IIAINEAE?NEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE OAOIE*ANEEE OIEAA?NEOAO
?aoa?ao
“oEEINIANEEA IIAeOIAeU A
I?EEEAAeIIE OECEEA EACA?IA”
Oeceei-Oaoie/aneee Oaeoeueoao
a?oiia OE31-I
I?aiiaeaaaoaeue: nooaeaio
Iaei?ia O.A.
Iiaineae?ne
1998
…Laser… inter eximia naturae
dona numeratum plurimis
compositionibus inseritur
…Eaca? – iaeei ec /oaeaniaeoeo
aea?ia i?e?iaeu, eiathuee
iiiaeanoai i?eiaiaiee.
Ieeiee Noa?oee. “Anoanoaaiiay
enoi?ey”, XXII, 49 (1 a.i.c.)*
Naao yaeyaony iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo oneiaee nouanoaiaaiey aeecie ia
Caiea. Ii o/anoaoao ai iiiaeo oeie/aneeo e oece/aneeo i?ioeannao,
yaeythueony aeeciaiii-aaaeiuie aeey i?aaieciia Caiee. I/aaeaeii, /oi aac
i?ioeanna oioineioaca a?yae ee iiyaeeanue au aeeciue ia caiea,
iineieueeo oioineioac yaeyaony iniiaie ethaie aeeaie yeieiae/aneie
oeaie. Ai anaeaiiie nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai enoi/ieeia naaoa – caacae.
*aeiaae a i?ioeanna ?acaeoey i?eaeoiae iaiaei eneonnoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia
naaoa – ia/eiay n iaiy e caeai/eaay anaaiciiaeiuie eaiiaie. Nae/an oaea
iaaiciiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue aeeciue nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea aac
eneonnoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia naaoa. Ia oaeeaeoaeueii, /oi /aeiaae ia/ae
eniuouaaoue aicaeaenoaea enoi/ieeia naaoa ia ?acee/iua iauaeou aai
ie?oaeaaoea. Oae iiyaeeenue eaiiu aeey eneonnoaaiiiai caaa?a,
oa?aiaaoe/aneea eaiiu OOI.
Aeaenoaeoaeueiay ?aaiethoeey a nicaeaiee eneonnoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia naaoa
i?iecioea, eiaaea auee nicaeaiu eaca?u (aaa?aaeaoo?a io aiaeeeneiai
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). Eee, aiai?y
ae?oaeie neiaaie eaaioiaua aaia?aoi?u eiaa?aioiiai eceo/aiey.
I?eioeeieaeueii ioee/ea eaca?ia io eiuo enoi/ieeia naaoa ninoieo a oii,
/oi naao, eceo/aiiue eaca?aie iaeaaeaao oa?aeoa?enoeeaie, eioi?uie ia
iaeaaeatho ae?oaea enoi/ieee naaoa. A eiaiii – eiaa?aioiinoueth e
iiiio?iiaoe/iinoueth, Oi anoue naienoaaie, eioi?uie ia iaeaaeatho
i?e?iaeiua enoi/ieee naaoa. Oieeaeueiinoue iao/iuo iiaeoiaeia e ?aoaieth
?acee/iuo i?iaeai n iiiiuueth eaca?ia iaoneaaeeaaaony eiaiii oai, /oi
ionoonoaotho i?e?iaeiua i?ioioeiu iiaeiaiuo enoi/ieeia naaoa.
N iiiiuueth eiaa?aioiuo enoi/ieeia naaoa iiyaeeanue aiciiaeiinoue
aeinoeaaoue i/aiue aunieeo ieioiinoae iiuiinoe, /oi iicaieyao ia oieueei
i?iaiaeeoue oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu (?aceo, naa?eo, caeaeeo
iaoa?eaeia), ii e eco/aoue no?oeoo?u aoiiia e iieaeoe, ecia?youe e
ooi/iyoue ooiaeaiaioaeueiua ie?iaua eiinoaiou, ia eioi?uo iniiauaaaony
nia?aiaiiia oece/aneia i?aaenoaaeaiea ea?oeiu ie?a.
