Aaaaeaiea
?iaeaeaiea yia?aaoeee i?iecioei ianeieueei ieeeeiiia eao oiio iacaae,
eiaaea ethaee iao/eeenue eniieueciaaoue iaiiue. Iaiiue aeaaae ei oaiei
e naao, aue enoi/ieeii aaeioiiaaiey e iioeiecia, i?oaeeai i?ioea a?aaia
e aeeeeo caa?ae, ea/aaiui n?aaenoaii, iiiiuieeii a caieaaeaeee,
eiina?aaioii i?iaeoeoia, oaoiieiae/aneei n?aaenoaii e o.ae.
Ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo eao iaiiue iiaeaea?aeeaaeny iooai naeeaaiey
?anoeoaeueiuo yia?aiiineoaeae (ae?aaaneiu, eonoa?ieeia, eaiuoa, o?aau,
nooeo aiaei?ineae e o.i.), a caoai auea iaia?oaeaia aiciiaeiinoue
eniieueciaaoue aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey iaiy eneiiaaiua aauanoaa: eaiaiiue
oaieue, iaooue, neaioeu, oi?o.
I?ae?aniue ieo i I?iiaoaa, aea?iaaaoai ethaeyi iaiiue iiyaeeny a
Ae?aaiae A?aoeee cia/eoaeueii iicaea oiai, eae ai iiiaeo /anoyo naaoa
auee inaiaiu iaoiaeu aeiaieueii eciu?aiiiai ia?auaiey n iaiai, aai
iieo/aieai e oooaieai, nio?aiaieai iaiy e ?aoeeiiaeueiui eniieueciaaieai
oiieeaa.
Nae/an ecaanoii, /oi ae?aaaneia – yoi aeeoioee?iaaiiay n iiiiuueth
oioineioaca nieia/iay yia?aey. I?e nai?aiee eaaeaeiai eeeia?aiia nooie
ae?aaaneiu auaeaeyaony ieiei 20 000 e Aeae oaiea, oaieioa nai?aiey
ao?iai oaey ?aaia i?eia?ii 13 000 eAeae/ea, aio?aoeeoa 25 000 eAeae/ea,
iaooe e iaooai?iaeoeoia 42 000 eAeae/ea, a i?e?iaeiiai aaca 45 000
eAeae/ea. Naiie aunieie oaieioie nai?aiey iaeaaeaao aiaei?iae 120 000
eAeae/ea.
*aeiaa/anoao ioaeia yia?aey, i?e/ai iio?aaiinoe a iae oaaee/eaathony n
eaaeaeui aiaeii. Aianoa n oai caianu o?aaeeoeeiiiuo i?e?iaeiuo oiieea
(iaooe, oaey, aaca e ae?.) eiia/iu. Eiia/iu oaeaea e caianu yaea?iiai
oiieeaa – o?aia e oi?ey, ec eioi?iai iiaeii iieo/eoue a
?aaeoi?ao-?aciiiaeeoaeyo ieooiiee. I?aeoe/anee iaen/a?iaaiu caianu
oa?iiyaea?iiai oiieeaa – aiaei?iaea, iaeiaei oi?aaeyaiua oa?iiyaea?iua
?aaeoeee iiea ia inaiaiu, e iaecaanoii eiaaea iie aoaeoo eniieueciaaiu
aeey i?iiuoeaiiiai iieo/aiey yia?aee a /enoii aeaea, o.a. aac o/anoey a
yoii i?ioeanna ?aaeoi?ia aeaeaiey A nayce n oeacaiiuie i?iaeaiaie
noaiiaeony ana aieaa iaiaoiaeeiui eniieueciaaiea iao?aaeeoeeiiiuo
yia?ai?ano?nia, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue nieia/iie, aao?iaie, aaioa?iaeueiie
yia?aee, ia?yaeo n aiaae?aieai yia?ainaa?aaathueo oaoiieiaee.
N?aaee aiciaiiaeyaiuo enoi/ieeia yia?aee nieia/iay ?aaeeaoeey ii
ianooaaai ?ano?nia, yeieiae/aneie /enoioa e iianaianoiie
?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe iaeaieaa ia?niaeoeaia.
Aia?aua ia i?aeoe/aneoth aiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaiey ethaeueie ia?iiiie
yia?aee Nieioea oeacae iniiaiiieiaeiee oai?aoe/aneie einiiiaaoeee
E.Y. Oeeieeianeee a 1912 aiaeo ai aoi?ie /anoe naiae eieae:
“Enneaaeiaaiey ie?iauo i?ino?ainoa ?aaeoeaiuie i?eai?aie”. Ii ienae:
“?aaeoeaiua i?eai?u caaiththo ethaeyi aani?aaeaeueiua i?ino?ainoaa e
aeaaeoo nieia/ioth yia?aeth, a aeaa ieeeea?aea ?ac aieueooth, /ai oa,
eioi?oth /aeiaa/anoai eiaao ia Caiea”.
O ian anoue ia oieueei Caiey, ii e aanue iaiauyoiue Einiin, ?ano?nu
eioi?iai ?aciiia?aciu e iaen/a?iaaiu. Iioeienou oaa?aiu – ianooieo
a?aiy, eiaaea ana iaeaieaa yia?aiaieea e a?aaeiua aeey ethaeae e ae?oaeo
aeeauo i?aaieciia i?iecaiaenoaa aoaeoo ?aniieaaaoueny a einie/aneii
i?ino?ainoaa, a Caiey – iaiau/aeii e?aneaay e ooiaeaiiay “eieuaaeue
?acoia” – noaiao eniieueciaaoueny oieueei aeey ioaeuoa, ea/aiey e
iaeioi?uo aaca?aaeiuo aeey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee.
Yia?aey nieioea iiaeao auoue eniieueciaaia eae a caiiuo oneiaeyo, oae e
a einiina. Iacaiiua nieia/iua yeaeo?inoaioeee neaaeoao no?ieoue a
?aeiiao ?aniieiaeaiiuo eae iiaeii aeeaea e yeaaoi?o n aieueoei
eiee/anoaii nieia/iuo aeiae. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy nieia/ioth yia?aeth
yeiiiie/anee oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue aeey ai?y/aai aiaeiniaaaeaiey
naciiiuo iio?aaeoaeae oeia nii?oeaii-icaei?iaeoaeueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee, aac
ioaeuoa, aea/iuo iinaeeia, a oaeaea aeey iaia?aaa ioe?uouo e cae?uouo
ieaaaoaeueiuo aannaeiia. A nooii aea?eii eeeiaoa N?aaeiae Acee
?aoeeiiaeueii eniieueciaaoue onoaiiaee aeey ioeaaeaeaiey caeaiee e
nii?oaeaiee, naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo iauaeoia, ioe/ieeia, o?aiaiey
nei?iii?oyueony i?iaeoeoia, iaaeeoeeineeo i?aia?aoia e o.ae.
Ia?aua iiuou eniieueciaaiey nieia/iie yia?aee
A 1600 a. ai O?aioeee aue nicaeai ia?aue nieia/iue aeaeaaoaeue,
?aaioaaoee ia iaa?aoii aicaeooa e eniieueciaaaoeeny aeey ia?aea/ee
aiaeu. A eiioea XVII a. aaaeouee o?aioeocneee oeiee A. Eaaoacuea nicaeae
ia?aoth nieia/ioth ia/ue, a eioi?ie aeinoeaaeanue oaiia?aoo?a a 1650 iN
e iaa?aaaeenue ia?acoeu enneaaeoaiuo iaoa?eaeia a aaeooia e caueoiie
aoiinoa?a, a oaeaea auee eco/aiu naienoaa oaea?iaea e ieaoeiu. A 1866
a. o?aioeoc A. Iooi iino?iee a Aeaee?a ianeieueei e?oiiuo nieia/iuo
eiioeaio?aoi?ia e eniieueciaae eo aeey aeenoeeeyoeee aiaeu e i?eaiaeia
ianinia. Ia anaie?iie aunoaaea a Ia?eaea a 1878 a. A. Iooi
i?iaeaiiino?e?iaae nieia/ioth ia/ue aeey i?eaioiaeaiey ieue, a eioi?ie
0,5 ea iyna iiaeii auei naa?eoue ca 20 ieioo. A 1833 a. a NOA
Aeae. Y?eenii iino?iee nieia/iue aicaeooiue aeaeaaoaeue n
ia?aaieioeeeeiae?e/aneei eiioeaio?aoi?ii ?acia?ii 4,8* 3,3 i. Ia?aue
ieineee eieeaeoi? nieia/iie yia?aee aue iino?iai o?aioeocii
O.A. Oaeuea?ii. Ii eiae ieiuaaeue 20 i 2 e eniieueciaaeny a oaieiaii
aeaeaaoaea, ?aaioaaoai ia aiieaea. A 1885a. Auea i?aaeeiaeaia noaia
nieia/iie onoaiiaee n ieineei eieeaeoi?ii aeey iiaea/e aiaeu, i?e/ai ii
aue niiioe?iaai ia e?uoa i?eno?ieee e aeiio.
