1. INIIAU ssAeA?IIE YIA?AAOEEE
1.1 Niiniau iieo/aiey yia?aee
A iaoa a?aiy, n eaaeaeui aiaeii aic?anoatho iio?aaiinoe /aeiaa/anoaa a
yia?aee. Ia iieo/aiea iaiaoiaeeiiai eiee/anoaa yia?aee cao?a/eaaaony
i?eia?ii 30% i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oneeee /aeiaaea. Niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii,
/oi iieiue caian yia?aee a i?e?iaea a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii nio?aiaiey
yia?aee ia iaiyaony. Iiyoiio i?ioeann iieo/aiey yia?aee i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie ia?aaiae yia?aee ec naycaiiie ( yia?aey iieiy ) a naiaiaeioth
oi?io ( yia?aeth ioiineoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey oae). Naiaiaeiay yia?aey
auno?i ?annaeaaaony a i?ino?ainoaa, iiyoiio aa iiaeii eniieueciaaoue.
Eoae iu i?eoiaeei e oiio, /oi iaiaoiaeeii oiaoue aucuaaoue i?ioeannu,
eioi?ua i?eaiaeyo e oauee iannu oae e yeaeaaeaioiiio auea?uoo naiaiaeiie
yia?aee. Eiia/ii, iieo/aoue yia?aeth iiaeii eeoue i?e oneiaee
nouanoaiaaiey aeinoaoi/iiai eiee/anoaa oiieeaa. Ionoue iee?i/anoeoeu
aauanoaa oiieeaa iaoiaeyony a ninoiyiee n yia?aeae E1 e nouanoaoao
ae?oaia aiciiaeiia ninoiyiea yoeo /anoeoe n yia?aeae E2 ( E1 > E2 ). A
i?eioeeia anoue aiciiaeiinoue ia?aoiaea ai aoi?ia ninoiyiea, ii aio
i?aiyonoaoao nouanoaiaaiea yia?aaoe/aneiai aa?uea?a, oi anoue iaeioi?iai
iaiaoiaeeiiai i?iiaaeooi/iiai ninoiyiey n yia?aeae E’ ( E’ > E1 ). Oaeei
ia?acii i?ioeann naeeaaiey oiieeaa aeieaeai auoue eieoeee?iaai iaeioi?ui
aiaoiei aicaoaeaeaieai.
1.2 Niiniau i?aaiecaoeee ?aaeoeee ai?aiey, oeaiiua ?aaeoeee
Nouanoaoao aeaa niiniaa aicaoaeaeaiey ?aaeoeee ai?aiey oiieeaa. Ia?aue
– eniieueciaaiea eeiaoe/aneie yia?aee noieeiiaaiey /anoeoe (
oa?iiyaea?iue i?ioeann ). Ae?oaie niinia ninoieo a eniieueciaaiee
yia?aee nayce i?eniaaeeiythueony /anoeoe. Aeey aicaoaeaeaiey oaeie
?aaeoeee ioaeii iai?aaeyoue a oiieeai aeoeaiua /anoeoeu.
Aeinoaoi/ii aieueoia eiee/anoai aauanoaa iiaeao eniuoaoue i?aa?auaiea
eeoue i?e naiiiiaeaea?aeeaathuaeny oeaiiie ?aaeoeee. Oeaiiay ?aaeoeey
iaeaaeaao neaaeothuei aaaeiui naienoaii – aeo ?aaeoeee aicaoaeaeaaony
i?e iiaeiuaiee /anoeoeu, a a ?acoeueoaoa aa aeieaeiu iiyaeyoueny
aoi?e/iua aeoeaiua /anoeoeu.
I?e yaea?iuo i?aa?auaieyo iineoaeai oeaiiiai i?ioeanna iiaeao neoaeeoue
iaeo?ii, iineieueeo ii ia eiaao yeaeo?e/aneiai ca?yaea e iiaeao
aani?aiyonoaaiii naeeaeaoueny n aoiiiuie yae?aie. N?aaee ecaanoiuo
yaea?iuo ?aaeoeee eeoue iaeia iaeaaeaao naienoaii oeaiiuo ?aaeoeee. Yoi
?aaeoeey aeaeaiey oyaeaeuo yaea?, eioi?ua eaaei aicaoaeaeathony
iaeo?iiii e aeatho a n?aaeiai 2,5 ia aeo aeaeaiey aoi?e/iuo iaeo?iiia.
Iniiaioth o?oaeiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ia i?aaiecaoeey oeaiiie
?aaeoeee, a iieo/aiea /enouo aeaeyueony aauanoa. Aaaeiie /a?oie oeaiiuo
yaea?iuo ?aaeoeee yaeyaony oio oaeo, /oi eo nei?inoe ia caaenyo io
oaiia?aoo?u n?aaeu, /oi yaeyaony eo aeaaiui i?aeiouanoaii ia?aae
i?ioeannaie n oaieiaui aicaoaeaeaieai.
2. ACAEIIAeAENOAEA IAEO?IIIA N ssAeA?IUI AAUANOAII, ?AAEOeEss AeAEAIEss
ssAeA?.
2.1. Iauea naaaeaiey i yaea?iuo ?aaeoeeyo acaeiiaeaenoaey iaeo?iiia n
yae?aie
A nayce n auoaneacaiiui niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii, eaeia cia/aiea naaiaeiy
eiaao eniieueciaaiea yaea?iie yia?aee. Ono?ienoai, i?aaeiacia/aiiia aeey
i?aaiecaoeee e iiaeaea?aeaiey oeaiiie ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey yaea? n oeaeueth
iieo/aiey yia?aee iacuaaaony yaea?iui yia?aaoe/aneei ?aaeoi?ii.
A iniiaa ?aaiou yaea?iiai ?aaeoi?a eaaeao i?ioeannu acaeiiaeaenoaey
iaeo?iiia n yaea?iui aauanoaii, iaeaieaa aaaeiuie ec eioi?uo yaeythony –
?aaeoeey aeaeaiey yaea?, ?aaeoeey ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai caoaaoa (iiaeiuaiey)
e ?aaeoeey ?annayiey.
aeaeaiea (fission)
n A iiaeiuaiea (capture)
?annayiea (scattaring)
ssaea?iua ?aaeoeee iiae/eiythony caeiiai eaaioiaie iaoaieee, iiyoiio
iiaeii aiai?eoue eeoue i aa?iyoiinoe i?ioaeaiey oie eee eiie ec ieo.
