Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiieoao ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii aunoaio ia?aciaaieth
Oaiaianeee ainoaea?noaaiiue oaoie/aneee oieaa?neoao
Oaeoeueoao AOI
?aoa?ao
ii aeenoeeieeia:
Eiioeaioeey nia?aiaiiiai anoanoaiciaiey.
Auiieieea:
nooaeaioea a?. E11:
ssoiioiaa TH.A.
I?aiiaeaaaoaeue:
Enaaaa I.A.
a. Oaiaia – 1996
?AOA?AO
ia oaio:
“Ie? aeene?aoiuo iauaeoia – oeceea /anoeoe. Iiaeaeue /anoeoeu
(ei?ioneoea). Io oeceee A?enoioaey aei oeceee Iuethoiia.”
1. Ie? aeene?aoiuo iauaeoia – oeceea /anoeoe.
A oeceea e oeiee aeene?aoiinoue icia/aao ca?ienoinoue no?iaiey iaoa?ee,
aa aoiienoe/iinoue.
Iiiyoea aeene?aoiinoe ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia ana ie?oaeathuaa ian, aoaeue
oi i?aaeiaou, aauanoaa, aeeaua i?aaieciu eee i?ino?ainoai.
Ae e n e ? a o i i n o ue (io eaoeineiai discretus- ?acaeaeaiiue,
i?a?uaenoue), i?a?uaiinoue; i?ioeaiiinoaaeyaony iai?a?uaiinoe. Iai?eia?,
aeene?aoiia eciaiaiea eaeie-eeai aaee/eiu ai a?aiaie – yoi eciaiaiea,
i?ienoiaeyuaa /a?ac ii?aaeaeaiiua i?iiaaeooee a?aiaie (nea/eaie);
nenoaia oeaeuo /enae (a i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue nenoaia aeaenoaeoaeueiuo
/enae) yaeyaony aeene?aoiie [2].
I?a?uaiinoue icia/aao «ca?ienoinoue», aeene?aoiinoue
i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiiai no?iaiey e ninoiyiey iaoa?ee, ninoaaeythueo
aa yeaiaioia, aeaeia e oi?i nouanoaiaaiey, i?ioeanna aeaeaeaiey,
?acaeoey. Iia iniiauaaaony ia aeaeeiinoe, a oaeaea ia ioiineoaeueii
naiinoiyoaeueiii nouanoaiaaiee ninoaaeythueo aa onoie/eauo yeaiaioia,
ea/anoaaiii ii?aaeaeaiiuo no?oeoo?, iai?eia?, yeaeo?iiiuo /anoeoe,
yaea?, aoiiia, iieaeoe, e?enoaeeia, i?aaieciia, ieaiao e o. ae. [1].
Eco/ay iiiaea aauanoaa – aeeaeeea, oaa?aeua e aaciia?aciua, – oeieee
iaia?oaeeee, /oi iaeioi?ua ec ieo iiaeii ?aceiaeeoue ia aieaa i?inoua.
Nouanoaotho, iaeiaei, e oaeea aauanoaa – eo iacuaatho oeie/aneeie
yeaiaioaie, – eioi?ua ?aceiaeaieth ia iiaeeaaeao. Oeieee ioe?uee aieaa
100 yeaiaioia, ieiei 20 ec ieo ano?a/athony a aeeauo i?aaieciao.
I?aaenoaaei naaa, /oi iu ae?iaei eoni/ae a?aoeoa ia ana aieaa iaeeea
eoni/ee, iiea ia aeieaeai aei iaeue/aeoeo /anoeoe, aua nio?aiythueo naie
naienoaa, i?enouea oaea?iaeo. Oaeay /anoeoea anoue aoii oaea?iaea. Aoii
– yoi aaeeieoea aauanoaa.
Ii e aoiiu ia yeaiaioa?iu. A OO aaea o/aiua aeieacaee aeene?aoiinoue
aoiia. No?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia o i?e?iaeu ia 100, a anaai 3. Aoiiu
ninoiyo ec yeaeo?iiia, i?ioiiia e iaeo?iiia, eioi?ua naaiaeiy i?eiyoi
n/eoaoue yeaiaioa?iuie.
Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue iiaeaa?aeaii niiiaieth iiiyoea i iaaeaeeiinoe
yeaiaioa?iuo /anoeoe. Aiciiaeii, a aoaeouai iu ociaai ia eo
aeene?aoiinoe. Oaea i?aaeeiaeaia iiaeaeue, niaeanii eioi?ie iiiaea
yeaiaioa?iua /anoeoeu, oioy e ia ana, iino?iaiu eeoue ec ianeieueeeo
?acee/iuo ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo /anoeoe [3].
Oai?eth yeaiaioa?iuo /anoeoe iaeuecy n/eoaoue caeii/aiiie. Aa ninoiyiea
iaiiieiaao ninoiyiea oai?ee Ai?a aei aicieeiiaaiey eaaioiaie iaoaieee
[7].
Oeceee caieiathony eco/aieai yeaiaioa?iuo /anoeoe e yaeaiee,
caeiiiia?iinoae iee?iie?a, i?iieeay a oeueo?aiaeua noaaoiiiua
i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiua iaeanoe, aieioue aei 10-15 ni e aei 10-27 nae.
Niaeanii oai?aoe/aneei i?aaeiieiaeaieyi o/aiuo, ie?oaeathuaa ian
i?ino?ainoai ia /?acau/aeii iaeuo ?annoiyieyo iaeaaeaao iaiaueiiaaiii
neiaeiie iaeeica?ienoie no?oeoo?ie n oaioanoe/aneie ieioiinoueth
yia?aee. A eaaeaeii eoae/aneii iee?iiao?a yoie n?aaeu niaea?aeeony oaeia
eiee/anoai yia?aee, eioi?iai aiieia aeinoaoi/ii aeey ia?aciaaiey iiiaeo
o?eeeeiiia aaeaeoee [4].
N/eoaaony, /oi a aaeooia, a ethaie oi/ea i?ino?ainoaa nouanoaotho
«ia?iaeaeaiiua» /anoeoeu e iiey aaniethoii anao aiciiaeiuo aeaeia. Ii eo
yia?aey iaaeinoaoi/ii aaeeea, /oiau iie iiaee iiyaeoueny a aeaea
?aaeueiuo /anoeoe. Iaee/ea aaneiia/iiai iiiaeanoaa iiaeiaiuo ne?uouo
/anoeoe iieo/eei iacaaiea ioeaauo eieaaaiee aaeooia. A /anoiinoe, a
aaeooia ai anao iai?aaeaieyo aeaeaeoony oioiiu anao aiciiaeiuo yia?aee e
/anoio. Ii oae eae yoe /anoeoeu eaoyo ai anao iai?aaeaieyo, oi eo iioiee
acaeiii o?aaiiaaoeaatho ae?oa ae?oaa, e iu ie/aai ia iuouaai.