Ia?aay e?oiiiianooaaiay onoaiiaea aeey aeenoeeeyoeee aiaeu auea
iino?iaia a *eee a 1871 a. aia?eeaineei eiaeaia?ii *. Oeeniiii. Iia
yenieoaoe?iaaeanue a oa/aiea 30 eao, iinoaaeyy ieoueaaoth aiaeo aeey
?oaeieea.
A 1890 a. i?ioanni? A.E. Oea?anneee a Iineaa inouanoaee i?ioeann
ieaaeaiey iaoaeeia nieia/iie yia?aeae, noieone?iaaiiie ia?aaieieaeiui
ca?eaeii, a oieona eioi?iai oaiia?aoo?a i?aauoaea 3000 iN.
I?aia?aciaaiea nieia/iie yia?aee a oaieioo, ?aaioo e yeaeo?e/anoai
Nieioea – aeaaioneia naaoeei, eiathuaa aeeaiao? 1392 oun. ei. Aai ianna
(2*1030 ea) a 333 oun. ?ac i?aauoaao ianno Caiee, a iauai a 1,3 iei. ?ac
aieueoa iauaia Caiee. Oeie/aneee ninoaa Nieioea: 81,76 % aiaei?iaea,
18,14 % aaeey e 0,1% acioa. N?aaeiyy ieioiinoue aauanoaa Nieioea ?aaia
1400 ea/i3. Aioo?e Nieioea i?ienoiaeyo oa?iiyaea?iua ?aaeoeee
i?aa?auaiey aiaei?iaea a aaeee e aaeanaeoiaeii 4 ie?ae. ea iaoa?ee
i?aia?acoaony a yia?aeth, eceo/aaioth Nieioeai a einie/aneia
i?ino?ainoai a aeaea yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei ?acee/iie aeeeiu.
Nieia/ioth yia?aeth ethaee eniieuecotho n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai. Aua a
212a. i.y.n iiiiuueth eiioeaio?e?iaaiiuo nieia/iuo eo/ae caaeeaaee
nayuaiiue iaiiue o o?aiia. Niaeanii eaaaiaea I?eaeeceoaeueii a oi aea
a?aiy a?a/aneee o/aiue A?oeiaae i?e caueoa ?iaeiiai ai?iaea iiaeaeaa
ia?ona ?eineiai oeioa.
Nieia/iay ?aaeeaoeey – yoi iaen/a?iaaiue aiciaiiaeyaiue enoi/iee
yeieiae/anee /enoie yia?aee.
Aa?oiae a?aieoeu aoiinoa?u Caiee ca aiae aeinoeaaao iioie nieia/iie
yia?aee a eiee/anoaa 5,6*1024 Aeae. Aoiinoa?a Caiee io?aaeaao 35 % yoie
yia?aee ia?aoii a einiin, a inoaeueiay yia?aey ?anoiaeoaony ia iaa?aa
caiiie iiaa?oiinoe, enia?eoaeueii-inaaei/iue oeeee e ia?aciaaiea aiei a
ii?yo e ieaaiao, aicaeooiuo e ieaaineeo oa/aiee e aao?a.
N?aaeiaaiaeiaia eiee/anoai nieia/iie yia?aee, iinooiathuae ca 1 aeaiue
ia 1i2 iiaa?oiinoe Caiee, eieaaeaony io 7,2 IAeae/i2 ia naaa?a aei 21,4
IAeae/i2 a ionouiyo e o?iieeao.
Nieia/iay yia?aey iiaeao auoue i?aia?aciaaia a oaieiaoth, iaoaie/aneoth
e yeaeo?e/aneoth yia?aeth, eniieueciaaia a oeie/aneeo e aeieiae/aneeo
i?ioeannao. Nieia/iua onoaiiaee iaoiaeyo i?eiaiaiea a nenoaiao ioiieaiey
e ioeaaeaeaiey aeeeuo e iauanoaaiiuo caeaiee, a oaoiieiae/aneeo
i?ioeannao, i?ioaeathueo i?e ieceeo, n?aaeieo e aunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao.
Iie eniieuecothony aeey iieo/aiey ai?y/ae aiaeu, ii?aniaiey ii?neie eee
ieia?aeece?iaaiiie aiaeu, aeey nooee iaoa?eaeia e naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
i?iaeoeoia e o.i. Aeaaiaea?y nieia/iie yia?aee inouanoaeyaony i?ioeann
oioineioaca e ?ino ?anoaiee, i?ienoiaeyo ?acee/iua oioioeie/aneea
i?ioeannu.
Ecaanoiu iaoiaeu oa?iiaeeiaie/aneiai i?aia?aciaaiey nieia/iie yia?aee a
yeaeo?e/aneoth, iniiaaiiua ia eniieueciaaiee oeeeeia oaieiauo
aeaeaaoaeae, oa?iiyeaeo?e/aneiai e oa?iiyienneiiiiai i?ioeannia, a
oaeaea i?yiua iaoiaeu oioiyeaeo?e/aneiai, oioiaaeueaaie/aneiai e
oioiyienneiiiiai i?aia?aciaaiee. Iaeaieueoaa i?aeoe/aneia i?eiaiaiea
iieo/eee oioiyeaeo?e/aneea i?aia?aciaaoaee e nenoaiu oa?iiaeeiaie/aneiai
i?aia?aciaaiey n i?eiaiaieai oaieiauo aeaeaaoaeae.
Nieia/iay yia?aey i?aia?acoaony a yeaeo?e/aneoth ia nieia/iuo
yeaeo?inoaioeeyo (NYN), eiathueo iai?oaeiaaiea, i?aaeiacia/aiiia aeey
oeaaeeaaiey nieia/iie yia?aee e aa iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai i?aia?aciaaiey a
oaieioo e yeaeo?iyia?aeth. Aeey yooaeoeaiie ?aaiou NYN o?aaoaony
aeeoioeyoi? oaieiou e nenoaia aaoiiaoe/aneiai oi?aaeaiey.
Oeaaeeaaiea e i?aia?aciaaiea nieia/iie yia?aee a oaieioo inouanoaeyaony
n iiiiuueth iioe/aneie nenoaiu io?aaeaoaeae e i?eaiieea
neiioeaio?e?iaaiiie nieia/iie yia?aee, eniieuecoaiie aeey iieo/aiey
aiaeyiiai ia?a eee iaa?aaa aaciia?aciiai eee aeeaeeiiaoaeee/aneiai
oaieiiineoaey (?aai/aai oaea).
Aeey ?aciauaiey nieia/iuo yeaeo?inoaioeee eo/oa anaai iiaeoiaeyo
canooeeaua e ionouiiua ciiu.
Ia iiaa?oiinoue naiuo aieueoeo ionouiue ie?a iauae ieiuaaeueth 20
iei.ei2 (ieiuaaeue Naoa?u 7 iei. ei2 ) ca aiae iinooiaao ieiei 5*1016
eAo*/ nieia/iie yia?aee. I?e yooaeoeaiinoe i?aia?aciaaiey nieia/iie
yia?aee a yeaeo?e/aneoth, ?aaiie 10%, aeinoaoi/ii eniieueciaaoue anaai 1
% oa??eoi?ee ionouiiuo cii aeey ?aciauaiey NYN, /oiau iaania/eoue
nia?aiaiiue ie?iaie o?iaaiue yia?aiiio?aaeaiey.
Aaoaiiua e iiaeoeueiua yeaeo?inoaioeee
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy no?iyony nieia/iua yeaeo?inoaioeee a iniiaiii aeaoo
oeiia: NYN aaoaiiiai oeia e NYN ?ani?aaeaeaiiiai (iiaeoeueiiai) oeia.
Eaeay, eaaeauay a iniiaa ?aaiou NYN aaoaiiiai oeia, auea auneacaia
aieaa 350 eao iacaae, iaeiaei no?ieoaeuenoai NYN yoiai oeia ia/aeinue
oieueei a 1965 a., a a 80-o aiaeao aue iino?iai ?yae iiuiuo nieia/iuo
yeaeo?inoaioeee a NOA, Caiaaeiie Aa?iia, NNN? e a ae?oaeo no?aiao.