Ia?ie aa?iyoiinoe aeaiiiai oeia ?aaeoeee yaeyaony yooaeoeaiia
(iee?ineiie/aneia) na/aiea.
2.2. Yooaeoeaiua na/aiey yaea?iuo ?aaeoeee
?anniio?ei oiieoth ieanoeieo, niaea?aeauoth Ny yaea?, ia eioi?oth
iaaeaao iioie iaeo?iiia ni nei?inoueth v e eiioeaio?aoeeae n.
Iaeaeai eiee/anoai ?aaeoeee oiai eee eiiai oeia.
Ionoue eiee/anoai ?aaeoeee ?aaii R, oiaaea
R = ( Ny ( (1)
( = n v – ieioiinoue iioiea iaeo?iiia, ( – iee?ineiie/aneia na/aiea
acaeiiaeaenoaey. ( ecia?yaony a aa?iao ( 1 a = 10-24 ni2 ).
Iiaeii caienaoue o?aaiaiea (1 ) aeey o?ao iniiaiuo yaea?iuo ?aaeoeee:
Rf = ( Ny (f – ?aaeoeey aeaeaiey
Rc = ( Ny (c – ?aaeoeey ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai caoaaoa
Rs = ( Ny (s – ?aaeoeey ?annayiey
(total = (f + (c+ (s
Aiiaua aiai?y, iee?ineiie/aneea na/aiey acaeiiaeaenoaey anao ?aaeoeee
caaenyo io ianniaiai /enea yae?a e io yia?aee iaeo?iia. I?e yoii aeae
caaeneiinoe ((EI) ii?aaeaeyaony oai, e eaeie iaeanoe i?eiaaeeaaeeo
yia?aey iaeo?iia EI . A niioaaonoaee n yoei i?eiyoi aeaeeoue iaeanoue
yia?aee ia o?e /anoe: Iaeanoue oaieiauo iaeo?iiia, aaea E 0.1 IyA;
2.3 ?aaeoeey ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai caoaaoa e ?aaeoeey ?annayiey
?anniio?ei ei?ioei aeaa aaaeiuo oeia yaea?iuo ?aaeoeee – caoaaoa
(iiaeiuaiey) e ?annayiey , a caoai ia?aeaeai e iiae?iaiiio iienaieth
o?aoueaai – ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey yaea?, eioi?ay iaiaoiaeeia aeey
iiaeaea?aeaiey oeaiiie ?aaeoeee.
2.3.1 ?aaeoeey ?annayiey
Nouanoaoao aeaa oeia ?aaeoeee ?annayiey: oi?oaia acaeiiaeaenoaea, i?e
eioi?ii noiia?iay eeiaoe/aneay yia?aey acaeiiaeaenoaothueo iaeo?iia e
yae?a ia iaiyaony iinea ?aaeoeee e iaoi?oaia acaeiiaeaenoaea, i?e
eioi?ii /anoue eeiaoe/aneie yia?aee eaeao ia aicaoaeaeaiea eiia/iiai
yae?a e caoai enioneaaony a aeaea (-eaaioa.
E0 A E1
n A
n E2
n
n A A+1 (
A
Ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ?aaeoeey iaoi?oaiai ?annayiey i?ienoiaeeo eeoue
i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo cia/aieyo yia?aee iaeo?iia (Eii? ( 0,1 IyA), a oi
a?aiy eae yia?aey oi?oaiai ?annayiey aiciiaeia anaaaea.
Cia/aiea ?aaeoeee ?annayiey a yaea?iie yia?aaoeea o?oaeii
ia?aioeaieoue, iineieueeo eiaiii ia iae iniiaaiu nenoaiu caiaaeeaiey
iaeo?iiia a ?aaeoi?a. A ea/anoaa aauanoa-caiaaeeeoaeae iau/ii
eniieuecotho oyaeaeoth e eaaeoth aiaeo, a?aoeo.
2.3.2 ?aaeoeey iiaeiuaiey (caoaaoa)
Aeaiiay ?aaeoeey ea?aao aaaeioth ?ieue a oeceea ?aaeoi?a, iineieueeo
iia yaeyaony eiieo?e?othuae ii ioiioaieth e ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey.
(
n A A+1
A+1
A ?acoeueoaoa iaeo?ii auauaaao ec oeaiiie ?aaeoeee. (c caaeneo io
yia?aee iaeo?iia e io ianniaiai /enea A. A iaeanoe oaieiauo iaeo?iiia
na/aiea iiae/eiyaony caeiio (c(E) ia?aoii i?iii?oeeiiaeueii nei?inoe
iaeo?iia v (eee eaaae?aoiiio ei?ith ec E). I?e oaaee/aiee yia?aee
iaeo?iia ia/eiaaony ?aciiainiay iaeanoue, a eioi?ie (c eiaao iiiaeanoai
iaeneioiia e ieieioiia.
2.4 ?aaeoeey aeaeaiey yaea?
Aeaiiay ?aaeoeey iaeaieaa niaoeeoe/ia aeey ss?. Noaiaoe/ii yoo
?aaeoeeth iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue oae:
2.4.1 Iauay noaia ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey
n
A1 (ine
n A A+1 (iai (
(
n n A2 (ine
n (
(
Iiae aeaenoaeai iaeo?iia yae?i oyaeaeiai yeaiaioa aeaeeony ia aeaa
/anoe (ineieea) ioiioaiea iann eioi?uo iau/ii (aeey /anoi eniieuecoaiuo
yeaiaioia) aeecei e 95/140. Ioeeeaeu, eioi?ua aeaeyony iaeo?iiaie – yoi
oyaeaeua ioeeeaeu. Iaeioi?ua ec ieo aeaeyony oaieiauie iaeo?iiaie:
U235, Pu239, Pu241 (a i?e?iaea ano?a/aaony oieueei U235, niaea?aeaiea
eioi?iai a anoanoaaiiii U238 ninoaaeyao 0.714%). Ae?oaea ioeeeaeu,
iai?eia?, anoanoaaiiue o?ai, aeaeyony oieueei auno?uie iaeo?iiaie.