A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea iaeii?iaeiinoue iioiea ne?uouo /anoeoe ia?ooaaony,
e a eaeii-oi iai?aaeaiee oaeeo /anoeoe aeaeaeaony aieueoa, /ai a
i?ioeaiiieiaeiii, ioeaaua eieaaaiey a aaeooia ia/eiatho naay i?iyaeyoue
[4].
A oeceea iee?iie?a ii iaeiie ec nenoaiaoee ia iniiaa aanueia iaueo
oai?aoe/aneeo niia?aaeaiee ana yeaiaioa?iua /anoeoeu aeaeyony ia 3
eeanna: I eeann aeeth/aao a naay oioii – ii?oeeth yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai
eceo/aiey, II – yeaeo?ii e iaeo?eii, III eeann – aiae?iiu – naiue
iiiai/eneaiiue (eo ecaanoii nae/an ianeieueei nioai). E yoiio eeanno
ioiinyony, a /anoiinoe, i?ioii, iaeo?ii e iacii – /anoeoeu n iannaie
i?iiaaeooi/iuie iaaeaeo iannie yeaeo?iia e iannie i?ioiia. Cia/eoaeueiay
/anoue aae?iiia – ianoaaeeueiua /anoeoeu n i/aiue ei?ioeei a?aiaiai
aeecie. Iniai ei?ioei aeeaouea /anoeoeu iieo/eee iacaaiea ?aciiainia
[4].
N?aaee ieo eiathony /anoeoeu, iannu eioi?uo a ianeieueei ?ac
i?aainoiaeyo ianno i?ioiia. E anoue i?aaeiieiaeaiea, niaeanii eioi?iio
«niaeo? iann» yeaiaioa?iuo /anoeoe aiiaua i?inoe?aaony aei
aaneiia/iinoe. Anee iiaeiaiia i?aaeiieiaeaiea ni?aaaaeeeai, oi yoi
cia/eo, /oi i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo a oeueo?aiaeuo
i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiuo iaeanoyo iiaoo ?iaeaeaoueny iae?ineiie/aneea e
aeaaea einie/aneea iauaeou.
Ai anyeii neo/aa nia?aiaiiay oai?ey yeaiaioa?iuo /anoeoe oaeoth
aiciiaeiinoue aeiioneaao.
Niaeanii iaeiie ec aeiioac Anaeaiiay, aueaey ec enoiaeiiai ninoiyiey,
iiia/aeo auea aiiaua ionoie, a ana aauanoai e eceo/aiea aicieeee ec
aaeooia eeoue a i?ioeanna aa aeaeueiaeoae yaiethoeee.
Iaoaaaeaeoeea ia?aciaaeanue a ?acoeueoaoa ?aniaaea naa?ooyaeaeiai
noia?aae?iia n iannie 1056 a. Yoi e aue oio «ia?aiaoii», oio
naa?oieioiue naonoie iaoa?ee, eioi?ue aeae ia/aei iaaethaeaaiie
Anaeaiiie. Aai ?aniaae ia aieaa iaeeea aae?iiu i?eaae e ia?aciaaieth
i?ioineiieaiee aaeaeoee, a iineaaeothuea ?aniaaeu ia aae?iiu n aua
iaiueoeie iannaie – e ia?aciaaieth aaeaeoee [4].
Iee?iie? e iaaaeiniin – aeaa noi?iiu iaeiiai e oiai aea i?ioeanna,
eioi?ue iu iacuaaai Anaeaiiie. Oeceea iee?iie?a i?iieeea a iaeanoue
yaeaiee, eioi?ua oa?aeoa?ecothony ianooaaaie ii?yaeea 10-15 ni,
ano?ioeceea eco/aao iauaeou, aeey eioi?uo oa?aeoa?iu ?annoiyiey aieioue
aei 1028 ni. Ii eaeeie au aeaaioneeie ?acia?aie ie iaeaaeaea oa eee eiay
einie/aneay nenoaia, iia a eiia/iii eoiaa ninoieo ec yeaiaioa?iuo
/anoeoe. A oi aea a?aiy iu naie, eae e ana ie?oaeathuea ian iauaeou,
yaeyainy /anoueth iaaaeiniina.
2. Iiaeaeue aoiia (ei?ioneoea)
E i ? i o n e o e a – io eaoeineiai corpuskulum – /anoeoea a
eeanne/aneie iaeaaioiaie oeceea.
I?aaeiieiaeaiea i oii, /oi ethaia aauanoai ninoieo ec iaeue/aeoeo
iaaeaeeiuo /anoeoe – a o i i i a, auei auneacaii ieiei 2500 eao iacaae
ae?aaiaa?a/aneeie oeeinioaie Eaaeeiiii e Aeaiie?eoii a eo
aoiienoe/aneeo aeiioacao.
E a a e e i i (5 aae aei i. y.) – ae?aaiaa?a/aneee oeeinio-iaoa?eaeeno,
iaeei ec nicaeaoaeae ae?aaiae aoiienoeee. Eaaeeii aue o/eoaeai
Aeaiie?eoa, oeao?a eioi?iai eae nicaeaoaey caaa?oaiiie nenoaiu
aoiienoeee iieiinoueth caneiieea aai o/eoaey. Eaaeeii aeey iauyniaiey
?aciiia?acey i?aaeiaoia ooaa?aeaeaao nouanoaiaaiea ioiineoaeueiiai
iaauoey, oi anoue iaee/ey ionoiou,i?ino?ainoaa, iieiinoueth eeoaiiiai
iaoa?ee, eae naiaia?aciie a?aiu, ia eioi?ie ?acua?uaathony ana
i?ienoiaeyuea a i?e?iaea aauanoaaiiua i?ioeannu. Ionoioa ?acaeaeyao ana
nouaa ia iiiaeanoai yeaiaioia. Naienoaa yoeo yeaiaioia caaenyo io
ia?aie/eaathuaai eo ionoiai i?ino?ainoaa. ?acee/athony iie ii aaee/eia,
oeao?a, aeaeaeaieth. Ii ana yeaiaiou iuneyony eae iaeii?iaeiua,
iai?a?uaiua e iioiio iaaeaeeiua (atomoi). Eaaeeii n/eoaao aeaeaeaiea
aioo?aiia i?enouei aoiiai [2].
Ae a i i e ? e o (460-370 aei i. y.) – ae?aaiaa?a/aneee
oeeenio-iaoa?eaeeno, nicaeaoaeue caaa?oaiiie nenoaiu aoiienoeee.
Enoi?e/aneia ianoi oeeinioee Aeaiie?eoa ii?aaeaeyaony ia?aoiaeii
ae?aaiaa?a/aneie iaoo?oeeinioee e au?aaioea iiiyoey eiaeeaeaeoaeecia,
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai auoey. Yoi iaoei naia io?aaeaiea a enoiaeiii iiiyoee
oeeinioee Aeaiie?eoa – iiiyoee «a o i i a», eae iaeioi?iai iaaeaeeiiai
iaoa?eaeueiiai eiaeeaeaeooia (a?a/aneia atomos, eae eaoeineia
individuum icia/aao «iaaeaeeiue», eioi?ue i?eciaaony ia aicieeathuei e
ia aeaiouei, ia ?ac?ooeiui, ia iiaeaa?aeaiiui eaeiio-eeai aicaeaenoaeth
ecaia, iiaeeeiiui auoeai, i?ioeainoiyuei ionoioa eae aaniethoiiio ie/oi.