A !985 a. a i. Uaeeeii E?uineie iaeanoe auea aaaaeaia a yenieoaoaoeeth
ia?aay a NNN? nieia/iay yeaeo?inoaioeey NYN-5 yeaeo?e/aneie iiuiinoueth
5 IAo; 1600 aaeeinoaoia (ieineeo ca?eae) ieiuaaeueth 25,5 i2 eaaeaeue,
eiathueo eiyooeoeeaio io?aaeaiey 0,71, eiioeaio?e?otho nieia/ioth
yia?aeth ia oeaio?aeueiue i?eaiiee a aeaea ioe?uoiai oeeeeiae?a,
onoaiiaeaiiiai ia aaoia aunioie 89 i e neoaeauaai ia?iaaia?aoi?ii.
A aaoaiiuo NYN eniieuecoaony oeaio?aeueiue i?eaiiee n iieai
aaeeinoaoia, iaania/eaathuei noaiaiue eiioeaio?aoeee a ianeieueei ouny/.
Nenoaia neaaeaiey ca Nieioeai cia/eoaeueii neiaeia, oae eae o?aaoaony
a?auaiea aie?oa aeaoo inae. Oi?aaeaiea nenoaiie inouanoaeyaony n
iiiiuueth YAI. A ea/anoaa ?aai/aai oaea a oaieiaii aeaeaaoaea iau/ii
eniieuecoaony aiaeyiie ia? n oaiia?aoo?ie aei 550 iN, aicaeoo e ae?oaea
aacu – aei 1000 iN, ieceieeiyuea i?aaie/aneea aeeaeeinoe (a oii /enea
o?aiiu) – aei 100 iN, aeeaeeiiaoaeee/aneea oaieiiineoaee – aei 800 iN.
Aeaaiui iaaeinoaoeii aaoaiiuo NYN yaeythony eo aunieay noieiinoue e
aieueoay caieiaaiay ieiuaaeue. Oae, aeey ?aciauaiey NYN iiuiinoueth 100
IAo o?aaoaony ieiuaaeue a 200 aa, a aeey AYN iiuiinoueth 1000 IAo –
anaai 50 aa. Aaoaiiua NYN iiuiinoueth aei 10 IAo ia?aioaaaeueiu, eo
iioeiaeueiay iiuiinoue ?aaia 100 IAo , a aunioa aaoie 250 i.
A NYN ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiiai (iiaeoeueiiai) oeia eniieuecoaony aieueoia
/enei iiaeoeae, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo aeeth/aao ia?aaiei-oeeeeiae?e/aneee
eiioeaio?aoi? nieia/iiai eceo/aiey e i?eaiiee, ?aniieiaeaiiue a oieona
eiioeaio?aoi?a e eniieuecoaiue aeey iaa?aaa ?aai/ae aeeaeeinoe,
iiaeaaaaiie a oaieiaie aeaeaaoaeue, eioi?ue niaaeeiai n
yeaeo?iaaia?aoi?ii. Naiay e?oiiay NYN yoiai oeia iino?iaia a NOA e eiaao
iiuiinoue 12,5 IAo.
I?e iaaieueoie iiuiinoe NYN iiaeoeueiiai oeia aieaa yeiiiie/iu /ai
aaoaiiua. A NYN iiaeoeueiiai oeia iau/ii eniieuecothony eeiaeiua
eiioeaio?aoi?u nieia/iie yia?aee n iaeneiaeueiie noaiaiueth
eiioeaio?aoeee ieiei 100.
A niioaaonoaee n i?iaiicii a aoaeouai NYN caeioo ieiuaaeue 13 iei. ei2
ia nooa e 18 iei. ei2 a ieaaia.
Nieia/iua aaoa?ae
Yia?aey nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee iiaeao auoue i?aia?aciaaia a iinoiyiiue
yeaeo?e/aneee oie iin?aaenoaii nieia/iuo aaoa?ae – ono?ienoa, ninoiyueo
ec oiieeo ieaiie e?aiiey eee ae?oaeo iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo iaoa?eaeia.
I?aeiouanoai oioiyeaeo?e/aneeo i?aia?aciaaoaeae (OYI) iaoneiaeaii
ionoonoaeai iiaeaeaeiuo /anoae, eo aunieie iaaeaaeiinoueth e
noaaeeueiinoueth. I?e yoii n?ie eo neoaeau i?aeoe/anee ia ia?aie/ai. Iie
eiatho iaeoth ianno, ioee/athony i?inoioie ianeoaeeaaiey, yooaeoeaiui
eniieueciaaieai eae i?yiie, oae e ?annayiiie nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee.
Iiaeoeueiue oei eiino?oeoeee iicaieyao nicaeaaaoue onoaiiaee i?aeoe/anee
ethaie iiuiinoe e aeaeaao eo aanueia ia?niaeoeaiuie. Iaaeinoaoeii OYI
yaeyaony aunieay noieiinoue e ieceee EIAe (a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?aeoe/anee
10-12 %).
Oioiyeaeo?e/aneee yooaeo aicieeaao a nieia/iii yeaiaioa i?e aai
inaauaiee naaoii a aeaeeiie e aeeaeiae eio?ae?aniie iaeanoyo niaeo?a. A
nieia/iii yeaiaioa ec iieoi?iaiaeieeiaiai e?aiiey oieueiie 50iei
iiaeiuathony oioiiu, e eo yia?aey i?aia?acoaony a yeaeo?e/aneoth
iin?aaenoaii p-n niaaeeiaiey.
Ia?aoiae ia aaoa?iniaaeeiaiey oeia a?naieaea aaeeey e aethieiey,
i?eiaiaiea eiioeaio?aoi?ia nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee n e?aoiinoueth
eiioeaio?aoeee 50-100 iicaieyao iiauneoue EIAe n 20 aei 35 %. A 1989 a.
oe?iie “Aieia” nicaeai aeaooneieiue yeaiaio, ninoiyuee ec aeaoo
iieoi?iaiaeieeia – a?naieaea e aioeiiieaea aaeey – n eiyooeoeeaioii
i?aia?aciaaiey nieia/iie yia?aee a yeaeo?e/aneoth, ?aaiui 37 %. A
iau/iuo e?aiieaauo yeaiaioao eio?ae?aniia eceo/aiea ia eniieuecoaony, a
oi a?aiy eae a iiaii yeaiaioa a ia?aii i?ic?a/iii neia (a?naieae aaeey)
iiaeiuaaony e i?aia?acoaony a yeaeo?e/anoai aeaeeiue naao, a
eio?ae?aniay /anoue niaeo?a, i?ioiaeyuay /a?ac yoio neie, iiaeiuaaony e
i?aia?acoaony a yeaeo?e/anoai ai aoi?ii neia (aioeiiieaea aaeeey), a
eoiaa EIAe ninoaaeyao 28%+9%=37%, /oi aiieia niiinoaaeii n EIAe
nia?aiaiiuo oaieiauo e aoiiiuo yeaeo?inoaioeee.
Nieia/iua aaoa?ae iiea eniieuecothony a iniiaiii a einiina, a ia Caiea
oieueei aeey yia?ainiaaaeaiey aaoiiiiiuo iio?aaeoaeae iiuiinoueth aei 1
eAo, ieoaiey ?aaeeiiaaeaaoeeiiiie e iaeiiiuiie ?aaeeiyeaeo?iiiie
aiia?aoo?u, i?eaiaea yenia?eiaioaeueiuo yeaeo?iiiaeeae e naiieaoia. A
1988 a. a Aano?aeee ninoiyeenue ia?aua anaie?iua ?aeee nieia/iuo
aaoiiiaeeae. Ii ia?a niaa?oainoaiaaiey nieia/iuo aaoa?ae iie aoaeoo
iaoiaeeoue i?eiaiaiea a aeeeuo aeiiao aeey aaoiiiiiiai yia?ainiaaaeaiey,
o.a. ioiieaiey e ai?y/aai aiaeiniaaaeaiey, a oaeaea aeey au?aaioee
yeaeo?iyia?aee aeey inaauaiey e ieoaiey auoiauo yeaeo?ii?eai?ia.
A ?yaea no?ai ?ac?aaaouaathony aaeeiyia?aeoe/aneea onoaiiaee n
eniieueciaaieai oae iacuaaaiuo nieia/iuo i?oaeia.
Nieia/iue i?oae
NYN ia aaca nieia/iuo i?oaeia cia/eoaeueii aeaoaaea NYN ae?oaeo oeiia,
oae eae iie ia o?aaotho ca?eaeueiuo io?aaeaoaeae ni neiaeiie nenoaiie
i?eaioaoeee, iaeiaei eo iiaeii nii?oaeaoue oieueei a ?aeiiao n aea?eei
eeeiaoii.
