4.9. Yeaeo?iaeeiaie/aneee i?eioeei ioiineoaeueiinoe.
Eiaa?eaioiinoue ioiineoaeueii i?aia?aciaaiee Ei?aioea.
Ieacuaaaony,iaeiiia?iia aieiiaia o?aaiaiea ana aea inoaaony
eiaa?eaioiui i?e ia?aoiaea io nenoaiu ion/aoa E e nenoaia ion/?oa E’, ii
anee ainiieueciaaoueny ia i?aia?aciaaieyie Aaeeeay,a oae iacuaaaiuie
i?aia?aciaaieyie Ei?aioea , eioi?ua eiatho aeae:
Oaia?ue ia oieueei eii?aeeiaoa O , ii e a?aiy O i?aia?acothony
.Aeieaaeai eiaa?eaioiinoue . Niiaa ?anniio?ei ooieoeeth
aaea (=V/C. Oiaaea , aeeooa?aioee?oy a? ii t , iieo/ei
Neaaeiaaoaeueii ,
Aeaeaa , aeeooa?aioee?oy ii t , iieo/aai
Neaaeiaaoaeueii,
Iiaenoaaei iieo/aiiua au?aaeaiey aeey aoi?uo i?iecaiaeiuo a enoiaeiia
aieiiaia o?aaiaiea Aeaeaiaa?a
Iieo/ei oiaaea o?aaiaiea
Oaeei ia?acii , i?eoiaeei e o?aaiaieth
neaaaaiua ni niaoaiiui aoi?ui i?iecaiaeiui a iaaeo /anoyo ?aaainoaa
nie?auathony . Ieii/aoaeueii iieo/aai o?aaiaiea
Neaaeiaaoaeueii , i?eoiaeei e o?aaiaieth
o.a. a oi/iinoe e enoiaeiiio iaeiiia?iiio aieiiaiio o?aaiaieth
Aeaeaiaa?a.
Eoae , i?eoiaeei e caeeth/aieth , /oi aieiiaia o?aaiaiea
Aeaeaiaa?a eiaa?eaioii ioiineoaeueii i?aia?aciaaiee Ei?aioea. Yoi
aaaeiia iaoaiaoe/aneia ioe?uoea a nai? a?aiy naeaeae Ei?aioe, eioi?ue
,iaeiaei, ?anniao?eaae ia i?inoi iaeiiea?iia aieiiaia o?aaiaiea ,a
o?aaiaiey Iaenaaeea ,eioi?ua iiaeii n/eoaoue oneiaeiaiiui o?aoia?iui
“aieiiaui o?aaiaieai”- aeey iiia?a/iuo yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei. Eiaiii yoi
iaoaiaoe/aneia ioe?uoea iicaieeei Ei?aioeo a 1904 a. Iauynieoue
io?eoeaoaeueiue ?acoeueoao yenia?eiaioia ia?aiai e aoi?iai ii?yaeeia ii
V/C ii iaia?oaeaieth nei?inoe V iinooiaoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey
ioiineoaeueii yoe?a.
Ioiaoei caeanue au? iaeio eioa?anioth aiciiaeioth oece/aneoth
eioa?i?aoaoeeth iieo/aiiiai iaoaiaoe/aneiai ?acoeueoaoa – n
eiaa?eaioinoueth aieiiaiai o?aaiaiey ioiineoaeueii i?aia?aciaaiee
Ei?aioea.
Aeey aieueoae ii?aaeae?iiinoe niiaa ?anniio?ei caoeiaua aieiu a
aicaeooa a aeonoe/aneii i?eaeeaeaiee . Yoe aieiu iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue
eae naiinoiyoaeueiua oece/aneea iauaeou , ieea ia naycaiiua ni n?aaeie –
aicaeooii , eieaaaieyie eioi?iai iie ia naiii aeaea yaeythony . N?aaea
oaia?ue – niaa?oaiii ae?oaie oece/aneee iauaeo , aeaaea eiie oece/aneie
i?e?iaeu . Caoeiaua aieiu nouanoaotho naie ii naaa ,aaci anyeie n?aaeu.
E yoio iiaue oece/aneee iauaeo -“ aieiu“ – iiyoiio niaa?oaiii
anoanoaaiii aeieaeai iaeeiaeiai iienuaaoueny ai anao eia?oeeaeueiuo
nenoaiao ion/aoa , oae eae eia?oeeaeueiua nenoaiu ion/aoa ia oieueei
iaoaie/anee , ii e oece/anee aeieaeiu auoue iieiinoueth ?aaiii?aaiuie.