N iiiaioa iiyaeaiey eaca?ia ia i?ae?auathony iiiuoee i?eeiaeaiey eo
oieeaeueiuo naienoa a ?acee/iua iaeanoe aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. *ai aea
iauyniyaony noieue iaoe?iue eioa?an e aeaiiiio ecia?aoaieth?
Eioaineaiia i?eiaiaiea eaca?ia auei au iaaiciiaeii aac oeeinioneeo
?ac?aaioie a oeceea e eaca?iie oeceea.
A eaca?iie oeceea iaeaieaa iieii i?eiaiythony ana n?aaenoaa e iaoiaeu
eiae/aneiai iiceoeaecia. Eniieuecothony ana oeiu eiaeee (a caaeneiinoe
io oiai – yaeyaony ee iai?aaeaiea i?eeeaaeiui eee oai?aoe/aneei) –
aeeaeaeoe/aneay, oi?iaeueia, iaoaiaoe/aneay…
A iaoea eiaaony oaiaeaioeey e ?ac?aaioea aieaa iauaeoeaiuo iaoiaeia
ecia?aiey iniiaiuo aeeciaiiuo aaee/ei: ?annoiyiea, oaiia?aoo?a,
nei?inoue, a?aiy, eiioeuen e o.ae..
Iniiaiui ooiaeaiaioaeueiui iai?aaeaieai a ?acaeoee eaca?iuo i?eeiaeaiee
yaeyaony eaaioiaay iao?ieiaey – iaoea, ii?aaeaeythuay nayce nia?aiaiiuo
i?aaenoaaeaiee i ie?a n ecia?aieyie, i?iaiaeeiuie eae aeey iao/iuo
oeaeae, oae e aeey i?iiuoeaiiuo e i?i/eo.
Aaeeieoea a?aiaie iiaeao auoue ii?aaeaeaia /a?ac /anoioo,
niioaaonoaothuoth ?aciinoe yia?aee aeaoo aoiiiuo eee iieaeoey?iuo
o?iaiae, eae eioa?aae, a eioi?ue oeeaaeuaaaony caaeaiiia /enei eieaaaiee
aeaiiie /anoiou. I?aeoe/aneay nenoaia ecia?aiey a?aiaie o?aaoao
aieueoaai. Aeaei a oii, /oi oeaea a?aiaie i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ia i?inoi
oeaeo a?aiaiiuo eioa?aaeia, ii yaeyaony aaniethoiie oeaeie a oii niunea,
/oi n aa iiiiuueth iiaeii ii?aaeaeyoue a?aiy, i?ioaeoaa io oneiaii
aua?aiiiai ia/aeueiiai iiiaioa (iai?eia?, io ia/aea iaoae y?u), eae au
aaeeei iii ie auei. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, yoa oeaea aeieaeia auoue
iai?a?uaiie, e ieeaeea ?ac?uau iaaeiionoeiu. Oaeay iai?a?uaiinoue
iaania/eaaaony iai?a?uaiui a?auaieai Caiee aie?oa ine (eee ia?auaieai aa
ii i?aeoa), oiaaea eae ecia?aiea /anoiou n iiiiuueth yoaeiia ia
oeaceaaii io/ea aeaao iai oieueei cia/aiea /anoiou a iiiaio ecia?aiey.
*oiau onoaiiaeoue oeaeo a?aiaie e niioianoe oeaceaaoth /anoioo n
ano?iiiie/aneeie yoaeiiaie a?aiaie, iaiaoiaeeii naycaoue yoaeii ia
oeaceaaii io/ea n iaeioi?ui aaia?aoi?ii iai?a?uaiiai aeaenoaey.
Yenia?eiaiou n eaa?oeaauie aaia?aoi?aie iieacaee, /oi aiciiaeii
neiino?oe?iaaoue nenoaio aaia?aoi?ia, au?aaaouaathuoth iaiaoiaeeiue
neaiae a iai?a?uaiii ?aaeeia. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy nenoaia ec aeaoo eee
o?ao ?oaeaeeaauo aaia?aoi?ia n aaciaie y/aeeie, ?aaioathuay a
iai?a?uaiii ?aaeeia, iiaeao auoue iieiaeaia a iniiao iieo/aiey enoeiiie
oeaeu a?aiaie.