A nieia/iii i?oaeo i?ienoiaeeo iaeiia?aiaiiia oeaaeeaaiea e iaeaieeaaiea
nieia/iie yia?aee a aieueoii iauaia aeeaeeinoe. Iaia?oaeaii, /oi a
iaeioi?uo anoanoaaiiuo nieaiuo ica?ao oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu o aeia iiaeao
aeinoeaaoue 70 iN. Yoi iaoneiaeaii aunieie eiioeaio?aoeeae niee. A
iau/iii aiaeiaia iiaeiuaaiay nieia/iay yia?aey iaa?aaaao a iniiaiii
iiaa?oiinoiue neie e yoa oaieioa aeiaieueii auno?i oa?yaony, iniaaiii a
ii/iua /anu e i?e oieiaeiie iaianoiie iiaiaea ec-ca enia?aiey aiaeu e
oaieiiaiaia n ie?oaeathuei aicaeooii. Nieia/iay yia?aey, i?iieeathuay
/a?ac anth ianno aeeaeeinoe a nieia/iii i?oaeo, iiaeiuaaony ie?aoaiiui a
oaiiue oeaao aeiii e iaa?aaaao i?eeaaathuea neie aeeaeeinoe, a
?acoeueoaoa /aai oaiia?aoo?a aa iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 90-100 iN, a oi
a?aiy eae oaiia?aoo?a iiaa?oiinoiiai neiy inoaaony ia o?iaia 20 iN.
Aeaaiaea?y aunieie oaieiaieinoe aiaeu a nieia/iii i?oaeo ca eaoiee nacii
iaeaieeaaaony aieueoia eiee/anoai oaieiou, e aneaaenoaea ieceeo oaieiauo
iioa?ue iaaeaiea oaiia?aoo?u a ieaeiai neia a oieiaeiue ia?eiae aiaea
i?ienoiaeeo iaaeeaiii, oae /oi nieia/iue i?oae neoaeeo naciiiui
aeeoioeyoi?ii yia?aee. Oaieioa e iio?aaeoaeth ioaiaeeony ec ieaeiae ciiu
i?oaea
Iau/ii aeoaeia i?oaea ninoaaeyao 1-3 i. Ia 1 i 2 ieiuaaee i?oaea
o?aaoaony 500-1000 ea iiaa?aiiie niee, aa iiaeii caiaieoue oei?eaeii
iaaiey.
Iaeaieaa e?oiiue ec nouanoaothueo nieia/iuo i?oaeia iaoiaeeony a
ianoa/ea Aaeo-Oa-A?aaa a Ec?aeea. Aai ieiuaaeue ninoaaeyao 250 000 i 2 .
Ii eniieuecoaony aeey i?iecaiaenoaa yeaeo?iyia?aee. Yeaeo?e/aneay
iiuiinoue yia?aaoe/aneie onoaiiaee, ?aaioathuae ii oeeeeo ?aieeia, ?aaia
5 IAo. Naaanoieiinoue 1 eAo*/ yeaeo?iyia?aee cia/eoaeueii ieaea, /ai ia
NYN ae?oaeo oeiia.
Iienaiiue yooaeo aeinoeaaaony aeaaiaea?y oiio, /oi ii aeoaeia nieia/iiai
i?oaea iiaeaea?aeeaaaony a?aaeeaio iiaa?aiiie niee, iai?aaeaiiue naa?oo
aiec, o.a. aanue iauai aeeaeeinoe eae au ?acaeaeai ia o?e ciiu,
eiioeaio?aoeey niee ii aeoaeia iinoaiaiii oaaee/eaaaony e aeinoeaaao
iaeneiaeueiiai cia/aiey ia ieaeiai o?iaia. Oieueia yoiai neiy ninoaaeyao
2/3 iauae aeoaeiu aiaeiaia. A ieaeiai eiiaaeoeaiii neia eiioeaio?aoeey
niee iaeneiaeueia e ?aaiiia?ii ?ani?aaeaeaia a iauaia aeeaeeinoe. Eoae,
ieioiinoue aeeaeeinoe iaeneiaeueia o aeia i?oaea e ieieiaeueia o aai
iiaa?oiinoe a niioaaonoaee n ?ani?aaeaeaieai eiioeaio?aoeee niee.
Nieia/iue i?oae neoaeeo iaeiia?aiaiii eieeaeoi?ii e aeeoioeyoi?ii
oaieiou e ioee/aaony ieceie noieiinoueth ii n?aaiaieth n iau/iuie
eieeaeoi?aie nieia/iie yia?aee. Ioaiae oaieiou ec nieia/iiai i?oaea
iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny eeai iin?aaenoaii ciaaaeea, ?aciauaiiiai a
ieaeiai neia aeeaeeinoe, eeai iooai ioaiaea aeeaeeinoe ec yoiai neiy a
oaieiiaiaiiee, a eioi?ii oee?eoee?oao oaieiiineoaeue. I?e ia?aii niiniaa
iaiueoa ia?ooaaony oaiia?aoo?iia ?anneiaiea aeeaeeinoe a i?oaeo, ii
aoi?ie niinia oaieioaoie/anee aieaa yooaeoeaai e yeiiiie/ai.
Nieia/iua i?oaeu iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu a aaeeinenoaiao ioiieaiey e
ai?y/aai aiaeiniaaaeaiey aeeeuo e iauanoaaiiuo caeaiee, aeey iieo/aiey
oaoiieiae/aneie oaieiou, a nenoaiao eiiaeaine?iaaiey aicaeooa
aani?aoeeiiiiai oeia, aeey i?iecaiaenoaa yeaeo?iyia?aee.
Nieia/iua eieeaeoi?u e aeeoioeyoi?u oaieiou
Iniiaiui eiino?oeoeaiui yeaiaioii nieia/iie onoaiiaee yaeyaony
eieeaeoi?, a eioi?ii i?ienoiaeeo oeaaeeaaiea nieia/iie yia?aee, aa
i?aia?aciaaiea a oaieioo e iaa?aa aiaeu, aicaeooa eee eaeiai eeai
ae?oaiai oaieiiineoaey. ?acee/atho aeaa oeia nieia/iuo eieeaeoi?ia –
ieineea e oieone?othuea. A ieineeo eieeaeoi?ao nieia/iay yia?aey
iiaeiuaaony aac eiioeaio?aoeee, a a oieone?othueo – n eiioeaio?aoeeae,
o.a. n oaaee/aieai ieioiinoe iinooiathuaai iioiea ?aaeeaoeee. Iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiiui oeiii eieeaeoi?ia a ieceioaiia?aoo?iuo aaeeionoaiiaeao
yaeyaony ieineee eieeaeoi? nieia/iie yia?aee (ENY). Aai ?aaioa iniiaaia
ia i?eioeeia “ai?y/aai yueea”. Aeey oiai /oiau ecaioiaeoue ieineee ENY,
iaiaoiaeeia i?aaeaea anaai eo/aiiaeiuathuay iiaa?oiinoue, eiathuay
iaaeaaeiue eiioaeo n ?yaeii o?oa eee eaiaeia aeey aeaeaeaiey
iaa?aaaaiiai oaieiiineoaey. Niaieoiiinoue ieineie eo/aiiaeiuathuae
iiaa?oiinoe e o?oa (eaiaeia) aeey oaieiiineoaey ia?acoao aaeeiue
eiino?oeoeaiue yeaiaio – aani?aa?. Aeey eo/oaai iiaeiuaiey nieia/iie
yia?aee aa?oiyy iiaa?oiinoue aani?aa?a aeieaeia auoue ie?aoaia a /a?iue
oeaao eee aeieaeia eiaoue niaoeeaeueiia iiaeiuathuaa iie?uoea.
Iaeneiaeueiay oaiia?aoo?a, aei eioi?ie iiaeii iaa?aoue oaieiiineoaeue a
ieineii eieeaeoi?a, ia i?aauoaao 100 iN. E /eneo i?eioeeieaeueiuo
i?aeiouanoa ieineiai ENY ii n?aaiaieth n eieeaeoi?aie ae?oaeo oeiia
ioiineony aai niiniaiinoue oeaaeeaaoue eae i?yioth (eo/enooth), oae e
?annayiioth nieia/ioth yia?aeth e eae neaaenoaea yoiai – aiciiaeiinoue
aai noaoeeiia?iie onoaiiaee aac iaiaoiaeeiinoe neaaeaiey ca Nieioeai.
Aani?aa? ieineiai eieeaeoi?a nieia/iie yia?aee, eae i?aaeei,
ecaioaaeeaaaony ec iaoaeea n aunieie oaieii?iaiaeeiinoueth, a eiaiii ec
noaee, aethieiey e aeaaea ec iaaee.