A ioiioaiee caoeiauo aiei a aicaeooa oaeay oece/aneay
eioa?i?aoaoeey aiieia aiciiaeia , ii oieueei i ?aieao aeonoe/aneiai
i?eaeeaeaiey , o.a. aeey aiei i/aiue iaeie (aeaaea aaneiia/ii iaeie)
aiieeooaeu . A neo/aa caoeiauo aiei eiia/iie e aieueoie aiieeooaeu oaeay
, eacaeinue au , naiay i?inoay e anoanoaaiiay eioa?i?aoaoeey ,
?acoiaaony , iai?aaeeueia.
A niaoeeaeueiie oai?ee ioiineoaeueiinoe ianoaeaeathony ia
caoeiaua , a yeaeo?iiaaieoiua aieiu. N?aaeie , iiaeiaiie aicaeooo , aeey
caoeiauo aiei caeanue yaeyaony , i?aaaea , iiea au? yenia?eiaioaeueii ia
ioe?uoay iniaay aeiioaoe/aneay n?aaea , iacuaaaiay yoe?ii. Ii yoe?
yenia?eiaioaeueii ia iaia?oaeai , e aiiaua a ianoiyuaa a?aiy a
nia?aiaiiie ooiaeaiaioaeueiie oeceea yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai iiey au? iiiaia
inoa?ony iayniui. Iiyoiio iiaeii n/eoaoue , eae yoi aeaeatho a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy, iienaiioth oece/aneoth eioa?i?aoaoeeth aaeeinoaaiii i?eaieaiie ,
eae yoi i?iaicaeanee Yeiooaei a 1905 a., /oi yoe?a a i?e?iaea ia
nouanoaoao.
Eae auoa ioia/aeinue , iioe/aneea e yeaeo?iaeeiaie/aneea
yenia?eiaiou , i?iaaae?iiua ia Caiea n oeaeueth iaia?oaeaiey e ecia?aiey
iinooiaoaeueiie nei?inoe V Caiee ia?aiai e aoi?iai ii?yaeeia iaeinoe ii
aaee/eia V/C=10^-4 , aeaee io?eoeaoaeueiue ?acoeueoao . A /anoiinoe ,
io?eoeaoaeueiue ?acoeueoao aeae e yenia?eiaio Iaeeaeueniia-Ii?ee n
aeaooiea/aaui eioa?oa?iiao?ii . Ieeaeeo yooaeoia aeeyiey iinooiaoaeueiie
nei?inoe aeaeaeaiey Caiee ana yoe yenia?eiaiou ia auyaeee .Nei?inoue
Caiee a oeacaiiuo yenia?ieiaioao ecia?eoue ia oaeaeinue.
Oaeei ia?acii , e eiioeo O|O aaea a ?acoeueoaoa anao yoeo
yenia?eiaioaeueiuo iaoaea/ oaeaeinueiaiaueoue iaoaie/aneee i?eioeei
ioiineoaeueiinoe Aaeeeay ia yeaeo?iiaaieoiua ( a oii /enea e iioe/aneea
) yaeaiey e i?iaicaeaneoue iauaoece/aneee i?eioeei ioiineoaeueiinoe,
eioi?ue eiiaaea iacuaatho i?eioeeiii ioiineoaeueiinoe Yeiooaeia.
Yeaeo?iaeeiaie/aneee i?eioeei ioiineoaeueiinoe .
Ana oece/aneea yaeaiey ai anao eia?oeeaeueiuo nenoaiao ion/aoa
i?ioaeatho iaeeiaeiai. Iaeuecy n iiiiuueth eaeeo-eeai oece/aneeo
yenia?eiaioia a aeaeaeouaeny eia?oeeaeueiie nenoaia oin/aoa ii?aaeaeeoue
nei?inoue aa aeaeaeaiey , anee ia i?iecaiaeeoue iaaethaeaiee oae ec
nenoaiu ion/aoa , ioiineoaeueii eioi?ie iu oioei ii?aaeaeeoue nei?inoue
aeaeaeaiey.