Aiiaua aiai?y, i?ioeann ia i?ioaeaao ii no?iaie noaia, iineieueeo
nouanoaoao iiiai aa?eaioia aeaeaiey ia ?acee/iua ineieee.
2.4.2 Yia?aaoe/aneee aaeain ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey
?anniio?ei yia?aaoe/aneee aaeain ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey.
Ionoue Eia/ = 0.025 yA – n?aaeiyy yia?aey oaieiaiai aeaeaeaiey i?e 200
N. Oiaaea Eauaeae= 200 IyA.
aeae iieo/aaiie yia?aee E, IyA
Eeiaoe/aneay yia?aey ineieeia oaiei 167
Eeiaoe/aneay yia?aey ( oaiei 6
Eeiaoe/aneay yia?aey n oaiei 5
Eeiaoe/aneay yia?aey ( oaiei 8
Eeiaoe/aneay yia?aey ( yia?aey oa?yaony 12
Na/aiea aeaeaiey.
Caaeneiinoue (f(E) eiaao aeinoaoi/ii neiaeiue aeae, iineieueeo ia
e?eaoth E-1/2 iaeeaaeuaaaony iiiai ?aciiainia. Anee au oa?aeoa? yoie
caaeneiinoe iienuaaeny oi?ioeie (f(E) = E-1/2, oi a?aoee caaeneiinoe
f(E) = (f E1/2 aeey U235 a iaeanoe oaieiauo iaeo?iiia eiae aeae i?yiie,
ia?aeeaeueiie ine aanoeenn. Iaeiaei ia i?aeoeea yoa caaeneiinoue eiaao
aeae, n ?aciiainii a oi/ea E = 0,3 yA.
Na/aiey aeaeaiey yaea? iaeo?iiaie ?acee/iuo yia?aee iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue
ii niaoeeaeueiui oaaeeoeai.
Ia?aciaaiea iaeo?iiia
Eae aeaeii ec i?eaaaeaiiie auoa noaiu, i?e ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey e?iia
iiauo yaea? iiaoo iiyaeyoueny (-eaaiou, (-/anoeoeu ?aniaaea, (-eaaiou
?aniaaea, iaeo?iiu aeaeaiey e iaeo?eii. N oi/ee c?aiey oeaiiie yaea?iie
?aaeoeee iaeaieaa aaaeiui yaeyaony ia?aciaaiea iaeo?iiia. N?aaeiaa /enei
iiyaeaoeony a ?acoeueoaoa ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey iaeo?iiia iaicia/atho (f .
Yoa aaee/eia caaeneo io ianniaiai /enea aeaeyuaainy yae?a e yia?aee
acaeiiaeaenoaothuaai n iei iaeo?iia. ia?aciaaaoeany iaeo?iiu iaeaaeatho
?acee/iie yia?aeae (iau/ii io 0,5 aei 15 IyA), /oi oa?aeoa?ecoaony
niaeo?ii iaeo?iiia aeaeaiey. Aeey U235 n?aaeiaa cia/aiea yia?aee
iaeo?iiia aeaeaiey ?aaii 1.93 IyA.
A i?ioeanna yaea?iie ?aaeoeee iiaoo iiyaeyoueny eae yae?a
niinianoaothuea iiaeaea?aeaieth oeaiiie ?aaeoeee (oa eioi?ua enioneatho
caiacaeuaathuee iaeo?ii), oae e yae?a, ieacuaathuea iaaeaaii?eyoiia
aicaeaenoaea ia aa oiae (anee iie iaeaaeatho aieueoei na/aieai
?aaeeaoeeiiiiai caoaaoa).
2.4.5 Caiacaeuaathuea iaeo?iiu
Caeai/eaay ?anniio?aiea ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey, iaeuecy ia oiiiyiooue i
oaeii aaaeiii yaeaiee eae caiacaeuaathuea iaeo?iiu. Oa iaeo?iiu, eioi?ua
ia?acothony ia iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?e aeaeaiee oyaeaeuo ioeeeaeia
(iaiiaaiiua iaeo?iiu), a a ?acoeueoaoa ?aniaaea ineieeia iacuaathony
caiacaeuaathueie iaeo?iiaie. Oa?aeoa?enoeee caiacaeuaathueo iaeo?iiia
caaenyo io i?e?iaeu ineieeia. Iau/ii caiacaeuaathuea iaeo?iiu aeaeyo ia
6 a?oii ii neaaeothuei ia?aiao?ai: T – n?aaeiaa a?aiy aeecie ineieeia,
(i – aeiey caiacaeuaathueo iaeo?iiia n?aaee anao iaeo?iiia aeaeaiey,
(i/( – ioiineoaeueiay aeiey caiacaeuaathueo iaeo?iiia aeaiiie a?oiiu, E
– eeiaoe/aneay yia?aey caiacaeuaathueo iaeo?iiia.
A neaaeothuae oaaeeoea i?eaaaeaiu oa?aeoa?enoeee caiacaeuaathueo
iaeo?iiia i?e aeaeaiee U235
? a?oiiu T, nae. (i (i/( , % E, IyA
1 80.0 0.21 3.3 0.25
2 32.8 1.40 21.9 0.56
3 9.0 1.26 19.6 0.43
4 3.3 2.52 39.5 0.62
5 0.88 0.74 11.5 0.42
6 0.33 0.27 4.2 –
A oeaeii:
Ncai / (Ncai + Niai) = ( = 0.0065; Tcai ( 13 nae.; Tiai ( 0.001 nae.
Ia yoii iu caeii/ei ?anniio?aiea ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey yaea? e ia?aeaeai e
eco/aieth oeaiiie ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey e aeeciaiiiai oeeeea iaeo?iiia.
3. AEECIAIIUE OeEEE IAEO?IIIA
3.1 Aiciiaeiinoue oeaiiie ?aaeoeee
A ?acoeueoaoa aeaeaiey yae?a iiyaeyaony a n?aaeiai 2.5 iaeo?iia.
Iiyoiio iiaeii i?aaieciaaoue oeaiioth ?aaeoeeth aeaeaiey, i?e eioi?ie
iiaua iaeo?iiu, a naith i/a?aaeue aeoeae?otho ?aaeoeeth aeaeaiey yaea?
oiieeaa. Iaeiaei iiieii ?aaeoeee aeaeaiey anaaaea i?enoonoaotho
eiieo?e?othuay ?aaeoeey ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai caoaaoa e ooa/ea iaeo?iiia ec
aeoeaiie ciiu ?aaeoi?a. A ninoaa AC anaaaea aoiaeyo oaieiiineoaeue,
eiino?oeoeeiiiua iaoa?eaeu e caiaaeeeoaeue, eioi?ua oaaee/eaatho caoaao
iaeo?iiia.