I?e eniieueciaaiee eiioeaio?aoi?ia, o.a. iioe/aneeo ono?ienoa oeia
ca?eae eee eeic, aeinoeaaaony iiauoaiea ieioiinoe iioiea nieia/iie
yia?aee. Yoi eiaao ianoi a oieone?othueo eieeaeoi?ao nieia/iie yia?aee,
o?aaothueo niaoeeaeueiiai iaoaiecia aeey neaaeaiey ca Nieioeai. Ca?eaea
– ieineea, ia?aaieieaeiua eee ia?aaiei-oeeeeiae?e/aneea – ecaioiaeytho
ec oiieiai iaoaeee/aneiai eenoa eee oieueae eee ae?oaeo iaoa?eaeia n
aunieie io?aaeathuae niiniaiinoueth; eeicu – ec noaeea eee ieanoiann.
Oieone?othuea eieeaeoi?u iau/ii i?eiaiytho oai, aaea o?aaothony aunieea
oaiia?aoo?u (nieia/iua yeaeo?inoaioeee, ia/e, eooie e o.i. A nenoaiao
oaieiniaaaeaiey caeaiee iie eae i?aaeei ia eniieuecothony.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeeoioee?iaaiey oaieiou a aaeeinenoaiao iaoneiaeaia
ianiioaaonoaeai ai a?aiaie e ii eiee/anoaaiiui iieacaoaeyi iinooieaiey
nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee e oaieiiio?aaeaiey. Iioie nieia/iie yia?aee
eciaiyaony a oa/aiea nooie io ioey a ii/iia a?aiy aei iaeneiaeueiiai
cia/aiey a nieia/iue iieaeaiue. Iineieueeo oaieiaay iaa?ocea ioiieaiey
iaeneiaeueia a aeaeaa?a – yiaa?a, a iinooieaiea nieia/iie yia?aee a yoio
ia?eiae ieieiaeueii, aeey iaania/aiey oaieiiio?aaeaiey iaiaoiaeeii
oeaaeeaaoue nieia/iie yia?aee aieueoa, /ai o?aaoaony a aeaiiue iiiaio, a
ecauoie iaeaieeaaoue a aeeoioeyoi?a oaieiou.
Aeeoioeyoi?u iiaeii eeanneoeoee?iaaoue ii oa?aeoa?enoeea
oeceei-oeie/aneeo i?ioeannia, i?ioaeathueo a oaieiaeeoioee?othueo
iaoa?eaeao (OAI):
aeeoioeyoi?u aieinoiiai oeia, a eioi?uo eniieuecoaony oaieiaieinoue
iaa?aaaaiiai (ioeaaeaeaaiiai) aeeoioee?othuaai iaoa?eaea aac eciaiaiey
aai aa?aaaoiiai ninoiyiey (i?e?iaeiue eaiaiue, aaeueea, aiaea, aiaeiua
?anoai?u nieae e ae?.);
aeeoioeyoi?u oaciaiai ia?aoiaea aauanoaa, a eioi?uo eniieuecoaony
oaieioa ieaaeaiey (caoaa?aeaaay) aauanoaa;
aeeoioeyoi?u yia?aee, iniiaaiiua ia auaeaeaiee e iiaeiuaiee oaieiou i?e
ia?aoeiuo oeie/aneeo e oioioeie/aneeo ?aaeoeeyo.
Nieia/iua onoaiiaee eiiioiaeueii-auoiaiai iacia/aiey
Nieia/iua aiaeiiaa?aaaoaeueiua onoaiiaee
Nae/an ai anai ie?a a yenieoaoaoeee iaoiaeeony aieaa 5 iei. nieia/iuo
aiaeiiaa?aaaoaeueiuo onoaiiaie, eniieuecoaiuo a eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo aeeeuo
aeiiao, oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo nenoaiao ai?y/aai aiaeiniaaaeaiey aeeeuo e
iauanoaaiiuo caeaiee, aeeth/ay ainoeieoeu, aieueieoeu,
nii?oeaii-icaei?iaeoaeueiua o/?aaeaeaiey e o.i. Iaeaaeaii i?iiuoeaiiia
i?iecaiaenoai nieia/iuo aiaeiiaa?aaaoaeae a oaeeo no?aiao, eae ssiiiey,
Ec?aeeue, Eei?, NOA, Aano?aeey, Eiaeey, O?aioeey, THA? e ae?.
Ia ioiieaiea, ai?y/aa aiaeiniaaaeaiea e eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiea aicaeooa a
aeeeuo , iauanoaaiiuo e i?iiuoeaiiuo caeaieyo ?anoiaeoaony 30-35 %
iauaai aiaeiaiai yia?aiiio?aaeaiey.
A ?aeiiao, eiathueo aieaa 1800 / nieia/iiai neyiey a aiae,
oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue nieia/ioth yia?aeth aeey oaieiniaaaeaiey
caeaiee. Nieia/iua aiaeiiaa?aaaoaeueiua onoaiiaee iieo/eee aeiaieueii
oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea aeaaiaea?y i?inoioa eo eiino?oeoeee,
iaaeaaeiinoe, auno?ie ieoiaaiinoe.
Ii i?eioeeio ?aaiou nieia/iua aiaeiiaa?aaaoaeueiua onoaiiaee iiaeii
?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa oeia: onoaiiaee n anoanoaaiiie e i?eioaeeoaeueiie
oee?eoeyoeeae oaieiiineoaey. A iineaaeiea aiaeu ana aieueoa
i?iecaiaeeony ianneaiuo aiaeiiaa?aaaoaeae, eioi?ua ?aaioatho aac ianina,
a neaaeiaaoaeueii, ia iio?aaeytho yeaeo?iyia?aeth. Iie i?iua a
eiino?oeoeaiii ioiioaiee, iaaeaaeiaa a yenieoaoaoeee, ii/oe ia o?aaotho
ooiaea, a ii naiae yooaeoeaiinoe i?aeoe/anee ia onooiatho nieia/iui
aiaeiiaa?aaaoaeueiui onoaiiaeai n i?eioaeeoaeueiie oee?eoeyoeeae.
Nieia/iay aiaeiiaa?aaaoaeueiay onoaiiaea n anoanoaaiiie oee?eoeyoeeae
niaea?aeeo eieeaeoi? nieia/iie yia?aee, aae-aeeoioeyoi?a iiaeaiaeeony
oieiaeiay aiea (OA), e ec aai aa?oiae /anoe ioaiaeeony iio?aaeoaeyi
ai?y/ay aiaea (AA). Ia?a/eneaiiua yeaiaiou ia?acotho eiioo? anoanoaaiiie
oee?eoeyoeee aiaeu. Ii iiaeuaiiie o?oaa ai?y/ay aiaea ec eieeaeoi?a
nieia/iie yia?aee iinooiaao a aae-aeeoioeyoi?, a ii ioioneiie o?oaa ec
aaea a eieeaeoi? iinooiaao aieaa oieiaeiay aiaea aeey iaa?aaa ca n/ao
iiaeiuaiiie nieia/iie yia?aee. Iineieueeo n?aaeiyy oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu a
iiaeuaiiie o?oaa auoa, /ai a ioioneiie, ieioiinoue aiaeu, iai?ioea,
ieaea ai aoi?ie o?oaa. E aneaaenoaea yoiai aicieeaao ?aciinoue aeaaeaiee
(Ia), aucuaathuay aeaeaeaiea aiaeu a eiioo?a oee?eoeyoeee: (p=gH (p1
-p2), aaea g -onei?aiea naiaiaeiiai iaaeaiey, ?aaiia aeey ?aaieiuo
?aeiiia 9,81 i/n2 ; H- ?aciinoue ioiaoie ieca nieia/iiai eieeaeoi?a
(ioeaaie o?iaaiue) e ianoa iiaeaiaea ai?y/ae aiaeu a aae-aeeoioeyoi?, i;
p1 – ieioiinoue aiaeu a iiaeuaiiie o?oaa i?e oaiia?aoo?a O2 ea/i3.
I/aaeaeii, /oi /ai aieueoa ?aciinoue oaiia?aoo? aiaeu, oai aieueoa
?aciinoue aeaaeaiee e eioaineaiaa aeaeaeaiea aiaeu, Aiaeiae/iia aeeyiea
ieacuaaao oaaee/aiea ?aciinoe ioiaoie H.
