ?aaoee?iaee oneeaiey e ae?. Aicaeaenoaea ii
iioe/aneiio eaiaeo eniieuecoaony caeanue aeey auaiaea noaiu a
iioeiaeueiue ?aai/ee ?aaeei, aeey aaneiioaeoiie ia?ano?ieee ?aaeeia
e o. i.
Aiciiaeiinoue eciaiaiey naienoa iioe/aneiai eaiaea i?e
?acee/iuo aiaoieo aicaeaenoaeyo ia iaai iicaieyao nicaeaoue oeaeoth
na?eth iio?iiiuo aeao/eeia: oaeiau aeao/eee aeaaeiinoe e
caaaciaaiiinoe, aeao/eea iaee/ey a iauaia oie eee eiie
aeeaeeinoe, aeao/eee /enoiou ia?aaioee iiaa?oiinoe i?aaeiaoa,
nei?inoe aai ia?aiauaiey e o. i.
Aeinoaoi/ii niaoeeoe/aneei yaeyaony eniieueciaaiea iio?iiia a
yia?aaoe/aneeo oeaeyo, o. a. ?aaioa aeeiaeiiai iio?iia a
oioiaaioeeueiii ?aaeeia. A oaeii ?aaeeia oioiaeeiae aaia?e?oao
yeaeo?e/aneoth iiuiinoue a iaa?oceo e iio?ii aei ii?aaeaeaiiie
noaiaie iiaeiaai iaeiiiuiiio aoi?e/iiio enoi/ieeo ieoaiey,
iieiinoueth ?acaycaiiiio io ia?ae/iie oeaie;
Nicaeaiea iio?iiia n oioi?acenoi?aie, naienoaa eioi?uo i?e
inaauaiee iaiythony ii caaeaiiiio neiaeiiio caeiio, iicaieyao
iiaeaee?iaaoue iaoaiaoe/aneea ooieoeee, yaeyaony oaaii ia iooe
nicaeaiey ooieoeeiiaeueiie iioiyeaeo?iieee.
Oieaa?naeueiinoue iio?iiia eae yeaiaioia aaeueaaie/aneie ?acaycee e
aaneiioaeoiiai oi?aaeaiey, ?aciiia?acea e oieeaeueiinoue iiiaeo ae?oaeo
ooieoeee yaeythony i?e/eiie oiai, /oi noa?aie i?eiaiaiey yoeo
i?eai?ia noaee au/eneeoaeueiay oaoieea, aaoiiaoeea, nayciay e
?aaeeioaoie/aneay aiia?aoo?a, aaoiiaoece?iaaiiua nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey,
ecia?eoaeueiay oaoieea, nenoaiu eiio?iey e ?aaoee?iaaiey,
iaaeeoeeineay yeaeo?iieea, ono?ienoaa aecoaeueiiai ioia?aaeaiey
eioi?iaoeee.
1.5 Enoi?ey
Eaeay nicaeaiey e i?eiaiaiey oio?iiia ioiineony e 1955 a., eiaaea a
?aaioa Loebner E. E. “Opto-electronic devices network” auea i?aaeeiaeaia
oeaeay na?ey i?eai?ia n iioe/aneeie e yeaeo?e/aneeie naycyie iaaeaeo
yeaiaioaie, /oi iicaieyei inouanoaeyoue oneeaiea e niaeo?aeueiia
i?aia?aciaaiea naaoiauo neaiaeia, nicaeaaaoue i?eai?u n aeaoiy
onoie/eauie ninoiyieyie – aenoaaeeueiua iio?iiu, iioiyeaeo?iiiua
ono?ienoaa iaeiieaiey e o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee eiae/aneea noaiu,
?aaeno?u naeaeaa. Oai aea aue i?aaeeiaeai e oa?iei “iio?ii”,
ia?aciaaiiue eae nie?auaiea io aiaeeeneiai “optical-electronic device”.
Iienaiiua a yoie ?aaioa iio?iiu, ioee/ii eeethno?e?oy i?eioeeiu,
ieacaeenue iai?eaiaeiuie aeey i?iiuoeaiiie ?aaeecaoeee, oae eae
iniiauaaeenue ia ianiaa?oaiiie yeaiaioa?iie aaca – iayooaeoeaiuo e
eia?oeeiiiuo ii?ioeiauo ceaeo?iethieianoeaioiuo eiiaeainaoi?ao
(eceo/aoaeue) e oioi?acenoi?ao (i?eaiiee). Ianiaa?oaiiu auee e
aaaeiaeoea yenieoaoaoeeiiiua oa?aeoa?enoeee i?eai?ia:
ieceioaiia?aoo?iay e a?aiaiiay noaaeeueiinoue ia?aiao?ia,
iaaeinoaoi/iay onoie/eainoue e iaoaie/aneei aicaeaenoaeyi. Iiyoiio. ia
ia?auo ii?ao iio?ii inoaaaeny eeoue eioa?aniui iao/iui aeinoeaeaieai
ia iaoiaeyuei i?eiaiaiey a oaoieea.
Eeoue a na?aaeeia 60-o aiaeia ?acaeoey iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo
naaoieceo/athueo aeeiaeia e oaoiieiae/anee niaa?oaiiuo
aunieiyooaeoeaiuo auno?iaeaenoaothueo e?aiieaauo oioii?eaiieeia n ? –
n-ia?aoiaeaie (oioiaeeiaeu e oioio?aicenoi?u) ia/aea nicaeaaaoueny
yeaiaioa?iay aaca nia?aiaiiie iio?iiiie oaoieee. E ia/aeo 70-o aiaeia
i?iecaiaenoai iio?iiia a aaaeoueo no?aiao ie?a i?aa?aoeeinue a aaaeioth
e auno?i ?acaeaathuothny io?aneue yeaeo?iiiie oaoieee, oniaoii
aeiiieiythuoth o?aaeeoeeiiioth iee?iyeaeo?iieeo.
2. OECE*ANEEA INIIAU IIO?IIIIE OAOIEEE
2.1. YEAIAIOIAss AACA E ONO?IENOAI IIO?IIIA
Yeaiaioioth iniiao iio?iiia ninoaaeytho oioii?eaiieee e eceo/aoaee,
a oaeaea iioe/aneay n?aaea iaaeaeo ieie. Ei anai yoei yeaiaioai
i?aaeuyaeythony oaeea iauea o?aaiaaiey, eae iaeua aaaa?eou e ianna,
aunieay aeieaiaa/iinoue e iaaeaaeiinoue, onoie/eainoue e iaoaie/aneei
e eeeiaoe/aneei aicaeaenoaeyi, oaoiieiae/iinoue, ieceay noieiinoue.
AEaeaoaeueii oaeaea /oiau yeaiaiou i?ioee aeinoaoi/ii oe?ieoth
e aeeeoaeueioth i?iiuoeaiioth ai?iaaoeeth.
Ooieoeeiiaeueii (eae yeaiaio noaiu) iio?ii oa?aeoa?ecoaony a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue oai, eaeie aeae oioii?eaiieea a iai eniieuecoaony.
Oniaoiia eniieueciaaiea oioii?eaiieea a iio?iia ii?aaeaeyaony
auiieiaieai neaaeothueo iniiaiuo o?aaiaaiee: yooaeoeaiinoue
i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee eaaioia eceo/aiey a yia?aeth iiaeaeaeiuo
yeaeo?e/aneeo; iaee/ea e yooaeoeaiinoue aioo?aiiaai ano?iaiiiai
oneeaiey; aunieia auno?iaeaenoaea; oe?ioa ooieoeeiiaeueiuo
aiciiaeiinoae.
A iio?iiao eniieuecothony oioii?eaiieee ?acee/iuo no?oeoo? ,
/oanoaeoaeueiua a aeaeeiie e aeeaeiae eio?ae?aniie iaeanoe, oae eae
eiaiii a yoii aeeaiaciia niaeo?a eiathony eioaineaiua enoi/ieee
eceo/aiey e aiciiaeia ?aaioa oioii?eaiieeia aac ioeaaeaeaiey.
Iaeaieaa oieaa?naeueiuie yaeythony oioii?eaiieee n ? – n-ia?aoiaeaie
(aeeiaeu, o?aicenoi?u e o, i.), a iiaeaaeythuai aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa iie
ecaioiaeythony ia iniiaa e?aiiey e iaeanoue eo iaeneiaeueiie
niaeo?aeueiie /oanoaeoaeueiinoe iaoiaeeony aaeece l=0,7…0,9iei.
