Ieai
Aaaaeaiea
1.Yeiiiie/aneia niaea?aeaiea nenoaiu
?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa.
2.No?oeoo?a ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa.
3.?anoiaeu ?aaeiiaeueiuo athaeaeaoia.
Caeeth/aiea
Aaaaeaiea
?anoiaeu athaeaeaoa, aoaeo/e eiiiiiaioii iauae oeiainiaie eaoaai?ee –
athaeaeaoa – i?aaenoaaeytho niaie cao?aou, aicieeathuea a nayce n
auiieiaieai ainoaea?noaii naieo ooieoeee. Yoe cao?aou au?aaeatho
yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey, ia iniiaa eioi?uo i?ienoiaeeo i?ioeann
eniieueciaaiey n?aaenoa oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oiiaea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa
ainoaea?noaa ii ?acee/iui iai?aaeaieyi.
A oneiaeyo ia?aoiaea e ?uieo, I?aaeoaeuenoai aaaeao eioaineaioth
?aaioo ii ?aaeecaoeee eiioeaioeee niaa?oainoaiaaiey nenoaiu
oi?aaeaiey athaeaeaoiuie n?aaenoaaie. A iniiao eiioeaioeee
caeeaaeuaathony o?e iniiaiuo aeiea caaea/:
noi?ie?iaaoue /aoeea i?aaeea ?ac?aaioee e eniieiaiey athaeaeaoa n
iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiie aeaoaeecaoeeae no?oeoo?u athaeaeaoiuo cao?ao e
aiaae?aieai yeaiaioia eacia/aeneiai iaoiaea eniieiaiey athaeaeaoa;
ii?aaeaeeoue iaeaieaa i?eaieaiua aeey iaoeeiiaeueiuo e ?aaeiiaeueiuo
oneiaee oi?iu i?eaea/aiey iao?aaeeoeeiiiuo oeiainiauo enoi/ieeia a
iai?io;
nicaeaoue iieiioeaiiue eioi?iaoeeiiii- aiaeeoe/aneee eiiieaen a
athaeaeaoii-oeiainiaie nenoaia, /oiau eiaoue oe?ieoth eioi?iaoeeiiioth
aaco aeey iioeiecaoeee i?iaiice?iaaiey aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa,
iiauneoue iia?aoeaiinoue athaeaeaoiie io/aoiinoe, iicaieythuae
i?eieiaoue aeaenoaaiiua oeiainiaua ?aoaiey ii yooaeoeaiiio
iaiaa?e?iaaieth athaeaeaoiuie ?ano?naie a nouanoaothueo eioeyoeeiiiuo
oneiaeyo.
Ia?aay a?oiia caaea/ ?aaeecoaony oaea nae/an. Iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo e
neiaeiaeoeo iai?aaeaiee niaa?oainoaiaaiey oi?aaeaiey athaeaeaoiuie
?ano?naie yaeyaony aiaae?aiea yeaiaioia eacia/aeneiai iaoiaea eniieiaiey
athaeaeaoa. Iniiao caaea/ oi?ie?oaiuo ii oa??eoi?eyi ?innee
oaaea?aeueiuo eacia/aeneeo o/?aaeaeaiee ninoaaeytho ooieoeee ii
?acanneaiiaaieth n?aaenoa, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey o/?aaeaeaiee,
?aniieiaeaiiuo ia niioaaonoaothuae oa??eoi?ee e oeiaine?oaiuo ca n/ao
n?aaenoa oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa; ii i?aaiecaoeee e eiio?ieth ca
oeaeaaui e yooaeoeaiui ?anoiaeiaaieai auaeaeaiiuo athaeaeaoiuo ?ano?nia.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii yeiiiie/aneoth iniiao ?aaeiiia ninoaaeyao eo
nianoaaiiinoue iai?eia?, yeiiiie/aneoth aaco ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey
ninoaaeytho a? i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu: caiey, iaae?a e o.ae.
Neiaeeaoayny a iaoae no?aia yeiiiie/aneay, a oii /enea e oeiainiaay,
neooaoeey ia iicaieyao ianoiui i?aaiai aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey i?e
athaeaeaoiii aeaoeoeeoa ana?ueac ?ann/eouaaoue ia iiiieiaiea aeioiaeiie
/anoe athaeaeaoia oa??eoi?ee iooai aaaaeaiey aeiiieieoaeueiuo ianoiuo
iaeiaia e nai?ia.
Neaaeoao iiiieoue, /oi ?anoiaeu ethaiai athaeaeaoa inouanoaeythony ca
n/ao n?aaenoa iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ainoaea?noai acyei
ia naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia?aae ieie ca auiieiaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo iaycaoaeuenoa.
1.Yeiiiie/aneia niaea?aeaiea nenoaiu ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa.
Yeiiiie/aneay nouiinoue ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa i?iyaeyaony ai iiiaeo
aeaeao. Eaaeaeue aeae ?anoiaeia iaeaaeaao ea/anoaaiiie e eiee/anoaaiiie
oa?aeoa?enoeeie. I?e yoii ea/anoaaiiay oa?aeoa?enoeea, io?aaeay
yeiiiie/aneoth i?e?iaeo yaeaiey, iicaieyao onoaiiaeoue iacia/aiea
athaeaeaoiuo ?anoiaeia, eiee/anoaaiiay- eo aaee/eio.
Iiiaiia?acea eiie?aoiuo aeaeia athaeaeaoiuo ?anoiaeia iaoneiaeaii
oeaeui ?yaeii oaeoi?ia: i?e?iaeie e ooieoeeyie ainoaea?noaa, o?iaiai
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu, ?acaaoaeaiiinoueth naycae
athaeaeaoa n ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiui
ono?ienoaii ainoaea?noaa, oi?iaie i?aaeinoaaeaiey athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa
e o.i. Ni/aoaiea yoeo oaeoi?ia ii?iaeaeaao oo eee eioth nenoaio
?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa ethaiai ainoaea?noaa ia ii?aaeaeaiiii yoaia
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey.
Aeey auyniaiey ?iee e cia/aiey athaeaeaoiuo ?anoiaeia a yeiiiie/aneie
aeecie iauanoaa eo eeanneoeoee?otho ii ii?aaeaeaiiui i?eciaeai. A oai?ee
e i?aeoeea oeiainia nouanoaotho ianeieueei i?eciaeia eeanneoeeaoeee
?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa.
A ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ?anoiaeu athaeaeaoa iiae?acaeaeythony ii eo
aeeyieth ia i?ioeann ?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa. A yoii neo/aa
auaeaeythony oaeouea e eaieoaeueiua athaeaeaoiua ?anoiaeu.
Oaeouea ?anoiaeu naycaiu n i?aaeinoaaeaieai athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa
th?eaee/aneei eeoeai ia eo niaea?aeaiea e iie?uoea oaeoueo iio?aaiinoae.
Yoe ?anoiaeu aeeth/atho cao?aou ia ainoaea?noaaiiia iio?aaeaiea
(niaea?aeaiea yeiiiie/aneie e nioeeaeueiie eio?ano?oeoo?u,
ainoaea?noaaiiuo io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, caeoiee oiaa?ia e oneoa
a?aaeaeaineiai e aiaiiiai oa?aeoa?a, oaeouea ?anoiaeu ainoaea?noaaiiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee), oaeouea noaneaeee ieaeanoiyuei i?aaiai aeanoe,
ainoaea?noaaiiui e /anoiui i?aaei?eyoeyi, o?ainii?oiua ieaoaaee, auieaoo
i?ioeaioia ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio aeieao e ae?oaea ?anoiaeu. Eae i?aaeei,
yoe ?anoiaeu a iniiaiii niioaaonoaotho cao?aoai, io?aaeaiiui a iau/iii
athaeaeaoa eee athaeaeaoa oaeoueo ?anoiaeia e aeioiaeia.
Eaieoaeueiua ?anoiaeu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aeaiaaeiua cao?aou,
naycaiiua n aeiaeaieai a iniiaiie eaieoae e i?e?ino caiania. Iie
aeeth/atho a naay eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey ca n/ao athaeaeaoa a ?acee/iua
io?anee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, eiaanoeoeeiiiua noaneaeee e aeieain?i/iua
athaeaeaoiua e?aaeeou ainoaea?noaaiiui e /anoiui i?aaei?eyoeyi ianoiui
i?aaiai aeanoe. Aeaiiay a?oiia ?anoiaeia io?aaeaaony a athaeaeaoa
eaieoaeueiuo ?anoiaeia e aeioiaeia ainoaea?noaa.
Aaaeiue i?eciae eeanneoeeaoeee ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa- i?aaeiaoiue.
I?e yoii ana ?anoiaeu iiae?acaeaeythony ia ianeieueei e?oiiuo a?oii. Eae
i?aaeei, auaeaeythony neaaeothuea a?oiiu ?anoiaeia:
oeiaine?iaaiea i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa;
oeiaine?iaaiea nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iuo ia?ii?eyoee;
oeiaine?iaaiea iaoee;
oeiaine?iaaiea iai?iiu;
niaea?aeaiea i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia e i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey;
?anoiaeu ii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe;
nicaeaiea ?aca?aiuo oiiaeia;
?anoiaeu ii ianeoaeeaaieth ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa;
i?i/ea ?anoiaeu e auieaou.
Caeanue oi?ioi aeaeia ?ieue ainoaea?noaa a ?aciuo iaeanoyo
iauanoaaiiie aeecie. Aeiiieieoaeueii e oeacaiiui a?oiiai ?anoiaeia iiaoo
auaeaeyoueny cao?aou ia auiieiaiea i?ei?eoaoiuo iauaainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?ia?aii. Oae, a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee naiinoiyoaeueii a ?anoiaeao
?anioaeeeaineiai athaeaeaoa io?aaeathony ?anoiaeu ia oeaeaaua
?aaeiiaeueiua i?ia?aiiu ii ?acaeoeth i?iiuoeaiiiai naeoi?a yeiiiieee,
?anoiaeu ii eeeaeaeaoeee iineaaenoaee yaea?iiai ac?uaa a *aeyaeineie
iaeanoe e yaea?iuo eniuoaiee ia Naieiaeaoeineii iieeaiia, ?anoiaeu ia
ainoaea?noaaiioth i?ia?aiio ?acaeoey yeiiiieee e eoeueoo?u iaei/eneaiiuo
ia?iaeia Naaa?a, ?anoiaeu ia i?ia?aiio ?acaeoey a?aaeaeaineie aaeaoeee,
?anoiaeu ia ?inneeneoth ainoaea?noaaiioth einie/aneoth i?ia?aiio e ae?.