Eae oieueei Unai e Ia??e aaaee a aeaenoaea a Iaoeeiiaeueiie oece/aneie
eaai?aoi?ee niie oeaceaaue yoaeii, iie n?aaieee aai /anoioo n a?aiaiiie
oeaeie, onoaiiaeaiiie a A?eiae/neie iana?aaoi?ee, e oaeei ia?acii
iieo/eee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia cia/aiea /anoiou oeaceaaiai ia?aoiaea. Caoai
a ?acoeueoaoa nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo IOE e Ii?neie iana?aaoi?eae NOA
auei iaeaeaii, /oi yoa /anoioa, au?aaeaiiay /a?ac yoaia?eaeiia a?aiy,
ninoaaeyao 9192631770 Aoe [156, 1171.
Aneaae ca ianoaeaeaieyie, i?ioaaeoeie a Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ano?iiiie/aneii
nithca e Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii iao/iii ?aaeeioaoie/aneii nithca, ia XIII
Aaia?aeueiie eiioa?aioeee ii ia?ai e aanai a 1967 a. naeoiaea auea
ii?aaeaeaia eae eioa?aae, a eioi?ue oeeaaeuaaaony 9192631770 ia?eiaeia
eieaaaiee eceo/aiey, niioaaonoaothuaai ia?aoiaeo aoiia ^Na ec ninoiyiey
n ? = 4, oo ^ 0 a ninoiyiea n /•” = 3, i1? = 0 a ionoonoaea aiciouaiey
ni noi?iiu aiaoieo /ieae [13]. A i?aaeaeao oi/iinoe, eioi?ie iicaieytho
aeinoe/ue ano?iiiie/aneea iaaethaeaiey, ii?aaeaeaiiay oaeei ia?acii
naeoiaea ?aaia naeoiaea, ii?aaeaeaiiie ii i?aeoaeueiiio aeaeaeaieth
Caiee a 1900 a.
Oeaea a?aiaie e aaeeieoea /anoiou, ii?aaeaeaiiua n iiiiuueth oea-ceaaiai
yoaeiia, oaia?ue noaee iauaaeinooiiuie iooai ia?aaea/e ii ?aaeei eeai
eiioeueniuo neaiaeia a?aiaie, eeai neaiaeia, iiaeoee?iaaiiuo ia oaeiaiuo
/anoioao. Eae oaea aiai?eeinue, caaeathuei aaia?aoi?ii aeey yoeo
neaiaeia yaeyaony ?oaeaeeaaue aaia?aoi? n aaciaie y/aeeie eee
eaeie-ieaoaeue ae?oaie aaia?aoi? iai?a?uaiiai aeaenoaey, /anoioa
eioi?iai ia?eiaee/anee n?aaieaaaony n /anoioie oeaceaaiai yoaeiia, /1ey
oiai /oiau eniieueciaaoue iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey ?ani?ino?aiaiey
?aaeeiaiei, ianouay /anoioa aieueoeinoaa ?aaeeiia?aaea/ auae?aaony a
aeeaiaciia ieiei 20 eee 60 eAoe; oaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee iniiaiuo
?aaeeinoaioeee i?eaaaeaiu a ?aaioa Noaea [209].