Iai?aiaiiui oneiaeai yooaeoeaiie ?aaiou nieia/iie aiaeiiaa?aaaoaeueiie
onoaiiaee oa?iineoiiiiai oeia yaeyaony oaieiaay ecieyoeey anao iaa?aouo
iiaa?oiinoae – i?aaeaea anaai aaea-aeeoioeyoi?a, iiaeuaiiie e ioioneiie
o?oa, iao?oaea aeey ioaiaea ai?y/ae aiaeu e aiaei?acai?iui e?aiai eee
aeooo e aicaeooieea.
A oneiaeyo oieiaeiiai eeeiaoa a nieia/iii eieeaeoi?a neaaeoao
eniieueciaaoue iacaia?cathuee oaieiiineoaeue – nianue aiaeu n yoeeai-
eee i?iiaeaiaeeaieai, aeecaioei (nianue aiaeu n aeeoea?eiii) e ae?.
Nieia/iua aiaeiiaa?aaaoaeueiua onoaiiaee n anoanoaaiiie oee?eoeyoeeae
oaieiiineoaey yaeythony naii?aaoee?othueieny nenoaiaie, e ?anoiae
aeeaeeinoe a ieo iieiinoueth ii?aaeaeyaony eioaineaiinoueth
iinooiathuaai nieia/iiai eceo/aiey, a oaeaea oaieioaoie/aneeie e
aeae?aaee/aneeie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie nieia/iiai eieeaeoi?a,
aaea-aeeoioeyoi?a e niaaeeieoaeueiuo o?oaii?iaiaeia.
Onoaiiaee n i?eioaeeoaeueiie oee?eoeyoeeae oaieiiineoaey oeaeaniia?acii
eniieueciaaoue aeey ai?y/aai aiaeiniaaaeaiey e?oiiuo iauaeoia. A ieo
nieia/iue eieeaeoi? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aieueoie iannea iiaeoeae ENY.
Yoe onoaiiaee eiatho aieueooth oa?iii?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue, ii, eae
i?aaeei, iie aeiaieueii neiaeiu.
I?eioeeieaeueiay noaia onoaiiaee n oee?eoeyoeeae aiaeu a eiioo?a ENY n
iiiiuueth ianina iiaea/ae oieiaeiie aiaeu a aae-aeeoioeyoi? e
?aaoee?iaaieai oaiia?aoo?u ai?y/ae aiaeu, iinooiathuae e iio?aaeoaeth,
iooai iiaeiaoeaaiey oieiaeiie aiaeu a nianeoaeueiii eeaiaia iieacaia ia
?enoiea.
Nieia/iua aiaeiiaa?aaaoaee iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny a ea/anoaa ia?aie
nooiaie aeey i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai iiaeia?aaa aiaeu a iau/iuo oiieeaiuo
nenoaiao ai?y/aai aiaeiniaaaeaiey.
Ii yeiiiie/aneei niia?aaeaieyi ca n/ao nieia/iie yia?aee oeaeaniia?acii
iie?uaaoue aei 80 % iaa?ocee ai?y/aai aiaeiniaaaeaiey, iiyoiio
iaiaoiaeeii eniieueciaaoue ia?yaeo n eieeaeoi?aie nieia/iie yia?aee
(ENY) oaeaea aeiiieieoaeueiua enoi/ieee yia?aee (AeEY).
A ea/anoaa AeEY iiaeao eniieueciaaoueny yeaeo?iiaa?aaaoaeue eee
oiieeaiue eioae. Aeey eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo iio?aaeoaeae neaaeoao
?aeiiaiaeiaaoue eniieueciaaoue aiaeiiaa?aaaoaee n anoanoaaiiie
oee?eoeyoeeae aiaeu eee eiiiaeoiua ono?ienoaa, iineieueeo iie eiatho
oi?iooth yooaeoeaiinoue i?e iaaunieie oeaia e i?inou a eiino?oeoeaiii
ioiioaiee, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e iaaeaaeiu.
Nenoaia nieia/iiai oaieiniaaaeaiey caeaiee
?acee/atho aeoeaiua e ianneaiua nenoaiu nieia/iiai oaieiniaaaeaiey
caeaiee. Oa?aeoa?iui i?eciaeii aeoeaiuo nenoai yaeyaony iaee/ea
eieeaeoi?a nieia/iie yia?aee, aeeoioeyoi?a oaieiou, aeiiieieoaeueiiai
enoi/ieea yia?aee, o?oaii?iaiaeia, oaieiiaiaiieeia, ianinia eee
aaioeeyoi?ia e ono?ienoa aeey aaoiiaoe/aneiai eiio?iey e oi?aaeaiey. A
ianneaiuo nenoaiao ?ieue nieia/iiai eieeaeoi?a e aeeoioeyoi?a oaieiou
iau/ii auiieiytho naie ia?aaeaeathuea eiino?oeoeee caeaiey, a aeaeaeaiea
oaieiiineoaey (aicaeooa) inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao anoanoaaiiie eiiaa?oeee
aac i?eiaiaiey aaioeeyoi?a. A no?aiao AYN a 2000 a. ianneaiua
aaeeinenoaiu aoaeoo aeaaaoue yeiiiieth 50 iei. o iaooe a aiae.
A caeaieyo, a eioi?uo i?aaeoniao?eaaaony yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea
nieia/iie yia?aee, aeieaeai auoue iaania/ai aunieee o?iaaiue nio?aiaiey
yia?aee, iniaaiii a oneiaeyo oieiaeiiai eeeiaoa. I?e yoii iiuiinoue
aaeeinenoaiu e aeiiieieoaeueiiai enoi/ieea yia?aee, a oaeaea eo ?acia?u
e noieiinoue aoaeoo ieieiaeueiuie.
Ianneaiua aaeeinenoaiu ioiieaiey caeaiee
Aeey ioiieaiey caeaiee eniieuecothony neaaeothuea oeiu ianneaiuo
aaeeinenoai:
N i?yiui oeaaeeaaieai nieia/iiai eceo/aiey, iinooiathuaai /a?ac caeaiey
eee /a?ac i?eiueathuoth e thaeiie noaia caeaiey nieia/ioth oaieeoeo
(ceiiee naae, i?aiaea?ath).
N iai?yiui oeaaeeaaieai nieia/iiai eceo/aiey, o.a. n
oaieiaeeoioee?othuae noaiie, ?aniieiaeaiiie ca inoaeeaieai thaeiiai
oanaaea;
N eiioo?ii eiiaaeoeaiie oee?eoeyoeee aicaeooa e aaea/iui aeeoioeyoi?ii
oaieiou. E?iia oiai, iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny aeaeea nenoaiu,
aeeth/athuea yeaiaiou ianneaiie e aeoeaiie aaeeinenoaiu.
Ianneaiua nenoaiu ninoaaeytho eioaa?aeueioth /anoue naiiai caeaiey,
eioi?ia aeieaeii i?iaeoe?iaaoueny oaeei ia?acii, /oiau iaania/eaaoue
iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea nieia/iie yia?aee aeey ioiieaiey.
Ia?yaeo n ieiaie e inoaeeaiiuie iiaa?oiinoyie thaeiiai oanaaea aeey
oeaaeeaaiey nieia/iiai eceo/aiey oaeaea eniieuecothony inoaeeaiiua
i?iaiu a e?uoa e aeiiieieoaeueiua ieia a aa?oiae /anoe caeaiey, eioi?ua
iiauoatho o?iaaiue eiioi?oa /aeiaaea, oae eae eneeth/atho i?yiia
iiiaaeaiea nieia/iuo eo/ae a eeoei. Iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo oneiaee
yooaeoeaiinoe ?aaiou ianneaiie aaeeinenoaiu caeeth/aaony a i?aaeeueiii
auai?a ianoiiieiaeaiey e i?eaioaoeee caeaiey ia iniiaa e?eoa?ey
iaeneiaeueiiai iinooieaiey e oeaaeeaaiey nieia/iiai eceo/aiey a ceiiea
ianyoeu.
I?yiia oeaaeeaaiea nieia/iie yia?aee iiaeao yooaeoeaii inouanoaeyoueny
i?e niaethaeaiee neaaeothueo oneiaee:
1) iioeiaeueiay i?eaioaoeey aeiia – aaeieue ine ainoie-caiaae eee n
ioeeiiaieai aei 30i io yoie ine;
2) ia thaeiie noi?iia 50-70 % anao ieii, a ia naaa?iie – ia aieaa 10%,
i?e/ai thaeiua ieia aeieaeiu eiaoue aeaooneieiia inoaeeaiea, a naaa?iua
ieia – o?aoneieiia;
3) caeaiea aeieaeii eiaoue oeo/oaiioth oaieiaoth ecieyoeeth e ieceea
oaieiiioa?e aneaaenoaea eioeeueo?aoeee ia?oaeiiai aicaeooa;
4) aioo?aiiyy ieaie?iaea caeaiey aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue ?aniieiaeaiea
aeeeuo eiiiao n yoie noi?iiu, a aniiiiaaoaeueiuo iiiauaiee – n naaa?iie;
5) aeieaeia auoue iaania/aia aeinoaoi/iay oaieiaeeoioee?othuay
niiniaiinoue aioo?aiieo noai e iiea aeey iiaeiuaiey e aeeoioee?iaaiey
oaieiou nieia/iie yia?aee;
6) aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey ia?aa?aaa iiiauaiee a eaoiee ia?eiae iaae ieiaie
aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu iaaanu, eicu?ueee e o.i.