Auaeaeaiea n?aaenoa ii ioaeaeueiui aeaeai oeaeaauo i?ia?aii iaania/eaaao
i?ei?eoao a eiioeaio?aoeee n?aaenoa athaeaeaoa e a eo eniieueciaaiee ii
aeaaiui iai?aaeaieyi, i?aaeoniio?aiiui i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe.
Eaaeaeay ec iacaaiiuo a?oii ?anoiaeia aeaeeony a naith i/a?aaeue ii
aaaeiinoaaiiiio e oeaeaaiio i?eciaeai.
Aaaeiinoaaiiue i?eciae iicaieyao auaeaeeoue a eaaeaeie a?oiia
?anoiaeia niioaaonoaothuaa ieienoa?noai, ae?oaia ainoaea?noaaiiia
o/?aaeaeaiea eee th?eaee/aneia eeoei, iieo/athuaa athaeaeaoiua
anneaiiaaiey. Yoio i?eciae eeanneoeeaoeee ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa io?aaeaao
iaeaieaa iiaeeueiua eciaiaiey a no?oeoo?a ?anoiaeia, naycaiiua n
eciaiaieai nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey.
Oeaeaaie i?eciae iicaieyao ?anniio?aoue ?anoiaeu iiae?acaeaeythueany ia
eiie?aoiua aeaeu cao?ao. Eeanneoeeaoeey ?anoiaeia ii oeaeaaiio
iacia/aieth nicaeaao i?aaeiinueee aeey ?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey
athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa, yaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiie aacie aeey inouanoaeaiey
yooaeoeaiiai e aeaenoaaiiiai eiio?iey ca eniieueciaaieai athaeaeaoiuo
anneaiiaaiee. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i?eiaiyaony
eeanneoeeaoeey ?anoiaeia ii 19 oeaeaauo iai?aaeaieyi:
ca?aaioiay ieaoa;
ia/eneaiey ia ca?aaioioth ieaoo;
eaioeaey?neea e oicyenoaaiiua ?anoiaeu;
eiiaiaee?iaee e neoaeaaiua ?acuacaeu;
noeiaiaeee;
?anoiaeu ia ieoaiea;
i?eia?aoaiea iaaeeeaiaioia e ia?aayci/iuo n?aaenoa;
i?eia?aoaiea iai?oaeiaaiey e eiaaioa?y;
i?eia?aoaiea iyaeiai eiaaioa?y e iaioiaee?iaaiey;
ainoaea?noaaiiua eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey;
eaieoaeueiue ?aiiio;
niaea?aeaiea nii?oaeaiee aeaaiono?ienoaa;
aaieiai?acaaaei/iua ?aaiou;
i?iaeoe?iaaiea;
ainoaea?noaaiiay aeioaoeey;
iia?aoeeiiiua ?anoiaeu;
ieaoaaee ii nnoaeai;
aiciauaiea ?acieoeu a oeaiao;
i?i/ea ?anoiaeu.
E?iia oiai, ii ioaeaeueiui a?oiiai ?anoiaeia (a /anoiinoe, ii ?anoiaeai
ia iai?iio ) i?eiaiyaony eeanneoeeaoeey, ioee/iay io iauae ii oeaeaaiio
i?eciaeo.
Aaaeiie i?iaeaiie inouanoaeaiey oeaeaauo athaeaeaoiuo ?anoiaeia
yaeyaony eo caueuaiiinoue io iaanoeaiaiey a oneiaeyo aunieeo oaiiia
eioeyoeee ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia ?acaeoey yeiiiieee iaoae no?aiu. I?eioeei
caueuaiiinoe i?aaeiieaaaao oeiaine?iaaiea ?yaea noaoae ?anoiaeia
athaeaeaoa a iieiii iauaia n o/aoii eo eioeyoeeiiiiai oaaee/aiey.
Inouanoaeaiea oeiaine?iaaiey ioaeaeueiuo noaoae ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa a
niioaaonoaee n eo eioeyoeeiiiui oaaee/aieai, n iaeiie noi?iiu,
iaania/eaaao caueoo iieo/aoaeae athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee a iaania/aiee
iaia/aiiuo eie ia?ii?eyoee, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu, yaeyaony eioeyoeeiiiui
oaeoi?ii, oaaee/eaathuei niaieoiiue ni?in ia i?iaeoeoeeth e oneoae e a
aeaeueiaeoai i?iaioee?othuei ?acaeoea eioeyoeee ecaea?aeae
i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iineaaeiei i?eciaeii eeanneoeeaoeee ?anoiaeia yaeyaony
oa??eoi?eaeueiue. A niioaaonoaee n o?iaiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey
a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ?anoiaeu athaeaeaoa iiae?acaeaeythony ia
?anoiaeu ?anioaeeeaineiai athaeaeaoa, ?anoiaeu athaeaeaoia /eaiia
oaaea?aoeee e ?anoiaeu ianoiuo athaeaeaoia.
Inouanoaeaiea ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa aeinoeaaaony i?e iiiiue
athaeaeaoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey. Iiae iei iiieiaaony nenoaia
i?aaeinoaaeaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoeyi, i?aaiecaoeeyi e
o/?aaeaeaieyi ia i?iaaaeaiea ia?ii?eyoee, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo athaeaeaoii.
Athaeaeaoiia oeiaine?iaaiea aace?oaony ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?eioeeiao,
oa?aeoa?ecoaony niaoeeoe/aneeie oi?iaie e iaoiaeaie i?aaeinoaaeaiey
n?aaenoa. I?eioeei, oi?ia e iaoiaeu athaeaeaoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey
aunooiatho ninoaaiuie yeaiaioaie naiie nenoaiu, aeeytho ia
?acoeueoaoeaiinoue aa ooieoeeiie?iaaiey.
Aaaeioth ?ieue a i?aaiecaoeee ?aoeeiiaeueiie nenoaiu athaeaeaoiiai
oeiaine?iaaiey ea?atho i?aaeaea anaai i?eioeeiu oeiaine?iaaiey. E /eneo
yoeo i?eioeeiia ioiinyony:
iieo/aiea iaeneiaeueiiai yooaeoa i?e ieieioia cao?ao. Athaeaeaoiua
n?aaenoaa aeieaeiu i?aaeinoaaeyoueny eeoue i?e oneiaee iaania/aiey
iaeaieueoae ?acoeueoaoeaiinoe io eo eniieueciaaiey. Yoio yooaeo iiaeao
au?aaeaoueny, n iaeiie noi?iiu, a ?aoaiee ?acee/iuo caaea/
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu, a n ae?oaie – a ia?aoiii
i?eoiea a athaeaeao aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ca n/ao ?inoa aeioiaeia
iieo/aoaeae athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee;
oeaeaaie oa?aeoa? eniieueciaaiey athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee.
TH?eaee/aneea eeoea iieo/atho n?aaenoaa ec athaeaeaoa oieueei ia iniiaa
ooaa?aeaeaiiiai athaeaeaoa, i?e/ai ia ca?aiaa iaoneiaeaiiua oeaee.
No?iaia niaethaeaiea yoiai i?eioeeia i?aiyonoaoao iayooaeoeaiiio
eniieueciaaieth athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee;
i?aaeinoaaeaiea athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa a ia?o auiieiaiey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e ae?oaeo iieacaoaeae e n o/aoii eniieueciaaiey ?aiaa
ioiouaiiuo anneaiiaaiee. Caaeneiinoue athaeaeaoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey io
auiieiaiey iieacaoaeae iicaieyao oeiainiaui i?aaiai inouanoaeyoue
aeaenoaaiiue e yooaeoeaiue eiio?ieue ca aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaei?eyoee,
i?aaiecaoeee e o/?aaeaeaiee;
aacaica?aoiinoue athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee. I?aaeinoaaeaiea n?aaenoa aac
oneiaey eo iaycaoaeueiiai aica?aoa a ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao.
Iaeiaei iiieii aacaica?aoiiai athaeaeaoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy ana oe?a i?eiaiyaony e?aaeeoiaaiea i?aaei?eyoee iooai
auaea/e athaeaeaoiuo nnoae. I?ioeaiou ii oaeei nnoaeai eeai ia
aceiathony, eeai aceiathony ii ieceei noaaeai. Athaeaeaoiua nnoaeu
auaeathony ii niaoeeaeueiui ?anii?yaeaieyi I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?.O. ia
auiieiaiea oeaeaauo i?ia?aii ?acaeoey. Oae a 1996a. Oaeea nnoaeu
aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeinoaaeaiu ia oeiaine?iaaiea:
?anoiaeia ia oi?ie?iaaiea oaaea?aeueiuo i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo oiiaeia;
?anoiaeia ia iaania/aiea aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie
i?iaeoeoeeae e i?eia?aoaiea ieaiaiiiai neioa ia iniiaa aeieain?i/iie
a?aiaeu (eeceiaa);
/anoe ?anoiaeia ia eiaanoeoeeiiiua i?ia?aiiu eiiaa?nee iai?iiiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe .
A iaeanoe ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa aei neo ii? eiatho ianoi nouanoaaiiua
iaaeinoaoee: athaeaeaoiua n?aaenoaa eniieuecothony iaaeinoaoi/ii
yooaeoeaii, oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaia i?aeoeea iaoeaeaaiai ?anoiaeiaaiey
athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa. Athaeaeaoiua ?anoiaeu ia ?aoatho iiiaeo ianouiuo
i?iaeai nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee. Ia i?aaieciaaii ia aeieaeiii o?iaia
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea ?anoiaeia a iieueco nioeeaeueii iacaueuaiiuo neiaa
ianaeaiey. I?iaeieaeaaony nienaiea aeieaia a aa?a?iii naeoi?a.
Iniiaiua caaea/e a iaeanoe athaeaeaoiuo ?anoiaeia:
nie?aoeoue /enei oaaea?aeueiuo oeaeaauo i?ia?aii, iaania/eoue
eiioeaio?aoeeth n?aaenoa athaeaeaoa ia iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiuo e
nioeeaeueii cia/eiuo i?iaeoao;
nieceoue ?anoiaeu ia niaea?aeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa;
i?iaeieaeeoue aeaoeaio?aeecaoeeth eiaanoeoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna, ?anoe?ea
i?aeoeeo ainoaea?noaaiii-eiiia?/aneiai oeiaine?iaaiey i?iaeoia;
iiauneoue yooaeoeaiinoue eniieueciaaiey anneaiiaaiee ia iaoeeiiaeueioth
iai?iio e iai?iiiue eiiieaen, eiioeaio?e?oy eo ia ?aoaiee nioeeaeueiuo
i?iaeai, eiiaa?nee e ia?niaeoeaiuo iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo ?aaioao;
nieceoue o?iaaiue aeioaoeee ioaeaeueiui io?aneyi;
oneeeoue eiio?ieue ca eniieueciaaieai athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa;
iaania/eoue i?ei?eoaoiia oeiaine?iaaiea ?anoiaeia ia iaoeo, eoeueoo?o,
iaaeeoeeineia ianeoaeeaaiea, ia?aciaaiea.
2.Iaoiaeu i?aaeinoaaeaiey n?aaenoa ec athaeaeaoa.
Nenoaia ?anoiaeia oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa o/eouaaao ana
iauaainoaea?noaaiiua iio?aaiinoe oeiaine?iaaiey eioi?uo yaeyaony
eneeth/eoaeueiie i?e?aaaoeaie ainoaea?noaa.
?anoiaeu, i?iecaiaeeiua ainoaea?noaii a noa?a iaoa?eaeueiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, aeeeeuii-eiiioiaeueiii oicyenoaa ioiinyony e ?anoiaeai ia
oeiaine?iaaiea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
Athaeaeaoiua n?aaenoaa i?aaeinoaaeytho ieienoa?noaii, aaaeiinoaa e
i?aaei?eyoeyi ia cao?aou ii ?anoe?aieth i?iecaiaenoaa, ia iaania/aiea
i?inoiai aini?iecaiaenoaa, ia iia?aoeeiiiua e i?i/ea ?anoiaeu.
?anoiaeu ia oeiaine?iaaiea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa ieaie?othony ii
ieienoa?noaai, aaaeiinoaai e i?aaei?eyoeyi e iaeiia?aiaiii
i?aaeoniao?eaathony ii oeaeaaiio iacia/aieth.
Iniiaiay /anoue athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa auaeaeyaony i?ei?eoaoiui
io?aneyi ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, e eioi?ui ioiinyony oiieeaiay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, yia?aaoeea, naeueneia oicyenoai e o?ainii?o. E?iia
oiai, /anoue ?anoiaeia a i?ioeanna eo ieaie?iaaiey e oeiaine?iaaiey
auaeaeythony a niaoeeaeueiua a?oiiu. Iiyaeaiea oaeeo ?anoiaeia, eae
i?aaeei, naycaii n ?ac?aaioeie ainoaea?noaii oeaeaauo i?ia?aii. Iaeaieaa
e?oiiie a?oiiie oaeeo ?anoiaeia yaeythony cao?aou ia oeiaine?iaaiea
eiiaa?nee aiaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e aini?iecaiaenoai
ieia?aeueii-nu?ueaaie aacu.
Aoi?ie ii cia/aieth e ia?aie ii ?acia?o noaoueae ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa ia
oeiaine?iaaiea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa yaeyaony auieaoa ?acee/iuo aeaeia
aeioaoeee i?aaei?eyoeyi.
Iaiaoiaeeiia nouanoaiaaiea oeiainiaie iiiiue auoaeaao ec nio?aiaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oeai, nio?aiythony aeioaoeee ia
ioaeaeueiua aeaeu yia?ai?ano?nia e i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo oiaa?ia, a oaeaea
ioaeaeueiui io?aneyi, ia?aioaaaeueiinoue eioi?uo yaeeanue ?acoeueoaoii
eniieueciaaiey ?aaoee?oaiuo oeai e oa?eoia, yoi aeeeeuii-eiiioiaeueiia
oicyenoai, o?ainii?o.
Iinoaiaiiue ioione oeai ia yia?ai?ano?nu aeioe?oaiua ec athaeaeaoa,
iicaieyao nieaeaoue aeieth athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa, iai?aaeyaiuo ia
aiciauaiea ?acieoeu a oeaiao. Auaeaeaiea aeioaoeee
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyi, aeanoei oaycuaaaony n ainoaea?noaaiiui
o?aaoee?iaaieai iaoaiecia oeaiiia?aciaaiey.
Iniiaiua oeiu athaeaeaoiuo aeioaoeee:
oaieueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, aeioe?oaony ?acieoea a oeaiao e io/eneaiey ia
IEIE?;
auieaoa ?acieoeu ia oiieeai ioioneaaiia ianaeaieth (aaciaay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue);
aeeeeuii-eiiioiaeueiia oicyenoai;
o?ainii?oiua i?aaiecaoeee.
Ia oeiaine?iaaiea i?iecaiaenoaa iai?aaeyaony ieiei 20% ?anoiaeia
athaeaeaoa, iniiaiie iauai caieiatho aeioaoeee e eiaanoeoeeiiiua
e?aaeeou ia eiieo?niie iniiaa.
Ia?yaeo n aacaiciacaeiui athaeaeaoiui oeiaine?iaaieai a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy ia/aei ?acaeaaoueny e?aaeeoiaaiea i?aaei?eyoee iin?aaenoaii
auaea/e athaeaeaoiuo nnoae.
Athaeaeaoiua nnoaeu caieiatho i?iiaaeooi/iia iieiaeaiea iaaeaeo
e?aaeeoaie eiiia?/aneeo aaieia e athaeaeaoiuie anneaiiaaieyie. N iaeiie
noi?iiu yoe nnoaeu auaeathony n oneiaeai aica?aoiinoe e a ?yaea neo/aaa
iie auaatho ieaoiuie, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu, i?ioeaiou ii yoei nnoaeai
eeai ia aceiathony, eeai cia/eoaeueii ieaea, /ai e?aaeeou aaieia.
Auaeathony oaeea nnoaeu a iniiaiii ii niaoeeaeueiui ?anii?yaeaieyi
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?.O. ia auiieiaiea oeaeaauo i?ia?aii ?acaeoey.
Ae?oaia iai?aaeaiea ?anoiaeiaaiey yoi i?eaea/aiea eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee, ii a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo yoio i?ioeann cao?oaeiai, a nayce
n yeiiiie/aneie ianoaaeeueiinoueth e ianiaa?oainoaii iaeiaiaiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
Athaeaeaoiua anneaiiaaiey iai?aaeythony ia ?aoaiea oceiai e?oaa
caaea/ iauaainoaea?noaaiiiai cia/aiey, ?aaeecaoeeth eioi?uo iaaiciiaeii
iaania/eoue ca n/ao ae?oaeo enoi/ieeia oeiaine?iaaiey. Oeiainiaua
?ano?nu eiioeaio?e?othony ia aaiaea e?oiiaeoeo iiuiinoae e iauaeoia
ii?aaeaeythueo ?aoaiea iniiaiuo nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo caaea/ e
iicaieythueo i?aaeoi?aaeeoue iianiua iineaaenoaey e?ecena a nioeeaeueiie
noa?a e niaaea i?iecaiaenoaa i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee iaiaoiaeeiie aeey
aeeciaiaania/aiey yeiiiieee aieaa 40% athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee
iai?aaeythony ia iaania/aiea nioeeaeueiuo i?ia?aii, aeeth/ay i?ia?aiio –
aeeeuey, ?acaeoey eoeueoo?u e cae?aaiio?aiaiey.
Iauay noiia aeioaoeee a 1996 a. Ii?aaeaeaia a 28300 ie?ae. ?oa., eee 57%
anao ?anoiaeia ia ia?iaeiia oicyenoai.
O/eouaay aeeiaieeo ?acaeoey oaeeo noaoae ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa eae:
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, yia?aaoeea e no?ieoaeuenoai, y caiaoee /oi eo aeiey a
?anoiaeao athaeaeaoa 1997 a. ii i?iaeoo oiaiueoeeanue ia 6841 ie?ae.
?oa., ii n?aaiaieth n ?anoiaeaie 1996 a. eioi?ua ninoaaeee 49509,6
ie?ae. ?oa., /oi ninoaaeei 2,15% a aeiea AAI, ii n?aaiaieth n 1,58% a
aeiea AAI ia 1997 aiae;
o?ainii?o, naycue e eioi?iaoeea, ?anoiaeu yoie noaouee athaeaeaoa
oaaee/eeenue n 956,1 ie?ae. ?oa., a 1996a. aei 1077,7 ie?ae. ?oa., a
1997 a. /oi oaaee/eei aeieth a iauai iauaia ?anoiaeia ia 0,01%, a
iniiaiii yoi i?iecioei, y n/eoath, ii i?e/eia oaaee/aiey ?iee
ainoaea?noaaiiie i?ia?aiiu ?acaeoey einie/aneeo e aaeaoeeiiiuo
oaoiieiaee;
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea e eeeaeaeaoeey noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee e /?acau/aeiuo
i?ienoanoaee, ?anoiaeu yoie noaouee au?inee n 5798.4 ie?ae. ?oa., a 1996
a. aei 7690 ie?ae. ?oa., a 1997 a. /oi oaaee/eei oaeaeueiue aan a iauai
iauaia ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa ia 0,01%, e oaeaeueiue aan ?anoiaeia e AAI
1997 a. ia 0,03% ii ioiioaieth e 1996 aiaeo.