Aoii oaeei ia?acii i?aa?auaeny o Aeaiie?eoa i?inoi a aaiiao?e/aneia
oaei, eioi?ia oaeaea ia?ac?ooeii, aa/ii e ia eiaao eaeeo-eeai oece/aneeo
naienoa. Aeaiie?eo io?eoeae aaneiia/ioth aeaeeiinoue iaoa?ee. Aoiiu
?acee/athony iaaeaeo niaie oieueei oi?iie, ii?yaeeii acaeiiiai
neaaeiaaiey, e iieiaeaieai a ionoii i?ino?ainoaa, a oaeaea aaee/eiie e
caaenyuae io aaee/eiu oyaeanoueth. Iie eiatho aaneiia/ii ?aciiia?aciua
oi?iu n aiaaeeiaie eee auioeeinoyie. Aeaiie?eo iacuaaao aoiiu oaeaea
«oeao?aie» eee «aeaeeeaie», ec /aai neaaeoao, /oi aoiiu Aeaiie?eoa
yaeythony iaeneiaeueii iaeuie, aeaeaa iaaeaeeiuie oeao?aie eee
noaooyoeaie. A nia?aiaiiie iaoea iiiai nii?eee i oii, yaeythony ee aoiiu
Aeaiie?eoa oece/aneeie eee aaiiao?e/aneeie oaeaie, iaeiaei nai Aeaiie?eo
aua ia aeioae aei ?acee/aiey oeceee e aaiiao?ee. Ec yoeo aoiiia,
aeaeaeoueony a ?acee/iuo iai?aaeaieyo, ec eo «aeo?y» ii anoanoaaiiie
iaiaoiaeeiinoe iooai naeeaeaiey acaeiiiiiaeiaiuo aoiiia ia?acothony eae
ioaeaeueiua oeaeua oaea, oae e aanue ie?; aeaeaeaiea aoiiia aa/ii, a
/enei aicieeathueo ie?ia aaneiia/ii. Aoiiu aeey /aeiaaea iaaeaeeiu, a
/aeiaa/aneea ioiioaiey iauyniythony enoa/aieyie ec aoiiia, «aeaeeeaie»,
aeaenoaothueie ia iaoe i?aaiu /oanoa e aucuaathueie niioaaonoaothuea
iuouaiey, oae /oi ia nouanoaoao ie neaaeeiai, ie ai?ueeiai, ie aaeiai,
ie /a?iiai naiiai ii naaa, ii oieueei aoiiu e ionoioa [2].
Nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey a aoiienoe/aneia o/aiea Aeaiie?eoa aian Y i e e
o ? (342-341 aei i. y.). Aeo?aaia aeaeaeaiea aoiiia caiaiyaony o
Yieeo?a iaaeaieai, aaiaeeony iiiyoea «aana aoiiia». Iniaaiii
i?eia/aoaeueii o/aiea Yieeo?a i i?iecaieueiii ioeeiiaiee aoiiia io
iaaeaiey ii i?yiie, iainiiauaathuaa aicieeiiaaiea ie?ia (/enei eioi?uo
aaneiia/ii) e naiaiaeo eiaeeaeaea (o. a. aoiia e /aeiaaea). A ai?ueaa
n o?aaeeoeeiiiui aeey aioe/iie iaoo?oeeinioee iiiyoeai ?iea (noaeueau)
Yieeo? aeioiaeeo aei aani?aoeaaeaioiiai io?eoeaiey oi/iie caeiiiia?iinoe
iaaaniuo yaeaiee [2].
Oeeinioneay iiyia E o e ? a oe e y (1 aae aei i. y.) «I i?e?iaea
aauae», iaienaiiay a oi?ia aeeaeaeoe/aneiai yiina, eceaaaao o/aiea
Yieeo?a – aeaaiui ia?acii aai oeceeo. Yoi aaeeinoaaiiue iieiinoueth
nio?aieaoeeny iaiyoiee iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie iunee ae?aaiinoe [2].
Iiyia Eoe?aoeey ninoieo ec 6 eiea; a eieaao 1 e 2 eceaaaaony
aoiienoe/aneay oai?ey ie?icaeaiey e eaeay e i ? i o n e o e y ? i i e
iiaeaee aoiia.
3. Io oeceee A?enoioaey aei oeceee Iuethoiia.
Iino?iaiea oeaeinoiie ano?iiiie/aneie ea?oeiu ie?a – aaioeaio?e/aneie
nenoaiu A?enoioaey-Ioieiiay enoiaeeei ec oiai, /oi iaiin?aaenoaaiii
iaaethaeaaiua ia?aiauaiey iaaaniuo naaoee anoue eo aeaenoaeoaeueiua
ia?aiauaiey. Ionthaea aue naeaeai auaiae i oeaio?aeueiii iieiaeaiee
Caiee ai Anaeaiiie.
A ? e n o i o a e ue (384-322 aei i. y.)
Einiieiaey A?enoioaey i?e anao aeinoeaeaieyo (naaaeaiea anae noiiu
aeaeeiuo iaaaniuo yaeaiee e aeaeaeaiee naaoee a no?ieioth oai?eth) a
iaeioi?uo /anoyo auea ionoaeie a n?aaiaiee n einiieiaeae Aeaiie?eoa e
ieoaai?ecia. Aeeyiea aaioeaio?e/aneie einiieiaee A?enoioaey nio?aiyeinue
aieioue aei Eiia?ieea. A?enoioaeue ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeny ieaiaoiie oai?eae
Aaaeiena Eieaeneiai, ii i?eienae ieaiaoiui noa?ai ?aaeueiia oece/aneia
nouanoaiaaiea: Anaeaiiay ninoieo ec ?yaea eiioeaio?e/aneeo noa?,
aeaeaeoueony n ?acee/iuie nei?inoyie e i?eaiaeeiuo a aeaeaeaiea e?aeiae
noa?ie iaiiaeaeaeiuo caacae. «Iiaeeoiiue» ie?, oi anoue iaeanoue iaaeaeo
i?aeoie Eoiu e oeaio?ii Caiee, anoue iaeanoue aanii?yaei/iuo
ia?aaiiia?iuo aeaeaeaiee, a ana oaea a yoie iaeanoe ninoiyo ec /aou?ao
iecoeo yeaiaioia: caiee, aiaeu, aicaeooa e iaiy. Caiey, eae iaeaieaa
oyaeaeue yeaiaio, caieiaao oeaio?aeueiia ianoi, iaae iae
iineaaeiaaoaeueii ?aniieaaathony iaiei/ee aiaeu, aicaeooa e iaiy.