Iiiai/eneaiiua o?aaiaaiey i?aaeuyaeythony e e eceo/aoaeyi iio?iiia.
Iniiaiua ec ieo: niaeo?aeueiia niaeaniaaiea n aua?aiiui
oioii?eaiieeii; aunieay yooaeoeaiinoue i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee
yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea a yia?aeth eceo/aiey; i?aeiouanoaaiiay
iai?aaeaiiinoue eceo/aiey; aunieia auno?iaeaenoaea; i?inoioa e
oaeianoai aicaoaeaeaiey e iiaeoeyoeee eceo/aiey.
Aeey eniieueciaaiey a iio?iiao i?eaiaeiu e aeinooiiu ianeieueei
?aciiaeaeiinoae eceo/aoaeae:
– Ieieaoth?iua eaiii/ee iaeaeeaaiey.
– Iaiiiaua eaiii/ee, a eioi?uo eniieuecoaony naa/aiea yeaeo?e/aneiai
?ac?yaea aaciaie niane iaii-a?aii.
Yoei aeaeai eceo/aoaeae naienoaaiiu iaaunieay naaoiioaea/a,
ieceay onoie/eainoue e iaoaie/aneei aicaeaenoaeyi, ia?aie/aiiay
aeieaiaa/iinoue, aieueoea aaaa?eou, iieiay ianiaianoeiinoue n
eioaa?aeueiie oaoiieiaeae. Oai ia iaiaa a ioaeaeueiuo aeaeao
iio?iiia iie iiaoo iaoiaeeoue i?eiaiaiea.
– Ii?ioeiaay yeaeo?iethieianoeaioiay y/aeea eniieuecoao a ea/anoaa
naaoyuaainy oaea iaeeie?enoaeee/aneea ca?ia noeueoeaea oeeiea
(aeoeae?iaaiiiai iaaeueth, ia?aaioeai eee ae?oaeie
i?enaaeeaie),acaaoaiiua a iieeia?ecothuainy aeeyeaeo?eea. I?e
i?eeiaeaiee aeinoaoi/ii aunieeo iai?yaeaiee ia?aiaiiiai oiea eaeao
i?ioeann i?aaei?iaieiie ethieianoeaioeee.
– Oiieiieaii/iua yeaeo?iethieianoeaioiua y/aeee. Naa/aiea caeanue
naycaii n aicaoaeaeaieai aoiiia ia?aaioea “ai?y/eie” yeaeo?iiaie.
E ii?ioeiaua, e ieaii/iua yeaeo?iethieianoeaioiua y/aeee eiatho
iaaunieoth yooaeoeaiinoue i?aia?aciaaiey yeaeo?e/aneie yia?aee a
naaoiaoth, ieceoth aeieaiaa/iinoue (iniaaiii- oiieiieaii/iua ), neiaeiu
a oi?aaeaiee (iai?eia?, iioeiaeueiue ?aaeei aeey ii?ioeiauo
ethieiioi?ia ~220 A i?e f=400 … 800Aoe). Iniiaiia aeinoieinoai
yoeo eceo/aoaeae – eiino?oeoeaii-oaoiieiae/aneay niaianoeiinoue n
oioi?acenoi?aie, aiciiaeiinoue nicaeaiey ia yoie iniiaa
iiiaiooieoeeiiaeueiuo, iiiaiyeaiaioiuo iio?iiiuo no?oeoo?.
Iniiaiui iaeaieaa oieaa?naeueiui aeaeii eceo/aoaey,
eniieuecoaiui a iio?iiao, yaeyaony iieoi?iaiaeieeiaue
eiaeaeoeeiiiue naaoieceo/athuee aeeiae – naaoiaeeiae. Yoi
iaoneiaeaii neaaeothueie aai aeinoieinoaaie: aunieia cia/aiea EIAe
i?aia?aciaaiey yeaeo?e/aneie yia?aee a iioe/aneoth; oceee niaeo?
eceo/aiey (eaaceiiiio?iiaoe/iinoue); oe?ioa niaeo?aeueiiai
aeeaiaciia, ia?ae?uaaaiiai ?acee/iuie naaoiaeeiaeaie;
iai?aaeaiiinoue eceo/aiey; aunieia auno?iaeaenoaea; iaeua cia/aiey
ieoathueo iai?yaeaiee e oieia; niaianoeiinoue n o?aicenoi?aie e
eioaa?aeueiuie noaiaie; i?inoioa iiaeoeyoeee iiuiinoe eceo/aiey
iooai eciaiaiey i?yiiai oiea; aiciiaeiinoue ?aaiou eae a
eiioeueniii, oae e a iai?a?uaiii ?aaeeia; eeiaeiinoue aaoo-aiia?iie
oa?aeoa?enoeee a aieaa eee iaiaa oe?ieii aeeaiaciia aoiaeiuo
oieia; aunieay iaaeaaeiinoue e aeieaiaa/iinoue; iaeua aaaa?eou;
oaoiieiae/aneay niaianoeiinoue n ecaeaeeyie iee?iyeaeo?iieee.
Iauea o?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e iioe/aneie eiia?neiiiie n?aaea
iio?iia, neaaeothuea: aunieia cia/aiea iieacaoaey i?aeiieaiey nei;
aunieia cia/aiea oaeaeueiiai nii?ioeaeaiey rei; aunieay e?eoe/aneay
iai?yaeaiiinoue iiey Aei e?, aeinoaoi/iay oaieinoieeinoue Dqei ?aa;
oi?ioay aaeaacey n e?enoaeeaie e?aiiey e a?naieaea aaeeey;
yeanoe/iinoue (yoi iaiaoiaeeii, oae eae ia oaeaaony iaania/eoue
niaeaniaaiea yeaiaioia iio?iia ii eiyooeoeeaioai oa?ie/aneiai
?anoe?aiey); iaoaie/aneay i?i/iinoue, oae eae eiia?neiiiay n?aaea a
iioiia?a auiieiyao ia oieueei naaoiia?aaeathuea, ii e
eiino?oeoeeiiiua ooieoeee; oaoiieiae/iinoue (oaeianoai
eniieueciaaiey, aini?iecaiaeeiinoue naienoa, aeaoaaecia e o. i.).
Iniiaiui aeaeii eiia?neiiiie n?aaeu, eniieuecoaiie a iio?iiao
yaeythony iieeia?iua iioe/aneea eeae. Aeey ieo oeie/ii nei =1,4… 1,6,
rei > 1012… 1014 Ii ni, Aei e? =80 eA/ii, Dqei ?aa = – 60 … 120 C.
Eeae iaeaaeatho oi?ioae aaeaaceae e e?aiieth e a?naieaeo aaeeey,
ni/aoatho aunieoth iaoaie/aneoth i?i/iinoue e onoie/eainoue e
oa?iioeeeee?iaaieth. Eniieuecothony oaeaea iacaoaa?aeaaathuea
aacaeeiiiiaeiaiua e eao/oeiiiaeiaiua iioe/aneea n?aaeu
2.2. OECEEA I?AIA?ACIAAIEss YHEPAEE A AeEIAeIII IIO?IIA
?anniio?aiea i?ioeannia i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee a iio?iia
o?aaoao o/eouaaoue eaaioiaoth i?e?iaeo naaoa. Ecaanoii, /oi
yeaeo?iiaaieoiia eceo/aiea iiaeao auoue i?aaenoaaeaii a aeaea
iioiea /anoeoe – eaaioia (oioiiia), yia?aey. eaaeaeiai ec eioi?uo
ii?aaeaeyaony niioiioaieai;
Eo=hn=hc/nl (2.1)
aaea h – iinoiyiiay Ieaiea ;
n – nei?inoue naaoa a aaeooia ;
n – iieacaoaeue i?aeiieaiey iieoi?iaiaeieea ;
n, l – /anoioa eieaaaiee e aeeeia aieiu iioe/aneiai eceo/aiey.
Anee ieioiinoue iioiea eaaioia (o. a. /enei eaaioia, i?ieaoathueo
/a?ac aaeeieoeo ieiuaaee a aaeeieoeo apeiaie) ?aaia No, oi
iieiay oaeaeueiay iiuiinoue eceo/aiey ninoaaeo:
Po= No Eo (2.2)
e, eae aeaeii ec (2.1), i?e caaeaiiii No iia oai aieueoa, /ai
ei?i/a aeeeia aieiu eceo/aiey. Iineieueeo ia i?aeoeea caaeaiiie
auaaao Po (yia?aaoe/aneay iaeo/aiiinoue oioii?eaiieea), oi
i?aaenoaaeyaony iieaciui neaaeothuaa niioiioaiea
1015 l Po (2.3)
?en.2.1. Yia?aaoe/aneay aeeaa?aiia i?yiiciiiiai iieoi?iaiaeieea (ia
i?eia?a o?ieiiai niaaeeiaiey GaAsP).
n-1; l, iei; Po, iAo/ni.