EIAe oaeie nenoaiu ioiieaiey, eae i?aaeei ninoaaeyao 25-30 %, ii a
iniai aeaaii?eyoiuo eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaeyo iiaeao auoue cia/eoaeueii
auoa e aeinoeaaoue 60 %. Nouanoaaiiui iaaeinoaoeii yoie nenoaiu
yaeythony aieueoea nooi/iua eieaaaiey oaiia?aoo?u aicaeooa aioo?e
iiiauaiee. Ianneaiua nenoaiu eiatho oaeie aea n?ie neoaeau, eae e naii
caeaiea. Ia?yaeo n iieo/aieai oaieiou yoe nenoaiu oaeaea iaania/eaatho
yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea aeiaaiiai inaauaiey, aeaaiaea?y /aio
nieaeaaony iio?aaeaiea yeaeo?iyia?aee.
Aeoeaiua aaeeinenoaiu ioiieaiey caeaiee
A ninoaa aeoeaiie nenoaiu nieia/iiai ioiieaiey aoiaeyo eieeaeoi?
nieia/iie yia?aee, aeeoioeyoi? oaieiou, aeiiieieoaeueiue (?aca?aiue)
enoi/iee yia?aee, oaieiiaiaiieee aeey ia?aaea/e oaieiou ec ENY a
aeeoioeyoi? e ec iaai e iio?aaeoaeyi, ianinu eee aaioeeyoi?u,
o?oaii?iaiaeu n a?iaoo?ie e eiiieaen ono?ienoa aeey aaoiiaoe/aneiai
oi?aaeaiey ?aaioie nenoaiu. Nieia/iue eieeaeoi? iau/ii onoaiaaeeaaaony
ia e?uoa aeiia, inoaeueiia iai?oaeiaaiea aaeeinenoaiu ioiieaiey e
ai?y/aai aiaeiniaaaeaiey aeiia ?aciauaaony a iiaeaaea. Oai
onoaiaaeeaathony iniiaiie aeeoioeyoi? oaieiou, oaieiiaiaiiee aeey
iiaeia?aaa aiaeu, aae aeey aeeoioee?iaaiey ai?y/ae aiaeu, oaieiiaiaiiee
aeey iaa?aaa aicaeooa aeey ioiieaiey aeiia, ?anoe?eoaeueiue aae e
oaieiiaiaiiee aeey ia?aaea/e oaieiou io aioeo?eca e aiaea. Nia?oaee
aeiia iaoiaeeony oaieiiaiaiiee, i?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey na?ina ecauoi/iiai
eiee/anoaa oeiaeaiiie nieia/iie oaieiou a eaoiee ia?eiae.
N?aaiaiea aeoeaiuo e ianneaiuo aaeeinenoai aeaao aiciiaeiinoue auyaeoue
eo i?aeiouanoaa e iaaeinoaoee. I?aeiouanoaa aeoeaiuo aaeeinenoai naycaiu
n eaaeinoueth e aeaeinoueth eioaa?e?iaaiey nenoai ni caeaieai,
aiciiaeiinoueth aaoiiaoe/aneiai oi?aaeaiey ?aaioie nenoaiu e nieaeaieai
oaieiauo iioa?ue. Iaeiaei i?e i?eiaiaiee aeoeaiuo aaeeinenoai /anoi
aicieeatho i?iaeaiu, iaoneiaeaiiua iaaeinoaoi/iie iaaeaaeiinoueth
iai?oaeiaaiey, a oii /enea nenoai aaoiiaoe/aneiai oi?aaeaiey. A ioee/ee
io ieo ianneaiua nenoaiu i?inou, iaaeaaeiu a ?aaioa e iaaei?iae, ii iie
oaeaea eiatho iaaeinoaoee. i?aaeaea anaai aicieeatho o?oaeiinoe n
iiaeaea?aeaieai oaiia?aoo?iiai ?aaeeia, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey iaania/aiey
oaieiaiai eiioi?oa a ioaieeaaaiuo iiiauaieyo. A aea?eaeiuo nenoaiao
iiaeii niaaeeieoue aeinoieinoaa aeoeaiuo e ianneaiuo yeaiaioia e
ono?aieoue iiiaea iaaeinoaoee, iiaunea oai naiui yooaeoeaiinoue nenoai
i?e oia?aiiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaieyo.
Yeaeo?iyia?aey ec einiina
Eaeay nii?oaeaiey Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie iiuoiie einie/aneie yeaeo?inoaioeee
(ENYN), iiaeathuae yeaeo?iyia?aeth caiiui iio?aaeoaeyi, aicieeea a 1960
aiaeo e ia noiaeeo n oao ii? ni no?aieoe iiioey?iuo e iao/iuo ecaeaiee.
ENYN a niaieoiiinoe n i?iiaaeooi/iuie aoiinoa?iuie nii?oaeaieyie niiaeao
ia oieueei iiaeaaaoue yeaeo?iyia?aeth caiiui iio?aaeoaeyi, ii e
iaiin?aaenoaaiii inaauaoue aieueoea o/anoee caiiie iiaa?oiinoe ii/ueth e
caoaiyoue eo aeiai, ?aaoee?iaaoue eeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey, oie/oiaeaoue
oaeooiu e nia?/e, niaaaeaoue yia?aeae einie/aneea ei?aaee, aicaeooiua
n?aaenoaa, iacaiiue o?ainii?o, oaeaeaiiua io eeiee yeaeo?iia?aaea/e
i?iiuoeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey e o.ae.
Oeaeaniia?aciinoue nicaeaiey ENYN aeeeooaony iaen/a?iaaiinoueth
nieia/iie yia?aee, yeieiae/aneeie niia?aaeaieyie e iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
nio?aiyoue iuia oe?iei i?eiaiyaiua i?e?iaeiua yia?aiiineoaee (iaooue,
aac, oaieue) aeey ioaeae oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
ENYN n ia?eiaee/anee niaiyaiui ia?niiaeii iiaea au noaoue ia oieueei
i?iia?acii naa?oiiuiuo noaioeee aoaeouaai, ii e iaeiia?aiaiii auiieiyoue
ia?iiiia eiee/anoai iau/iie “einie/aneie ?aaiou” (enneaaeiaaiey,
iaaethaeaiey, yenia?eiaiou) Iio?aaiinoue a oaeie iiuoiie ENYN eiaaony
oaea nae/an, i?e/ai ia oieueei iio?aaiinoue, ii e aiciiaeiinoue aa
nicaeaiey i?e oneiaee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa.
I?e yoii neaaeoao o/anoue, /oi iaoa no?aia ia?aie a ie?a inaieea
ieeioe?oaiua einie/aneea iieaou n i?aauaaieai ethaeae ia noaioeee a
oa/aiea iaeiiai aiaea, o ian nicaeai e ii?iaiaai a einiina oieeaeueiue
iiioaaeiue eino?oiaio, a einiiiaaoaie iieo/ai oieeaeueiue iiuo ?aaiou ii
?acaa?ouaaieth e?oiiiaaaa?eoiuo einie/aneeo nii?oaeaiee, a oii /enea e
aeiiieieoaeueiuo iaiaeae nieia/iuo aaoa?ae, inaiaiu aeeeoaeueiua ?aai/ea
auoiaeu einiiiaaoia a ioe?uoue einiin, oniaoii i?iaaaeaiu ia?aua
eniuoaiey iiaie oieaa?naeueiie ?aeaou-iineoaey “Yia?aey”, niiniaiie
auaiaeeoue ia ieieicaiioth i?aeoo aieaa 100 o iieaciiai a?oca.
I?aeoe/aneia eniieueciaaiea nieia/iie yia?aee a einiiiaaoeea ia/aeinue a
1958 aiaeo ia ia?aii ENC NOA e ia o?aoueai niaaoneii ENC. Yoe niooieee,
eae ecaanoii, eiaee nieia/iua aaoa?ae.