«Iaaeeoiiue» ie? , oi anoue iaeanoue iaaeaeo i?aeoie Eoiu e e?aeiae
noa?ie iaiiaeaeaeiuo caacae, anoue iaeanoue aa/ii?aaiiia?iuo aeaeaeaiee,
a naie caacaeu ninoiyo ec iyoiai – niaa?oaiiaeoaai yeaiaioa – yoe?a[2].
I o i e i i a e (2 aae aei i. y.) – ae?aaiaa?a/aneee o/aiue. ?ac?aaioae
oae iacuaaaioth aaioeaio?e/aneoth nenoaio ie?a, niaeanii eioi?ie ana
aeaeeiua aeaeaeaiey iaaaniuo naaoee iauyniyeenue eo aeaeaeaieai aie?oa
iaiiaeaeaeiie Caiee. Iniiaiia ni/eiaiea Ioieiiay ii ano?iiiiee –
«Aaeeeia iaoa?eaeueiia iino?iaiea ano?iiiiee a 13 eieaao» eee
«Aeueiaaano» ia a?aaneii. A «Aeueiaaanoa» aia?aua caeiiu aeaeeiuo
aeaeaeaiee iaaaniuo oae auee onoaiiaeaiu ianoieueei, /oi noaei
aiciiaeiui i?aaeau/eneyoue eo iieiaeaiea[2].
Nenoaia A?enoioaey-Ioieiiay aa?ii io?aceea iaeioi?ua iniaaiiinoe Caiee
eae iaaaniiai oaea: oi, /oi Caiey – oa?, /oi ana oyaioaao e aa oeaio?o.
Oaeei ia?acii yoi auei o/aiea nianoaaiii i Caiea. Ia o?iaia naiaai
a?aiaie iia ioaa/aea iniiaiui o?aaiaaieyi, eioi?ua i?aaeuyaeyeenue e
iao/iiio ciaieth. Ai-ia?auo, iia n aaeeiie oi/ee c?aiey iauyniyea
iaaethaeaaiua ia?aiauaiey iaaaniuo oae e, ai-aoi?uo, aeaaaea
aiciiaeiinoue i?aaeau/eneyoue eo aoaeouea iieiaeaiey. A oi aea a?aiy
iaeuecy ia ioiaoeoue, /oi oai?aoe/aneea iino?iaiey ae?aaieo a?aeia
iineee /enoi oiic?eoaeueiue oa?aeoa? – iie auee niaa?oaiii ioi?aaiu io
yenia?eiaioa.
Ecaanoii, /oi aaioeaio?e/aneay nenoaia A?enoioaey – Ioieiiay
i?inouanoaiaaea aieioue aei OVI noieaoey, aei iiyaeaiey
aaeeioeaio?e/aneiai o/aiey Eiia?ieea. Yoi o/aiea yaeeinue aaee/aeoae
?aaiethoeeae a anoanoaiciaiee, iieiaeeaoae ia/aei ?acaeoeth iaoee a aa
nia?aiaiiii iiieiaiee.
?acaeoea anoanoaiciaiey, o?oaeu Eiia?ieea, Aaeeeay, Iuethoiia
oaaaeeoaeueii iieacaee ianinoiyoaeueiinoue aaioeaio?ecia. Eiia?iee
iieacae, /oi ca aeaeeiuie aeaeaeaieyie iaaaniuo naaoee ne?uaaaony nianai
eiia yaeaiea – ia?auaiea Caiee aie?oa Nieioea, oi anoue ie? ia oaeia,
eaeei iu aai iaiin?aaenoaaiii iaaethaeaai. Eiia?ieeianeay ?aaiethoeey a
anoanoaiciaiee ooaa?aeeea aaaeiaeoee i?eioeei: iaiaoiaeeii eneaoue
iiaeeeiioth nouiinoue aauae, ne?uooth ca eo aiaoiae aeaeeiinoueth.
E i i a ? i e e (1473-1543 aei i. y.) – nicaeaoaeue
aaeeioeaio?enoneie nenoaiu ie?a. Ia/ae n iiiuoie oniaa?oainoaiaaoue
aaioeaio?e/aneoth nenoaio ie?a, eceiaeaiioth a «Aeueiaaanoa» Ioieiiay.
Iiiai/eneaiiua ?aaiou a yoii iai?aaeaiee naiaeeeenue e aieaa oi/iiio
ii?aaeaeaieth yeaiaioia oao aeeoa?aioia e yieoeeeeia, iin?aaenoaii
eioi?uo Ioieiiae i?aaenoaaee aeaeaeaiey iaaaniuo oae.
Eiia?iee, iiiya caaeneiinoue iaaeaeo aeaeeiuie aeaeaeaieyie ieaiao e
Nieioea, oi?ioi ecaanoioth aua Ioieiiath, ia yoie iniiaa iino?iee
aaeeioeaio?e/aneoth nenoaio ie?a. Aeaaiaea?y ae i?aaeeueiia iauyniaiea
iieo/ee ?yae iaiiiyoiuo ?aiaa caeiiiia?iinoae aeaeaeaiey ieaiao.
Oaaeeoeu, ninoaaeaiiua Eiia?ieeii, iaoee aieueoia cia/aiea a ?acaeoee
ii?aieaaaiey. ?acoeueoaou o?oaea auee iaiauaiu Eiia?ieeii a ni/eiaiee
«Ia ia?auaiee iaaaniuo noa?». Caeanue ii nio?aiyao i?aaenoaaeaiea i
eiia/iie Anaeaiiie, ia?aie/aiiie noa?ie iaiiaeaeaeiuo caacae.
Oeeinioneia cia/aiea aaeeioeaio?e/aneie nenoaiu ninoiyei a oii, /oi
Caiey, n/eoaaoayny ?aiueoa oeaio?ii ie?a, iecaiaeeeanue aei iieiaeaiey
iaeiie ec ieaiao. Aicieeea iiaay eaeay – eaeay i aaeeinoaa ie?a, i oii,
/oi «iaai» e «caiey» iiae/eiythony iaeiei e oai aea caeiiai.
?aaiethoeeiiiue oa?aeoa? acaeyaeia Eiia?ieea aue iiiyo eaoiee/aneie
oea?eiaueth eeoue iinea oiai, eae Aaeeeae e ae?oaea ?acaeee oeeinioneea
neaaenoaey aai o/aiey. A 1619 aiaeo aeae?aoii eieaeceoeee eieaa
Eiia?ieea «ai?aaeue aei eni?aaeaiey» auea aianaia a «Eiaeaen cai?auaiiuo
eiea» e inoaaaeanue iiae cai?aoii aei 1828 aiaea [2].