Iaoaieci eiaeaeoeeiiiie ethieianoeaioeee a naaoiaeeiaea ninoieo
ec o?ao iniiaiuo i?ioeannia: eceo/aoaeueiay (e aacuceo/aoaeueiay)
?aeiiaeiaoeey a iieoi?iaiaeieeao, eiaeaeoeey ecauoi/iuo iainiiaiuo
iineoaeae ca?yaea a aaco naaoiaeeiaea e auaiae eceo/aiey ec iaeanoe
aaia?aoeee.
?aeiiaeiaoeey iineoaeae ca?yaea a iieoi?iaiaeieea ii?aaeaeyaony
i?aaeaea anaai aai ciiiie aeeaa?aiiie, iaee/eai e i?e?iaeie i?eianae e
aeaoaeoia, noaiaiueth ia?ooaiey ?aaiiaaniiai ninoiyiey. Iniiaiua
iaoa?eaeu iio?iiiuo eceo/aoaeae (GaAs e o?ieiua niaaeeiaiey ia aai
iniiaa GaA1As e GaAsP) ioiinyony e i?yiiciiiui iieoi?iaiaeieeai o.a.
e oaeei, a eioi?uo ?ac?aoaiiuie yaeythony i?yiua iioe/aneea ia?aoiaeu
ciia-ciia (?en.2.1.). Eaaeaeue aeo ?aeiiaeiaoeee iineoaey ca?yaea ii
yoie noaia nii?iaiaeaeaaony eceo/aieai eaaioa, aeeeia aieiu eioi?iai a
niioaaonoaee n caeiiii nio?aiaiey yia?aee ii?aaeaeyaony niioiioaieai
lece[iei] =1,23/ Eo[yB] (2.4)
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, *oi eiathony e eiieo?e?othuea aacuceo/aoaeueiua –
iaoaieciu ?aeiiaeiaoeee . E /eneo aaaeiaeoeo ec ieo ioiinyony:
1. ?aeiiaeiaoeey ia aeoaieeo oeaio?ao. Yeaeo?ii iiaeao ia?aoiaeeoue a
aaeaioioth ciio ia i?yii, a /a?ac oa eee eiua oeaio?u ?aeiiaeiaoeee,
ia?acothuea ?ac?aoaiiua yia?aaoe/aneea o?iaie a cai?auaiiie ciia
(o?iaaiue Et ia ?enoiea 2.1).
2. Iaea-?aeiiaeiaoeey (eee oaea?iay). I?e i/aiue aunieeo
eiioeaio?aoeeyo naiaiaeiuo iineoaeae ca?yaea a iieoi?iaiaeieea ?anoao
aa?iyoiinoue noieeiiaaiey o?ao oae, yia?aey ?aeiiaeie?othuae
yeaeo?iiii-aeu?i/eie ia?u i?e yoii ioaeaaony o?aoueaio naiaiaeiiio
iineoaeth a oi?ia eeiaoe/aneie yia?aee, eioi?oth ii iinoaiaiii
?ano?a/eaaao i?e nioaea?aieyo n ?aoaoeie.
?en.2.2. Yeaeo?e/aneay (a) e iioe/aneay (b) iiaeaee naaoiaeeiaea.
A – iioe/anee “i?ic?a/iay” /anoue e?enoaeea; B – aeoeaiay /anoue
e?enoaeea; C -“iai?ic?a/iay” /anoue e?enoaeea; D – iie/aneea eiioaeou; E
– iaeanoue iauaiiiai ca?yaea.
100%.
Nicaeaiea ecauoi/iie eiioeaio?aoeee naiaiaeiuo iineoaeae a
aeoeaiie (eceo/athuae) iaeanoe e?enoaeea naaoiaeeiaea
inouanoaeyaony iooai eiaeaeoeee eo ? – n-ia?aoiaeii,
niauaiiui a i?yiii iai?aaeaiee.
“Iieaciie” eiiiiiaioiie oiea, iiaeaea?aeeaathuae eceo/aoaeueioth
?aeiiaeiaoeeth a aeoeaiie iaeanoe aeeiaea, yaeyaony oie yeaeo?iiia In
(?en.2.2,a), eiaeaeoe?oaiuo ? – n-ia?aoiaeii. E
“aaniieaciui” eiiiiiaioai i?yiiai oiea ioiinyony:
1. Aeu?i/iay ninoaaeythuay Ip, iaoneiaeaiiay eiaeaeoeeae aeu?ie a
n-iaeanoue e io?aaeathuay oio oaeo, /oi ? – n-ia?aoiaeia n
iaeiinoi?iiiae eiaeaeoeeae ia auaaao, Aeiey yoiai oiea oai iaiueoa
/ai neeueiaa eaae?iaaia n-iaeanoue ii n?aaiaieth n ?-iaeanoueth.
2. Oie ?aeiiaeiaoeee (aacuceo/aoaeueiie) a iaeanoe iauaiiiai
ca?yaea ? – n-ia?aoiaea I?ae. A iieoi?iaiaeieeao n aieueoie
oe?eiie cai?auaiiie ciiu i?e iaeuo i?yiuo niauaieyo aeiey yoiai
oiea iiaeao auoue caiaoiie.
3. Ooiiaeueiue oie Iooi , iaoneiaeaiiue “i?ina/eaaieai” iineoaeae
ca?yaea /a?ac iioaioeeaeueiue aa?uea?. Oie ia?aiineony iniiaiuie
iineoaeyie e aeeaaea a eceo/aoaeueioth ?aeiiaeiaoeeth ia aeaao.
Ooiiaeueiue oie oai aieueoa, /ai oaea ? – n-ia?aoiae, ii caiaoai
i?e neeueiie noaiaie eaae?iaaiey aaciaie iaeanoe e i?e aieueoeo
i?yiuo niauaieyo.
4. Oie iiaa?oiinoiuo ooa/ae Iiia, iaoneiaeaiiue ioee/eai naienoa
iiaa?oiinoe iieoi?iaiaeieea io naienoa iauaia e iaee/eai oao eee
eiuo caei?a/eaathueo aeeth/aiee.
Yooaeoeaiinoue ? – n-ia?aoiaea oa?aeoa?ecoaony eiyooeoeeaioii
eiaeaeoeee:
(2.5)
100%.
I?e auaiaea eceo/aiey ec iaeanoe aaia?aoeee eiatho ianoi
neaaeothuea aeaeu iioa?ue yia?aee (?en. 2.2,6):
1. Iioa?e ia naiiiiaeiuaiea (eo/e 1). Anee aeeeia aieiu aaia?e?oaiuo
eaaioia a oi/iinoe niioaaonoaoao oi?ioea (2.4), oi iia niaiaaeaao n
“e?aniie a?aieoeae” iiaeiuaiey (ni. ieaea), e oaeia eceo/aiea auno?i
iiaeiuaaony a oieua iieoi?iaiaeieea (naiiiiaeiuaiea).A
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, eceo/aiea a i?yiiciiiuo iieoi?iaiaeieeao eaeao
ia ii i?eaaaeaiiie auoa eaeaaeueiie, noaia. Iiyoiio aeeeia aieiu
aaia?e?oaiuo eaaioia ianeieueei aieueoa, /ai ii (2.4):
2. Iioa?e ia iieiia aioo?aiiaa io?aaeaiea (eo/e 2).Ecaanoii, /oi i?e
iaaeaiee eo/ae naaoa ia a?aieoeo ?acaeaea iioe/anee ieioiie n?aaeu
(iieoi?iaiaeiee) n iioe/anee iaiaa ieioiie (aicaeoo) aeey /anoe yoeo
eo/ae auiieiyaony oneiaea iieiiai aioo?aiiaai io?aaeaiey oaeea eo/e,
io?aceaoeany aioo?ue e?enoaeea, a eiia/iii n/aoa oa?ythony ca n/ao
naiiiiaeiuaiey.
3. Iioa?e ia ia?aoiia e oi?oeaaia eceo/aiea (eo/ 3 e 4).
100%.
Eioaa?aeueiui iieacaoaeai eceo/aaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe naaoiaeeiaea
yaeyaony aaee/eia aiaoiaai eaaioiaiai auoiaea hext. Ec neacaiiiai ynii,
/oi hext= hint g Eiio.