Oaeei ia?acii iu i?eoiaeei e iaiaoiaeeiinoe eco/aiey oiai, i?e eaeeo
oneiaeyo aiciiaeia oeaiiay ?aaeoeey aeaeaiey a ss? ia oaieiauo iaeo?iiao
(eiaiii oaeea ?aaeoi?u iau/ii i?eiaiythony aeey yia?aaoe/aneeo oeaeae).
Ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi iu aoaeai ?anniao?eaaoue ?aaeoi?u, eniieuecothuea
anoanoaaiiue U238, iaiaauaiiue U235. E?iia oiai aeey i?inoiou aoaeai
n/eoaoue, /oi aeoeaiay ciia ?aaeoi?a – aaneiia/iay e aiiiaaiiay.
3.2 Iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee oeaiiie ?aaeoeee
?anniio?ei niioiioaiey, oa?aeoa?ecothuea i?ioaeaiea oeaiiie ?aaeoeee
aeaeaiey.
3.2.1 Eiyooeoeeaio ?aciiiaeaiey ia auno?uo iaeo?iiao
Ionoue a n?aaea anoue N auno?uo iaeo?iiia, iie aoaeoo
acaeiiaeaenoaiaaoue n yae?aie n?aaeu, a oii /enea e n yae?aie U238, oa
ec ieo eioi?ua eiatho yia?aeth auoa ii?iaa aeaeaiey (1 IyA) iiaoo
aucuaaoue aeaeaiea o?aia e ia?aciaaiea iiauo auno?uo iaeo?iiia. I?e yoii
eo yia?aey aoaeao iaiueoa ii?iaa aeaeaiey.
Eiyooeoeeaio ?aciiiaeaiey ia auno?uo iaeo?iiao ( – /enei iaeo?iiia
ooaaeoeo iiae ii?ia aeaeaiey U238 ia iaeei auno?ue iaeo?ii (iiyaeaoeeny
a ?acoeueoaoa aeaeaiey yaea? U235).
ssnii, /oi aaee/eia ( oai aieueoa, /ai aieueoa aeiey U238 a oiieeaa.
Iiaeii ioeaieoue, /oi (max = 1.35 (anee aeiey U238 ?aaia 100%). Aeey
oaieiauo ?aaeoi?ia ( = 1.01 – 1.03.
3.2.2 Aa?iyoiinoue ecaaaeaoue ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai caoaaoa
Ionoue a n?aaea anoue N iaeo?iiia, yia?aey eioi?uo iaiueoa ii?iaa
aeaeaiey U238. Ca n/ao ?annayiey ii yae?ao n?aaeu iie oa?ytho naith
yia?aeth e iiiaaeatho a iaeanoue yia?aee, a eioi?ie iaoiaeyony
aeaaioneea ?aciiainu na/aiey caoaaoa U238. Aaaaeai aaee/eio ( –
aa?iyoiinoue ecaaaeaoue ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai caoaaoa.
( oai aieueoa, /ai auno?aa iaeo?iiai a i?ioeanna caiaaeeaiey oaeanony
i?aiaeieaoue ?aciiainioth iaeanoue. ( oiaiueoaaony i?e oaaee/aiee aeiee
yaea? U238 a n?aaea. A aiiiaaiiii ?aaeoi?a ( ( 0.65, a a aaoa?iaaiiii (
( 0.93.
3.2.3 Eiyooeoeeaio oaieiaiai eniieueciaaiey
Ionoue a n?aaea anoue N oaieiauo iaeo?iiia, oiaaea a i?ioeanna
aeeooocee /anoue ec ieo caoaaoeony a oiieeaa. Iaicia/ei aeieth
caoaa/aiiuo a oiieeaa iaeo?iiia (. ssnii, /oi eiyooeoeeaio oaieiaiai
eniieueciaaiey iiaeii oaaee/eoue, eniieuecoy aaoa?iaaiioth no?oeoo?o
aeoeaiie ciiu ?aaeoi?a.
3.2.4 Eiee/anoai enioneaaiuo U235 auno?uo iaeo?iiia
Ionoue a oiieeaa iiaeioeeinue N oaieiauo iaeo?iiia. ssnii, /oi ia
anyeia iiaeiuaiea i?eaiaeeo e aeaeaieth e enioneaieth iiauo auno?uo
iaeo?iiia. Aaaaeai aaee/eio (oyo ?aaioth eiee/anoao aoi?e/iuo iaeo?iiia
aeaeaiey ia iaeei oaieiaie iaeo?ii, iiaeiuaiiue a oiieeaa. ssnii, /oi
(oyo oai aieueoa, /ai auoa aeiey U235 a oiieeaa.
3.3 AEeciaiiue oeeee iaeo?iiia
?anniio?ei aeeciaiiue oeeee iaeo?iiia a oaieiaii ss?, aeoeaiay ciia
eioi?iai aaneiia/ia e aiiiaaiia.
Ionoue ia iaeioi?ii yoaia oeaiiie ?aaeoeee a ?anniao?eaaaiie n?aaea
i?enoonoaoao N1 auno?uo iaeo?iiia aeaeaiey 1 iieieaiey. Ca n/ao
acaeiiaeaenoaey n yae?aie U238 iiae ii?ia aeaeaiey yoeo yaea? (1 IyA)
oeaeao ( N1 iaeo?iiia (( – eiyooeoeeaio ?aciiiaeaiey ia auno?uo
iaeo?iiao).
A ?acoeueoaoa ?annayiey ia yae?ao n?aaeu yoe iaeo?iiu aoaeoo
caiaaeeyoueny e iiiaaeoo a iaeanoue i?iiaaeooi/iuo yia?aee. Ieiiaaoue
yoo iaeanoue, ecaaaeaa iiaeiuaiey yae?aie U238 oaeanony ( ( N1 iaeo?iiai
(( – aa?iyoiinoue ecaaaeaoue ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai caoaaoa).