?acaeoea aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena i?ei?eoaoiia iai?aaeaiea
yeiiiieee ethaiai oeia, a iineaaeiea aiaeu a nayce n eeaa?aeecaoeeae
oeai e oaeanoi/aieai e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee, i?iecioei oooaeoaiea
oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena. Auee i?einoaiiaeaiu
i?ioeannu oe?aieaiey iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneie aacu, iiaeaea?aeaiey
ieiaei?iaeey ii/a, ?acaeoey nioeeaeueiie eio?ano?oeoo?u ia naea. Iiyoiio
auee i?eiyou ?aoaiey iai?aaeaiiua ia oaaee/aiea ainoaea?noaaiiie
iiaeaea?aeee aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena, iniiaiuie iieiaeaieyie
athaeaeaoiie iiaeaea?aeee AIE yaeythony:
oeiaine?iaaiea i?iaaaeaiey caiaeueiie ?aoi?iu;
oeiaine?iaaiea iiaeaea?aeee ?acaeoey oa?ia?noaa;
nicaeaiea ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee a aa?ii?iiuoeaiiii eiiieaena;
iiaeaea?aeea nioeeaeueiie eio?ano?oeoo?u naea;
iaeei?aoeey caiaeue e iiaeaea?aeaiea iaeei?aoeaiuo nenoai;
oeo/oaiea caiaeue naycaiiia n iiauoaieai ieiaei?iaeey;
iiaeaea?aeea ?acaeoey ianoiuo aac no?ieoaeueiie eiaeono?ee e
no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia;
no?ieoaeuenoai e ?aeiino?oeoeey i?aaei?eyoee ieuaaie e ia?a?aaaouaathuae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe;
oeiainiaay iiiiuue ii caieaono?ienoao.
Ainoaea?noaaiioth iiaeaea?aeeo naeo i?aaeiieaaaaony iaania/eaaoue,
/a?ac i?iaaaeaiea eueaioiie iaeiaiaie iieeoeee aeey aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai
eiiieaena. Nio?aiyaony aeaoe?iaaiea ec athaeaeaoa n?aaenoa iai?aaeaiiuo
ia eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey e n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa, eae niiniaa
?aaoee?iaaiey ?icie/iuo oeai ia naeueneioicyenoaaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth, i?e
yoii aeaoe?iaaiea inouanoaeyaony ia eiia/iie noaaeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
oeeeea.
Inouanoaeaiea ia?ii?eyoee ii aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiio eiiieaeno caaeneo io
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaee neeaaeuaathueony a ?acee/iuo ?aaeiiao
?innee, aeaenoaaiiinoe eiio?iey ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeee ca i?iaaaeaiea
caiaeueiie ?aoi?iu e yooaeoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey auaeaeaiiuo n?aaenoa.
Aiaeece?oy ?anoiaeu oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa, y caiaoee /oi ?anoiaeu
ia naeueneia oicyenoai e ?uaieianoai oiaiueoeeenue n 14484 ie?ae. ?oa.,
a 1996 a. aei 9487 ie?ae. ?oa., a 1997 aiaeo. Ionthaea iiaeii caiaoeoue,
/oi oaeaeueiue aan ?anoiaeia a AAI a 1997 a. oiaiueoeeny ia 0,28%, e
aeiey ?anoiaeia ii yoie noaouea a 1996 aiaeo ninoaaeea 4,8%, /oi aieaa
/ai a aeaa ?aca auoa ?anoiaeia 1997 aiaea eioi?ua ninoaayo 2,2%.
?anoiaeu ia nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua ia?ii?eyoey naycaiu n
auiieiaieai ainoaea?noaii aai nioeeaeueiuo ooieoeee.
Yoe n?aaenoaa iiae?acaeaeythony ia neaaeothuea iniiaiua a?oiiu:
ia?iaeiia ia?aciaaiea e i?ioanneiiaeueiay iiaeaioiaea eaae?ia;
eoeueoo?a, eneonnoai e n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee;
cae?aaiio?aiaiea;
oece/aneay eoeueoo?a e nii?o;
nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea (aeeth/ay n?aaenoaa, ia?aaeaaaaiua a Iaineiiiue
oiiae ?.O.).
?anoiaeu ia nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua ia?ii?eyoey ii?aaeaeythony ia
iniiaa i?eioeeiia niaoiiai ii?yaeea ieaie?iaaiey. Oeiaine?othony yoe
?anoiaeu ii eiie?aoiui ia?ii?eyoeyi e aeaeai cao?ao. Iauai ?anoiaeia
ii?aaeaeyaony ia iniiaa acaeiinaycaiiuo ae?oa n ae?oaii niao,
?ac?aaaouaaaiuo a o/?aaeaeaieyo iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?u e ?an/aoia
anneaiiaaiee, ninoaaeyaiuo a oeiainiauo i?aaiao. A iniiao ?an/aoia
eeaaeoony iieacaoaee aeayoaeueiinoe o/?aaeaeaiee, oa?aeoa?ecothuea
ianeoaeeaathuea eiioeiaaiou (eiee/anoai o/aueony, o/aoiuo a?oii,
eeannia, /enei eiae, i?iaaaeaiiuo iia?aoeee e o.ae.). I?e yoii
o/eouaaaony a?aiy ooieoeeiie?iaaiey a oa/aiea aiaea. Yoe iieacaoaee
neoaeao ?an/aoiuie aaeeieoeaie. Aeaiaaeiue ?anoiae ia ?an/aoioth
aaeeieoeo onoaiaaeeaaaony ii ii?ia, iaania/eaathuae ooieoeeiie?iaaiea e
?acaeoea athaeaeaoiiai o/?aaeaeaiey.
Iniiaiie i?eioeei ?anoiaeiaaiey athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa – no?iaia eo
?aaeaiaioe?iaaiea ii iacia/aieth e a?aiaie. O/?aaeaeaiea ia ai?aaa
?anoiaeiaaoue aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ia oeaee, ia i?aaeoniio?aiiua niaoie.
Ninoaaiui yeaiaioii ieaie?iaaiey e oeiaine?iaaiey ?anoiaeia ia
nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua ia?ii?eyoey yaeyaony aeaiaaeiay ii?ia ?anoiaea,
au?aaeaiiay a ii?aaeaeaiiie noiia aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, ia?a
oaeiaeaoai?aiey eiie?aoiie iio?aaiinoe.
A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ana aieueoaa cia/aiea i?eia?aoatho oe?oiiaiiua
ii?iu ?anoiaeia, ioaaouaathuea ana aeaeu cao?ao o/?aaeaeaiee
nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iie noa?u. Eniieueciaaiea oaeeo ii?i iicaieyao
i?eaioe?iaaoue ?aaioo yoeo o/?aaeaeaiee ia aeinoeaeaiea eiia/iuo
?acoeueoaoia: iao/aiea aeaoae, iiaeaioiaeo niaoeeaeenoia, ieacaiea
iiiiue aieueiui. E?iia oiai, i?eiaiaiea oe?oiiaiiuo ii?i ?anoe?yao
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue o/?aaeaeaiee ii eniieueciaaieth athaeaeaoiuo
n?aaenoa ia ?acee/iua iai?aaeaiey ?anoiaeia e iiauoaao eo
caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a ?aoeeiiaeueiii e caeiiiii eniieueciaaiee ?ano?nia.
Athaeaeaoiua ii?iu iiaeaa?aathony eciaiaieyi iiae aeeyieai iiiaeo
oaeoi?ia. Oaaee/aiea ii?i naycaii n eciaiaieai nenoaiu oeai e oa?eoia,
?inoii ca?aaioiie ieaou a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa, n iiyaeaieai
aeiiieieoaeueiuo aiciiaeiinoae ii oeiaine?iaaieth ?anoiaeia a ianoiuo
athaeaeaoao.
A niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?.O. noa?a ia?aciaaiey i?eciaia
i?ei?eoaoiie.
Eiiiaoaioeeae noauaeoia oaaea?aoeee yaeyaony oi?ie?iaaiea eo
athaeaeaoia a /anoe ?anoiaeia ia ia?aciaaiea e onoaiiaeaiea
?aaeiiaeueiuo ii?iaoeaia oeiaine?iaaiey ia?aciaaiey. A eiiiaoaioeee
ianoiuo i?aaiia naiioi?aaeaiey iaoiaeeony oi?ie?iaaiea ianoiuo
athaeaeaoia e oiiaeia ?acaeoey ia?aciaaiey, ?ac?aaioea e i?eiyoea
ii?iaoeaia ianoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey ia?aciaaiey.
Noaia oeiaine?iaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai e ioieoeeiaeueiiai
ia?aciaaoaeueiiai o/?aaeaeaiey ii?aaeaeyaony oeiiaui iieiaeaieai i oeia
e aeaea iauaia?aciaaoaeueiiai o/?aaeaeaiey. Ii?iaoeau oeiaine?iaaiey
iaainoaea?noaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee ia iiaoo auoue ieaea aiaeiae/iuo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia aeaiiie oa??eoi?ee. Iiaoo
i?eaeaeaoueny aeiiieieoaeueiua oeiainiaua ?ano?nu ca n/ao
i?aaeinoaaeaiey ieaoiuo oneoa. Oaeia i?eaea/aiea ia aaaeao e nieaeaieth
ii?iaoeaia e ?acia?ia oeiaine?iaaiey ec athaeaeaoa o/?aaeeoaey.