Ia?aeaeai e i?eaiiiio aeieo. I?eioeei aeaenoaey eniieuecoaiuo a
iio?iiao oioi?eaiieeia iniiaai ia aioo?aiiai oioiyooaeoa ,
caeeth/athuainy a io?uaa yeaeo?iiia io aoiiia aioo?e oaea iiae
aeaenoaeai yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai (iioe/aneiai) eceo/aiey.
Eaaiou naaoa, iiaeiuaynue a e?enoaeea, iiaoo aucuaaoue
io?ua yeaeo?iiia io aoiiia eae naiiai iieoi?iaiaeieea, oae
e i?eiane. A niioaaonoaee n yoei aiai?yo i nianoaaiiii
(aani?eianiii) e i?eianiii iiaeiuaiee (oioiyooaeoa).
Iineieueeo eiioeaio?aoeey i?eianiuo aoiiia iaea,
oioiyeaeo?e/aneea yooaeou, iniiaaiiua ia nianoaaiiii
iiaeiuaiee, anaaaea nouanoaaiiaa, /ai iniiaaiiua ia
i?eianiii. Ana eniieuecoaiua a iio?iiao oioii?eaiieee
“?aaioatho” ia aani?eianiii oioiyooaeoa. Aeey oiai /oiau
eaaio naaoa aucuaae io?ua yeaeo?iia io aoiia, iaiaoiaeeii
auiieiaiea i/aaeaeiuo yia?aaoe/aneeo niioiioaiee:
Ec-Ev (2.6)
Ec-Et (2.7)
Oaeei ia?acii, nianoaaiiue oioiyooaeo iiaeao eiaoue ianoi eeoue
i?e aicaeaenoaee ia iieoi?iaiaeiee eceo/aiey n aeeeiie aieiu,
iaiueoae iaeioi?iai cia/aiey la?:
1.23/ Eg (2.8)
Aoi?ia ?aaainoai a (2.8) ni?aaaaeeeai, anee la? au?aaeaii a
iee?iiao?ao, a oe?eia cai?auaiiie ciiu iieoi?iaiaeieea Eg – a
yeaeo?iiiaieueoao. Aaee/eio la? iacuaatho aeeeiiiaieiiaie eee
“e?aniie” a?aieoeae niaeo?aeueiie /oanoaeoaeueiinoe iaoa?eaea.
Eioaineaiinoue i?ioaeaiey oioiyooaeoa (a oie niaeo?aeueiie iaeanoe,
aaea ii iiaeao nouanoaiaaoue) caaeneo io eaaioiaiai auoiaea,
ii?aaeaeyaiiai ioiioaieai /enea aaia?e?iaaiiuo ia? yeaeo?ii-aeu?ea e
/eneo iiaeiuaiiu oioiiia. Aiaeec yenia?eiaioaeueiuo caaeneiinoae
io iieacuaaao, /oi a eioa?aniie aeey iio?iiia niaeo?aeueiie
iaeanoe b=1.
Ia?aciaaiea naiaiaeiuo iineoaeae ca?yaea iiae aeaenoaeai iaeo/aiey
i?iyaeyaony a iieoi?iaiaeieea a aeaea aeaoo oioiyeaeo?e/aneeo
yooaeoia: oioii?iaiaeeiinoe (aic?anoaiea i?iaiaeeiinoe ia?acoea i?e
canaaoea) e oioiaieueoae/aneiai (aicieeiiaaiea oioi-YAeN ia ? –
n-ia?aoiaea eee ae?oaii aeaea iioaioeeaeueiiai aa?uea?a a
iieoi?iaiaeieea i?e inaauaiee). Iaa yooaeoa eniieuecothony a i?aeoeea
eiino?oe?iaaiey oioii?eaiieeia; aeey iio?iiia i?aaeii/oeoaeueiui e
aeiieie?othuei yaeyaony eniieueciaaiea oioi-YAeN-yooaeoa.
Iniiaiua ia?aiao?u e oa?aeoa?enoeee oioii?eaiieeia (aacioiineoaeueii e
oece/aneie i?e?iaea e eiino?oeoeee yoeo i?eai?ia) iiaeii iiae?acaeaeeoue
ia ianeieueei a?oii , E iioe/aneei oa?aeoa?enoeeai ioiinyony ieiuaaeue
oioi/oanoaeoaeueiie iiaa?oiinoe, iaoa?eae, ?acia?u e eiioeao?aoeey
iioe/aneiai ieia; iaeneiaeueiue e ieieiaeueiue o?iaie iiuiinoe
eceo/aiey. E yeaeo?iiioe/aneei – oioi/oanoaeoaeueiinoue, noaiaiue
iaeii?iaeiinoe ?ani?aaeaeaiey /oanoaeoaeueiinoe ii oioii?eaiiie
ieiuaaeea; niaeo?aeueiay ieioiinoue /oanoaeoaeueiinoe (caaeneiinoue
ia?aiao?a, oa?aeoa?ecothuaai /oanoaeoaeueiinoue, io aeeeiu aieiu);
nianoaaiiua ooiu oioii?eaiieea e eo caaeneiinoue io o?iaiy canaaoee e
aeeaiaciia ?aai/eo /anoio; ?ac?aoathuaa a?aiy (auno?iaeaenoaea);
eiyooeoeeaio ea/anoaa (eiiaeie?iaaiiue iieacaoaeue, iicaieythuee
niiinoaaeyoue ?acee/iua oioii?eaiieee ae?oa n ae?oaii); iieacaoaeue
eeiaeiinoe; aeeiaie/aneee aeeaiacii. Eae yeaiaio yeaeo?e/aneie oeaie
oioii?eaiiee oa?aeoa?ecoaony i?aaeaea anaai ia?aiao?aie aai
yeaeaaeaioiie noaiu, o?aaiaaieyie e ?aai/ei ?aaeeiai, iaee/eai (eee
ionoonoaeai) ano?iaiiiai iaoaiecia oneeaiey, aeaeii e oi?iie
auoiaeiiai neaiaea. I?i/ea oa?aeoa?enoeee: yenieoaoaoeeiiiua,
iaaeaaeiinoiua, aaaa?eoiua, oaoiieiae/aneea – ie/aai niaoeeoe/anee
“oioii?eaiiioi” ia niaea?aeao.
=10 lg(Po max /Po min).
Aoe1/2. I?e ecaanoiii cia/aiee D ii?ia /oanoaeoaeueiinoe
(ieieiaeueiay oeene?oaiay iiuiinoue eceo/aiey) ii?aaeaeyaony eae
/D (2.9)
– aeeaiacii ?aai/eo /anoio oneeeoaey oioineaiaeia. Eiuie neiaaie,
ia?aiao? D ea?aao ?ieue eiyooeoeeaioa ea/anoaa oioii?eaiieea.
A i?eiaiaiee e iio?iiai ia ana ia?a/eneaiiua oa?aeoa?enoeee
ieacuaathony iaeeiaeiai aaaeiuie. Eae i?aaeei, oioii?eaiieee a
iio?iiao ?aaioatho i?e iaeo/aiiinoyo, i/aiue aeaeaeeo io ii?iaiauo,
iiyoiio eniieueciaaiea ia?aiao?ia Po min e D ieacuaaaony i?aeoe/anee
aaniieaciui. Eiino?oeoeaii oioii?eaiiee a iio?iia iau/ii, “ooiieai” a
eiia?neiiioth. n?aaeo, niaaeeiythuoth aai n eceo/aoaeai, iiyoiio ciaiea
iioe/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee aoiaeiiai ieia oa?yao niune (eae i?aaeei,
niaoeeaeueii oaeiai ieia iao). Ia i/aiue aaaeii ciaoue e ?ani?aaeaeaiea
/oanoaeoaeueiinoe ii oioi/oanoaeoaeueiie ieiuaaeea, oae eae eioa?an
i?aaenoaaeytho eioaa?aeueiua yooaeou.
?en. 2.4. Noaiu ecia?aiey e naiaenoaa aieueo-aiia?iuo oa?aeoa?enoee a
oioiaeeiaeiii (a) e oioiaaioeeueiii (a) ?aaeeiao ?aaiou aeeiaea.