*anoue ec yoeo iaeo?iiao, eioi?ua oaia?ue noaee oaieiauie, caoaaoeony a
oiieeaa. Eiee/anoai caoaa/aiiuo a oiieeaa iaeo?iiia aoaeao ?aaii ( ( (
N1 (( – eiyooeoeeaio oaieiaiai eniieueciaaiey).
Iaeioi?ua ec iaeo?iiia, caoaa/aiiuo a oiieeaa eieoeee?otho aeaeaiea
yaea? U235 e iiyaeaiea iiauo auno?uo iaeo?iiia. Eiee/anoai iaeo?iiia
aoi?iai iieieaiey N2 = (oyo ( ( ( N1.
Eoae, iu aeaeei, /oi ?aaeoeey aeaenoaeoaeueii yaeyaony
naiiiiaeaea?aeeaathuaeny e oeeeee/aneie. Oeeee aeecie iaeo?iiia
noaiaoe/ii i?aaenoaaeai ia ?en. 4. Ia aeaiiie noaia, a ioee/ea io
auoai?eaaaeaiiiai iienaiey ?anniio?aiea ia/eiaaony ni noaaeee oaieiauo
iaeo?iiia.
Iiaeii auaanoe eiyooeoeeaio ?aciiiaeaiey iaeo?iiia a aaneiia/iie
aiiiaaiiie n?aaea:
K( = Ni+1/Ni = (oyo ( ( ( – oi?ioea 4-o niiiiaeeoaeae.
Aeey eiia/iuo n?aae iiaeii aaanoe eiyooeoeeaio
Kyo = (oyo ( ( ( P, aaea P – aa?iyoiinoue ecaaaeaoue ooa/ee.
Ia yoii ?anniio?aiea oece/aneeo iniia i?ioaeaiey oeaiiie yaea?iie
?aaeoeee a ss? iiaeii caaa?oeoue. Eniieuecoy iienaiioth oeaiioth
yaea?ioth ?aaeoeeth, iiaeii ia?aaiaeeoue yia?aeth ec oi?iu yia?aee nayce
/anoeoe a yae?a a eeiaoe/aneoth yia?aeth aeaeaeaiey /anoeoe, oi anoue a
oaiei. Eae oaea ioia/aeinue ?aiaa iniiaioth o?oaeiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie ia i?aaiecaoeey oeaiiie ?aaeoeee, a iieo/aiea /enouo aeaeyueony
aauanoa e ae?oaea oaoie/aneea e oaoiieiae/aneea ithainu yaea?iie
yia?aaoeee.
I?eioeei iino?iaiey aoiiiie yia?aaoeee.
1.1 Yeaiaiou yaea?iie oeceee
1.1.1 No?iaiea aoiiia, yaea?
Eae ecaanoii, ana a ie?a ninoieo ec iieaeoe, eioi?ua
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie neiaeiua eiiieaenu acaeiiaeaeno-
aothueo aoiiia. Iieaeoeu – yoi iaeiaiueoea /anoeoeu
aauanoaa, nio?aiythuea aai naienoaa. A ninoaa iieaeoe
aoiaeyo aoiiu ?acee/iuo oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia.
Oeie/aneea yeaiaiou ninoiyo ec aoiiia iaeiiai oeia.
Aoii, iaeue/aeoay /anoeoea oeie/aneiai yeaiaioa, nin-
oieo ec “oyaeaeiai” yae?a e a?auathueonyaie?oa yeaeo?i-
iia.
ssae?a aoiiia ia?aciaaiu niaieoiiinoueth iieiaeeoaeueii
ca?yaeaiiuo i?ioiiia e iaeo?aeueiuo iaeo?iiia.
Yoe /anoeoeu, iacuaaaiua ioeeiiaie, oaea?aeeaathony
a yae?aoei?ioeiaeaenoaothueie neeaie i?eoyaeaiey,
aicieeathueie ca n/ao iaiaiia iaciiaie,
/anoeoeaie iaiueoae iannu.
ssae?i yeaiaioa X iaicia/atho eae eee X-A, iai?eia? o?ai U-235 – ,
aaea Z – ca?yae yae?a, ?aaiue /eneo i?ioiiia, ii?aaeaeythuee aoiiiue
iiia? yae?a, A – ianniaia /enei yae?a, ?aaiia
noiia?iiio /eneo i?ioiiia e iaeo?iiia.
ssae?a yeaiaioia n iaeeiaeiaui /eneii i?ioiiia, ii ?aciui /eneii
iaeo?iiia iacuaathony ecioiiaie (iai?eia?, o?ai
eiaao aeaa ecioiia U-235 e U-238); yae?a i?e N=const, z=var – eciaa?aie.
1.1.2 ssaea?iua ?aaeoeee
ssae?a aiaei?iaea, i?ioiiu, a oaeaea iaeo?iiu, yeaeo?iiu (aaoa-/anoeoeu)
e iaeeii/iua yae?a aaeey (iacuaaaiua aeueoa-/anoeoeaie), iiaoo
nouanoaiaaoue aaoiiiiii aia yaea?iuo no?oeoo?. Oaeea yae?a eee eia/a
yeaiaioa?iua /anoeoeu, aeaeaaynue a i?ino?ainoaa e i?eaeeaeaynue e
yae?ai ia ?annoiyiey ii?yaeea iiia?a/iuo ?acia?ia yaea?, iiaoo
acaeiiaeaenoaiaaoue n yae?aie, eae aiai?yo o/anoaiaaoue a ?aaeoeee. I?e
yoii /anoeoeu iiaoo caoaaouaaoueny yae?aie, eeai iinea noieeiiaaiey –
iaiyoue iai?aaeaiea aeaeaeaiey, ioaeaaaoue yae?o /anoue eeiaoe/aneie
yia?aee. Oaeea aeou acaeiiaeaenoaey iacuaathony yaea?iuie ?aaeoeeyie.
?aaeoeey aac i?iieeiiaaiey aiooue yae?a iacuaaaony oi?oaei ?annayieai.