Aeayoaeueiinoue ia?aciaaoaeueiiai o/?aaeaeaiey a ?aieao ieacaiey ieaoiuo
oneoa ia ioiineony e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie, oae eae yoe oneoae ia iiaoo
auoue ieacaiu a caiai iniiaiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ia?aciaaoaeueiua
o/?aaeaeaiey ai?aaa aanoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue: ii
naea/a a a?aiaeo eiouanoaa, ii oi?aiaea iai?oaeiaaieai, ii ieacaieth
iin?aaeie/aneeo oneoa, ii aeieaaiio o/anoeth a aeayoaeueiinoe ae?oaeo
o/?aaeaeaiee, ii i?eia?aoaieth oeaiiuo aoiaa e aeioiaeia ii iei, ii
aaaeaieth ae?oaeo iia?aoeee i?eiinyueo aeioiae.
?anoiaeu athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu ia ia?aciaaiea e i?ioanneiiaeueioth
iiaeaioiaeo eaae?ia aeeth/atho cao?aou ia aeaoneea aeioeieueiua
o/?aaeaeaiey, aeaoneea aeiia, i?iooaoo/eeeua, n?aaeiea-niaoeeaeueiua e
aunoea o/aaiua caaaaeaiey, a oaeaea eo?niaua ia?ii?eyoey e einoeooou
iiauoaiey eaaeeoeeaoeee.
?anoiaeu athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu ia nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea aeeth/aao a
naay: auieaoo ainoaea?noaaiiuo iainee ii noa?inoe, iainee e iiniaey
aiaiiineoaeauei n?i/iie neoaeau e eo naiueyi, iiniaey ia aeaoae aei 6
eao, iiniaey iaeeiieei iaoa?yi e ae?oaea.
Ainoaea?noaaiiia oi?aaeaiea oeiainiaiai iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey
inouanoaeyao iaineiiiue oiiae ?.O. yaeythueeny naiinoiyoaeueiui
oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiui o/?aaeaeaieai, aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa eioi?iai
iaoiaeyony a ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe ?.O.
Cia/eoaeueiay noiia ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa iai?aaeyaony ia niaea?aeaiea
aeiiia eioa?iaoia, niaea?aeaiea i?anoa?aeuo eiaaeeaeia,
a?a/aaii-o?oaeiaua yenia?oecu, i?ioace?iaaiea e ae?oaea ia?ii?eyoey.
I?aaeoniao?eaaaony ?aaeecaoeey oeaeaauo i?ia?aii «aeaoe eiaaeeaeu»,
«aeaoe ne?iou», ieaie?iaaiea naiae iiieii athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee, ia
yoe oeaee a nioeeaeueiie noa?a nouanoaoao ?yae aiaathaeaeaoiuo oiiaeia:
iaineiiiue oiiae, oiiae nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey, ainoaea?noaaiiue
oiiae caiyoinoe ianaeaiey, oaaea?aeueiue oiiae nioeeaeueiie iiaeaea?aeee
ianaeaiey, e?iia oiai i?aaeoniao?eaaaony aeiiieiaiea aae?aniuo
athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ?ano?naie
oa??eoi?eaeueiuo athaeaeaoia.
?anoiaeu athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu ia cae?aaiio?aiaiea. ?acaeoea
cae?aaiio?aiaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaao aai iiyoaiiia ?aoi?ie?iaaiea,
aaaaeaiea iiiaieaiaeueiinoe oeiaine?iaaiey, auaeaeaiey ea/aaiui
o/?aaeaeaieyi n?aaenoa a caaeneiinoe io iauaia e ea/anoaa inouanoaeyaiuo
iaaeeoeeineeo oneoa. N 1993 aiaea a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i?ienoiaeeo ?aoi?ie?iaaiea nenoaiu oeiaine?iaaiey
cae?aaiio?aiaiey ia iniiaa i?ia?aiiii oeaeaauo iaoiaeia ieaie?iaaiey n
iinoaiaiiui aiaae?aieai iaaeeoeeineiai no?aoiaaiey. ?aoi?ia aeeth/aao a
naay ?ac?aaioeo e ?aaeecaoeeth ia ?aaeiiaeueiuo e ai?iaeneeo o?iaiyo
oeaeaauo i?ia?aii iaania/aiey ianaeaiey iaaeeoeeineie iiiiuueth i?e yoii
aaaeouei iai?aaeaieai ii?aaeaeaiu:
iaania/aiea aa?aioe?iaaiiuo iauaiia e iiauoaiey ea/anoaa iaaeeoeeineie
iiiiue;
?acaeoea aunieiniaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo aeaeia iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue;
iioeiecaoeey nouanoaothueo e aiaae?aiey iiauo iaaeeoeeinei-oicyenoaaiiuo
oi?i aeayoaeueiinoe iaaeeoeeineeo i?aaiecaoeee a oneiaeyo
athaeaeaoii-no?aoiaiai oeiaine?iaaiey io?anee;
oi?ie?iaaiea ?uiea iaaeeoeeineeo oneoa n o/anoeai iaainoaea?noaaiiuo
iaaeeoeeineeo o/?aaeaeaiee.
?anniio?aa yoo a?oiio ?anoiaeia a aeeiaieea, iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi
?anoiaeu ia ia?aciaaiea au?inee n 15189 ie?ae. ?oa., a 1996 a. aei
16817,9 ie?ae. ?oa., a 1997 a., ii oaeaeueiue aan ?anoiaeia a AAI
nieceeny ia 0,04%.
O?iaaiue ?anoiaeia ia eoeueoo?o e eneonnoai au?in n 2686,2 ie?ae.
?oa., a 1996 a. aei 2906,5 ie?ae. ?oa., a 1997 a., ii a iauai iauaia
?anoiaeia iieacaoaeue noae ieaea, /ai a i?aaeuaeouai aiaeo ia 0,02%.
?anoiaeu ia n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee iiauneeenue iacia/eoaeueii ii
n?aaiaieth n 1996 aiaeii, a oaiaeaioeey e nieaeaieth a iauai iauaia
?anoiaeia nieceeanue ia 0,06%.
Cae?aaiio?aiaiea e oeceoeueoo?a, yoi aaeeinoaaiiay noaouey ?anoiaeia
ec yoie a?oiiu, aaea i?e oaaee/aiee ?anoiaeia n 7474,5 ie?ae. ?oa., a
1996 a. aei 8372 ie?ae. ?oa., a 1997 a., oaeaeueiue aan ?anoiaeia a
iauai iauaia oaaee/eeny ia 0,01%.
?anoiaeu ia nioeeaeueioth iieeoeeo iiauneeenue n 12594,5 ie?ae. ?oa.,
a 1996 a. aei 17496 ie?ae. ?oa., a 1997 a. e yoi i?eaaei e oaaee/aieth a
iauai iauaia ?anoiaeia ia 0,14% ii n?aaiaieth n 1996 aiaeii.
Naiinoiyoaeueiie a?oiiie ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa yaeyaony oeiaine?iaaiea
iaoee. Ec athaeaeaoa n?aaenoaa iai?aaeythony ia ?aaiou ii aaaeiaeoei
ia?niaeoeaiui oai?aoe/aneei enneaaeiaaieyi e ii iauaainoaea?noaaiiui
oeaeaaui iao/ii-oaoie/aneei i?ia?aiiai. N?aaenoaa ia yoe oeaee
auaeaeythony iaiin?aaenoaaiii ?inneeneie aeaaeaiee iaoe, io?aneaaui
aeaaeaieyi, aunoei o/aaiui caaaaeaieyi, a?oeaai e ae?oaei i?aaiecaoeeyi,
caieiathueiny inouanoaeaieai iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo e
iiuoii-eiino?oeoi?neeo ?aaio.
Oeiaine?iaaiea iao/iuo o/?aaeaeaiee inouanoaeyaony a niaoiii
ii?yaeea. Ai anao o/?aaeaeaieyo ninoaaeythony niaou ?anoiaeia ii
eaaeaeie eiie?aoiie oaia. Ii?yaeie ieaie?iaaiey e oeiaine?iaaiey
?anoiaeia aiaeiae/ai iaoiaeeea, i?eiaiyaiie ii ?anoiaeai ia
nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua iio?aaiinoe.
A nayce n iaaeinoaoeii athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee, i?iecioae ioeac io
iayooaeoeaiuo e aei?iainoiyueo iauaeoia, e ia?ai?eaioaoeee
oeiaine?iaaiey iaeaieaa oeaiiiai iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iioaioeeaea.
I?ei?eoaoiuie iai?aaeaieyie oeiaine?iaaiey iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo e
eiiiaaoeeiiiuo i?ia?aii yaeythony:
i?aaiecaoeey aunieiyooaeoeaiuo i?ioeannia ii i?iecaiaenoao
i?iaeiaieuenoaey e aeey ia?a?aaioee i?iaeoeoeee io?aneae AIE;
ai?ueaa n iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuie aieaciyie;
nicaeaiea yeieiae/anee /enouo, ?ano?ninaa?aaathueo oaoiieiaee a
yia?aaoeea, no?ieoaeuenoaa, naeueneii oicyenoaa e i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
I?e yoii i?aaeoniio?ai i?ia?aiiii-oeaeaaie iiaeoiae e ieaie?iaaieth
e oeiaine?iaaieth iaoee, athaeaeaoiua n?aaenoaa i?aaeoniio?aiiua ia
oeiaine?iaaiea i?iaeoa iai?aaeythony iaiin?aaenoaaiii eniieieoaeai ia
eiieo?niie iniiaa, oai?/aneei eieeaeoeaai eee a?oiiai ioaeaeueiuo
o/aiuo, /oi iicaieyao iiauneoue o?iaaiue ca?aaioiie ieaou iaeaieaa
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie /anoe iao/iuo ?aaioieeia e oeo/oeoue oaoie/aneia
iniauaiea enneaaeiaaiee, eiathueo ia?ainoaiaiiia cia/aiea aeey ?acaeoey
iaoee e yeiiiieee.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?ienoiaeeo ?aoi?ie?iaaiea iao/iie noa?u a
?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai i?aaeiieaaaaony nie?aoeoue iauai athaeaeaoiuo
anneaiiaaiee, auaeaeyaiuo iayooaeoeaii ?aaioathuei
iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiui iauaaeeiaieyi.