Iaoaiaoe/aneia naienoai eiaa?eaioiinoe ioiineoaeueii
i?aia?aciaaiee Ei?aioea iniiaiuo o?aaiaiee yeaeo?iaeeiaieee – o?aaiaiee
Iaenaaeea eniieueciaaeinue Ei?aioeai a 1895 a. E a 1904 a. Aeey
iauyniaiey , ii/aio n iiiiuueth yeaeo?iaeeiaie/aneeo yenia?eiaioia
iaeuecy ii?aaeaeeoue nei?inoue iinooiaoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey Caiee a
yooaeoao ia?aiai e aoi?iai ii?yaeeia iaeinoe ( 1895 a.) e aiiaua ai anao
yooaeoao (1904 a. ).
4.10. Ianoaeaeaiea iiiyoey nei?inoe
oaea e
iino?iaiey iieae a?aiaie a iieiyuaeny e aeaeaeouaeny
nenoaiao ion/aoa.
Eacaeinue au , iiiyoea nei?inoe oaea , eae i?ieaeaiiiai iooe
ca ii?aaeaeaiiue i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie :
ianoieueei ynii , /oi ia o?aaoao aiiaua ieeaeeo iiyniaiee . Eiia/ii ,
anee oaei aeaeaeaony ia?aaiiia?ii , oi iaaei aaiaeeoue a ?anniio?aiea
iaiiaaiioth nei?inoue
ii ia ia yoii nae/an ?a/ue . Aianoa n oai a nayce n aeaiiui
ii?aaeaeaieai nei?inoe iaiaoiaeeii , iaeiaei , ianoaeeoue aanueia
nouanoaaiiue oece/aneee aii?in.
*oiau eo/oa i?aaenoaaeue naaa neooaoeeth , ?anniio?ei
eiie?aoiue yenia?eiaio , i?iaiaeeiue aeey ecia?aiey nei?inoe oaea .
Ionoue eiaaony aeaeaeouaany oaei e ionoue iii a eaeie-oi iiiaio a?aiaie
i?ioiaeeo eee i?ieaoaao /a?ac oi ianoi N , aaea iu naie nae/an
iaoiaeeiny . Cana/?i yoio iiiaio t1 ia eiathuainy o ian ecia?eoaea
a?aiaie – /anai .
I?aaeiieiaeei , /oi iu iaoiaeeiny a ianoa N e iaaethaeaai
ec yoiai ianoa ca iaoei aeaeaeoueiny oaeii . *a?ac iaeioi?ia a?aiy ,
neaaeai a iiiaio a?aiaie t2 , ca?aaeno?iaaiiui ii iaoei /anai , oaei
i?ioiaeeo /a?ac ae?oaia ianoi M , ?annoiyiea aei eioi?iai S2-S1 io
iaoaai ianoa N , iu iiaeai ecia?eoue ca?aiaa. Oiaaea nei?inoueth oaea
iu iaciaai ioiioaiea
A?iaea au an? niaa?oaiii ynii . Ii yoi ia oae . Iu aeieaeiu
o/anoue , /oi eiaaea iu oaeaeaee , /oi oaei i?ioiaeeo /a?ac ianoi M ,iu
ia naiii aeaea i?inoi ca?aaeno?e?iaaee naaoiaie neaiae , i?eoiaeyuee e
iai ec ianoa M , naeaeaoaeuenoaothuee i niaiaaeaiee oaea e ianoa M.
Oae eae neaiae ?ani?ino?aiyaony n iaeioi?ie eiia/iie nei?inoueth N , oi
iu aeieaeiu yoi o/anoue e aaanoe iii?aaeo ia a?aiy ?ani?ino?aiaiey
neaiaea io ianoa M aei ianoa N , o.a. iii?aaeo ia a?aiy caiacaeuaaiey .
Oaeei ia?acii , iu aeieaeiu a oi?ioea aeey nei?inoe V acyoue
ia iiiaio t2 , iaiin?aaenoaaiii yenia?eiaioaeueii iaaethaeaaiue e
caoeene?iaaiiue ii iaoei /anai , a iiiaio
e nei?inoueth oaea aeieaeiu ia naiii aeaea iacaaoue aaee/eio
eioi?ay eeoue iacia/eoaeueii aieueoa aaee/eiu V , anee oaei aeaeaeaony
ia neeoeii auno?i .
Oae eae nei?inoue naaoa C i/aiue aieueoay ( N=300000 ei /c ) ,
oi ?anniao?eaaaiay iii?aaea , eiia/ii , aoaeao aeey ?aaeueii
iaaethaeaaiuo aeaeaeaieee oae ia Caiea /?acau/aeii iaeie .