Iinea caoaaoa /anoeoeu ninoaaiia yae?i iaoiaeeony a aicaoaeaeaiiii
ninoiyiee. “Inaiaiaeeoueny” io aicaoaeaeaiey yae?i iiaeao ianeieueeeie
niiniaaie – enionoeoue eaeoth-eeai ae?oaoth /anoeoeo e aaiia-eaaio, eeai
?acaeaeeoueny ia aeaa ia?aaiua /anoe. Niioaaonoaaiii eiia/iui
?acoeueoaoai ?acee/atho ?aaeoeee – caoaaoa, iaoi?oaiai ?annayiey,
aeaeaiey, yaea?iiai i?aa?auaiey n enioneaieai i?ioiia eee
aeueoa-/anoeoeu.
Aeiiieieoaeueiay yia?aey, inaiaiaeaeaaiay i?e yaea?iuo i?aa?auaieyo,
/anoi eiaao aeae iioieia aaiia-eaaioia.
Aa?iyoiinoue ?aaeoeee oa?aeoa?ecoaony aaee/eiie “iiia?a/iiai na/aiey”
?aaeoeee aeaiiiai oeia.
1.1.3 Aeaeaiea yaea?
Aeaeaiea oyaeaeuo yaea? i?ienoiaeeo i?e caoaaoa
iaeo?iiia. I?e yoii enioneathony iiaua /anoeoeu
e inaiaiaeaeaaony yia?aey nayce yae?a, ia?aaeaaaaiay
ineieeai aeaeaiey. Yoi ooiaeaiaioaeueiia yaeaiea
auei ioe?uoi a eiioea 30-uo aiaeia iaiaoeeeie o/a-
iuie Aaiii e Oo?aniaiii, /oi caeiaeeei iniiao
aeey i?aeoe/aneiai eniieueciaaiey yaea?iie yia?aee.
ssae?a oyaeaeuo yeaiaioia – o?aia, ieooiiey e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo
eioaineaii iiaeiuatho oaieiaua iaeo?iiu. Iinea aeoa caoaaoa iaeo?iia,
oyaeaeia yae?i n aa?iyoiinoueth ~0,8 aeaeeony ia aeaa ia?aaiua ii ianna
/anoe, iacuaaaiua ineieeaie eee i?iaeoeoaie aeaeaiey. I?e yoii
enioneathony – auno?ua iaeo?iiu/ (a n?aaeiai ieiei 2,5 iaeo?iiia ia
eaaeaeue aeo aeaeaiey), io?eoeaoaeueii ca?yaeaiiua aaoa-/anoeoe e
iaeo?aeueiua aaiia-eaaiou, a yia?aey nayce /anoeoe a yae?a i?aia?acoaony
a eeiaoe/aneoth yia?aeth ineieeia aeaeaiey, iaeo?iiia e ae?oaeo /anoeoe.
Yoa yia?aey caoai ?anoiaeoaony ia oaieiaia aicaoaeaeaiea ninoaaeythueo
aauanoai aoiiia e iieaeoe, o.a. ia ?acia?aaaiea ie?oaeathuaai aauanoaa.
Iinea aeoa aeaeaiey yaea? ?iaeaeaiiua i?e aeaeaiee ineieee yaea?,
aoaeo/e ianoaaeeueiuie, i?aoa?iaaatho ?yae iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo i?aa?auaiee e n iaeioi?ui caiacaeuaaieai enioneatho
“caiacaeuaathuea” iaeo?iiu, aieueoia /enei aeueoa, aaoa e aaiia-/anoeoe.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu iaeioi?ua ineieee iaeaaeatho niiniaiinoueth eioaineaii
iiaeiuaoue iaeo?iiu.
1.1.4 ssaea?iue ?aaeoi?
ssaea?iue ?aaeoi? – yoi oaoie/aneay onoaiiaea, a eioi?ie inouanoaeyaony
naiiiiaeaea?aeeaathuayny oeaiiay ?aaeoeey aeaeaiey oyaeaeuo yaea? n
inaiaiaeaeaieai yaea?iie yia?aee. ssaea?iue ?aaeoi? ninoieo ec aeoeaiie
ciiu e io?aaeaoaey, ?aciauaiiuo a caueoiii ei?iona.Aeoeaiay ciia
niaea?aeeo yaea?iia oiieeai a aeaea oiieeaiie eiiiiceoeee a caueoiii
iie?uoee e caiaaeeeoaeue. Oiieeaiua yeaiaiou iau/ii eiatho aeae oiieeo
noa?aeiae. Iie nia?aiu a io/ee e caeeth/aiu a /aoeu. Oaeea nai?iua
eiiiiceoeee iacuaathony nai?eaie eee eannaoaie.
Aaeieue oiieeaiuo yeaiaioia aeaeaaaony oaieiiineoaeue, eioi?ue
aini?eieiaao oaiei yaea?iuo i?aa?auaiee. Iaa?aoue a aeoeaiie ciia
oaieiiineoaeue aeaeaaaony ii eiioo?o oee?eoeyoeee ca n/ao ?aaiou ianinia
eeai iiae aeaenoaeai nee A?oeiaaea e, i?ioiaey /a?ac oaieiiaiaiiee, eeai
ia?iaaia?aoi?, ioaeaao oaiei oaieiiineoaeth aiaoiaai eiioo?a.
Ia?aiin oaiea e aeaeaeaiey aai iineoaeae iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue a aeaea
i?inoie noaiu:
1.?aaeoi?
2.Oaieiiaiaiiee, ia?iaaia?aoi?
3.Ia?ioo?aeiiay onoaiiaea
4.Aaia?aoi?
5.Eiiaeainaoi?
6.Ianin
2.1 I?iaeaiu ?acaeoey yia?aaoeee
?acaeoea eiaeono?eaeueiiai iauanoaa iie?aaony ia iinoiyiii ?anoouee
o?iaaiue i?iecaiaenoaa e iio?aaeaiey
?acee/iuo aeaeia yia?aee.
Eae ecaanoii, a iniiaa i?iecaiaenoaa oaieiaie e yeaeo?e/aneie yia?aee
eaaeeo i?ioeann naeeaaiey eneiiaaiuo
yia?ai?ano?nia –
oaey
iaooe
aaca
a a aoiiiie yia?aaoeea – aeaeaiea yaea? aoiiia o?aia e ieooiiey i?e
iiaeiuaiee iaeo?iiia.