Enneaaeoy ?anoiaeu yoie noaouee athaeaeaoa a aeeiaieea iiaeii
caiaoeoue, /oi ?anoiaeu ia iaoeo a 1997 aiaeo oaaee/eeenue ia 2042
ie?ae. ?oa., ii n?aaiaieth n ?anoiaeaie ia 1996 aiae ; /oi a iauai
iauaia ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa ninoaaeei 0,2%.
?anoiaeu ia iai?iio auoaeatho ec ooieoeee ainoaea?noaa. Iauee ?acia?
e o?iaaiue ?anoiaeia ia iai?iio caaeneo io ?acee/iuo aioo?aiieo e
aiaoieo oaeoi?ia: iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ianoaiiaee; i?ioyaeaiiinoe e
oa?aeoa?a a?aieoe, iaoneiaeaiiuo ?acia?aie oa??eoi?ee no?aiu;
nia?aiaiiiai ?acaeoey aiaiiiai aeaea e ninoiyiey oaoie/aneiai iniauaiey
a?iee e oeioa; yeiiiie/aneeo aiciiaeiinoae no?aiu.
?anoiaeu ia iai?iio oioy e yaeythony iaiaoiaeeiuie, iinyo
iai?iecaiaeeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?, a iioiio ainoaea?noai no?aieony nicaeaoue
iooai i?iaaaeaiey ie?iethaeaie aiaoiae iieeoeee oaeea oneiaey, i?e
eioi?uo iiyaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue nie?auaoue aiaiiua ?anoiaeu.
I?aaeoniio?aiiua athaeaeaoii a?oiiu ?anoiaeia ia iai?iio aeeth/atho a
iniiaiii i?yiua aiaiiua ?anoiaeu, i?ioiaeyuea /a?ac Ieienoa?noai
iai?iiu. A eo ninoaa aoiaeyo ?anoiaeu ia niaea?aeaiea a?iee e oeioa,
?anoiaeu ia caeoieo aii?oaeaiee e aiaiiie oaoieee, ?anoiaeu ia
eaieoaeueiia no?ieoaeuenoai, iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneea e
iiuoii-eiino?oeoi?neea ?aaiou, ?anoiaeu ia auieaoo iainee e iiniaee
aiaiiineoaeauei e i?i/ea cao?aou. *anoue n?aaenoa iai?aaeyaony ia
iie?uoea aeiee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee a iaueo aiaiiuo ?anoiaeao
ainoaea?noa- /eaiia NIA. A ninoaa aiaiiuo aoiaeyo oaeaea ?anoiaeu
Ieienoa?noaa ii aoiiiie yia?aee, ii auiieiaieth caeacia Ieienoa?noaa
iai?iiu e ?anoiaeia ia iai?iio, i?eiueatho ?anoiaeu ia ?aaeecaoeeth
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia ii eeeaeaeaoeee, nie?auaieth, ia?aie/aieth
aii?oaeaiey e ae?.
Ana yoe ?anoiaeu io?aaeathony a niaoeeaeueiie niaoa Ieienoa?noaa
iai?iiu ?.O., eioi?ay caoai aeeth/aaony a ninoaa ?anioaeeeaineiai
athaeaeaoa. Iniaaiiinoue ieaie?iaaiey ?anoiaeia- a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
ii?aaeaeyaony iauee iauai ?anoiaeia a oeaeii ii Ieienoa?noao iai?iiu, a
caoai oaea ninoaaeythony niaou aiaiiuo ie?oaia e aieineeo /anoae. Oaeie
ii?yaeie naycai n oai, /oi aieueoay /anoue aiaiiuo ?anoiaeia
oeiaine?oaony Ieienoa?noaii oeaio?aeeciaaiii (iieaoa aii?oaeaiee,
aiaiiie oaoieee, ai?th/aai, i?iaeiaieuenoaey e o.i.).
*anoue i?yiuo aiaiiuo ?anoiaeia oeiaine?oaony ii ae?oaei
iiae?acaeaeaieyi ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa. Oae, niaea?aeaiea aioo?aiieo e
iia?aie/iuo aiene, i?aaiia aaciianiinoe oeiaine?oaony ii ?acaeaeo
“?anoiaeu ia niaea?aeaiea i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia, noaeia e i?aaiia
i?ieo?aoo?u”, a ?anoiaeu ia niaea?aeaiea Neoaeau aiaoiae ?acaaaeee e
iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo iai?iiiuo aaaeiinoa ioiineony e ?anoiaeai ia
niaea?aeaiea i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey.
Einaaiiua aiaiiua ?anoiaeu a ?anioaeeeaineii athaeaeaoa aeeth/aao a
iniiaiii auieaou iainee aaoa?aiai Aii?oaeaiiuo Nee e eo naiueyi. Yoe
cao?aou oeiaine?othony ii ?acaeaeai “?anoiaeu ia iai?iio” e
“Nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea”.
No?oeoo?a aiaiiuo ?anoiaeia
Aeaeu ?anoiaeia o?ei.
?oa. % e iauae
noiia aiai-
iuo ?anoiaeia
Caeoiee aii?oaeaiee e aiai. oaoieee 13,0
16
Iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneea ?aaiou 6,5
8
Eaieoaeueiia no?ieoaeuenoai 7,6
10
Iainee aiaiiineoaeauei 9,9
12
Niaea?aeaiea aii?oaeaiiuo nee 41,0
50
I?i/ea aiaiiua ?anoiaeu 2,0
4
80,1 100
Enneaaeoy a aeeiaieea ?anoiaeu ii noaouea “Iaoeeiiaeueiay iai?iia”
iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi iie cia/eoaeueii au?inee n 79878,4 ie?ae. ?oa., a
1996 a. aei 100821,1 ie?ae. ?oa. – yoi ninoaaeei i?aauoaiea a iauai
iauaia ?anoiaeia ia 3,26% ii ioiioaieth e 1996 a.
?anoiaeu ia oi?aaeaiea aeeth/atho a naay neaaeothuea a?oiiu ?anoiaeia:
Ia niaea?aeaiea i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe. Aunooiatho a ea/anoaa
oeiainiaie aacu aeayoaeueiinoe aaeieieno?aoeee I?aecaaeaioa e
Eiinoeoooeeiiiiai noaea;
Ia niaea?aeaiea i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia, noaeia e i?aaiia
i?ieo?aoo?u. Inouanoaeythony aeey iaania/aiey iauanoaaiiie aaciianiinoe;
Ia niaea?aeaiea i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe. Aeeth/atho cao?aou
I?aaeoaeuenoaa, ?anioaeeeaineeo ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa,
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo e eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiia noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee e
ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey, aeeieiiaoe/aneeo o/?aaeaeaiee e ae?oaeo
aaaeiinoa;
Ia i?iaaaeaiea auai?ia e ?aoa?aiaeoiia. Aeeth/atho a naay ana cao?aou ia
auai?u aeaiooaoia Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu, I?aecaaeaioa, ia?iaeiuo noaeae
e i?iaaaeaiea ?aoa?aiaeoiia;
I?i/ea ?anoiaeu, i?ioiaeyuea ii ae?oaei ?acaeaeai athaeaeaoiuo
?anoiaeia.
Iniiaiuie aeieoiaioaie ii?aaeaeythueie ?anoiaeu ia oi?aaeaiea,
yaeyaony ooaoiia ?anienaiea e niaoa ?anoiaeia. A ooaoiii ?anienaiee
oeacuaathony no?oeoo?iua iiae?acaeaeaiey, aeieaeiinoe a niioaaonoaee n
iiiaieeaoo?ie aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey, eiee/anoai ooaoiuo aaeeieoe ii
eaaeaeie aeieaeiinoe, ieeaaeu, iaaeaaaee e iany/iue oiiae ca?aaioiie
ieaou. A ninoaa cao?ao ?anoiaeia ia niaea?aeaiea aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey
aoiaeyo: ca?ieaoa, ia/eneaiey ia ca?ieaoo, oicyenoaaiiua,
eiiaiaee?iai/iua e ae?oaea ?anoiaeu.
A ia?aoiaeiue ia?eiae aaniethoiua noiiu ?anoiaeia ia oi?aaeaiea
iiaeaa?aeaiu eciaiaieyi, /oi iaoneiaeaii nicaeaieai iiauo e
oi?acaeiaieai i?aaeieo oi?aaeai/aneeo no?oeoo?, a oaeaea yeiiiiiui e
?aoeeiiaeueiui ?anoiaeiaaieai n?aaenoa ia yoe oeaee.
Enneaaeoy yoo noaoueth ?anoiaeia a aeeiaieea caiaoei, /oi ?anoiaeu ia
ainoaea?noaaiiia oi?aaeaiea oaaee/eeenue ia 876,1 ie?ae. ?oa., /oi a
iauai iauaia ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa ninoaaeei 0,03% ii ioiioaieth e 1996
aiaeo.
Iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiue ?ino ?anoiaeia a iineaaeiea aiaeu i?iecioae ii
iiaaoaieth e ianeoaeeaaieth ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa (n 6,9 aei ii/oe
14% e iauaio iauaio ?anoiaeia) e ii ?anoiaeai ia oeiainiaoth
iiaeaea?aeeo oa??eoi?ee (n 10 aei 13% e iauaio iauaio ?anoiaeia
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa). Oaaee/aiea ?anoiaeia ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio
aeieao aucaaii ?aceei ?inoii aioo?aiiaai e aiaoiaai aeieaa. Aa?oiee
i?aaeae aioo?aiiaai aeieaa ?.O. ia eiiaoe aeaeaa?y 1996 a. onoaiiaeai a
noiia 316,0 o?ei. ?oa. e ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiaoiaai aeieaa ia yoo aea
aeaoo a ?acia?a 124,1 ie?ae. aeiee. NOA.