Iineieueeo ?acee/iua ?aaeeiia?aaea/e neaiaeia a?aiaie eiio?iee?othony
?acee/iuie oeaceaauie onoaiiaeaie, yoaeiiiua /anoiou e iieo/aaiua ec ieo
oeaeu a?aiaie oaeaea iiaoo ianeieueei ioee/aoueny ae?oa io ae?oaa. A
niioaaonoaee n iaaeaeoia?iaeiui niaeaoaieai e?oiiaeoea noaioeee
eii?aeeie?otho iaaeaeo niaie ia?aaeaaaaiua eie /anoiou e a?aiaia oaeei
ia?acii, /oiau aiciiaeii aieaa i?eaeeceoueny e iaeiie e oie aea
yoaeiiiie /anoioa e iaeiie e oie aea oeaea a?aiaie. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia
ath?i neoaeau a?aiaie (A111) a Ia?eaea i?eieiaao ia?aaeaiiua ii ?aaeei
neaiaeu a?aiaie e onoaiaaeeaaao ia eo iniiaa iaeioi?oth n?aaeithth oeaeo
a?aiaie, eioi?ay e ii?aaeaeyao i?eiyooth a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ianooaaa
oeaeo aoiiiiai a?aiaie, aeaoaee yoie i?ioeaaeo?u e iaoiae, n iiiiuueth
eioi?iai neaiaeu aoiiiiai a?aiaie niioiinyony n ?acee/iuie oeaeaie
ano?iiiie/aneiai a?aiaie, iienaiu a ?aaioao Aeii [102] e Ynnaia [79];
aeaeueiaeoea iiae?iaiinoe iiaeii iaeoe a niiauaieyo Eiiennee ?31 (A?aiy)
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ano?iiiie/aneiai nithca ca 1964, 1967 e 1971 aa.
Eae oaea aiai?eeinue, aeey niaeaniaaiey /anoio neaiaeia, ia?aaeaaaaiuo
ii ?aaeei, e oeae oi/iiai a?aiaie i?iecaiaeeony eo i?eai ianeieueeeie
noaioeeyie, a /anoiinoe noaioeeyie Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ath?i neoaeau
a?aiaie. Iaeiaei aieaa aunieay oi/iinoue aeinoeaaaony i?e
iaiin?aaenoaaiiii n?aaiaiee oeaceaauo yoaeiiia ?aciuo eaai?aoi?ee. Oaeia
n?aaiaiea auei i?iaaaeaii a 1965 a. n iiiiuueth ii?oaoeaiuo aaia?aoi?ia
n na?aieiio?ieai. Auei onoaiiaeaii, /oi oeaeu a?aiaie, ii?aaeaeyaiua
?acee/iuie oeaceaauie yoaeiiaie, iiaoo auoue niaeaniaaiu n oi/iinoueth
aei 1 ien.
OECE*ANEEE NIUNE AOIIIIAI E YOAIA?EAeIIAI A?AIAIE
Caaeaaaaiia inoeeeeyoi?ii aoiiiia a?aiy a iaeioi?ie oi/ea i?ino?ainoaa
yaeyaony nianoaaiiui a?aiaiai a niunea niaoeeaeueiie oai?ee
ioiineoaeueiinoe. Aoiiiay oeaea iayaii eniieuecoaony e a eaaioiaie
iaoaieea. A eaaioiaie iaoaieea o?aaiaiea aeaeaeaiey eiaao aeae:
ih(dy/dt) = Hy,
aaea y — caaenyuay io a?aiaie aieiiaay ooieoeey, H — aaieeueoiieai, a
niioiioaiea
DE=hn
yaeyaony i?yiui neaaenoaeai o?aaiaiey aeaeaeaiey.
Oaeei ia?acii, ec i?aaeiieiaeaiey i iaeciaiiinoe /anoiou,
niioaaonoaothuae aeaiiie ?aciinoe yia?aee, ia eioi?ii iniiaaia aoiiiay
oeaea a?aiaie, neaaeoao auaiae i ni?aaaaeeeainoe o?aaiaiey aeaeaeaiey.
Iiaeiaiui aea ia?acii, a oeaea yoaia?eaeiiai a?aiaie ni?aaaaeeeau
iuethoiiianeea caeiiu aeaeaeaiey, eai ec ieo neaaeoao, /oi ia?eiae
ia?auaiey ieaiaou aie?oa oeaio?a oyaioaiey ii iaeioi?ie iaaiciouaiiie
yeeeioe/aneie i?aeoa iinoiyiai.