Ianooaa aeiau/e e ?anoiaeiaaiey eneiiaaiuo yia?ai?ano?nia, iaoaeeia,
iio?aaeaiey aiaeu, aicaeooa aeey i?iecaiaenoaa iaiaoiaeeiiai
/aeiaa/anoao eiee/anoaa yia?aee ia?iiai, a caianu ?ano?nia, oau,
ia?aie/aiu. Iniaaiii ino?i noieo i?iaeaia auno?iai en/a?iaiey caiania
i?aaie/aneeo i?e?iaeiuo yia?ai?ano?nia.
1 ea i?e?iaeiiai o?aia caiaiyao 20 o oaey.
Ie?iaua caianu yia?ai?ano?nia ioeaieaathony aaee/eiie 355 Q, aaea Q –
aaeeieoea oaieiaie yia?aee, ?aaiay Q=2,52*1017 eeae = 36*109 oiii
oneiaiiai oiieeaa /o.o.o/, o.a. oiieeaa n eaei?eeiinoueth 7000 eeae/ea,
oae /oi caianu yia?ai?ano?nia ninoaaeytho 12,8*1012 o.o.o.
Ec yoiai eiee/anoaa i?eia?ii 1/3 o.a. ~ 4,3*1012 o.o.o. iiaoo auoue
ecaea/aiu n eniieueciaaieai nia?aiaiiie oaoieee i?e oia?aiiie noieiinoe
oiieeaiaeiau/e. N ae?oaie noi?iiu nia?aiaiiiua iio?aaiinoe a
yia?aiiineoaeyo ninoaaeytho 1,1*1010 o.o.o./aiae, e ?anooo ni
nei?inoueth 3-4% a aiae, o.a. oaeaaeaathony eaaeaeua 20 eao.
Eaaei ioeaieoue, /oi i?aaie/aneea eneiiaaiua ?ano?nu, aeaaea anee
o/anoue aa?iyoiia caiaaeeaiea oaiiia ?inoa yia?aiiio?aaeaiey, aoaeoo a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a ec?anoiaeiaaiu a aoaeouai aaea.
Ioiaoei enoaoe, /oi i?e naeeaaiee eneiiaaiuo oaeae e iaooe, iaeaaeathueo
na?ienoinoueth ieiei 2,5 %, aaeaaiaeii ia?acoaony aei 400 iei.o.
na?ienoiai aaca e ieeneia acioa, o.a. ieiei 70 ea. a?aaeiuo aauanoa ia
eaaeaeiai aeeoaey caiee a aiae.
Eniieueciaaiea yia?aee aoiiiiai yae?a, ?acaeoea aoiiiie yia?aaoeee
nieiaao ino?ioo yoie i?iaeaiu.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, ioe?uoea aeaeaiey oyaeaeuo yaea? i?e caoaaoa iaeo?iiia,
naeaeaaoaa iao aae aoiiiui, i?eaaaeei e caianai yia?aaoe/aneiai
eneiiaaiiai oiieeaa nouanoaaiiue eeaae yaea?iiai ai?th/aai. Caianu o?aia
a caiiie ei?a ioeaieaathony ia?iiiie oeeo?ie 1014 oiii. Iaeiaei iniiaiay
ianna yoiai aiaaonoaa iaoiaeeony a ?annayiii ninoiyiee – a a?aieoao,
aacaeueoao. A aiaeao ie?iaiai ieaaia eiee/anoai o?aia aeinoeaaao 4*109
oiii. Iaeiaei aiaaouo ianoi?iaeaeaiee o?aia, aaea aeiau/a auea au
iaaei?iaa, ecaanoii n?aaieoaeueii iaiiiai. Iiyoiio ianno ?ano?nia
o?aia,eioi?oth iiaeii aeiauoue i?e nia?aiaiiie oaoiieiaee e i?e
oia?aiiuo oeaiao, ioeaieaatho a 108 oiii. Aaeaaiaeiua iio?aaiinoe a
o?aia ninoaaeytho, ii nia?aiaiiui ioeaieai, 104 oiii anoanoaaiiiai
o?aia. Oae /oi yoe caianu iicaieytho, eae neacae aeaaeaiee
A.I.Aeaenaiae?ia, “oa?aoue Aeaiieeia ia/ oiieeaiie iaaeinoaoi/iinoe
i?aeoe/anee ia iaia?aie/aiiia a?aiy”.
Ae?oaay aaaeiay i?iaeaia nia?aiaiiiai eiaeono?eaeueiiai iauanoaa –
iaania/aiea nio?aiiinoe i?e?iaeu, /enoiou aiaeu, aicaeooiiai aannaeia.
Ecaanoia icaai/aiiinoue o/aiuo ii iiaiaeo “ia?ieeiaiai yooaeoa”,
aicieeathuaai ec-ca aua?inia oaeaeeneiai aaca i?e naeeaaiee
i?aaie/aneiai oiieeaa, e niioaaonoaothuaai aeiaaeueiiai iioaieaiey
eeeiaoa ia iaoae ieaiaoa. Aea e i?iaeaiu caaaciaaiiinoe aicaeooiiai
aannaeia, “eeneuo” aeiaeaeae, io?aaeaiey ?ae i?eaeeceeenue ai iiiaeo
?aeiiao e e?eoe/aneie /a?oa.
Aoiiiay yia?aaoeea ia iio?aaeyao eenei?iaea e eiaao ie/oiaeiia
eiee/anoai aua?inia i?e ii?iaeueiie yenieoaoaoeee. Anee aoiiiay
yia?aaoeea caiaieo iau/ioth yia?aaoeeo, oi aiciiaeiinoe aicieeiiaaiey
“ia?ieea” n oyaeaeuie yeieiae/aneeie iineaaenoaeyie aeiaaeueiiai
iioaieaiey aoaeoo ono?aiaiu.
*?acau/aeii aaaeiui ianoiyoaeuenoaii yaeyaony oio oaeo, /oi aoiiiay
yia?aaoeea aeieacaea naith yeiiiie/aneoth yooaeoeaiinoue i?aeoe/anee ai
anao ?aeiiao caiiiai oa?a. E?iia oiai, aeaaea i?e aieueoii ianooaaa
yia?aii?iecaiaenoaa ia AN aoiiiay yia?aaoeea ia nicaeano iniauo
o?ainii?oiuo i?iaeai, iineieueeo o?aaoao ie/oiaeiuo o?ainii?oiuo
?anoiaeia, /oi inaiaiaeaeaao iauanoaa io a?aiaie iinoiyiiuo ia?aaicie
ia?iiiuo eiee/anoa i?aaie/aneiai oiieeaa.