Ainoaea?noaaiiui aioo?aiiei aeieaii ?.O. yaeythony aeieaia?aiaiiua
iaycaoaeuenoaa I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?.O. ia?aae th?eaee/aneeie e oece/aneeie
eeoeaie, iaania/eaaaiua anaie aeoeaaie iaoiaeyueieny a ?anii?yaeaiee
ainoaea?noaa.
A niioaaonoaee n caeiiii aeieaiaua iaycaoaeuenoaa iiaoo aunooiaoue a
oi?ia e?aaeeoia, iieo/aiiuo I?aaeoaeuenoaii ainoaea?noaaiiui caeiii,
inouanoaeyaiui /a?ac auione oeaiiuo aoiaa io eiaie I?aaeoaeuenoaa e
ae?oaeo aeieaiauo iaycaoaeuenoa, aa?aioe?iaaiiuo I?aaeoaeuenoaii.
Ianeoaeeaaiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa ii n?aaiaieth n 1996 aiaeii
oaaee/eeinue ia 25179,6 ie?ae. ?oa.
A ieii/aiee yoiai aii?ina iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi cia/eoaeueii au?inee
?anoiaeu ia oaeea noaouee eae: «Iaoeeiiaeueiay iai?iia» e «ianeoaeeaaiea
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa», ooo aea iiaeii ioiaoeoue noaoueth «
I?aaiio?aieoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue e iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe».
Nieceeenue ?anoiaeu ii noaoueyi « Naeueneia oicyenoai e ?uaieianoai» e
«I?iiuoeaiiinoue, yia?aaoeea e no?ieoaeuenoai». Inoaeueiua noaouee
oaaee/eeenue a ?anoiaeiie /anoe n iaaieueoei eciaiaieai a ioiioaiee e
i?aaeuaeouaio aiaeo.
3.?anoiaeu ?aaeiiaeueiuo athaeaeaoia.
Iaeaieaa y?ei iineaaenoaey yeiiiie/aneeo e nioeeaeueiuo i?ioeannia
io?aaeathony ia ?anoiaeiie /anoe ?aaeiiaeueiuo athaeaeaoia.
Ii?aaeaeythuaa iai?aaeaiea aeayoaeueiinoe ?aaeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia aeanoe –
yoi ?ac?aaioea e inouanoaeaiea ieaiia yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai
?acaeoey ia iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiie ei oa??eoi?ee. Aic?anoaiea ?anoiaeia
naycaii n iiauoaieai o?iaiy cao?ao ia niaea?aeaiea iauaeoia
aeeeeuii-eiiioiaeueiiai e eoeueoo?ii-auoiaiai iacia/aiey.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi no?oeoo?a ?anoiaeia ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia
?aaeiiaeueiuo athaeaeaoia ia iaeeiaeiaa e caaeneo io iauaia ianoiiai
oicyenoaa e iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiinoe aai ?aaeiiaeueiui i?aaiai ?acee/iiai
o?iaiy. Oae, iaeanoiui e ai?iaeneei i?aaiai aeanoe iiae/eiaia
iiaeaaeythuay /anoue i?aaei?eyoee aeeeeuii-auoiaiai oicyenoaa, iiyoiio
oaeaeueiue aan anneaiiaaiee ia yoe eaoaai?ee a ?anoiaeao yoeo
athaeaeaoia iaeaieaa cia/eoaeai e i?aauoaao 40%. A aaaeaiee aea
?aeiiiuo, iinaeeiauo e naeueneeo i?aaiia iaoiaeyony a iniiaiii
nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua o/?aaeaeaiey, a yoeo athaeaeaoao iiaeaaeythuay
/anoue ?anoiaeia i?eoiaeeony ia oeiaine?iaaiea nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iuo
ia?ii?eyoee.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeiei ec aeaaiuo iai?aaeaiee eniieueciaaiey
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia aeieaeii auoue oeiaine?iaaiea ?acaeoey ianoiie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aacu eae iniiau aeey iieo/aiey a aoaeouai nianoaaiiuo
aeioiaeia. Iioiio, /oi ia i?ioyaeaiee aeanyoeeaoee ainiiaenoaa a iaoae
no?aia eiiaiaeiie yeiiiieee inouanoaeyeinue aani?aoeaaeaioiia ii naiei
ianooaaai ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea. Ii yoie i?e/eia
?aaeiiu, athaeaeaoii iaania/aiiua auoa n?aaeiaai o?iaiy, ieacaeenue a
yoeo ioiineoaeueii aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaeyo ai iiiaii aeaaiaea?y
iiiaieaoiaio ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieth iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea a eo iieueco,
niioaaonoaaiii, a oua?a ae?oaei ?aaeiiai.
Oa??eoi?eaeueiui i?aaiai iiaeaaaeiinoaaiia iiaeaaeythuay /anoue
nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iuo o/?aaeaeaiee e, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue,
o/?aaeaeaiey ia?iaeiiai ia?aciaaiey e cae?aaiio?aiaiey. Iiyoiio
niaoeeoeeie ?anoiaeia oa??eoi?eaeueiuo athaeaeaoia yaeyaony
cia/eoaeueiia i?aiaeaaeaiea a ieo ?anoiaeia ia nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua
ia?ii?eyoey. Anee a e?aaauo, iaeanoiuo e ai?iaeneeo athaeaeaoao iie
ninoaaeytho io 30 aei 50% anao ?anoiaeia, oi a ?aeiiiuo, iinaeeiauo e
naeueneeo athaeaeaoao – io 60 aei80%.
A ?anoiaeao oa??eoi?eaeueiuo athaeaeaoia ia nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua
ia?ii?eyoey iaeaieaa auno?uie oaiiaie ?anooo cao?aou ia
cae?aaiio?aiaiea, i?inaauaiea e iaoeo, /oi naycaii n ?acaeoeai naoe
iaaeeoeeineeo o/?aaeaeaiee e ?anoe?aieai iao/iuo e i?iaeoiuo ?aaio,
oeiaine?oaiuo ec yoeo athaeaeaoia ii i?iaeaiai a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa,
eiiieaeniiai ?acaeoey aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aaeeieoe.
Iieiaeaiea aua aieaa ineiaeiyaony oai, /oi i?aeoe/anee ianiiinoaaeia
nioeeaeueiay eio?ano?oeoo?a ?aaeiiia, ia?aaiiia?ii ?ani?aaeaeythony
?anoiaeu ia oeiaine?iaaiea aaaeiinoaaiiie nioeeaeueiie noa?u,
ia?aaeaiiie ia aaeain noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee e o.i. ?acee/iu e ?anoiaeu
athaeaeaoia ?aaeiiia ia niaea?aeaiea nioeeaeueiuo iauaeoia, eiathueo
iaae?aaeiiaeueiia cia/aiea.
?acaeoea o?aaiecaoeee iiyaeyaony a onei?aiiuo oaiiao ?inoa ?anoiaeia
oa??eoi?eaeueiuo athaeaeaoia ia oeiaine?iaaiea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Yoe
?anoiaeu eiatho oaiaeaioeeth e oaaee/aieth a nayce n ?inoii e
oneiaeiaieai ianoiiai oicyenoaa, ?anoe?aiea aeeeeuii – eiiioiaeueiua
no?ieoaeuenoaa, iiauoaiea noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia eiiioiaeueiiai
oicyenoaa e o?iaiy aai oaoie/aneiai iniauaiey. ?ino oa??eoi?ee
ianaeaiiuo ioieoia aaaeao e oaeeeiaieth eiiioieeaoeee, oaaee/aieth
yenieoaoaoeeiiiuo ?anoiaeia. I?aeiouanoaaiiue ?ino e?oiiuo ai?iaeia,
aaea ?anoiaeu a ?an/aoa ia iaeiiai aeeoaey auoa, – oaeaea aaaeiue oaeoi?
?inoa ?anoiaeia oa??eoi?eaeueiuo athaeaeaoia. Iaeiaei aeaaea a
iaoo?aeueiii aeaea i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue, eaeay
ieieiaeueiay aeioaoeey ia aeeeeiioic aeieaeia auaeaeyoueny a ?an/aoa ia
aeooo ianaeaiey ii anae oa??eoi?ee ?innee. Iai?eia? iauai «ieieiaeueiiai
nioeeaeueiiai noaiaea?oa» a iaeanoe oneoa aeeeeuii-eiiioiaeueiiai
oicyenoaa a iaaine?aaao Iineau e a iaeiiyoaaeiuo no?iaieyo Naaa?iie
Inaoee iauaeoeaii ?acee/ai. Niioaaonoaaiii, ?acee/ia e iio?aaiinoue
ieieiaeueiuo ?anoiaeia ainoaea?noaa a oi?ia yenieooaoeeiiiuo ?anoiaeia
ia eiiioiaeueiia oicyenoai. Iaeiei ec auaiaeia ii ?aoaieth aeaiiiai
aii?ina, yaeyaony iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue nenoaiie athaeaeaoiiai
au?aaieaaiey ?anoiaeia ia nioeeaeueiua i?iaeaiu e aeioaoeee athaeaeaoai
noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee, iniiaiie eaeaae eioi?ie yaeythony ?anoiaeu ia
aeooo ianaeaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, iiiuoee ii?aaeaeeoue aaeeiue
ieieiaeueiue nioeeaeueiue noaiaea?o aeey anae oa??eoi?ee ?innee
oie?athony a iaiaoiaeeiinoue a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a ei??aeoe?iaaoue aai
i?eiaieoaeueii e eaaeaeiio ?aaeiio a ioaeaeueiinoe.