Iaoaieci ?aaiou oioii?eaiieeia, aace?othueony ia
oioiaieueoae/aneii yooaeoa, ?anniio?ei ia i?eia?a
ieaia?ii-yieoaeneaeueiuo oioiaeeiaeia n ? – n-ia?aoiaeii e n ? – i
– n-no?oeoo?ie, a eioi?uo iiaeii auaeaeeoue n+- iiaeeiaeeo, aaco n-
eee i-oeia (neaaay i?iaiaeeiinoue n-oeia) e oiieee ?+-neie. I?e
?aaioa a oioiaeeiaeiii ?aaeeia (?en. 2.4,a) i?eeiaeaiiia ecaia
iai?yaeaiea canoaaeyao iiaeaeaeiua aeu?ee e yeaeo?iiu
ooiaeeoue io ? – n(? – i)-ia?aoiaea; i?e yoii ea?oeia ?ani?aaeaeaiey
iiey a e?enoaeea ieacuaaaony ?acei ?acee/iie aeey aeaoo
?anniao?eaaaiuo no?oeoo?.
Naaoiaia eceo/aiea, iiaeiuaynue a aaciaie iaeanoe aeeiaea,
aaia?e?oao yeaeo?iiii-aeu?i/iua ia?u, eioi?ua aeeoooiaee?otho e ?
– n-ia?aoiaeo, ?acaeaeythony ei e aucuaatho iiyaeaiea
aeiiieieoaeueiiai oiea ai aiaoiae oeaie. A ? – i – n-aeeiaeao
yoi ?acaeaeaiea i?ienoiaeeo a iiea i-o6eanoe e aianoi i?ioeanna
aeeooocee eiaao ianoi ae?aeo iineoaeae ca?yaea iiae aeeyieai
yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey. Eaaeaeay aaia?e?iaaiiay yeaeo?iiii-aeu?i/iay ia?a,
i?ioaaeoay /a?ac ? – n-ia?aoiae, aucuaaao i?ioiaeaeaiea ai
aiaoiae oeaie ca?yaea, ?aaiiai ca?yaeo yeaeo?iia. *ai aieueoa
iaeo/aiiinoue aeeiaea, oai aieueoa oioioie. Oioioie i?ioaeaao e
i?e niauaiee aeeiaea a i?yiii iai?aaeaiee (?en. 2.4,a), iaeiaei
oaea i?e iaaieueoeo iai?yaeaieyo ii ieacuaaaony iaiiiai
iaiueoa i?yiiai oiea, iiyoiio aai auaeaeaiea ieacuaaaony
cao?oaeieoaeueiui.
?aai/ae iaeanoueth aieueo-aiia?iuo oa?aeoa?enoee oioiaeeiaea
yaeyaony III eaaae?aio ia ?en. 2.4,a; niioaaonoaaiii yoiio a
ea/anoaa aaaeiaeoaai ia?aiao?a aunooiaao oieiaay /oanoaeoaeueiinoue
(2.10)
), /oi aeey e?aiieaauo oioiaeeiaeia iau/ii auiieiyaony.
Anee inaauaoue oioiaeeiae aac i?eeiaeaiey e iaio aiaoiaai niauaiey,
oi i?ioeann ?acaeaeaiey aaia?e?oaiuo yeaeo?iiia e aeu?ie
aoaeao i?ioaeaoue aeaaiaea?y aeaenoaeth nianoaaiiiai ano?iaiiiai
iiey ? – n-ia?aoiaea. I?e yoii aeu?ee aoaeoo ia?aoaeaoue a
?-iaeanoue e /anoe/ii eiiiaine?iaaoue ano?iaiiia iiea ? –
n-ia?aoiaea. Nicaeaaony iaeioi?ia iiaia ?aaiiaaniia (aeey
aeaiiiai cia/aiey: Po) ninoiyiea, i?e eioi?ii ia aiaoieo
auaiaeao aeeiaea aicieeaao oioi-YAeN Uo. Anee caieiooue
inaauaiiue oioiaeeiae ia iaeioi?oth iaa?oceo, oi ii aoaeao
ioaeaaaoue a iaa iieacioth yeaeo?e/aneoth iiuiinoue ?y.
Oa?aeoa?enoe/aneeie oi/eaie aieueo-aiia?iuo oa?aeoa?enoee aeeiaea,
?aaioathuaai a oaeii – oioiaaioeeueiii – ?aaeeia, yaeythony YAeN
oieinoiai oiaea Uxx e oie ei?ioeiai caiueaiey Iec (?en. 2.4,a).
Noaiaoe/anee oioiaeeiae a aaioeeueiii ?aaeeia ?aaioaao eae
naiaia?aciueiue aoi?e/iue enoi/iee ieoaiey, iiyoiio aai ii?aaeaeythuei
ia?aiao?ii yaeyaony EIAe i?aia?aciaaiey naaoiaie yia?aee a
yeaeo?e/aneoth:
EIAe=Py/APo=aUxxIec/ Apo (2.11)
A oioiaaioeeueiii ?aaeeia aeaenoaoao aaaeiue eeann oioiyeaeo?e/aneeo
i?eai?ia – nieia/iua aaoa?ae.
3. IA?AIAO?U E OA?AEOA?ENOEEE IIOIIA? E IIOIYEAEO?IIIUO EIOAA?AEUeIUO
IEE?INOAI
3.1. EEANNEOEEAOeEss IA?AIAO?IA ECAeAEEE
IIO?IIIIE OAOIEEE
I?e eeanneoeeaoeee ecaeaeee iio?iiiie oaoieee o/eouaaaony aeaa
iiiaioa: oei oioii?eaiiiai ono?ienoaa e eiino?oeoeaiua iniaaiiinoe
i?eai?a a oeaeii .
Auai? ia?aiai eeanneoeeaoeeiiiiai i?eciaea iaoneiaeai oai, /oi
i?aeoe/anee o anao iio?iiia ia aoiaea iiiauai naaoiaeeiae e
ooieoeeiiaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe i?eai?a ii?aaeaeythony auoiaeiuie
oa?aeoa?enoeeaie oioii?eaiiiai ono?ienoaa.
A ea/anoaa aoi?iai i?eciaea i?eiyoi eiino?oeoeaiia eniieiaiea, eioi?ia
ii?aaeaeyao niaoeeoeeo i?eiaiaiey iio?iia.
Eniieuecoy yoio niaoaiiue eiino?oeoeaii-noaiioaoie/aneee i?eioeei
eeanneoeeaoeee, eiae/ii auaeaeeoue o?e iniiaiua a?oiiu ecaeaeee
iio?iiiie oaoieee: iioiia?u (yeaiaioa?iua iio?iiu), iioiyeaeo?iiiua
(iio?iiiua) eioaa?aeueiua iee?inoaiu e niaoeeaeueiua aeaeu
iio?iiia. E eaaeaeie ec yoeo a?oii ioiineony aieueoia /enei aeaeia
i?eai?ia.
Aeey iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo iioiia? eniieuecothony neaaeothuea
nie?auaiey:
Ae – aeeiaeiay, O – o?aicenoi?iay, R – ?acenoi?iay, O – oe?enoi?iay, O2
– n ninoaaiui oioio?aicenoi?ii, AeO – aeeiaeii-o?aicenoi?iay, 2Ae (2O) –
aeeiaeiay (o?aicenoi?iay) aeeooa?aioeeaeueiay.
Nenoaia ia?aiao?ia ecaeaeee iio?iiiie oaoieee aace?oaony ia
nenoaia ia?aiao?ia iioiia?, eioi?ay oi?ie?oaony ec /aou?ao a?oii
ia?aiao?ia e ?aaeeiia.
?en 3.1. E ii?aaeaeaieth eiioeueniuo ia?aiao?ia iioiia?.
Ia?aay a?oiia oa?aeoa?ecoao aoiaeioth oeaiue iioiia?u (aoiaeiua
ia?aiao?u), aoi?ay – aa auoiaeioth oeaiue (auoiaeiua ia?aiao?u),
o?aouey – iauaaeeiyao ia?aiao?u, oa?aeoa?ecothuea noaiaiue
aicaeaenoaey eceo/aoaey ia oioii?eaiiee e naycaiiua n yoei
iniaaiiinoe i?ioiaeaeaiey neaiaea /a?ac iioiia?o eae yeaiaio
nayce (ia?aiao?u ia?aaeaoi/iie oa?aeoa?enoeee), iaeiiaoe,
/aoaa?oay a?oiia iauaaeeiyao ia?aiao?u aaeueaaie/aneie ?acaycee,
cia/aiey eioi?uo iieacuaatho, ianeieueei i?eaeeaeaaony iioiia?a
e eaeaaeueiiio yeaiaioo ?acaycee. Ec /aou?ao ia?a/eneaiiuo
a?oii ii?aaeaeythueie, niaoeeoe/anee “iio?iiiuie” yaeythony ia?aiao?u
ia?aaeaoi/iie oa?aeoa?enoeee e ia?aiao?u aaeueaaie/aneie ?acaycee.