Aaeeioeaio?e/aneay nenoaia Eiia?ieea naia ioithaeue ia yaeeanue
ieii/aoaeueiui ?aoaieai aii?ina i ie?icaeaiee. A i?ioeanna
aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey iia a ea/anoaa ninoaaiie /anoe aioea nia/aea a
nenoaio Aa?oaey i Aaeaeoeea, a caoai a nenoaio i ?anoe?ythuaeny
Iaoaaaeaeoeeea. Nenoaia Eiia?ieea yaeeanue iienaieai Nieia/iie nenoaiu,
nenoaia Aa?oaey – iaoae Aaeaeoeee.
O/aiea Eiia?ieea iieo/eei naia aeaeueiaeoaa iainiiaaiea a
yenia?eiaioaeueiie oeceea Aaeeeay, caaa?oeaoaeny nicaeaieai
iuethoiiianeie iaoaieee, iauaaeeieaoae aaeeiuie caeiiaie aeaeaeaiey
ia?aiauaiea iaaaniuo oae e caiiuo iauaeoia.
A a e e e a e (1564-1642)
Oeceea A?enoioaey iieacaeanue Aaeeeath iaoaaaeeoaeueiie, e Aaeeeae noae
oaaaeaeaiiui iineaaeiaaoaeai Eiia?ieea. Ia iniiaaiee naaaeaiee ia
ecia?aoaiiie a Aieeaiaeee c?eoaeueiie o?oaa Aaeeeae no?ieo naie ia?aue
o?aoe?aoiue oaeaneii, caoai oniaa?oainoaoao aai aei 32-e?aoiiai, aeaeaao
i?e iiiiue aai ?yae ioe?uoee (eieinnaeueioth oaeaeaiiinoue caacae, 4
niooieea o THieoa?a, a?auaiea Nieioea, nieia/iua iyoia, oacu Aaia?u,
?aniaae Iea/iiai iooe ia caacaeu, eco/aao aeaeaeaiea niooieeia
THieoa?a).
Aaeeeae n/eoae, /oi ie? aaneiia/ai, a iaoa?ey aa/ia. Ai anao i?ioeannao
ie/oi ia oie/oiaeaaony e ia ii?iaeaeaaony – i?ienoiaeeo eeoue eciaiaiea
acaeiiiai ?aniieiaeaiey oae eee eo /anoae. Iaoa?ey ninoieo ec aaniethoii
iaaeaeeiuo aoiiia, aa aeaeaeaiea – aaeeinoaaiiia, oieaa?naeueiia
iaoaie/aneia ia?aiauaiea. Iaaaniua naaoeea iiaeiaiu Caiea e
iiae/eiythony aaeeiui caeiiai iaoaieee.
Aaeeeae iaienae eieao «Aeeaeia i aeaoo aeaaiaeoeo nenoaiao ie?a», a
eioi?ie nenoaiu Eiia?ieea e Ioieiiay i?aaenoaaeaiu a ?acaiai?ao o?ao
niaanaaeieeia. Eieaa auoea iiae iacaaieai «Aeeaeia i i?eeeaao e
ioeeaao». Ii o?aaiaaieth eieaeceoeee ii aue auioaeaeai io?a/ueny io
o/aiey Eiia?ieea e 9 eao n/eoaeny ocieeii eieaeceoeee n cai?aoii
?acaiai?ia i aeaeaeaiee Caiee e ia/aoaiey o?oaeia. Ii a 1638 aiaeo a
Aieeaiaeee iiyaeyaony ia?aaiae aai «Aeeaeiaa» [2].
E a i e a ? (1571-1630)
Any aeeciue Eaiea?a auea iinayuaia iainiiaaieth e ?acaeoeth
aaeeioeaio?e/aneiai o/aiey Eiia?ieea. Aaaeiaeoei a?aoiaioii a iieueco
oeaio?aeueiiai iieiaeaiey Nieioea yaeythony o?e caeiia Eaiea?a,
iieiaeeaoea eiiaoe i?aaeiaio i?aaenoaaeaieth i ?aaiiia?iuo e?oaiauo
aeaeaeaieyo iaaaniuo oae. Nieioea, caieiay iaeei ec oieonia
yeeeioe/aneie i?aeou ieaiaou, yaeyaony, ii Eaiea?o, enoi/ieeii neeu,
aeaeaeouae ieaiaou. Caeiiu Eaiea?a, iaanaaaea aioaaeoea a iniiao
oai?aoe/aneie ano?iiiiee, iieo/eee iauyniaiea a iaoaieea Iuethoiia, a
/anoiinoe a caeiia anaie?iiai oyaioaiey. Oaea nai Eaiea? ?annoaeaeae i
«oyaeanoe», aeaenoaothuae iaaeaeo iaaaniuie oaeaie, e iauyniee i?eeeau e
ioeeau caiiuo ieaaiia aicaeaenoaeai Eoiu [2].
Ae a e a ? o (1596-1650)
Iniiaiay /a?oa oeeinioneiai ie?iaicc?aiey Aeaea?oa – aeoaeeci aeooe e
oaea, «iuneyuae» e «i?ioyaeaiiie» noanoaioeee. Ioiaeaeanoaeyy iaoa?eth n
i?ioyaeaieai, Aeaea?o iiieiaao aa ia noieueei eae aauanoai oeceee,
neieueei eae i?ino?ainoai noa?aiiao?ee. A i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue
n?aaeiaaaeiaui i?aaenoaaeaieyi i eiia/iinoe ie?a e ea/anoaaiiuo
?aciiia?acee i?e?iaeiuo yaeaiee Aeaea?o ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi ie?iaay
iaoa?ey (i?ino?ainoai) aani?aaeaeueia e iaeii?iaeia, iia ia eiaao ionoio
e aeaeeia aei aaneiia/iinoe (yoi i?ioeai?a/eei eaeayi aic?iaeaeaiiie ai
a?aiaia Aeaea?oa aioe/iie aoiienoeee, eioi?ay iuneeea ie? ninoiyuei ec
iaaeaeeiuo /anoeoe, ?acaeaeaiiuo ionoioaie). Eaaeaeoth /anoeoeo iaoa?ee
Aeaea?o ?anniao?eaaao eae eia?oioth e ianneaioth ianno. Aeaeaeaiey,
eioi?ua Aeaea?o naiaeee e ia?aiauaieyi oae, aicieeaao anaaaea oieueei a
?acoeueoaoa oie/ea, niiauaaiiai aeaiiiio oaeo ae?oaei oaeii. Iauae aea
i?e/eiie aeaeaeaiey a aeoaeenoe/aneie eiioeaioeee Aeaea?oa yaeyaony aia
[2].