3.1 Eeanneoeeaoeey yaea?iuo ?aaeoi?ia
ssaea?iua ?aaeoi?u aeaeyony ia ianeieueei a?oii:
a caaeneiinoe io n?aaeiae yia?aee niaeo?a iaeo?iiia – ia auno?ua,
i?iiaaeooi/iua e oaieiaua;
ii eiino?oeoeaiui iniaaiiinoyi aeoeaiie ciiu – ia ei?ioniua e
eaiaeueiua;
ii oeio oaieiiineoaey – aiaeyiua, oyaeaeiaiaeiua, iao?eaaua;
ii oeio caiaaeeeoaey – ia aiaeyiua, a?aoeoiaua, oyaeaeiaiaeiua e ae?.
Aeey yia?aaoe/aneeo oeaeae, aeey i?iecaiaenoaa yeaeo?iyia?aee
i?eiaiythony:
aiaeiaiaeyiua ?aaeoi?u n iaeeiyuae eee eeiyuae aiaeie iiae aeaaeaieai,
o?ai-a?aoeoiaua ?aaeoi?u n eeiyuae aiaeie eee ioeaaeaeaaiua oaeaeeneui
aacii,
oyaeaeiaiaeiua eaiaeueiua ?aaeoi?u e ae? .
A aoaeouai aoaeoo oe?iei i?eiaiyoueny ?aaeoi?u ia auno?uo iaeo?iiao,
ioeaaeaeaaiua aeeaeeeie iaoaeeaie (iao?ee e ae?.); a eioi?uo
i?eioeeieaeueii ?aaeecoai ?aaeei aini?iecaiaenoaa oiieeaa, o.a.
nicaeaiey eiee/anoaa aeaeyueony ecioiiia ieooiiey Pu-239 i?aauoathuaai
eiee/ anoai ?anoiaeoaiuo eceioiiia o?aia U-235. Ia?aiao?,
oa?aeoa?ecothuee aini?iecaiaenoai oiieeaa iacuaaaony ieooiieaaui
eiyooeoeeaioii. Ii iieacuaaao, neieueei aeoia aoiiia Pu-239 nicaeaaony
i?e ?aaeoeeyo caoaaoa iaeo?iiia a U-238 ia iaeiei aoii U-235, caoaa
oeaoaa i iaeo?ii e i?aoa?iaaoaai aeaeaiea eee ?aaeeaoeeiiiia i?aa?auaiea
a U-235.
3.1.2 ?aaeoi?u n aiaeie iiae aeaaeaieai.
?aaeoi?u n aiaeie iiae aeaaeaieai caieiatho aeaeiia ianoi a ie?iaii
ia?ea yia?aaoe/aneeo ?aaeoi?ia. E?iia oiai, iie oe?iei eniieuecothony ia
oeioa a ea/anoaa enoi/ieeia yia?aee eae aeey iaaeaiaeiuo noaeia, oae e
aeey iiaeaiaeiuo eiaeie. Oaeea ?aaeoi?u ioiineoaeueii eiiiaeoiu, i?inou
e iaaeaaeiu a yenieoaoaoeee. Aiaea, neoaeauay a oaeeo ?aaeoi?ao
oaieiiineoaeai e caiaaeeeoaeai iaeo?iiia, ioiineoaeueii aeaoaaa,
iaaa?anneaia e iaeaaeaao oi?ioeie iaeo?iiii-oece/aneeie naienoaaie.
?aaeoi?u n aiaeie iiae aeaaeaieai iacuaathony eia/a aiaeiaiaeyiuie eee
eaaeiaiaeiuie. Iie auiieiythony a aeaea oeeeeiae?e/aneiai ninoaea
aunieiai aeaaeaiey ni nueaiiie e?uoeie. A yoii ninoaea (ei?iona
?aaeoi?a) ?aciauaaony aeoeaiay ciia, ninoaaeaiiay ec oiieeaiuo nai?ie
(oiieeaiuo eannao) e iiaeaeaeiuo yeaiaioia nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey e caueou.
Aiaea aoiaeeo /a?ac iao?oaee a ei?ion, iiaeaaony a i?ino?ainoai iiae
aeoeaiie ciiie, aeaeaaaony aa?oeeaeueii aaa?o aaeieue oiieeaiuo
yeaiaioia e ioaiaeeony /a?ac auoiaeiua iao?oaee a eiioo? oee?eoeyoeee.
Oaiei yaea?iuo ?aaeoeee ia?aaeaaony a ia?iaaia?aoi?ao aiaea aoi?iai
eiioo?a, aieaa ieceiai aeaaeaiey. Aeaeaeaiea aiaeu ii eiioo?o
iaania/eaaaony ?aaioie oee?eoeyoeeiiiuo ianinia, eeai, eae a ?aaeoi?ao
aeey noaioeee oaieiniaaaeaiey, – ca n/ao aeaeaeouaai iaii?a anoanoaaiiie
oee?eoeyoeee.
Oeie/iay oaieiaay noaia aiaeiaiaeyiuo yia?aaoe/aneeo ?aaeoi?ia (AAY?),
aeaenoaothueo n 1964 aiaea a NNN?, iieacaia ia ?en.1:
3.3.2 Eeiyuea ?aaeoi?u
1.?aaeoi?
2.Ia?iaaia?aoi?
3.Oee?eoeyoeeiiiue ianin
3.3.3 O?ai-a?aoeoiaua ?aaeoi?u
E E O A ? A O O ? A
1. ?oaeee A. I. Oece/aneea iniiau yaea?iuo ?aaeoi?ia. I.: Aoiiecaeao,
1980.
2. Eeeiia A. I. ssaea?iay oeceea e yaea?iua ?aaeoi?u. I.: Aoiiecaeao,
1971.
3. Ieaiaooeei I. I., Ieaiaooeei A. I., ssaea?iua yia?aaoe/aneea
onoaiiaee. I.: Yia?aiaoiiecaeao, 1986.
4. Aiaeueyiia E. ss. e ae?. Eiino?oe?iaaiea yaea?iuo ?aaeoi?ia. I.:
Yia?aiaoiiecaeao, 1982
5. Eaia?ii E. ssaea?iua ?aaeoi?u. I.: Yia?aiaoiiecaeao, 1987
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