Aaaeiaeoei ia?aiao?ii aeeiaeiie e o?aicenoi?iie iioiia? yaeyaony
eiyooeoeeaio ia?aaea/e oiea. Ii?aaeaeaiea eiioeueniuo ia?aiao?ia
iio?iiia ynii ec (?en. 3.1). Ion/aoiuie o?iaiyie i?e ecia?aiee
ia?aiao?ia tia?(ni), tcae, e taee(auee) iau/ii neoaeao o?iaie 0.1 e 0.9,
iieiia a?aiy eiae/aneie caaea?aeee neaiaea ii?aaeaeyaony ii o?iaith
0,5 aiieeooaeu eiioeuena.
?en. 3.2. Oneiaiua iaicia/aiey iioiia?.
Ia?aiao?aie aaeueaaie/aneie ?acaycee. Iioiia? yaeythony:
iaeneiaeueii aeiionoeiia ieeiaia iai?yaeaiea iaaeaeo aoiaeii e
auoiaeii U?aca i max; iaeneiaeueii aeiionoeiia iai?yaeaiea
iaaeaeo aoiaeii e auoiaeii U?aca max; nii?ioeaeaiea
aaeueaaie/aneie ?acaycee R?aca; i?ioiaeiay aieinoue C?aca;
iaeneiaeueii aeiionoeiay nei?inoue eciaiaiey iai?yaeaiey iaaeaeo
aoiaeii a auoiaeii (dU?aca/dt)max. Aaaeiaeoei yaeyaony ia?aiao? U?aca i
max. Eiaiii ii ii?aaeaeyao yeaeo?e/aneoth i?i/iinoue iioiia?u
e aa aiciiaeiinoe eae yeaiaioa aaeueaaie/aneie ?acaycee.
?anniio?aiiua ia?aiao?u iioiia? iieiinoueth eee n iaeioi?uie eciaiaieyie
eniieuecothony e aeey iienaiey iioiyeaeo?iiiuo eioaa?aeueiuo iee?inoai.
3.2. AeEIAeIUA IIOIIA?U
Aeeiaeiua iioiia?u (?en. 3.2,a) a aieueoie noaiaie, /ai eaeea-eeai:
ae?oaea i?eai?u, oa?aeoa?ecotho o?iaaiue iio?iiiie oaoieee. Ii aaee/eia
Ei iiaeii noaeeoue i aeinoeaioouo EIAe i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee a iio?iia;
cia/aiey a?aiaiiuo ia?aiao?ia iicaieytho ii?aaeaeeoue i?aaeaeueiua
nei?inoe ?ani?ino?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee. Iiaeeeth/aiea e aeeiaeiie
iioiia?a oao eee eiuo oneeeoaeueiuo yeaiaioia, aanueia iieaciia e
oaeiaiia, ia iiaeao oai ia iaiaa aeaoue auea?uoa ie ii yia?aaoeea, ie
ii i?aaeaeueiui /anoioai.
3.3. O?AICENOI?IUA E OE?ENOI?IUA IIOIIA?U
O?aicenoi?iua iioiia?u (?en. 3.2, c) ?yaeii naieo naienoa auaiaeii
ioee/athony io ae?oaeo aeaeia iio?iiia. Yoi i?aaeaea anaai
noaiioaoie/aneay aeaeinoue, i?iyaeythuayny a oii, /oi eieeaeoi?iui oieii
iiaeii oi?aaeyoue eae ii oeaie naaoiaeeiaea (iioe/anee), oae e ii
aaciaie oeaie (yeaeo?e/anee), a oaeaea a oii, /oi auoiaeiay oeaiue
iiaeao ?aaioaoue e a eeiaeiii e a eeth/aaii ?aaeeia. Iaoaieci
aioo?aiiaai oneeaiey iaania/eaaao iieo/aiea aieueoeo cia/aiee
eiyooeoeeaioa ia?aaea/e oiea Ei, oae /oi iineaaeothuea oneeeoaeueiua
eaneaaeu ia anaaaea iaiaoiaeeiu. Aaaeii, /oi i?e yoii
eia?oeeiiiinoue iioiia?u ia i/aiue aaeeea e aeey iiiaeo neo/aaa
aiieia aeiionoeia. Auoiaeiua oiee oioio?aicenoi?ia cia/eoaeueii
auoa, /ai, iai?eia?, o oioiaeeiaeia, /oi aeaeaao eo i?eaiaeiuie aeey
eiiiooaoeee oe?ieiai e?oaa yeaeo?e/aneeo oeaiae. Iaeiiaoe, neaaeoao
ioiaoeoue, /oi ana yoi aeinoeaaaony i?e ioiineoaeueiie
oaoiieiae/aneie i?inoioa o?aicenoi?iuo iioiia?.
Oe?enoi?iua iioiia?u (?en. 3.2, b) iaeaieaa ia?niaeoeaiu aeey
eiiiooaoeee neeueiioi/iuo aunieiaieueoiuo oeaiae: ii ni/aoaieth
iiuiinoe, eiiiooe?oaiie a iaa?ocea, e auno?iaeaenoaeth iie yaii
i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa O2 -iioiia?. Iioiia?u oeia AIO103 i?aaeiacia/aiu
aeey eniieueciaaiey a ea/anoaa aaneiioaeoiuo eeth/aauo yeaiaioia a
?acee/iuo ?aaeeiyeaeo?iiiuo noaiao: a oeaiyo oi?aaeaiey, oneeeoaeyo
iiuiinoe, oi?ie?iaaoaeyo eiioeuenia e o. i.
3.4. ?ACENOI?IUA IIOIIA?U
?acenoi?iua iioiia?u (?en. 3.2, d) i?eioeeieaeueii ioee/athony io
anao ae?oaeo aeaeia iioiia? oece/aneeie e
eiino?oeoeaii-oaoiieiae/aneeie iniaaiiinoyie, a oaeaea ninoaaii e
cia/aieyie ia?aiao?ia.
A iniiaa i?eioeeia aeaenoaey oioi?acenoi?a eaaeeo yooaeo
oioii?iaiaeeiinoe, o. a. eciaiaiey nii?ioeaeaiey iieoi?iaiaeieea i?e
inaauaiee.
3.5. AeEOOA?AIOeEAEUeIUA IIOIIA?U AeEss IA?AAeA*E AIAEIAIAIAI NEAIAEA
Aanue eceiaeaiiue auoa iaoa?eae eanaaony aii?inia ia?aaea/e
oeeo?iaie eioi?iaoeee ii aaeueaaie/anee ?acaycaiiie oeaie. Ai anao
neo/ayo, eiaaea aiai?eeinue i eeiaeiinoe, ia aiaeiaiauo neaiaeao,
?a/ue oea i aeaea auoiaeiie oa?aeoa?enoeee iioiia?u. Ai anao
neo/ayo oi?aaeaiea ii eaiaeo eceo/aoaeue – oioii?eaiiee ia
iienuaaeinue eeiaeiie caaeneiinoueth. Aaaeioth caaea/o i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie ia?aaea/a aiaeiaiaie eioi?iaoeee n iiiiuueth iioiia?u, o.a.,
iaania/aiea eeiaeiinoe ia?aaeaoi/iie oa?aeoa?enoeee aoiae – auoiae
[36]. Eeoue i?e iaee/ee oaeeo iioiia? noaiiaeony aiciiaeiui
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea aiaeiaiaie eioi?iaoeee ii
aaeueaaie/anee ?acaycaiiui oeaiyi aac i?aia?aciaaiey aa e oeeo?iaie
oi?ia (iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe eiioeuenia).
Niiinoaaeaiea naienoa ?acee/iuo iioiia? ii ia?aiao?ai, aaaeiui n
oi/ee c?aiey ia?aaea/e aiaeiaiauo neaiaeia i?eaiaeeo e caeeth/aieth,
/oi anee yoa caaea/a e iiaeao auoue ?aoaia, oi oieueei n iiiiuueth
aeeiaeiuo iioiia?, iaeaaeathueo oi?ioeie /anoioiuie e ooiiauie
oa?aeoa?enoeeaie. Neiaeiinoue i?iaeaiu caeeth/aaony i?aaeaea anaai a
oceii aeeaiaciia eeiaeiinoe ia?aaeaoi/iie oa?aeoa?enoeee e noaiaie yoie
eeiaeiinoe o aeeiaeiuo iioiia?.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi a nicaeaiee i?eai?ia n aaeueaaie/aneie
?acayceie, i?eaiaeiuo aeey ia?aaea/e aiaeiaiauo neaiaeia, naeaeaiu eeoue
ia?aua oaae e iiaeii iaeeaeaoue aeaeueiaeoaai i?ia?anna.