A th e a a i n (1629-1695) – ieaea?eaiaeneee iaoaiee, oecee e iaoaiaoee
i?iaeaeae oeeee iioe/aneeo ?aaio, eioi?ue caaa?oee «O?aeoaoii i naaoa»,
a eioi?ie aia?aua eceiaeee e i?eiaiee e iauyniaieth iioe/aneeo yaeaiee
aieiiaoth oai?eth naaoa. E «O?aeoaoo i naaoa» ii aeiaaaee a aeaea
i?eeiaeaiey ?annoaeaeaiea «I i?e/eiao oyaeanoe», a eioi?ii ii aeecei
iiaeioae e ioe?uoeth caeiia anaie?iiai oyaioaiey. A naiai iineaaeiai
o?aeoaoa «Einiioai?in» (1698), iioaeeeiaaiiii iinia?oii, Atheaain
iniiauaaaony ia oai?ee i iiiaeanoaaiiinoe ie?ia e eo iaeoaaiinoe. A 1717
aiaeo o?aeoao aue ia?aaaaeai ia ?onneee ycue ii i?eeacaieth Iao?a I [2]
.
A o e (1635-1703) – aiaeeeneee anoanoaieniuoaoaeue, i?aaeainoeoee caeii
anaie?iiai oyaioaiey Iuethoiia. D 1679 aiaeo ii auneacae iiaiea, /oi
anee neea i?eoyaeaiey ia?aoii i?iii?oeeiiaeueia eaaae?aoo ?annoiyiey, oi
ieaiaoa aeieaeia aeaeaaoueny ii yeeeino. Aoe i?eaea?aeeaaeny aieiiaie
oai?ee naaoa e inia?eaae ei?ioneoey?ioth, oaieioo n/eoae ?acoeueoaoii
aeaeaeaiey /anoeoe aauanoaa [2].
I ue th o i i (1643-1727)
Aue yoio ie? aeoaieie oueiie ieooai.
Aea aoaeao naao! E aio yaeeny Iuethoii.
(Yiea?aiia XVIII aaea.)
Aa?oeiie iao/iiai oai?/anoaa Iuethoiia yaeythony «Ia/aea», a eioi?uo
Iuethoii iaiauee ?acoeueoaou, iieo/aiiua aai i?aaeoanoaaiieeaie e naie
nianoaaiiua enneaaeiaaiey e nicaeae aia?aua aaeeioth no?ieioth nenoaio
caiiie e iaaaniie iaoaieee, eioi?ay eaaea a iniiao anae eeanne/aneie
oeceee. Caeanue Iuethoii aeae ii?aaeaeaiey enoiaeiuo iiiyoee –
eiee/anoaa iaoa?ee, yeaeaaeaioiiai ianna, ieioiinoe; eiee/anoaa
aeaeaeaiey, yeaeaaeaioiiai eiioeueno, e ?acee/iuo aeaeia neeu.
Oi?ioee?oy iiiyoea eiee/anoaa iaoa?ee, Iuethoii enoiaeee ec
i?aaenoaaeaiey i oii, /oi aoiiu ninoiyo ec iaeie aaeeiie ia?ae/iie
iaoa?ee; ieioiinoue Iuethoii iiieiae eae noaiaiue caiieiaiey aaeeieoeu
iauaia oaea ia?ae/iie iaoa?eae.
Iuethoii ?anniao?eaae aeaeaeaiea oae iiae aeaenoaeai oeaio?aeueiuo nee e
aeieacae, /oi o?aaeoi?eyie oaeeo aeaeaeaiee yaeythony eiie/aneea na/aiey
(yeeein, aeia?aiea, ia?aaiea). Ii eceiaeee naia o/aiea i anaie?iii
oyaioaiee, naeaeae caeeth/aiea, /oi ana ieaiaou i?eoyaeaathony e
Nieioeo, a niooieee – e ieaiaoai n neeie, ia?aoii i?iii?oeeiiaeueiie
eaaae?aoo ?annoiyiey e ?ac?aaioae oai?eth aeaeaeaiey iaaaniuo oae.
Iuethoii iieacae, /oi ec caeiia anaie?iiai oyaioaiey auoaeatho caeiiu
Eaiea?a e aaaeiaeoea ionooieaiey io ieo. Eaiea?, eco/ay aeaeaeaiea
ieaiao Nieia/iie nenoaiu, noi?ioee?iaae naie ciaiaieoua i?inoua caeiiu.
I?inoua iioiio, /oi ana iiiaiia?acea aeaeaeaiee anao ieaiao naaeinue e
o?ai a?eoiaoe/aneei niioiioaieyi. Ii aiciee aii?in: ioeoaea acyeenue yoe
niioiioaiey? Ioaao ia yoio aii?in aeae Iuethoii nicaeaieai
iuethoiiianeie iaoaieee e oi?ioee?iaeie caeiia anaie?iiai oyaioaiey.
Anee au ?acoeueoaoii aeayoaeueiinoe Iuethoiia auei oieueei iauyniaiea
caeiiia Eaiea?a, oi, ii nouanoao, ieeaeiai oi?iuaiey ia i?iecioei au.
O?e caeiia caiaieeenue au iaeiei, ec eioi?iai iie aanueia neiaeii
auaiaeyony. Ii iaoaieea Iuethoiia iauyniyea ia?aie/aiiia eiee/anoai
yaeaiee aeey iaoaie/aneie ea?oeiu Anaeaiiie. Oae ii iauyniee iniaaiiinoe
aeaeaeaiey Eoiu, ?anniio?ae caaea/e i?eoyaeaiey nieioiuo iann, oai?ee
i?eeeaia e ioeeaia, i?aaeeiaeee oai?eth oeao?u Caiee [2].
Iuethoiiianeay iaoaieea iieo/eea iacaaiea eeanne/aneie. Ni a?aiaiai iia
ia oieueei ia oo?aoeea naiaai cia/aiey, ii noaea, anee iiaeii oae
au?aceoueny, aeinoiaa?iaa. Iineaaeothuaa ?acaeoea oeceee auyaeei
i?aaeaeu i?eiaieiinoe iaoaieee Iuethoiia.
E i i i i i n i a (1711-1765) – ia?aue ?onneee o/aiue –
anoanoaieniuoaoaeue ie?iaiai cia/aiey, iaeei ec iniiaiiieiaeieeia
oece/aneie oeiee.
Eiiiiinia caaeoiae iaienaoue aieueooth «ei?ioneoey?ioth oeeinioeth» –
o?aeoao, iauaaeeieaoee a iaeii no?ieiia oeaeia anth oeceeo e oeieth ia
iniiaa aoiiii-iieaeoey?iuo i?aaenoaaeaiee. Aio ia oaeaeinue inouanoaeoue
naie a?aiaeeiciue caiunae, ii aieueooth /anoue aai oece/aneeo o?oaeia
neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue eae iiaeaioiaeoaeueiua iaoa?eaeu e yoie ?aaioa.
Eiiiiinia iieaaae, /oi anai naienoaai aauanoaa iiaeii aeaoue
en/a?iuaathuaa iauyniaiea n iiiiuueth i?aaenoaaeaiey i ?acee/iuo /enoi
iaoaie/aneeo aeaeaeaieyo ei?ioneoe, a naith i/a?aaeue ninoiyueo ec
aoiiia.