Iaeiaei iia noaiiaeony oai aieueoa , /ai aeaeueoa oaeaeaii
ianoi I io ianoa N e /ai nei?aa aeaeaeaony oaei . Anee nei?inoue V oaea
aoaeao aeecea e nei?inoe naaoa , oi iii?aaea aoaeao i/aiue aieueoie .
Eiaiii yoa iii?aaea a ii?aaeaeaiee nei?inoe oaea e
o/eouaaaony a niaoeeaeueiie oai?ee ioiineoaeueiinoe .
Caeanue neaaeoao neacaoue , /oi iaoa noauaeoeaiia iuouaiea
ia ie?oaeathuai ian ie?a a iaeioi?ue aeaiiue iiiaio a?aiaie ,
aeaenoaeoaeueii noauaeoeaii e iai?aaeeueii . Aeaei a oii , /oi
oaeaeaiiua i?aaeiaou iu aeaeei oaeeie , eaeeie iie auee a aieaa ?aiiea
iiiaiou a?aiaie , /ai aeaeeiua iaie aeeceea io ian i?aaeiaou .
Neaaeai , iu aeaeei ia oeeoea “iaeiia?aiaiii” eaeoueo
ethaeae , caeaiey , Nieioea .Ii aaaeue , ia naiii aeaea , Nieioea iu
aeaeei ia a oio iiiaio , a eioi?ue iu ia iaai niio?ei , a a iiiaio
i?eia?ii ia 8,5 ieioo ?aiueoa (oae eae a?aiy ?ani?ino?aiaiey naaoa io
Nieioea aei Caiee ninoaaeyao i?eia?ii 8 iei. 20 nae. ). A anee iu
“iaeiia?aiaiii” acaeyiai a oaeaneii ia oaeaeaiiua io ian caacaeu e
aaeaeoeee , oi aaeaeoeee ia naiiii aeaea nae/an iu aeaeei a oaeea
iiiaiou , eiaaea iu au? e naie ia ?iaeeeenue , e aeaaea au? ia
iiyaeeanue iaoa Caiey e iaoa Nieia/iay nenoaia .
Oaeei ia?acii , ianoaeaeay iiiyoea nei?inoe aeaeaeouaainy
oaea , iai iaaei iaycaoaeueii ?acia?aoueny , /oi iu iiieiaai iiae
a?aiaiai a ?acee/iuo ianoao i?ino?ainoaa . *oiau yenia?eiaioaeueii
enneaaeiaaoue ia?aiauaiea oaea a i?ino?ainoaa n oa/aieai a?aiaie ,
eo/oa anaai eiaoue eieaeueiua niaeaniaaiiua ae?oa n ae?oaii ecia?eoaee
a?aiaie – /anu , ?annoaaeaiiua ai anao oi/eao i?ino?ainoaa . Oiaaea
nianai ia ioaeii aoaeao aeoiaoue i iii?aaeao a ion/?oao a?aiaie ,
nei?inoyo naaoiauo neaiaeia e o.ae. Iiiaeanoai eieaeueiuo a?aiai a
?acee/iuo oi/eao nenoaiu ion/aoa ia?acoao oi , /oi iu aoaeai iacuaaoue
iieai a?aiaie .
Iino?iei nia/aea iiea a?aiaie a “ iieiyuaeny “ nenoaia
ion/aoa E . Aeey yoiai a ia/aea ion/aoa I i?aaiecoai “ i?iecaiaenoai ”
niaa?oaiii iaeeiaeiauo , eaeaioe/iuo , ecia?eoaeae a?aiaie – /ania ,
oiae eioi?uo , ii aiciiaeiinoe , iaeeiaeia . Caoai yoe ecia?eoaee
a?aiaie aeinoaoi/ii inoi?iaeii ?acian?i ii ?acee/iui oi/eai i?ino?ainoaa
M , N ,… .
Anee au ana yoe /anu iu nia/aee neio?iieciaaee ( aunoaaeee
au ia ieo iaeeiaeiaua iieacaiey a?aiaie ) , a caoai ?acianee ii
?acee/iui oi/eai i?ino?ainoaa , oi iieacaiey /ania , iiiauaiiuo a
?acee/iuo
K y M
N
x
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