Ia?aay ioaeeeaoeey ii i?iaeaia ENYN n eceiaeaieai oaoie/aneie nouiinoe
i?eiaaeeaaeeo aia?eeaineiio eiaeaia?o I. Aaeca?o. A aai i?iaeoa ianna
ENYN aeinoeaaao 30 oun.o, ?acia? (“?aciao”) nieia/iuo aaoa?ae 60 ei, a
yeaeo?e/aneay iiuiinoue – i?eia?ii 8,5 AAo. Oaeei ia?acii, iiuiinoue
ni?iaeoe?iaaiiie noaioeee auoa iiuiinoe yenieoaoe?oaiuo iuia e?oiiaeoeo
yeaeo?inoaioeee ie?a: AYN “Aeaiae-Eoee” (NOA) – 6,2 AAo, E?aniiy?neie
AYN – 6 AAo, AYN “Ooeooeia”- 4,7 AAo, OYN “Eaoeia”- 4,4 AAo (ssiiiey).
Oeaeaniia?aciinoue nicaeaiey ENYN e EOYN aeeeooaony iaen/a?iaaiinoueth
eae nieia/iie yia?aee, oae e ai?th/aai aeey EOYN- einie/aneiai
aiaei?iaea, yeieiae/aneeie niia?aaeaieyie e iaiaoiaeeiinoueth nio?aieoue
iuia oe?iei i?eiaiyaiua i?e?iaeiua oeie/aneea yia?ai?ano?nu aeey ioaeae
oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Anayce n ia/aeueiui iiuoii aaa?ee ia *a?iiaueueneie AYN aicieeaao
aii?in, a ia a?iceo ee nicaeaiea ENYN eaeeie-eeai iiauie aaaeaie
ethaeyi, aaaeue ia?aaea/a yia?aee aoaeao i?ienoiaeeoue /a?ac aoiinoa?o,
a neaaeiaaoaeueii, aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia aa ninoaa e aeeiaieeo. Aoaeao ee
yoi aicaeaenoaea iieiaeeoaeueiui? ?an/aou anaeytho iioeieci, ii
ieii/aoaeueiue ioaao iiaeao aeaoue oieueei iiuoiay yenieoaoaoeey
yeaeo?iia?aaea/e Einiin-Caiey.
Iaee/ea yia?aaoe/aneeo onoaiiaie oa?aeoa?ii aeey anao einie/aneeo
aiia?aoia. Oa?aeoa?enoeee einie/aneeo nieia/iuo aaoa?ae (NA),
i?eiaiyaiuo a ianoiyuaa a?aiy, aanueia ?aciiia?aciu. Oaeaeueiay ianna
iaiaeueiuo NA ninoaaeyao 5-10 ea/i2, i?e/ai ieiei 40 % iannu i?eoiaeeony
ia iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua yeaiaiou, a inoaeueiia ia eiino?oeoeeth.
Iaeeaeaaony, /oi eniieueciaaiea iaoa?eaeia ia iniiaa ai?a e oaea?iaea
iicaieeo oiaiueoeoue ianno eiino?oeoeee a 2 ?aca.
N?ie neoaeau NA iiea iiaeoaa?aeaeai 5 aiaeaie, iaeiaei n/eoaaony, /oi ii
iiaeao ninoaaeoue 30 eao, i?aaaea , n aeaa?aaeaoeeae (oiaiueoaieai) EIAe
NA e eiioeo yoiai ia?eiaea ia 40 %.
Aeinoeaiooia EIAe aeey aeaooneieiiai yeaiaioa, ninoaaeaiiiai ec
a?naieaea aaeeey (GaAs) e e?aiiey (Si), ?aaii 28,5 % , /oi eanaaony
aeaeueiaeoeo ia?niaeoea, oi iie ioeaieaathony aeiaieueii aunieeie
cia/aieyie aei 60 %.
A einie/aneie yia?aaoeea aieueoay ?ieue ioaiaeeony aeeoioeyoi?ai. Naiua
eo/oea ec nia?aiaiiuo iaoiaeeia niiniaiu iaeaieeaaoue aanueia
cia/eoaeueioth yia?aeth – aei 1 IAeae/ea, oioy nouanoaotho e oaeea
yenia?eiaioaeueiua ono?ienoaa, eioi?ua niiniaiu iaeaieeaaoue yia?aeth
aei 12 IAeae/ea. Ii aeey ?an/aoia ia?aie/eaathony cia/aieai 0,07
IAeae/ea.
A?yae ee ia?aay iiuoiay ENYN onoaiiaeaiiie iiuiinoueth aeey caiiuo
iio?aaeoaeae 5000 eAo niiniaia neieueei-ieaoaeue nouanoaaiii iiii/ue
yia?aaoeea iaoae no?aiu. Oai ia iaiaa iia, eae e ia?aay AYN,
iaiaoiaeeia, i?e/ai aeaaiue niune aa yenieoaoaoeee – iaoo?aeueiia
eco/aiea niiniaia aani?iaiaeiie ia?aaea/e yia?aee ia naa?oaeaeueiea
?annoiyiey, eco/aiea aeeyiey yoiai i?ioeanna ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo,
iioeiecaoeey ia?aiao?ia noaioeee.
Ia?aua i?aeoe/aneea iiuou a iaoae no?aia ii ia?aaea/a yia?aee aac
i?iaiaeia n iiiiuueth NA*-eceo/aiey auee i?iaaaeaiu iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii
i?ioanni?a N.E. Oaoaeueaaoia a Eeaaneii iieeoaoie/aneii einoeoooa ieiei
30 eao iacaae. aeaa i?inoaeoea eaaae?aoiua aioaiiu ni noi?iiie eaaae?aoa
100 i i?e aeeeia aieiu 1 ni iicaieeee ia?aaeaaaoue yia?aeth ia
?annoiyiea 50 ei n EIAe 40%, a ia ?annoiyiea 5 ei – n EIAe 60%.
Nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiea oaoieee iicaieyao nouanoaaiii oeo/oeoue ana
iieacaoaee aani?iaiaeiie eeiee ia?aaea/e yia?aee n iiiiuueth
NA*-eceo/aiey.
1- noueiai/iua oceu; 2- aieiaiie aeie; 3- aniiiiaaoaeueiua NA; 4 –
io?aaeaoaee; 5- iniiaiua NA; 6- aeiiieieoaeueiua NA; 7 -NA*-aioaiu; 8-
NA*-eo/e
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
1) I.A. Oa?/aiei Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua nieia/iua onoaiiaee I.
Yia?aiaoiiecaeao 1991 a.
2) ?.?. Aaacia, A.TH. I?eia Nieia/iua nenoaiu ioiieaiey e ai?y/aai
aiaeiniaaaeaiey Oaoeaio: Oai 1988 a
3) Aeaa?iyeia A.N. Nieioea – aeeciue, yia?aey Eeaa: Iaoeiaa aeoiea 1986
4) Eieooi I.I. Nieioea e /aeiaa/anoai I: Iaoea 1981
5) A.I. Ao?aeaeia Yeaeo?iyia?aey ec einiina I: Yia?aiaoiiecaeao 1991
Niaea?aeaiea
TOC \o “1-3” Aaaaeaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802189 PAGEREF
_Toc375802189 1
Ia?aua iiuou eniieueciaaiey nieia/iie yia?aee GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802190
PAGEREF _Toc375802190 2
I?aia?aciaaiea nieia/iie yia?aee a oaieioo, ?aaioo e yeaeo?e/anoai
GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802191 PAGEREF _Toc375802191 3
Aaoaiiua e iiaeoeueiua yeaeo?inoaioeee GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802192
PAGEREF _Toc375802192 4
Nieia/iua aaoa?ae GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802193 PAGEREF _Toc375802193 6
Nieia/iue i?oae GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802194 PAGEREF _Toc375802194 7
Nieia/iua eieeaeoi?u e aeeoioeyoi?u oaieiou GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802195
PAGEREF _Toc375802195 8
Nieia/iua onoaiiaee eiiioiaeueii-auoiaiai iacia/aiey GOTOBUTTON
_Toc375802196 PAGEREF _Toc375802196 10
Nieia/iua aiaeiiaa?aaaoaeueiua onoaiiaee GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802197
PAGEREF _Toc375802197 10
Nenoaia nieia/iiai oaieiniaaaeaiey caeaiee GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802198
PAGEREF _Toc375802198 12
Ianneaiua aaeeinenoaiu ioiieaiey caeaiee GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802199
PAGEREF _Toc375802199 13
Aeoeaiua aaeeinenoaiu ioiieaiey caeaiee GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802200
PAGEREF _Toc375802200 14
Yeaeo?iyia?aey ec einiina GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802201 PAGEREF
_Toc375802201 16
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u GOTOBUTTON _Toc375802202 PAGEREF
_Toc375802202 20
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