A naiai i?iecaaaeaiee «?aciuoeaiey i i?e/eia oaieiou e oieiaea» (1744)
ii i?eoae e i?aaeiieiaeaieth, /oi oaieioa iaoneiaeaia a?auaoaeueiuie
aeaeaeaieyie /anoeoe aauanoaa. Yoa aeiioaca auea eniieueciaaia a OIO
aaea a iiiuoeao iino?iaiey eeiaoe/aneie oai?ee aacia.
A iniiao iieaeoey?ii – eeiaoe/aneie oai?ee Eiiiiinia iieiaeee naith
oi?ioee?iaeo oeeinioneiai i?eioeeia nio?aiaiey iaoa?ee e aeaeaeaiey:
«Ana ia?aiaiu, a iaoo?a ano?a/athueany, oaeiai nooue ninoiyiey, /oi
neieueei /aai o iaeiiai oaea ioieiaony, noieueei i?eniaieoieony e
ae?oaiio… nae anaiauee anoanoaaiiue caeii i?inoe?aaony a naie i?aaeea
aeaeaeaiey: eai oaei, aeaeaeouaa naiae neeith ae?oaia, noieueei aea iiuy
o naay oa?yao, neieueei niiauaao ae?oaiio, eioi?ia o iaai aeaeaeaiea
iieo/aao» [2].
A ? i o i (1773-1858) – aiaeeeneee aioaiee. A 1827 aiaeo ioe?ue
a?ioiianeia aeaeaeaiea – aanii?yaei/iia aeaeaeaiea iaeuo /anoeoe,
acaaoaiiuo a aeeaeeinoe eee aaca.
Caeiiiia?iinoe a?ioiianeiai aeaeaeaiey neoaeao iaaeyaeiui
iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo iieiaeaiee iieaeoey?ii-eeiaoe/aneie
oai?ee.
Aeaeeiua oieueei iiae iee?ineiiii acaaoaiiua /anoeoeu aeaeaeoony
iacaaeneii ae?oa io ae?oaa e iienuaatho neiaeiua ceacaaiia?aciua
o?aaeoi?ee. A?ioiianeia aeaeaeaiea ia ineaaaaaao ni a?aiaiai e ia
caaeneo io oeie/aneeo naienoa n?aaeu, iii oaaee/eaaaony n ?inoii
oaiia?aoo?u n?aaeu e n oiaiueoaieai aa ayceinoe e ?acia?ia /anoeoe [2].
A 1905-1906 aiaeao iineaaeiaaoaeueiia iauyniaiea a?ioiianeiai aeaeaeaiey
auei aeaii Yeiooaeiii ia iniiaa iieaeoey?ii-eeiaoe/aneie oai?ee,
niaeanii eioi?iio iieaeoeu aeeaeeinoe eee aaca iaoiaeyony a iinoiyiiii
oaieiaii aeaeaeaiee, i?e/ai eiioeuenu ?acee/iuo iieaeoe iaiaeeiaeiau ii
aaee/eia e iai?aaeaieth. Anee iiaa?oiinoue /anoeoeu, iiiauaiiie a oaeoth
n?aaeo, iaea, eae yoi eiaao ianoi aeey a?ioiianeie /anoeoeu, oi oaea?u,
eniuouaaaiua /anoeoeae, ia aoaeoo oi/ii eiiiaine?iaaoueny. Iiyoiio a
?acoeueoaoa «aiiaa?aee?iaee» iieaeoeaie a?ioiianeay /anoeoea i?eoiaeeo a
aanii?yaei/iia aeaeaeaiea, iaiyy aaee/eio e iai?aaeaiea naiae nei?inoe
i?eia?ii 1014 ?ac a naeoiaeo.
O a ? a ae a e (1791-1867) – aiaeeeneee oeiee e oecee. Ioe?ue caeiiu
yeaeo?ieeca, eioi?ua yaeeenue aaneei aeiaiaeii a iieueco aeene?aoiinoe
aauanoaa e yeaeo?e/anoaa [2].
Ia?aua yenia?eiaioaeueiua ?acoeueoaou, ec eioi?uo iiaeii auei naeaeaoue
auaiae i neiaeiie no?oeoo?a aoiiia, i iaee/ee aioo?e aoiiia
yeaeo?e/aneeo ca?yaeia auee iieo/aiu Oa?aaeaai a 1833 aiaeo i?e
eco/aiee caeiiia yeaeo?ieeca.
Oa?aaeae ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi «iaoa?ey i?enoonoaoao aacaea e iao
i?iiaaeooi/iiai i?ino?ainoaa, ia caiyoiai ath» [2]
I a i ae a e a a a (1834-1907) – ?onneee oeiee.
A 1860 aiaeo Iaiaeaeaaa e 6 ?onneeo oeieeia o/anoaiaaee a
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiia?anna oeieeia a Ea?en?oy. Nuacae no?iai ?aca?aie/ee
iiiyoey: aoii, iieaeoea, eioi?ua aei oiai a?aiaie ia ?acee/aeenue, /oi
i?eaiaeeei e iooaieoea.
I?enooiea e /oaieth eo?na iai?aaie/aneie oeiee a Iaoa?ao?aneii
oieaa?neoaoa e ia iaeaey ie iaeiiai iiniaey, eioi?ia iia au
?aeiiaiaeiaaoue nooaeaioai, ia/ae ienaoue naie eeanne/aneee o?oae
«Iniiau oeiee». Ii neiaai Iaiaeaeaaaa, «…ooo iiiai
naiinoiyoaeueiiai… , a aeaaiia – ia?eiaee/iinoue yeaiaioia». A 1869
aiaeo ii ninoaaee oaaeeoeo «Iiuo nenoaiu yeaiaioia, iniiaaiiue ia eo
aoiiiii aana e oeie/aneii noiaenoaa». Ia iniiaa ia?eiaee/aneiai caeiia
Iaiaeaeaaa eni?aaee aoiiiua aana iaeioi?uo ecaanoiuo yeaiaioia,
i?aaeneacae nouanoaiaaiea e naienoaa aua iaecaanoiuo yeaiaioia.
«Ia?eiaee/aneiio caeiio aoaeouaa ia a?iceo ?ac?ooaieai, a oieueei
iaaeno?ieee e ?acaeoea iaauaao», – i?aaeaeaeae Iaiaeaeaaa [2].
4. ?acaeoea eaeae i ieaiaoa?iie iiaeaee aoiia.
Ia n?aco o/aiua i?eoee e i?aaeeueiui i?aaenoaaeaieyi i no?iaiee aoiia.
Iaeei ec ia?auo yenia?eiaioaeueiuo oaeoia, naeaeaoaeuenoaothueo i
neiaeiinoe aoiiia, i nouanoaiaaiee o ieo aioo?aiiae no?oeoo?u
yeaeo?e/aneie i?e?iaeu, aue onoaiiaeai Oa?aaeaai. Ia iniiaaiee iiuoia ii
yeaeo?ieeco ?acee/iuo nieae e ae?oaeo niaaeeiaiee iiaeii auei n
oaa?aiiinoueth ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi yeaeo?e/aneea ca?yaeu eiathony a
aoiiao anao yeaiaioia. Iaeiaei iaaei auei auynieoue, /oi i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie yeaeo?e/anoai, yaeyaony ee iii iai?a?uaiie noanoaioeeae eee a
i?e?iaea nouanoaotho iaaeaeeiua «aoiiu yeaeo?e/anoaa».