A ?aeyoeaenoneie oai?ee, iaeiaei, oece/aneee niune yoaia?eaeiiai a?aiaie
oaea ia noieue ynai. Auneacuaaeanue iuneue, /oi iii aeieaeii auoue
ioiaeaeanoaeaii n eii?aeeiaoiui a?aiaiai niaoeeaeueiie oai?ee
ioiineoaeueiinoe, ii n yoei ooaa?aeaeaieai niaeaniu aeaeaei ia ana. Ai
anyeii neo/aa auyniaiea oiai, nouanoaoao ee ?anoiaeaeaiea iaaeaeo
aoiiiie e yoaia?eaeiie oeaeie a?aiaie, i?aaenoaaeyei au ianiiiaiiue
eioa?an – iaeiaei, iaaeaaeiia onoaiiaeaiea yoiai oaeoa iio?aaoao iiiaeo
aeanyoeeaoee.
* – Eaca? ai a?aiaia a?aei-?eineie oeeaeeecaoeee
(iiyniaiey e oeeoaoa ec Ieeiey Noa?oaai).
A ia?eiae a?aei-?eineie oeeaeeecaoeee (i?eaioe?iai/ii ia/eiay n 6 a.
aei i. y. e eii/ay 2 a. i. y.) eaca? aue oe?iei ecaanoai e aanueia
i?ineaaeyeny. A ioee/ea io nia?aiaiiiai eaca?a yoi auei a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ?anoaiea, iaeaaeaaoaa, ai?i/ai, ia iaiaa
caia/aoaeueiuie naienoaaie. Yoi ?anoaiea (ioiineaoaany, aiciiaeii, e
ciioe/iui) a aeeeii aeaea ano?a/aeinue ia aieueoie oa??eoi?ee ieiei a.
Ee?aiu (a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?eiaaeeaaeeo Eeaee). Eiiaaea yoi ?anoaiea
eiaiiaaee oaeaea Laserpitium e ca ii/oe /oaeiaeaenoaaiiua naienoaa
n/eoaee aiaeueei aea?ii. Iii i?eiaiyeinue aeey ea/aiey iiiaeanoaa
aieaciae – io i?inooaeu aei ?acee/iuo yieaeaie/aneeo caaieaaaiee. Aai
eniieueciaaee eae i?ioeaiyaeea i?ioea oeona ciae, nei?ieiiia eee i?e
iiiaaeaiee a oaei io?aaeaiiie no?aeu. Aeaaiaea?y naiei i?ae?aniui
aeoniaui ea/anoaai yoi ?anoaiea oiio?aaeyee a ea/anoaa ecuneaiiie
i?ei?aau a naiie eo/oae eooia. Iii i?aaenoaaeyei noieue aieueooth
oeaiiinoue, n/eoaeinue iniiaiui enoi/ieeii i?ioeaaoaiey Ee?aiu; aai
auaiceee eae a A?aoeeth, oae e a ?ei. A ia?eiae ?eineiai ainiiaenoaa yoi
auea aaeeinoaaiiay aeaiue, eioi?oth aeeoaee Ee?aiu ieaoeee ?eieyiai,
o?aieaoei eaca? a naeo noiaeoeao aianoa n cieiouie neeoeaie. Aiciiaeii,
eo/oei naeaeaoaeuenoaii nouanoaiaaiey eaca?a (?anoaiey) yaeyaony aai
ecia?aaeaiea ia ecaanoiie /aoa A?oeaneeai (yoa /aoa o?aieony oaia?ue a
iocaa a. Ee?aiu, Eeaey), ia eioi?ie iiaeii aeaeaoue, eae iineeueueee
a?ocyo ia ei?aaeue iiae iaaethaeaieai ei?iey A?oeaneeai. E a?aee, e
?eieyia iuoaeenue au?aueaaoue eaca? a ?acee/iuo /anoyo Aioeee e Eiiee
(ia thaa Eoaeee), ii yoi ei ia oaeaeinue naeaeaoue. Aiineaaenoaee eaca?
ano?a/aeny ana ?aaea e ?aaea e, ii-aeaeeiiio, ieiei 2 a. i. y. En/ac
iaanaaaea. N oao ii?, ianiio?y ia oi /oi i?aaei?eieiaeenue aieueoea
oneeey iaeoe eaca? a ionouiyo e thao io Ee?aiu, ii oae e ia aue
iaia?oaeai e, oaeei ia?acii, inoaiaony oo?a/aiiui nie?iaeuai
a?aei-?eineie oeeaeeecaoeee.
Auaiaeu
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
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