?acaeoea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, ?ino i?iecaiaenoaa iiauo aeaeia
oeie/aneie e aeieiae/aneie i?iaeoeoeee, oeiecaoeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa,
oaaee/aiea /enea ai?iaeia e ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey oneeeaatho iaa?oceo ia
i?e?iaeo, i?eaiaeyo e ?aceei ia?ooaieyi i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu. Yoi
io?eoeaoaeueii neacuaaaony ia oneiaeyo aeecie ianaeaiey e o?aaoao, a
naith i/a?aaeue, oaaee/aiea cao?ao iauanoaa ia iiaeaea?aeaiea
iaiaoiaeeiiai ninoiyiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Iiyoiio iaeiie ec iinoiyiii
aic?anoathueo noaoae ?anoiaeia oa??eoi?eaeueiuo athaeaeaoia yaeythony
anneaiiaaiea ia io?aio ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu.
Aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie ii/oe ana oeiaine?iaaiey io?aiu ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu i?iecaiaeeeinue ca n/ao n?aaenoa aaaeiinoa e i?aaei?eyoee. Ii n
ia?aoiaeii i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee ia naiiieoiaaiinoue iaaethaeaaony
oaiaeaioeey e nieaeaieth o/anoey i?aaei?eyoee a i?e?iaeiio?aiiuo
ia?ii?eyoeyo, oae eae yoi aaaeao e oaei?iaeaieth i?iaeoeoeee e
oooaeoaieth eo oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey. E?iia oiai, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue,
/oi aaaeiinoaaiiia oeiaine?iaaiea io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ca/anooth
iaaeinoaoi/ii yooaeoeaii, iineieueeo ia?ii?eyoey ia anaaaea
neii?aeeie?iaaiu, a n?aaenoaa ?aniueythony.
A yoeo oneiaeyo aic?anoaao ?ieue athaeaeaoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey, a oii
/enea ca n/ao oa??eoi?eaeueiuo athaeaeaoia. Ana a aieueoae noaiaie ii
eaiaeai yoeo athaeaeaoia aoaeoo oeiaine?iaaoueny ia?ii?eyoey ii
?acaeoeth nenoai aiaeiniaaaeaiey e eaiaeecaoeee, ioni?iia?a?aaioea e
caoi?iiaieth auoiauo iooiaeia, caueoa aiaeiuo, eaniuo, caiaeueiuo
?ano?nia io ?acoeueoaoia oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iaeiie ec aeooaeueiuo i?iaeai yaeyaony oeo/oaiea aeaaiono?ienoaa
iaoeo ai?iaeia e nae. Yoiio aeieaeii niinianoaiaaoue aieaa
?aoeeiiaeueiia eniieueciaaiea auaeaeyaiuo ia yoe oeaee athaeaeaoiuo
anneaiiaaiee. Iaiaoiaeeii eeeaeaee?iaaoue iiiiiieee aeaenoaothueo a
ai?iaeao neoaea, eioi?ua ia?aaeei nicaeatho aeaeeiinoue ?aaiou,
caieiathony i?eieneaie iauaiia auiieiaiiuo ?aaio, iieo/ay ec ai?iaeneeo
athaeaeaoia iaca?aaioaiiua n?aaenoaa. Oeaeaniia?acii ?acaeoue ai?iaeneea
oa??eoi?ee ia o/anoee e naeaaaoue iiae?yaeu ia eo ianeoaeeaaiea ia
eiieo?niie iniiaa iaaeaeo ai?iaeneeie niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie ii aeaaiono?ienoao, aeaeianeeie i?aaiecaoeeyie,
eiiia?aoeaaie. Eiieo?niinoue e ninoycaoaeueiinoue iaaeaeo ieie ia
oieueei aoaeoo niaeaenoaiaaoue yeiiiiee n?aaenoa, ii e iiaunyo ea/anoai
?aaio ii ai?iaeneiio aeaaiono?ienoao.
Iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi oieueei a noauaeoao Oaaea?aoeee anoue
aeinoaoi/ii eioi?iaoeee aeey ii?aaeaeaiey i?ei?eoaoiuo iai?aaeaiee
?anoiaeia, eioi?ua ia iiaoo e ia aeieaeiu ?aaeaiaioe?iaaoueny ec
oeaio?a. Oaeei ia?acii, ii?iaoeau, ?ac?aaioaiiua ia iniiaa iaoiaeee
ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa, aeieaeiu iineoue ?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiue oa?aeoa?, a
eiie?aoiua iai?aaeaiey ?anoiaeia iaoiaeyony a iieiie eiiiaoaioeee
?aaeiiia.
Ooo aea ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ?anoiaeu athaeaeaoia noauaeoia
Oaaea?aoeee ca/anooth eniieuecothony ia ii iacia/aieth, yoi eanaaony a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue oaaea?aeueiuo n?aaenoa. Oae, oaaea?aeueiua n?aaenoaa
aianoi eniieueciaaiey ia oeiaine?iaaiea aein?i/iiai caaica iai?aaeythony
ia auieaoo ca?aaioiie ieaou, oieaoo iaeiaia e ae?oaeo iaycaoaeueiuo
ieaoaaeae, iiaaoaiea ?aiaa aicieeoeo aeieaia, i?eia?aoaiea eaa?oe?,
eaaeiauo aaoiiiaeeae e ae?oaie oaoieee, no?ieoaeuenoai aeeeuey,
caaioiaeo nu?uey e iaoa?eaeia. O/oaii /oi ca iyoue ianyoeaa oaeouaai
aiaea, a iaeiii ec athaeaeaoia ane?uou oaeou iaoeaeaaiai e iacaeiiiiai
eniieueciaaiey 34,9 ie?ae. ?oa., ec 91,2 ie?ae. ?oa., iieo/aiiuo ec
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa
Aaaeii caiaoeoue, /oi ia?aii/a?aaeiui e?eoa?eai aeey ii?ie?iaaiey
?anoiaeia ?aaeiiaeueiuo athaeaeaoia aeieaeii noaoue eniieiaiea
aeaenoaothueo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia. Anee ii?aaeaeaiiua ioiioaiey,
o?aaothuea aeiiieieoaeueiuo cao?ao athaeaeaoia noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee,
caeiiiaeaoaeueii ia ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiu, iie iiaoo ?aaoee?iaaoueny aaeeiuie
aeey anao ?aaeiiia iiaecaeiiiuie aeoaie oaaea?aeueiuo ieienoa?noa e
aaaeiinoa.
Caeeth/aiea
A caeeth/aiee iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi ?anoiaeu athaeaeaoa ia naaiaeiyoiee
aeaiue cia/eoaeueiu ai anao ioiioaieyo, auei ioia/aii, /oi ?ino
?anoiaeia oaaee/eaaaony aaeaaiaeii, yoi aucuaaao aeaoeoeeo athaeaeaoa e
oaaee/eaaao ainoaea?noaaiiue aeiea. I?iaeaio oeiaine?iaaiey
athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa iaeuecy ?anniao?eaaoue oieueei ioiineoaeueii
iaycaoaeuenoa oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa. Ia naiii aeaea iia ioaaouaaao
athaeaeaou noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee e ianoiua athaeaeaou, iiiaea ec eioi?uo
ioaeaeathony a iieo/aiee oeiainiaie iiiiue, noaaaioeeyo e aeioaoeeyo.
Naaiaeiy aea a aieueoae ia?a ?acaeaathony a ea/anoaa aacaiciacaeiiai
auaeaeaiey n?aaenoa noauaeoai Oaaea?aoeee – o?ainoa?ou.
Nicaeaiiue a 1994 a. oaaea?aeueiue oiiae oeiainiaie iiaeaea?aeee
noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ea?aao aieueooth ?ieue a eciaiaiee
i?eioeeiia iino?iaiey iaaeathaeaeaoiuo ioiioaiee, oioy aai aeiey a
?anoiaeao oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa a 1994 e 1995 aa. Ninoaaeea 6%, a a
1996 a. iia oaaee/eeanue aei 9%.
I/aiue /anoi i?ienoiaeeo ianaiaa?aiaiiia auiea/eaaiea n?aaenoa ia
oeiaine?iaaiea oaeeo iai?aaeaiee eae: naeueneia oicyenoai, ?uaieianoai,
niaeaenoaea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiio i?ia?anno e ?aaeecaoeee einie/aneeo
i?ia?aii. Oaaee/aiea a?aiaiiiai eaaa iaaeaeo onoaiiaeaiiuie e
oaeoe/aneeie n?ieaie auaeaeaiey athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee i?eaiaeeo e
?inoo caaeieaeaiiinoe athaeaeaoa ia?aae i?aaei?eyoeyie e ianaeaieai, a
oaeaea acaeiiie caaeieaeaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoee. Iaauiieiaiea ainoaea?noaii
nianoaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa ia?ooaao aeaiaaeiue iai?io e oeiainiaoth
noaaeeueiinoue.
Iiiaea i?iaeaiu iiaoo auoue ?ac?aoaiu i?e oiaiueoaiee ano?a/iuo
oeiainiauo iioieia, oae eae a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eo aeinoaoi/ii aieueoia
eiee/anoai.
Iaeaieaa aaaeiuie i?iaeaiaie athaeaeaoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy yaeythony:
cae?aieaiea aeioiaeiuo enoi/ieeia ca athaeaeaoaie niioaaonoaothuaai
o?iaiy;
io?aaioea iaoaiecia ii?aaeaeaiey oiiaea oeiainiaie iiaeaea?aeee
noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee;
ii?aaeaeaiea oeiainiauo iieiiii/ee ii ?anoiaeiaaieth athaeaeaoiuo
n?aaenoa iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiui, ?aaeiiaeueiuie e ianoiuie athaeaeaoaie.
Eeoa?aoo?a
1.Iaoay oai?ey oeiainia Iiae. ?aae.
E.A.Ae?iaiceiie
2.Oeiainu, aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea, e?aaeeo
Iiae ?aae. E. A. Ae?iaiceiie
Oi?aaeaiea athaeaeaoiuie ?ano?naie Iineau: caaea/e e ia?niaeoeau.
Oeiainu ? 2 1996a. A. I. Oe?yaa
Eniieueciaaiea ii?iaoeaiiai iiaeoiaea i?e i?aaiecaoeee athaeaeaoiiai
au?aaieaaiey
Oeiainu ?10-11 1997a. N. I. Oo?naae/
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