Oae eae i?e yeaeo?ieeca iaeeiaeiaia eiee/anoai aoiiia ethaiai
iaeiiaaeaioiiai yeaiaioa anaaaea ia?aiineo iaeii e oi aea eiee/anoai
yeaeo?e/anoaa, iiaeii auei i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi a i?e?iaea nouanoaoao
«aoii eiee/anoaa yeaeo?e/anoaa», iaeeiaeiaue a aoiiao anao yeaiaioia.
Yoio ca?yae iieo/ee iacaaiea yeaiaioa?iiai ca?yaea. A 1891 aiaeo
e?eaiaeneee oecee Aeae. Noiiae i?aaeeiaeee aeey iaai iacaaiea yeaeo?ii
[6].
?aoathuea yenia?eiaiou, aeieacaaoea ?aaeueiinoue nouanoaiaaiey
yeaeo?iiia, auee auiieiaiu aiaeeeneei oeceeii Aeae. Oiiniiii a 1899
aiaeo. Iiaeaeue aoiia ii Oiiniio i?aaenoaaeyea niaie iieiaeeoaeueii
ca?yaeaiioth aeeaeeinoue, a eioi?ie ieaaatho io?eoeaoaeueiua yeaeo?iiu.
Ia i?ioyaeaiee 12 eao yoa iiaeaeue i?aaenoaaeyeanue aanueia
i?aaaeiiiaeiaiie. Ii a 1911 aiaeo ec iiuoia ?aca?oi?aea, nua?aaoaai
aieueooth ?ieue a iiieiaiee no?iaiey aoiia,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii auoaeaao i e a i a o a ? i a y iiaeaeue aoiia [4].
Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey oai?ee aoiia noi?ioee?iaae Ieeuen Ai?.
Yoio aaee/aeoee ia?aai?io a oeceea i?iecioae ia ?oaaaea OO aaea.
Eiaiii a yoi a?aiy aaeeeea i?eioeeiu eeanne/aneie oeceee iaia?oaeeee
naith ianinoiyoaeueiinoue ia?aae eeoeii iiauo oaeoia. Oeceee ia?aoee
a?aieoeu iiaie iaaaaeiiie iaeanoe, eiy eioi?ie – iee?iie?.
Oaea? ii i?aaenoaaeaieyi, noaaoei i?eau/iuie, ieacaeny oai aieaa
/oanoaeoaeueiui, /oi a eiioea OIO aaea aeaaea auaeathueany oeceee auee
oaaaeaeaiu a oii, /oi iniiaiua caeiiu i?e?iaeu ?ane?uou, e inoaaony
eniieueciaaoue eo aeey iauyniaiey ?acee/iuo yaeaiee e i?ioeannia.
Aaaeue aei yoiai ooiaeaiaioaeueiua i?eioeeiu eeanne/aneie iaoaieee
Iuethoiia, yeaeo?iaeeiaieee Iaenaaeea e ae?. ?acaeaeia oeceee iieo/aee
ana iiaua e iiaua iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey naiae ni?aaaaeeeainoe.
Ieeiio ia i?eoiaeeei a aieiao, /oi n oiaiueoaieai, e i?eia?o, iannu oae
eee oaaee/aieai eo nei?inoe caeiiu Iuethoiia, aeaaii n/eoaaoeany /ooue
ee ia naiii/aaeaeiuie, iiaoo ieacaoueny ianinoiyoaeueiuie.
E aio auynieeinue, /oi aoiiu iiaeaa?aeaiu ?ac?ooaieth. No?aiiua naienoaa
iaia?oaeee yeaeo?ii. Aai ianna au?inoaea ni nei?inoueth. Iniiaiay
oa?aeoa?enoeea oaea – ianna, n/eoaaoayny ni a?aiai Iuethoiia iaeciaiiie,
ieacaeanue caaenyuae io nei?inoe. A aaaeue ianno auei i?eiyoi
?anniao?eaaoue eae ia?o eiee/anoaa aauanoaa, niaea?aeauaainy a oaea.
Ii yoe o?oaeiinoe ieacaeenue o?aiieeiii aeey iiauo oai?ee OO aaea –
oai?ee ioiineoaeueiinoe e eaaioiaie iaoaieee.
Eeanne/aneay oeceea ieacaeanue /anoiui, eee, oi/iaa, i?aaeaeueiui
neo/aai oai?ee ioiineoaeueiinoe i?e nei?inoyo, cia/eoaeueii iaiueoeo
nei?inoe naaoa.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Eaii I., A?ia E. Aaaaeaiea a aeieiaeth. I., Ie?, 1986.
Aieueoay Niaaoneay Yioeeeeiiaaeey a 30 oiiao. Iiae ?aae. I?ioi?iaaA.I.,
3 ecaeaiea, I., Niaaoneay yioeeeeiiaaeey, 1970.
Iyeeoaa A.ss. Yeaiaioa?iua /anoeoeu. I., I?inaauaiea, 1977.
Eiia?ia A.I. Aoaeci e iao/iay ea?oeia ie?a. I., I?inaauaiea, 1979.
Oece/aneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue. I., Niaaoneay yioeeeeiiaaeey,
1970.
Eaaa?aeei I.O., I?eia A.A., Oaoa? I.E. Oaeoeueoaoeaiue eo?n oeceee. I.,
I?inaauaiea, 1979.
Nianneee A.E. Oeceea aeey oeeinioia. I., Iineianeee oieaa?neoao, 1989.
E?ae/e Ie? aeacaie nia?aiaiiie oeceee. I., Ie?, 1974.
Eaiioa? Iooue a nia?aiaiioth oeceeo. I., Ie?, 1972.
Iaeaaeaiea
Ie? aeene?aoiuo iauaeoia – oeceea /anoeoe 2
Iiaeaeue aoiia (ei?ioneoea) 5
Eaaeeii 5
Aeaiie?eo 5
Yieeo? 6
Eoe?aoeee 6
Io oeceee A?enoioaey aei oeceee Iuethoiia 7
A?enoioaeue 7
Ioieiiae 7
Eiia?iee 8
Aaeeeae 9
Eaiea? 9
Aeaea?o 9
Atheaain 10
Aoe 10
Iuethoii 10
Eiiiiinia 11
A?ioi 11
Oa?aaeae 12
Iaiaeaeaaa 12
?acaeoea eaeae i ieaiaoa?iie iiaeaee aoiia 13
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u 15
N.Ia?oae, ni/. a 4-o oiiao, Iineaa, Aineeoecaeao, 1959, o. 3, n. 601
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