3.6. IIOIYEAEO?IIIUA IEE?INOAIU E Ae?OAEA I?EAI?U IIO?IIIIAI OEIA
Iioiyeaeo?iiiua iee?inoaiu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iaeei ec iaeaieaa oe?iei
i?eiaiyaiuo, ?acaeaathueony, ia?niaeoeaiuo eeannia ecaeaeee iio?iiiie
oaoieee. Yoi iaoneiaeaii iieiie yeaeo?e/aneie e eiino?oeoeaiie
niaianoeiinoueth iioiyeaeo?iiiuo iee?inoai n o?aaeeoeeiiiuie
iee?inoaiaie, a oaeaea eo aieaa oe?ieeie ii n?aaiaieth n yeaiaioa?iuie
iio?iiaie ooieoeeiiaeueiuie aiciiaeiinoyie. Eae e n?aaee iau/iuo
iee?inoai, iaeaieaa oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee ia?aeeth/aoaeueiua
iioiyeaeo?iiiua iee?inoaiu.
Niaoeeaeueiua aeaeu iio?iiia ?acei ioee/athony io o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
iioiia? e iioiyeaeo?iiiuo iee?inoai. E iei ioiinyony i?aaeaea
anaai iio?iiu n ioe?uoui iioe/aneei eaiaeii. A eiino?oeoeee yoeo
i?eai?ia iaaeaeo eceo/aoaeai e oioii?eaiieeii eiaaony aicaeooiue
caci?, oae /oi, iiiauay a iaai oa eee eiua iaoaie/aneea i?aa?aaeu,
iiaeii oi?aaeyoue naaoiaui iioieii e oai naiui auoiaeiui
neaiaeii iio?iia. Oaeei ia?acii, iio?iiu n ioe?uoui iioe/aneei
eaiaeii aunooiatho a ea/anoaa iioiyeaeo?iiiuo aeao/eeia,
oeene?othueo iaee/ea (eee ionoonoaea) i?aaeiaoia, ninoiyiea eo
iiaa?oiinoe, nei?inoue ia?aiauaiey eee iiai?ioa e o. i.
4. NOA?U I?EIAIAIEss IIO?IIIA E IIO?IIIUO IEE?INOAI
Ia?niaeoeaiua iai?aaeaiey ?acaeoey i i?eiaiaiey iio?iiiie oaoieee
a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ii?aaeaeeeenue. Iio?iiu e iio?iiiua
iee?inoaiu yooaeoeaii i?eiaiythony aeey ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee iaaeaeo
ono?ienoaaie, ia eiathueie caieioouo yeaeo?e/aneeo naycae.
O?aaeeoeeiiii neeueiuie inoathony iiceoeee iioiyeaeo?iiiuo i?eai?ia
a oaoieea iieo/aiey e ioia?aaeaiey eioi?iaoeee. Naiinoiyoaeueiia
cia/aiea a yoii iai?aaeaiee eiatho iio?iiiua aeao/eee,
i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey eiio?iey i?ioeannia e iauaeoia, aanueia
?acee/iuo ii i?e?iaea e iacia/aiee. Caiaoii i?ia?anne?oao
ooieoeeiiaeueiay iio?iiiay iee?inoaiioaoieea, i?eaioe?iaaiiay ia
auiieiaiea ?aciiia?aciuo iia?aoeee, naycaiiuo n i?aia?aciaaieai,
iaeiieaieai e o?aiaieai eioi?iaoeee. Yooaeoeaiie e iieaciie
ieacuaaaony caiaia a?iiicaeeeo, iaaeieaiaa/iuo e iaoaoiieiae/iuo (n
iiceoeee iee?iyeaeo?iieee) yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneeo ecaeaeee
(o?ainoi?iaoi?ia, iioaioeeiiao?ia, ?aea) iioiyeaeo?iiiuie i?eai?aie e
ono?ienoaaie. Aeinoaoi/ii niaoeeoe/aneei, ii ai iiiaeo neo/ayo
ii?aaaeaiiui e iieaciui yaeyaony eniieueciaaiea iio?iiiuo yeaiaioia a
yia?aaoe/aneeo oeaeyo.
4.1. IA?AAeA*A EIOI?IAOeEE
?en 4.1. Noaia iaaeaei/iie aaeueaaie/aneie ?acaycee.
I?e ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee iio?iiu eniieuecothony a ea/anoaa
yeaiaioia nayce, e, eae i?aaeei, ia ianoo naiinoiyoaeueiie
ooieoeeiiaeueiie iaa?ocee. Eo i?eiaiaiea iicaieyao inouanoaeoue
aanueia yooaeoeaioth aaeueaaie/aneoth ?acayceo ono?ienoa oi?aaeaiey e
iaa?ocee (?en 4.1), aeaenoaothueo a ?acee/iuo yeaeo?e/aneeo oneiaeyo e
?aaeeiao. N aaaaeaieai iio?iiia ?acei iiauoaaony iiiaoionoie/eainoue
eaiaeia nayce; i?aeoe/anee ono?aiythony “ia?aceoiua” acaeiiaeaenoaey
ii oeaiyi “caiee” e ieoaiey.
Eioa?an i?aaenoaaeyao oaeaea ?aoeeiiaeueiia e iaaeaaeiia niaeaniaaiea
oeeo?iauo eioaa?aeueiuo ono?ienoa n ?acii?iaeiie yeaiaioiie aacie
(OOE, YNE, E2E , EIII e o. i).
?en 4.2. Noaia nii?yaeaiey OOE e IAeI yeaiaioia ii iioe/aneiio eaiaeo.
Noaia niaeaniaaiey yeaiaioa o?aicenoi?ii-o?aicenoi?iie eiaeee (OOE)
n eioaa?aeueiui ono?ienoaii ia IAeI-o?aicenoi?ao iino?iaia ia
o?aicenoi?iii iio?iia (?en. 4.2). A eiie?aoiii aa?eaioa: E1 = A2 =5 A,
A3 = 15 A, R1 = 820 Ii, R2 = 24 eIi – naaoiaeeiae iio?iia
aicaoaeaeaaony oieii (5 iA), aeinoaoi/iui aeey ianuuaiey
o?aicenoi?a e oaa?aiiiai oi?aaeaiey ono?ienoaii ia
IAeI-o?aicenoi?ao.
Aeoeaii eniieuecothony iioe/aneea nayce a oaeaoiiiuo ono?ienoaao e
nenoaiao. N iiiiuueth iio?iiia oaoie/anee ianeiaeiuie n?aaenoaaie
oaeaaony iiaeeeth/aoue e oaeaoiiiui eeieyi iee?iyeaeo?iiiua
ono?ienoaa, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey auciaa, eiaeeeaoeee, eiio?iey e
ae?oaeo oeaeae.
Aaaaeaiea iioe/aneeo naycae a yeaeo?iiioth ecia?eoaeueioth aiia?aoo?o,
e?iia iieaciie ai iiiaeo ioiioaieyo aaeueaaie/aneie ?acaycee
enneaaeoaiiai iauaeoa e ecia?eoaeueiiai i?eai?a, iicaieyao oaeaea
?acei oiaiueoeoue aeeyiea iiiao, aeaenoaothueo ii oeaiyi cacaieaiey e
ieoaiey.
?en 4.3. Noaia eiiiooaoeee iaa?ocee ia?aiaiiiai oiea.
Cia/eoaeueiue eioa?an i?aaenoaaeytho aiciiaeiinoe e iiuo
eniieueciaaiey iioiyeaeo?iiiuo i?eai?ia e ono?ienoa a
aeiiaaeeoeeineie aiia?aoo?a. Iio?iiu iicaieytho iaaeaaeii eciee?iaaoue
aieueiiai io aeaenoaey aunieeo iai?yaeaiee, eiathueony, iai?eia?, a
yeaeo?iea?aeeia?aoe/aneeo i?eai?ao.
Aaneiioaeoiia oi?aaeaiea iiuiuie, aunieiaieueoiuie oeaiyie ii
iioe/aneei eaiaeai aanueia oaeiaii e aaciianii a neiaeiuo
oaoie/aneeo ?aaeeiao, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey iiiaeo ono?ienoa e
eiiieaenia i?iiuoeaiiie yeaeo?iieee. A yoie iaeanoe neeueiu iiceoeee
oe?enoi?iuo iio?iiia (?en 4.3).
4.2. IIEO*AIEA E IOIA?AAEAIEA EIOI?IAOeEE
?en 4.4. Iioiyeaeo?iiiue aeao/ee.
Iio?iiu e iio?iiiua iee?inoaiu caieiatho i?i/iua iiceoeee a
aaneiioaeoiie aeenoaioeeiiiie oaoieea iia?aoeaiiai iieo/aiey e oi/iiai
ioia?aaeaiey eioi?iaoeee i oa?aeoa?enoeeao e naienoaao aanueia
?acee/iuo (ii i?e?iaea e iacia/aieth) i?ioeannia e iauaeoia.
Oieeaeueiuie aiciiaeiinoyie a yoii ieaia iaeaaeatho iio?iiu n
ioe?uouie iioe/aneeie eaiaeaie. N?aaee ieo iioiyeaeo?iiiua
i?a?uaaoaee, ?aaae?othuea ia ia?ana/aiea iioe/aneiai eaiaea
iai?ic?a/iuie iauaeoaie (?en 4.4), e io?aaeaoaeueiua iio?iiu, o eioi?uo
aicaeaenoaea naaoieceo/aoaeae ia oioii?eaiieee anaoeaei naycaii n
io?aaeaieai eceo/aaiiai iioiea io aiaoieo iauaeoia.
E?oa i?eiaiaiee iio?iiia n ioe?uouie iioe/aneeie eaiaeaie iaoe?ai
e ?aciiia?acai. Oaea a 60-a aiaeu iio?iiu iiaeiaiiai oeia yooaeoeaii
eniieueciaaeenue aeey ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaeiaoia e iauaeoia. I?e oaeie
?aaeno?aoeee, oa?aeoa?iie a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aeey ono?ienoa
aaoiiaoe/aneiai eiio?iey e n/aoa iauaeoia, a oaeaea aeey iaia?oaeaiey
e eiaeeeaoeee ?acee/iiai ?iaea aeaoaeoia e ioeacia, aaaeii /aoei
ii?aaeaeeoue ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea iauaeoa eee io?aceoue oaeo aai
nouanoaiaaiey. Ooieoeee ?aaeno?aoeee iio?iiu auiieiytho iaaeaaeii e
iia?aoeaii.
4.3. EIIO?IEUe YEAEO?E*ANEEO I?IOeANNIA
Iiuiinoue eceo/aiey, aaia?e?oaiiai naaoiaeeiaeii, e o?iaaiue
oioioiea, aicieeathuaai a eeiaeiuo oeaiyo n oioii?eaiieeaie,
i?yii i?iii?oeeiiaeueiu oieo yeaeo?e/aneie i?iaiaeeiinoe eceo/aoaey.
Oaeei ia?acii, ii iioe/aneei (aaneiioaeoiui, aeenoaioeeiiiui)
eaiaeai iiaeii iieo/eoue aiieia ii?aaeaeaiioth, eioi?iaoeeth i
i?ioeannao a yeaeo?e/aneeo oeaiyo, aaeueaaie/anee naycaiiuo n
eceo/aoaeai. Iniaaiii yooaeoeaiui ieacuaaaony eniieueciaaiea
naaoieceo/aoaeae iio?iiia a ea/anoaa aeao/eeia yeaeo?e/aneeo
eciaiaiee a neeueiioi/iuo, aunieiaieueoiuo oeaiyo. *aoeay eioi?iaoeey i
iiaeiaiuo eciaiaieyo aaaeia aeey iia?aoeaiie caueou enoi/ieeia e
iio?aaeoaeae yia?aee io yeaeo?e/aneeo ia?aa?ocie.
?en. 4.5. Noaaeeecaoi? iai?yaeaiey n eiio?iee?othuei iio?iiii.
Iio?iiu oniaoii aeaenoaotho a aunieiaieueoiuo noaaeeecaoi?ao
iai?yaeaiey, aaea iie nicaeatho iioe/aneea eaiaeu io?eoeaoaeueiuo
ia?aoiuo naycae. ?anniao?eaaaiue noaaeeecaoi? (?en. 4.5) ioiinyony e
ono?ienoao iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai oeia, i?e/ai ?aaoee?othuei
yeaiaioii yaeyaony aeiiey?iue o?aicenoi?, a e?aiieaaue noaaeeeo?ii
aeaenoaoao eae enoi/iee, iii?iiai (yoaeiiiiai) iai?yaeaiey.
N?aaieaathuei yeaiaioii neoaeeo naaoiaeeiae.
Anee auoiaeiia iai?yaeaiea a noaia ?en. 4.5 aic?anoaao, oi
oaaee/eaaaony e oie i?iaiaeeiinoe naaoiaeeiaea. Oioio?aicenoi? iio?iia
aicaeaenoaoao ia o?aicenoi?, iiaeaaeyy aiciiaeioth ianoaaeeueiinoue
auoiaeiiai iai?yaeaiey.
4.4. CAIAIA YEAEO?IIAOAIE*ANEEO ECAeAEEE
?en 4.5. Noaia iioiyeaeo?iiiiai o?ainoi?iaoi?a
A eiiieaena oaoie/aneeo ?aoaiee, i?eaioe?iaaiiuo ia iiauoaiea
yooaeoeaiinoe e ea/anoaa ono?ienoa aaoiiaoeee, ?aaeeioaoieee,
yeaeo?inayce, i?iiuoeaiiie e auoiaie yeaeo?iieee, oeaeaniia?aciie e
iieaciie ia?ie yaeyaony caiaia yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneeo ecaeaeee
(o?ainoi?iaoi?ia, ?aea, iioaioeeiiao?ia, ?ainoaoia, eiiii/iuo e
eeaaeoiuo ia?aeeth/aoaeae) aieaa eiiiaeoiuie, aeieaiaa/iuie,
auno?iaeaenoaothueie aiaeiaaie. Aaaeouay ?ieue a yoii iai?aaeaiee
ioaiaeeony iioiyeaeo?iiiui i?eai?ai e ono?ienoaai. Aeaei a oii,
/oi aanueia aaaeiua oaoie/aneea aeinoieinoaa o?ainoi?iaoi?ia e
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo ?aea (aaeueaaie/aneay ?acaycea oeaiae oi?aaeaiey
e iaa?ocee, oaa?aiiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea a iiuiuo,
aunieiaieueoiuo, neeueiioi/iuo nenoaiao) naienoaaiiu e iio?iiai.
Aianoa n oai iioiyeaeo?iiiua ecaeaeey nouanoaaiii i?aainoiaeyo
yeaeo?iiaaieoiua aiaeiae ii iaaeaaeiinoe, aeieaiaa/iinoe, ia?aoiaeiui
e /anoioiui oa?aeoa?enoeeai. Oi?aaeaiea eiiiaeoiuie e
auo?iaeaenoaothueie iioiyeaeo?iiiuie o?ainoi?iaoi?aie,
ia?aeeth/aoaeyie, ?aea oaa?aiii inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth
eioaa?aeueiuo iee?inoai oeeo?iaie oaoieee aac niaoeeaeueiuo
n?aaenoa yeaeo?e/aneiai niaeaniaaiey.
I?eia? caiaiu eiioeueniiai o?ainoi?iaoi?a i?eaaaeai ia ?en 4.5.
4.5. YIA?AAOE*ANEEA OOIEOeEE
A yia?aaoe/aneii ?aaeeia iio?iiu eniieuecothony a ea/anoaa
aoi?e/iuo enoi/ieeia YAeN e oiea. EIAe iio?iiiuo i?aia?aciaaoaeae
yia?aee iaaaeee. Iaeiaei aiciiaeiinoue aaaaeaiey aeiiieieoaeueiiai
enoi/ieea iai?yaeaiey eee oiea a ethaoth oeaiue ono?ienoaa aac
aaeueaaie/aneie nayce n ia?ae/iui enoi/ieeii ieoaiey aeaao
?ac?aaio/eeo iiaoth noaiaiue naiaiaeu, iniaaiii iieacioth i?e ?aoaiee
ianoaiaea?oiuo oaoie/aneeo caaea.
Eeoa?aoo?a:
1. TH. ?. Iinia, A. N. Neaei?ia “Iio?iiu e eo i?eiaiaiea”- I.: ?aaeei e
naycue, 1981 a.
2. A. E. Eaaiia, A. E. Aenaiia, A. I. THoei “Iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua
iioiyeaeo?iiiua i?eai?u. / Ni?aai/iee.”- I.: Yia?aiaoiiecaeao, 1984 a.
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